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African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam Flashcards

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5254989542Mansa MusaEmperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.0
5254989543Stateless societiesAfrican societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states1
5254989544secret societiesWest African societies whose membership is secret or whose rituals are known only to society members. Their most significant function is the initiation of boys and girls into adulthood2
5254989545IfriqiyaArabic term for eastern northern Africa3
5254989546MaghribThe Arabic word for western north Africa4
5254989547BerbersA member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt5
5254989548AlmohadisA reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.6
5254989549Ethiopian KingdomChristian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa7
5254989550AxumThe Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.8
5254989551GhanaFirst known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.9
5254989552Sudanic statesKingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; based at Takrur on the Senegal River to the west and Gao on the Niger River to the east; included Mali and Songhay10
5254989553JuulaMalinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa11
5254989554Sudiata"the lion prince" creates a law code and created social arrangements based on clans12
5254989555Griotsa west African storyteller13
5254989556Mansa Kankan MusaRuler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.14
5254989557TimbuktuCity on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.15
5254989558SonghaySuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali16
5254989559Sunni Ali Ber(1464-1492) Originally Ali Kolon, a great tactical commander & ruthless leader; his cavalry expanded the borders of and seized the traditional trading cities of Timbuktu & Jenne; middle Niger valley fell under his control & he developed a system of provincial administration to mobilize recruits for the army & rule the far-flung conquests; he was Muslim; succeeded by the Askiya17
5254989560Askiaone of the last rulers of Songhai, before it broke apart, recognized as the Muslim ruler of the Niger River Valley18
5254989561Muhammad the GreatExtended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century19
5254989562HausaAn agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Calipphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century.20
5254989563ShariaIslamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.21
5254989564ZenjiArabic term for the people and coast of east Africa.22
5254989565Ile-Ifethe holiest Yoruba city; created terra-cotta and bronze portrait heads that rank among the greatest achievements of African art.23
5254989566Benina kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s24
5254989567Kongokingdom based on agriculture; formed on lower Kongo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy25
5254989568Great ZimbabweCity, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.26
5254989569SahelBelt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.27
5254989570LalibelaZagwe king who ruled Ethiopia from about A.D. 1185 to 122528
5254989571AlmoravidsA puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain.29
5254989572Ishak al-SahiliAn architect who returned with Kankan Musa to Mali; created a distinctive Sudanic architecture utilizing beaten clay.30
5254989573SwahiliBantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.31
5254989574NokWestern Africa's earliest known culture, lived in present day Nigeria, first Africans to smelt iron, Djenne-Djeno (archeology dream site)32
5254989575YorubaA West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria.33
5254989576Ibn BatutaMuslim traveler of the middle east and north africa34
5254989577LubaAround 700 A.D. developed a group of loosely associated states in modern day Democratic Republic of Congo. Divine Kings35
5254989578ZimbabweCentral African royal stone courts36
5254989579Mwene MutapaName used by Shona people to refer to Mutota that means "conquerer" or "master pillager"37
5254989580Islamizationthe process of society's acceptance of islam38
5254989581Matrilinealrelating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother39
5254989582MaliState of the Malinke people, centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers40
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Excel Workshop 2: Format, Functions, and Formulas Flashcards

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2933722589ArgumentVariables or values the function requires in order to calculate a solution. A value passed to a function, either as a constant or a variable. Example: In =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false), logical_test, value_if_true, and value_if_false are all arguments.0
2933728786AVERAGE functionA function that returns a weighted average from a specified range of cells. Blank cells in the range that is selected will be ignored.1
2933729708BandingAlternating the background color of rows and/or columns to assist in tracking information.2
2933732713Built-in cell stylePredefined and named combination of cell and content formatting properties.3
2933753496Built-in functionA function included in Excel that can be categorized as financial, statistical, mathematical, date and time, text, or so on.4
2933753979Cell alignmentAllows cell content to be left-aligned, centered, and right-aligned on the horizontal axis, as well as top-aligned, middle-aligned, and bottom-aligned on the vertical axis.5
2933754499Cell referenceRefers to a particular cell or range of cells within a formula or function instead of a value.6
2933755396Conditional formattingAllows the specification of rules that apply formatting to cells, appointments, contacts, or tasks as determined by the rule outcome. In the attached image, any value in the Remaining Balance column that falls below the $1,000 threshold will be marked with an "!".7
2933755796ConstantA value that does not change. For instance, to represent the months in a year, one could enter 12 in a function's argument or formula because there are always 12 months in a year. Example: =SUM(A1:A20)/128
2933761062COUNT functionA function that returns the number of cells in a range of cells that contain numbers. Blank cells or cells that contain something other than numeric data are not included in the results.9
2933778884DefaultA setting that is automatically in place unless you specify otherwise.10
2933779400Destination cellThe cell to be modified by a copy, move, or paste operation.11
2933779793Fill colorThe background color of a cell.12
2933780171Format PainterA tool that enables you to copy the format of objects, such as text or pictures, to other objects.13
2933780597FormulaPerforms a mathematical calculation (or calculations) using information in the worksheet to calculate new values; it can contain cell references, constants, functions, and mathematical operators. Example: =F2 + J514
2933780598FunctionA built-in program that performs operations against data and returns a value such as SUM or AVERAGE. Some functions, called null functions, do not require arguments.15
2933782581Graphical formatThe presentation of information in charts, graphs, and pictures.16
2933783578Mathematical operatorParentheses ( ), exponentiation ^, division /, multiplication *, addition +, and subtraction -.17
2933784970MAX functionA function that examines all numeric values in a specified range and returns the maximum value.18
2933784971MIN functionA function that examines all numeric values in a specified range and returns the minimum value.19
2933785468Order of operationsThe order in which Excel processes calculations in a formula that contains more than one operator.20
2933786233ParameterA term generally used to describe a value included for calculation or comparison purposes that is stored in a single location (a worksheet cell, for example) so that it can be used many times but be edited in a single location.21
2933787184Portable Document Format (PDF)A file type that preserves most formatting attributes of a source document regardless of the software the document was created in.22
2933788355Relative cell referenceDefault cell reference in a formula to a cell reference position that will automatically adjust when the formula is copied or extended to other cells; the cell being referenced changes relative to the placement of the formula.23
2933789328Source cellsThe cells that are to be the source of data for the AutoSum function.24
2933789926SUBTOTAL functionA function that can return any of 11 different values including all of the AutoSum functions, the product, standard deviation, and variance.25
2933790428Table styleA predefined set of formatting properties that determine the appearance of a table.26
2933790972TableAn organized grid of information, arranged in rows and columns.27
2933792114Tabular formatThe presentation of information such as text and numbers in tables.28
2933792115ThemeA set of design elements that enables you to create professional, color-coordinated documents.29
2933792758Workbook themeA collection of built-in cell styles associated with a workbook theme name.30
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MODULE 1 - HARDWARE/SOFTWARE Flashcards

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4982062473HARDWAREphysical components of a computer system .0
4982062474SOFTWAREencoded information or computer instructions.1
4982064232GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACEinterface that uses icons and other graphics to accept data and commands.2
4982064233MOTHERBOARDmost essential part of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices.3
4982067245CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITsingle computer chip that contains all electronic circuitry for computer processing tasks. (processor/microprocessor)4
4982133249WHO INVENTED GUI?Xerox.5
4982135751WHAT IS ENIAC?Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose compute. Answered math equations through reprogramming.6
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Campbell Biology 10th Edition - Chapter 22 Flashcards

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

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2317556763evolutiondescent with modification; the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation0
2317556764fossilspreserved remains of once-living organisms1
2317556765stratalayers of sedimentary rock2
2317556766catastrophisma principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly3
2317556767uniformitarianismis the idea that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past4
2317556768paleontologythe earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains5
2317556769adaptationinherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival6
2317556770natural selectionprocess by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest7
2317556771artificial selectionselection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms8
2317556772homologysimilarity in characteristics that results from common ancestry9
2317556773homologous structuresstructures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues10
2317556774vestigial structuresremnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.11
2317556775evolutionary treeA branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.12
2317556776convergent evolutionprocess by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments13
2317556777analogousHaving characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.14
2317556778Pangaeathe name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents15
2317556779endemicnative or confined to a particular region or people; characteristic of or prevalent in a field16
2317556780biogeographydealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants17
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American Pageant 13th Edition Ch. 28 Flashcards

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3360308560The Populist party was made up of what kind of people?Farmers0
3360308561The Progressive Party was made up of what kind of people?Middle-Class Urban Dwellers1
3360308562Who created the income tax?Wilson2
3360308563What was the purpose of the income tax?To compensate for low income.3
3360308564How did TR respond to the mining strike?He threatened to send in troops to control the mines4
3360308565What did the Federal Trade Commission do?It monitored business practices that might lead to monopoly5
3360308566What did the book "The Jungle" lead to?The Meat Inspection Act6
3360308567What were some of the planks of the Populist party?Shorter work hours; Better working conditions; Higher wages; Graduated Income Tax; Direct election of senators7
3360308568What is the oldest type of city government?Mayor/ City Counsel8
3360308569How did female progressive reformers justify their reformist political activities?They believed they were just an extension of women's roles as wives and mothers9
3360308570What were the political roots of the Progressive party?Greenback Labor/ Populist10
3360308571Progressives generally believe there was too much what?Social Injustice, Business Monopoly, and Political Corruption11
3360308572What were political reforms sought by Progressives?Referendum, Women's Suffrage, Direct Election of Senators12
3360308573What were the states where Progressivism gained great influence?California, Oregon, and Wisconsin13
3360308574What were the two areas of reform where TR's progressivism made headway?Conservation and Consumer Legislation14
3360308575What was the Triple Wall of Privilege?Trusts, Tariffs, and Banks15
3360308576Who did Wilson's progressive policies NOT aid?the Blacks16
3360308577What was the main goal of WCTU?Getting rid of alcohol17
3360308578Who was Eugene Debs?A social candidate in the 1912 election18
3360308579What was initiative?It allowed citizens to launch/ pass a bill19
3360308580What did the Federal Reserve Act get rid of?Flexible Banking System20
3360308581What did the Clayton AntiTrust Act do?It strengthened the Sherman AntiTrust Act21
3360308582Who gave the "Cross of Gold" speech?William Jennings Bryan22
3360308583Who promoted New Nationalism?Teddy Roosevelt23
3360308584Who promoted New Freedom?Wilson24
3360308585What were Muckrakers?Writers who dramatize the need to reform25
3360308586What was the 17th Amendment?Allowed direct election of senators26
3360308587Which Amendment granted women's suffrage?The 19th Amendment27
3360308588Which amendment allowed graduated income tax?The 16th Amendment28
3360308589What book did Upton Sinclair write?"The Jungle"29
3360308590What was the result of the triangle shirtwaist fire?Restrictions of female employment in clothing factories and workers' compensation law30
3360308591What did the 1903 Muller vs. Oregon case provide?Limited work hours for women31
3360308592What did the Elkins Act do?Allowed government authority to set and limit shipping cost32
3360308593What was "rational use"?It suggested that forests be preserved for public use33
3360308594What did David G. Phillips target?US Senate34
3360308595What did Ida Tarbell target?Standard Oil Company35
3360308596What did Lincoln Steffens target?City Governments36
3360308597What did Ray Stannard Baker target?Conditions of Blacks37
3360308598What type of businesses did TR support?Powerful Corporations who did business fairly38
3360308599What did Taft do in his administration?He brought Lawsuits against corporations (trustbuster)39
3360308600Which president tried to lower tariffs on imported goods to benefit the workers?Wilson40
3360308601Why did the Banking system need to be reformed?Because there was no central authority to supervise the banks41
3360308602Was McKinley a Gold Bug?Yes42
3360308603What was the animal that represented the Progressive party?The Bull Moose43
3360308604What is referendum?Giving farmers the ability to reject objectionable laws44
3360308605What was the Secret Ballot also called?The Australian Ballot45
3360308606Who ran in the election of 1896?Bryan and McKinley46
3360308607What sections of the United States did McKinley win in the election of 1896?East & Northeast (industry)47
3360308608What sections of the United States did Bryan win in the election of 1896?West and South (agriculture)48
3360308609Who organized the first national farm organization?Oliver Hudson Kelley49
3360308610What was another name for the first national farm organization?Patrons of Husbandry50
3360308611What party was McKinley in the election of 1896?Republican51
3360308612What party was Bryan in the election of 1896?Democrat52
3360308613What was the major issue in the election of 1896?Which metal would be the basis of the nation's monetary system53
3360308614Who won the election of 1896?McKinley54
3360308615What is recall?It allowed voters to hold an election remove an official before the term expires55
3360308616What is populism?A movement of the people56
3360308617Who did the populists support in the election of 1986?Bryan57
3360308618What event led to the end of the Progressive Era?WW158
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APUSH American Pageant 13th edition chapter 19 Flashcards

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3457320191Bleeding KansasA sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.0
3457320193Black Republicanslabel coined by the Democratic Party to attack the Republican Party as believers in racial equality. The Democrats used this fear to convince many whites to remain loyal to them1
3457320197Abraham Lincoln(1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union2
3457320198American or "Know-Nothing" partyOriginated in anti immigrant and anti Catholic organizations of the 1840s. Valued secrecy and often answered "I know nothing" to outsiders' questions. It wanted to unite native Protestants against Irish and German Catholics. Dozens elected to the House of Representatives after anger over Kansas-Nebraska act.3
3457320201Freeport DoctrineDoctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.4
3457320202Constitutional Union PartyA middle-of-the-road party, fearing for the Union and the split between the Democratic Party (with the two nominees Douglas and Breckinridge and all), organized this party, sneered at as the "Do Nothing" or "Old Gentleman's" party; it consisted mainly of former Whigs and Know-Nothings, a veritable "gathering of graybeards"5
3457320203Dred ScottA black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.6
3457320206Harper's Ferry RaidOccurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.7
3457320207Harriet Beecher StoweShe wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.8
3457320209Jefferson DavisA leading southern politician of the 1850s, he believed slavery essential to the South and held that it should expand into the territories without restriction. He served as U.S. senator from Mississippi (1847-1851, 1857-1861) and secretary of war (1853-1857) before becoming president of the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) during the Civil War.9
3457320210John BellA wealthy slaveowner from Tennessee who served in both the House and the Senate, he ran for U.S. President against Lincoln, Breckinridge, and Douglas in 1860 with the Constitutional Union Party on a moderate pro-slavery platform.10
3457320211John BreckinridgeA Senator from Kentucky and the fourteenth Vice President of the United States, he ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Douglas in the 1860 Presidential election on an extreme pro-slavery platform.11
3457320212John BrownWell-known abolitionist. used violence to stop slavery immediately, involved in the Pottawatomie Massacre, he was tried, convicted of treason and hung... he became a martyr.12
3457320215Know-nothingsAmerican Party was official name. Based on nativist sentiment and participated in discrimination against immigrants. Influential in policy that is greater than their numbers, shows strength of anti-immigrant sentiments13
3457320216LeCompton ConstitutionThe pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union supporting the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.14
3457320217Lincoln-Douglass DebatesLincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of 7 debates. Though Douglas won the senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame and helped him to later on win the presidency. These debates were a foreshadowing of the Civil War.15
3457320219Panic of 1857Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads16
3457320220Pottawatomie MassacreIn reaction to the sacking of Lawrence (Kansas) by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers (some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles) killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. This was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding the American Civil War, which came to be known collectively as Bleeding Kansas.17
3457320223Roger TaneyAs chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.18
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American Pageant 13th Edition - Ch. 39 Flashcards

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708176318Vietnamization540,000 American troops would be pulled out of the Southeast Asian nation and the war would be turned back over to the Vietamese0
708176319Nixon DoctrineThe South Vietnamese would slowly fight their own war, and the U.S. would only supply arms and money but not American troops1
708176320Silent MajorityAmericans who supported the war, but without noise2
708176321My Lai MassacreAmerican troops brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of __ ___, illustrated the frustration and led to more opposition to the war.3
708176322CambodiaIn 1970, Nixon ordered an attack on ________, Vietnam's neighbor.4
708176323Kent State University, Jackson State CollegeRiots occurred at these two colleges because of Nixon's choice to invade Cambodia5
70817632426th Amendmentlowering the voting age to eighteen6
708176325Pentagon Papersexposed the deceit used by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations regarding Vietnam and people spoke of a "credibility gap" between what the government said and the reality7
708176326Daniel Ellsberga former Pentagon official, leaked the "Pentagon Papers"8
708176327Dr. Henry A. Kissingersent by Nixon to encourage better relations, a mission in which he succeeded, détente9
708176328The ABM Treaty (anti-ballistic missile treaty)treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons.10
708176329SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control11
708176330Earl Warrenappointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he headed many controversial but important decisions12
708176331Griswold v. Connecticutstruck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, but creating a "right to privacy."13
708176332Gideon v. Wainwrightsaid that all criminals were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were too poor to afford it14
708176333Escobedo and Mirandawere two cases in which the Supreme Court ruled that the accused could remain silent15
708176334Engel v. Vitale and and School District of Abington Township v. Schemppwere two cases that led to the Court ruling against required prayers and having the Bible in public schools, basing the judgment on the First Amendment, which was argued separated church and state16
708176335Reynolds v. Simsruled that the state legislatures, both upper and lower houses, would have to be reapportioned according to the human population. This was to ensure each person's vote was weighed evenly.17
708176336Warren E. Burgerreplace the retiring Earl Warren in 1969, and this succeeded—by the end of 1971, the Supreme Court had four new members that Nixon had appointed18
708176337Supplemental Security Income (SSI)gave benefits to the indigent, aged, blind, and disabled19
708176338Philadelphia Planrequired construction-trade unions working on the federal payroll to establish "goals and timetables" for Black employees20
708176339Rachel Carsonboosted the environmental movement with her book Silent Spring, which exposed the disastrous effects of pesticides (namely, DDT)21
708176340The Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973both aimed to protect and preserve the environment and animals.22
708176341George McGovernpromised to end the war within 90 days after the election and also appealed to teens and women23
708176342The War Powers Act of November 1973required the president to report all commitments of U.S. troops to Congress within 48 hours and and (2) setting a 60 day limit on those activities.24
708176343New Isolationismdiscouraged the use of U.S. troops in other countries, but Nixon fended off all efforts at this25
708176344OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)lifted the embargo in 1974, and then quadrupled the price of oil by decade's end.26
708176345Gerald Fordfirst unelected president ever27
708176346Helsinki accordsrecognized Soviet boundaries, guaranteed human rights, and eased the U.S.—Soviet situation28
708176347Title IXprohibited sex discrimination in any federally funded education program29
708176348Roe v. Wadecase legalized abortion, arguing that ending a pregnancy was protected under a right to privacy30
708176349ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)sought to guarantee gender equality through words31
708176350Milliken v. Bradley caseSupreme Court ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines32
708176351Bakke case of 1978Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 that Allan Bakke (a white applicant claiming reverse discrimination) should be admitted to U.C.—Davis med school. The decision was ambiguous saying (1) admission preference based on any race was not allowed, but conversely that (2) race could be factored into the admission policy33
708176352Thurgood MarshallThe Supreme Court's only black justice34
708176353Jimmy Carterbarely squeezed by Gerald Ford (297 to 240) for president, promising to never lie to the American public. He also had Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress35
708176354Rapid Deployment Forcethat could respond to crises anywhere in the world in a quick manner36
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AP World History-Mesopotamia Flashcards

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4826917486Sargon of AkkadA Mesopotamian ruler whose empire extended from the gulf to Mediterranean0
4826917487NebuchadnezzarThe fourth King of the second dynasty of Isin and fourth dynasty of Babylon1
4826917488MesopotamiaThe area between Tigris-Euphrates2
4826917489TigrisThe river on the east side of Mesopotamia3
4826917490ZigguratA rectangular shaped tower4
4826917491Hammurabi's codeLaws dealing with law and civil matters5
4826917492AssyriansA empire of the ancient Near East6
4826917493CuneiformWedge shaped characters used in ancient writing systems7
4826917494HammurabiSixth King of the Amorites first dynasty of Babylon8
4826917495Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia9
4826917496SumerThe southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia10
4826917497EuphratesThe river on the west side of Mesopotamia11
4826917498AkkadIt means true king and ruled Mesopotamia for awhile12
4826917499Lex talionisThe law of retaliation13
4826917500Hanging GardensGardens at Babylon14
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AP Literature Review Terms Flashcards

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5538578807allegorystory or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning0
5538578808alliterationbeginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words1
5538578809allusionindirect of passing reference2
5538578810anaphorarepetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning3
5538578811antagonista hostile person who is opposed to another character4
5538578812apostrophefigure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character5
5538578813approximate rhymewords in rhyming pattern that sound alike6
5538578814asidewhen a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage7
5538578815assonancerepetition of vowel sounds8
5538578816blank versepoetry written in meter without an ending rhyme9
5538578817cacophonyblend of unharmonious sounds10
5538578818caesurapause in the middle of a line11
5538578819catharsisthe release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)12
5538578820flat characterstory character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic13
5538578821round charactercharacter who has complex personality: contradicted person14
5538578822dynamic characterchanges throughout the story, through major conflict15
5538578823static characterperson who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality16
5538578824characterizationprocess of revealing characters personality17
5538578825climaxpoint where conflict hits its highest point18
5538578826comedydrama that is amusing or funny19
5538578827conflictstruggle between opposing forces20
5538578828connotationsecondary meaning to a word21
5538578829consonancerepetition of same consonant in words close together22
5538578830couplettwo rhyming lines in a verse23
5538578831denotationthe literal meaning of a word24
5538578832denouementfinal outcome of the story25
5538578833deus ex machinaresolution of a plot by chance or coincidence26
5538578834didactic writingwriting with a primary purpose to teach or preach27
5538578835direct presentation of characterauthor telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story28
5538578836double rhymerhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)29
5538578837dramatic expositionprose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world30
5538578838end rhymerhymes occurring at the end of line31
5538578839end stopped lineline ending in regular punctuation32
5538578840English sonneta sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg33
5538578841epiphanywhen a character receives a spiritual insight into they life34
5538578842euphonysmooth choice and arrangement of sounds35
5538578843extended figureA figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.36
5538578844falling actionEvents after the climax, leading to the resolution37
5538578845feminine rhymelines rhymed by their final two syllables38
5538578846figurative languageLanguage that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.39
5538578847figure of speecha way of saying something other than the ordinary way40
5538578848footbasic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables41
5538578849formexternal pattern or shape of a poem42
5538578850free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme43
5538578851hamartiatragic flaw which causes a character's downfall44
5538578852imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)45
5538578853indirect presentation of characterthe personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says46
5538578854internal rhymeA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line47
5538578855ironyA contrast between expectation and reality48
5538578856verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant49
5538578857dramatic ironyIrony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.50
5538578858irony of situationrefers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended51
5538578859italian sonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd52
5538578860masculine rhymeA rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable53
5538578861melodramaa play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally54
5538578862metaphorA comparison without using like or as55
5538578863meterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry56
5538578864metonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it57
5538578865motivationA need or desire that energizes and directs behavior58
5538578866narratorPerson telling the story59
5538578867octave8 line stanza60
5538578868onomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.61
5538578869hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor62
5538578870oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.63
5538578871paradoxA contradiction or dilemma64
5538578872paraphraseA restatement of a text or passage in your own words.65
5538578873personificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes66
5538578874plotSequence of events in a story67
5538578875point of viewThe perspective from which a story is told68
5538578876omniscient point of viewThe point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.69
5538578877third person limited point of viewnarrator tells the story from only one character's pov70
5538578878first person point of viewa character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself71
5538578879objective point of viewa narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.72
5538578880protagonistMain character73
5538578881quatrainA four line stanza74
5538578882rhythmA regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.75
5538578883rhyme schemeA regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem76
5538578884rising actionEvents leading up to the climax77
5538578885sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt78
5538578886satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.79
5538578887scansionAnalysis of verse into metrical patterns80
5538578888sestet6 line stanza81
5538578889settingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.82
5538578890simileA comparison using "like" or "as"83
5538578891soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage84
5538578892sonnet14 line poem85
5538578893stanzaA group of lines in a poem86
5538578894stream of consciousnessprivate thoughts of a character without commentary87
5538578895syllabic verseVerse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.88
5538578896symbolA thing that represents or stands for something else89
5538578897synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa90
5538578898synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")91
5538578899tercet3 line stanza92
5538578900terza rimaa verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.93
5538578901themeCentral idea of a work of literature94
5538578902toneAttitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character95
5538578903tragedyA serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character96
5538578904truncationUtilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.97
5538578905understandmentthe deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis98
5538578906verseA single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme99
5538578907vilanellea nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.100
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