AP World History: Ancient World Flashcards
First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.
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| 3169721711 | Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. | 0 | |
| 3169721712 | Agrarian | pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society | 1 | |
| 3169721713 | Bands/ Clans | extended family groups that generally lived together | 2 | |
| 3169721714 | Barbarian | without civilizing influences | 3 | |
| 3169721715 | Bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected) | 4 | |
| 3169721716 | Civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) | 5 | |
| 3169721717 | City-States | different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece) | 6 | |
| 3169721718 | Classical | of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times | 7 | |
| 3169721719 | Domestication | process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans | 8 | |
| 3169721720 | Economy | system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs | 9 | |
| 3169721721 | Egalitarian | a person who believes in the equality of all people | 10 | |
| 3169721722 | Emperor | supreme ruler of an empire | 11 | |
| 3169721723 | Empire | many territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government (also just any territory ruled by an emperor) | 12 | |
| 3169721724 | Feudalism | a political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service" | 13 | |
| 3169721725 | Foraging | the process of scavenging for food | 14 | |
| 3169721726 | Hierarchy | a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system | 15 | |
| 3169721727 | Hierarchical | Of, relating to, or arranged in a hierarchy | 16 | |
| 3169721728 | Hunter-Gatherer | A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals | 17 | |
| 3169721729 | Irrigation | supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc. | 18 | |
| 3169721730 | Monarchy | a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power | 19 | |
| 3169721731 | Monotheism | belief in a single God | 20 | |
| 3169721732 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s) | 21 | |
| 3169721733 | Nomadic | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently | 22 | |
| 3169721734 | Pastoral | relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples) | 23 | |
| 3169721735 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools | 24 | |
| 3169721736 | Philosophy | the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics | 25 | |
| 3169721737 | Polytheism | belief in multiple Gods | 26 | |
| 3169721738 | River Valley | the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them | 27 | |
| 3169721739 | Sedentary | remaining in one place | 28 | |
| 3169721740 | Settlement | the act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position | 29 | |
| 3169721741 | Subsistence | the necessities of life, the resources of survival | 30 | |
| 3169721742 | Surplus | a quantity much larger than is needed | 31 | |
| 3169721743 | Sustenance | the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence | 32 | |
| 3169721744 | Theocracy | government run by religious leaders | 33 | |
| 3169721745 | Traditional | consisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices | 34 | |
| 3169721746 | Urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban | 35 | |
| 3169721747 | Vassals | lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity | 36 | |
| 3169721748 | Alexander the Great | king of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC) |  | 37 |
| 3169721749 | Analects of Confucius | "something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings | 38 | |
| 3169721750 | Bronze Age | a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons |  | 39 |
| 3169721752 | Calendar | a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year | 40 | |
| 3169721753 | Code of Hammurabi | the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety |  | 41 |
| 3169721754 | Cuneiform | One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. |  | 42 |
| 3169721755 | Democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 43 | |
| 3169721756 | Eight Fold Path | Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition. | 44 | |
| 3169721757 | Four Noble Truths | as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism | 45 | |
| 3169721758 | Gothic Migrations | The Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes. | 46 | |
| 3169721759 | Great Wall | a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC | 47 | |
| 3169721760 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy |  | 48 |
| 3169721761 | Hellenism | The ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East. |  | 49 |
| 3169721762 | The Huns | Fierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms | 50 | |
| 3169721763 | Indian Ocean Trade | connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion. |  | 51 |
| 3169721764 | Iron Age | the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons | 52 | |
| 3169721765 | Jewish Diaspora | A "scattering" of the Jewish people | 53 | |
| 3169721766 | Legalism | In Chinese history, Legalism was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense |  | 54 |
| 3169721767 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. |  | 55 |
| 3169721768 | Pyramids | Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top |  | 56 |
| 3169721769 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 57 | |
| 3169721770 | Roman Senate | a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders | 58 | |
| 3169721771 | Shang Civilization | China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE | 59 | |
| 3169721772 | Shi Huang Di | harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China) |  | 60 |
| 3169721773 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha |  | 61 |
| 3169721774 | Silk Road Trade | The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization. |  | 62 |
| 3169721775 | The Torah | the most sacred text of Judaism |  | 63 |
| 3169721776 | The Vedas of Hinduism | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. |  | 64 |
| 3169721777 | Ziggurats | a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories |  | 65 |
| 3169725128 | Christianity | Monotheistic religion born out of Judaism, preached by Jesus of Nazareth and later codified by his disciples. Persecuted by Romans early on; however, gained support under Constantine in the Rome. |  | 66 |
| 3169743496 | Buddhism | originally preached by Siddhartha and codified by his disciples into the sutras. Rejected Vedic rituals and the caste system. Spread throughout SE Asia and China and split into Mahayana(Buddha as a God, local gods tacked on as Bodhisativas) and Theravada(original, strict non-theistic version). |  | 67 |
| 3169759266 | Asoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. |  | 68 |
| 3169792505 | Hinduism | Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. |  | 69 |
| 3169799096 | Trans Saharan | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading |  | 70 |
| 3169805617 | Monsoons | Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean. |  | 71 |
| 3169817584 | Sumerians | people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. |  | 72 |
| 3169819804 | Indo-Europeans | Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact. |  | 73 |
| 3169837621 | Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength. | Patriarchal |  | 74 |
| 3169851674 | caste system | a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility |  | 75 |
| 3169860319 | Paleolithic | (Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture |  | 76 |
| 3169866549 | Carthage | This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars. |  | 77 |
| 3169877871 | Hellenization | The spread of Greek language and culture (Hellenism) throughout the Mediterranean, starting with t he conquests of Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death at the age of thirty-three (323 B.C.E.), his realm was divided among his leading generals. During their reigns and those of their successors, Hellenism (i.e., Greek culture) continued to flourish in major urban centers around the eastern Mediterranean (less so in rural areas). People traveling to different areas could communicate with people of other kingdoms through Greek. More than at any time in previous history, the eastern Mediterranean that emerged in Alexander's wake experienced a form of cultural unity and cosmopolitanism (a "cosmopolite" is a "citizen of the world," as opposed to a person who belongs to only one locality). The Roman Empire arose in the context of the Hellenistic world and took full advantage of its unity, promoting the use of Greek language, accepting aspects of Greek culture, and even taking over features of the Greek religion, to the point that the Greek and Roman gods came to be thought of as the same, only with different names. This complex unity achieved culturally through Hellenization and politically through the conquests of Rome is summed up by the term Greco-Roman world. | 78 | |
| 3169887481 | Daoism | Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature. |  | 79 |
Forensic science -crime scene and evidence Flashcards
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| 5082866647 | Place where an offense has been committed and evidence may be gathered | Define: crime scene | 0 | |
| 5082866648 | Facts and circumstances constituting a breach of law | Define: Corpus delicti | 1 | |
| 5082866649 | Money revenge emotion | What are the top reasons for committing a crime | 2 | |
| 5082866650 | Body, primary and or secondary crime scene, suspects | The sources of evidence include: | 3 | |
| 5082866651 | 1st police officer, medics, investigators, medical, examiner, photographer | Who are the members of the crime scene | 4 | |
| 5082866652 | Scientific method, locard exchange principal | What is the crime scene investigation based on | 5 | |
| 5082866653 | Recognition, identification, individualization, reconstruction | What does crime scene investigation involve | 6 | |
| 5082866654 | List the 7 S's of crime scene investigation | 7 | ||
| 5082866655 | Asses the crime scene and assist the injured, detain the witness, arrest the perpetrator, protect the crime scene, take notes | List the responsibilities of the first officer on the scene | 8 | |
| 5082866656 | Secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy, especially in order to cheat or decline others | Define: Collusion | 9 | |
| 5082866657 | Date, time, scale of location, weather and environmental conditions, discretion of the crime, location of the evidence, relative to other key points, names of people involved, notification | What things should be included in crime scene investigation notes | 10 | |
| 5082866658 | Date, time, scale, reference points, distance measurements, names of investigators, victims, suspects | What should a crime scene sketch include | 11 | |
| 5082866659 | Linear strip, grid, zone, wheel/Ray, spiral | Define: All 5 search methods | 12 | |
| 5082866660 | Each item must be placed in a separate container, sealed, and labeled. Most fragile first, body sent to medical examiner | Describe the methods for collecting and packaging evidence | 13 | |
| 5082866661 | Medical examiner | Who is responsible for the body or evidence found on the body | 14 | |
| 5082866662 | Trace evidence may be placed on piece of paper which is the folded a certain way called druggists fold | How do you create a bindle | 15 | |
| 5082866663 | So evidence doesn't become tampered with, no one gets in trouble | Why is chain of custody important | 16 | |
| 5082866664 | Data collection, hypothesis formation, examination, testing, and analysis. Determination of the significance of the evidence, theory formulation | List the stages of crime scene reconstruction | 17 | |
| 5082866665 | Hypothesis formation, theory formulation | Why would someone stage a crime scene? How could you tell if it was staged | 18 | |
| 5082866666 | Coroner has no specific training, medical examiner usually the pathologist | What is the difference medical examiner and the coroner | 19 | |
| 5082866667 | Identify, establish time and death, medical cause, determine mechanism, classify the manner, notify next of kin | What are the responsibilities of the medical examiner | 20 | |
| 5082866668 | Recognition, identification, individualization, reconstruction | What is Locards principle | 21 | |
| 5082866669 | Available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid | Define: evidence | 22 | |
| 5082866670 | Useful to identify suspect, to help make more clear | How are crime scene sketches useful and why do we need them in age of digital photos and video | 23 | |
| 5082866671 | Date, time, scale, reference points, distance measurements, name of investigators, victims, suspects | What requirements must be met for a sketch or diagram to be legally admissible in court | 24 | |
| 5082866672 | Facial features, eye color, facial hair, bone structure, hair line | What should a crime scene sketch include | 25 | |
| 5082866673 | Statement made under oath - direct evidence | Define: Testimonial evidence | 26 | |
| 5082866674 | Any object or material - indirect evidence | Define: Physical Evidence | 27 | |
| 5082866675 | Accuracy, nature of offense, characteristic of witness | What are the factors that can affect the reliability of eye witnesses | 28 | |
| 5082866676 | Prove crime, can corroborate for guilty or not guilty, can link suspect | Because of the influence on eyewitnesses, physical evidence becomes critical. Name some of the things it can | 29 | |
| 5082866677 | Transfer evidence - changed or lost, pattern evidence - direct contract, conditional evidence - by specific event or action, transfer evidence - contract between person and objects, associative evidence - associative victim or suspect with a scene or with each other | Know 5 types of physical and evidence and describe each | 30 | |
| 5082866678 | Class - certain brand Individual - exact/ particular | Know the difference between class and individual evidence and examples | 31 |
Forensic Science Examine Crime Scene Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 3250619759 | Crime Scene Investigation | A multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime | 0 | |
| 3250624863 | First Responder | The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene | 1 | |
| 3250624864 | Primary Crime Scene | The location where the crime took place | 2 | |
| 3250626544 | Secondary Crime Scene | A location other than the primary crime scene, but is related to the crime in some way | 3 | |
| 3250628154 | Crime Scene Reconstruction | A hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through to its commission. | 4 | |
| 3250629718 | Chain of Custody | The documented and unbroken transfer of evidence | 5 | |
| 3250629719 | Paper Bindle | A folded piece of paper used to hold trace evidence | 6 | |
| 3250677881 | Trace Evidence | Small but measurable amounts of physical or biological evidence | 7 |
Chapter 2 The Crime Scene Definitions: Forensic Science Flashcards
Definitions:
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| 3206431344 | Buccal Swab | A swab of the inner portion of the cheek; Cheek cells are usually collected to determine the DNA profile of an individual. | 0 | |
| 3206431345 | Chain of custody | A list of all people who came into possession of an item of evidence. | 1 | |
| 3206431346 | finished sketch | The finished sketch is constructed with care and concern for aesthetic appearance. | 2 | |
| 3206431347 | physical evidence | Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator. | 3 | |
| 3206431348 | rough sketch | A draft representation of all essential information and measurements of a crime scene. This sketch is drawn at the crime scene. | 4 | |
| 3206431349 | standard/reference sample | Physical evidence whose origin is known, such as blood or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime- scene evidence. | 5 | |
| 3206431350 | substrate control | surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited. | 6 |
Forensic Science: Crime Scene Investigation and Evidence Collection Flashcards
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| 5108636384 | Physical transfer | When two people or two objects come in contact with each other. | 0 | |
| 5108656549 | Locard's exchange principle | States that when a person comes into contact with an object or another person, a cross transfer of physical evidence can occur. | 1 | |
| 5108667060 | Direct evidence | Includes first hand observations such as eyewitness accounts or police dashboard video cameras. | 2 | |
| 5108672541 | Circumstantial evidence | Indirect evidence that can be used to imply a fact that is not directly proven. An example would be a gun left at the scene of a crime. | 3 | |
| 5108692504 | Class evidence | Narrows an identity down to a group of persons or things. | 4 | |
| 5108695612 | Individual evidence | Narrows an identity down to a single person or thing. | 5 | |
| 5108703416 | Primary crime scene | Where the crime took place. | 6 | |
| 5108709485 | Secondary crime scene | The second important location of a crime. For example the location a bomb was made or where someone kidnapped was hidden. | 7 |
Forensic Science Crime Scene Questions Flashcards
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| 3771329958 | Does not necessarily have to be proven in a court of law, although the jury often wants to know. | MOTIVE | 0 | |
| 3771332862 | A person trained to represent the Medical Examiner at a crime scene. He/she is responsible for collection of evidence from the body and then for having the body brought to the morgue. | MEDICOLEGAL DEATH INVESTIGATOR | 1 | |
| 3771335999 | Person responsible for devising the fingerprint classification system for Spanish speaking countries. | VUCETICH | 2 | |
| 3771338297 | The person who devised the fingerprint classification system in the English speaking countries. | HENRY | 3 | |
| 3771340392 | According to the list of crime scene critical thinking factors, which goes before Identification, individualization and reconstruction? | RECOGNITION | 4 | |
| 3771342461 | The responsibility of the first officer on a scene which entails writing down details of the scene for future use. | NOTES | 5 | |
| 3771344888 | The responsibility of the first officer on a scene which entails securing the crime scene from the entry of unauthorized individuals. | PROTECT | 6 | |
| 3771347760 | Division of the crime lab responsible for blood typing and analysis of other bodily fluids | SEROLOGY | 7 | |
| 3771353729 | Read to a person of interest so that they know they are allowed to remain quiet and have an attorney present | MIRANDA RIGHTS | 8 | |
| 3771357234 | Type of print that is not visible without using powders or other chemicals to enhance it. | LATENT | 9 | |
| 3771359530 | The responsibility of the first officer on a scene which entails separating and getting a record of what was seen by those on the scene | DETAIN | 10 | |
| 3771362387 | Fold using a piece of paper to preserve a small, or light weight piece of evidence | DRUGGIST | 11 | |
| 3771364583 | Division of the crime lab responsible for firearm identification, matching scratches / scrapes to the instrument that made them. | TOOLMARK | 12 | |
| 3771366809 | Person responsible for determining who may serve as an expert witness. | JUDGE | 13 | |
| 3771368614 | proof of evidence being guarded by a qualified representative of the court | CHAIN OF CUSTODY | 14 | |
| 3771372321 | Division of the crime lab responsible for dirt, soil, rocks, and other earth artifacts | GEOLOGY | 15 | |
| 3771373849 | A division of the crime lab that will assist with testing evidence that needs to be chemically identified such as the type of accelerate used by an arsonist | CHEMISTRY | 16 | |
| 3771377859 | The responsibility of the first officer on a scene which entails quickly surveying the problem. | ASSESS | 17 | |
| 3771380930 | Evidence that can be isolated to only one source. | INDIVIDUAL | 18 | |
| 3771382687 | The responsibility of the first officer on a scene which entails finding and subduing the perpetrator of the crime. | ARREST | 19 |
Chapter 1-5 Flashcards
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| 5822052108 | forensic science | the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies | 0 | |
| 5822053295 | criminalistics | more descriptive than forensic science; describes the services of a crime laboratory | 1 | |
| 5822058330 | Locard's principle of exchange | when two objects come into contact, theres a transfer of material | 2 | |
| 5822059510 | scientific method | a process that uses guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information | 3 | |
| 5822062399 | 1. formulate a question 2. formulate a hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. accept experimental findings 5. suitable evidence when validated | steps of scientific method | 4 | |
| 5822062957 | anthropometry | system of personal identification; distinguishes one body from another based on a series of bodily measurements | 5 | |
| 5822064362 | Anthropology & Morphology | study of structure of living organisms | 6 | |
| 5822073590 | 1. advise criminal suspects of constitutional rights 2. increase in U.S. crime rates 3. all illicit-drugs must be sent to a forensic lab 4. DNA profiling developed | Major reasons for increasing crime labs | 7 | |
| 5822076691 | 1. FBI 2. Drug Enforcement Administration 3. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 4. U.S. Postal Inspection Services | 4 Major Crime Labs | 8 | |
| 5822076692 | 1. physical science 2. biology unit 3. firearms 4. document examination 5. photography | 5 Basic Crime Lab Services | 9 | |
| 5822097281 | 1. confessions 2. eyewitness accounts 3. evaluation of physical evidence retrieved | 3 avenues for assistance of crime scene | 10 | |
| 5822103854 | command center | a secure site outside the crime scene where equipment is stored, tasks are assigned, and meet to discuss aspects of the case | 11 | |
| 5822105651 | walk-through | initial survey by the lead investigator | 12 | |
| 5822107532 | primary scene | where the crime originally occurred | 13 | |
| 5822109085 | secondary scene | becomes apart of the crime scene after the initial incident | 14 | |
| 5822112978 | - notes - sketches - photography | crime scene recording | 15 | |
| 5822115573 | expert witness | individual who poses knowledge or skill to aid in trial | 16 | |
| 5822118576 | -line/strip -grid -spiral -wheel/ray -quadrant/zone | types of search patterns | 17 | |
| 5822120750 | computer-aided drafting | creates a scaled drawing using specially designed computer software | 18 | |
| 5822121906 | digital photography | captures light and save images | 19 | |
| 5822122487 | lossless compression | condenses file size without discarding digital data | 20 | |
| 5822123246 | aperture | diaphragm of the opening allowing light | 21 | |
| 5822124001 | f-stop | controls aperture to determine the amount of light through the lens to the film | 22 | |
| 5822124002 | shutter speed | length of time the microchip is exposed to light | 23 | |
| 5822125553 | depth of field | amount of area in the foreground and background of an in focus object | 24 | |
| 5822126818 | color temperature | measure difference in hue between light source and hypothetical source of perfect white light | 25 | |
| 5822128912 | photography log | a form the investigator records details of each photograph taken | 26 | |
| 5822130032 | rough sketch | first sketch created with care for accuracy but no concern for aesthetic appearance | 27 | |
| 5822130033 | finished sketch | perfected final sketch with scale drawings | 28 | |
| 5822136612 | lossy compression | condenses files by discarding some image information | 29 | |
| 5822136980 | - normal lens - wide angle - macro - multipurpose - telephoto | types of lens | 30 | |
| 5822137878 | 1. overview 2. medium-range 3. close-up | 3 types of photographs | 31 | |
| 5822142689 | - rectangular - triangular - baseline - polar coordinate | methods of measurement | 32 | |
| 5822146845 | - title block - legend - compass - body | what's included in a crime sketch | 33 | |
| 5822148212 | physical evidence | an object that can be established has or has not been committed or link a crime to its victim or perpetrator | 34 | |
| 5822149764 | contamination | transfer of matter between the controller and the evidence | 35 | |
| 5822149765 | standard/reference | physical evidence whose origin is known | 36 | |
| 5822150210 | buccal swab | swab of inner cheek cells used for determining DNA profile | 37 | |
| 5822150211 | substrate controls | materials close to areas where physical evidence has been deposited | 38 | |
| 5822151305 | chain of custody | a list of all people who came into possession of evidence | 39 | |
| 5822155817 | evidence-submission form | form of all evidence submitted to the crime lab | 40 | |
| 5822156288 | Universal Precaution Rule | when responding to a blood or tissue scene, treat as infected substance | 41 | |
| 5822157217 | PPE | personal protective equipment; masks, gloves, eye protection | 42 | |
| 5822161131 | - cold zone - warm zone - hot zone | work zones | 43 | |
| 5822162830 | - indigestion - injection - absorption - inhalation | type of exposures | 44 | |
| 5822163368 | identification | determining a substance's physical or chemical identity | 45 | |
| 5822163369 | comparison | ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin | 46 | |
| 5822163721 | individual characteristics | evidence associated with a common source with high probability | 47 | |
| 5822163722 | class characteristics | properties of evidence that can be associated with a group and not a single source | 48 | |
| 5822163723 | product rate | a formula for determining how frequently a certain combination of characteristics occurs in a population | 49 | |
| 5822164140 | rapid DNA | process for rapidly obtaining a DNA profile from a buccal swab | 50 | |
| 5822164141 | comparative analysis | subjects a suspect and a standard/reference specimen | 51 | |
| 5822171061 | -identification -comparison | methods used for examining physical evidence | 52 | |
| 5822175799 | forensic polynology | analyst who collects and examines pollen and spores and connect to crime scenes | 53 | |
| 5822176830 | microscopy | the principal tool used in the field of forensic polynology | 54 |
Forensic Science: Processing the Crime Scene Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5332805032 | What are the seven S's of a Crime Scene Investigation? | Secure the scene Separate the witnesses Scan the scene See if the investigation gathers all photos & info Sketch the scene Search the evidence Secure the evidence | 0 | |
| 5332805033 | What are the first priorities of the first arriving officer? | Obtain medical assistance for anyone who is injured Detain suspects/witnesses Secure & control the crime scene Establish a crime scene perimeter Call for any additional personnel Establish a crime scene entry control log | 1 | |
| 5332805034 | How does one establish a crime scene perimeter? | Identify primary focal points Indoors - possible entry/exits paths if the perpetrator Outdoors - rope off a large area (includes oaths taken by the criminal to/from the central crime scene) Identify possible secondary scenes | 2 | |
| 5332805035 | How does one establish a crime scene entry control log? | Who entered the scene When they entered, when they left Why they entered | 3 | |
| 5332805036 | What does processing a crime scene consists of? | - Surveying the crime scene - Photographing and sketching the crime scene - Recording & documenting the location of physical evidence in notes - Searching for fingerprints and other physical prints - Collection of evidence | 4 | |
| 5332805037 | Surveying the Crime Scene | - Done by the lead investigator - A walk through starts at the outer limits of the crime scene & proceeds toward the center | 5 | |
| 5332805038 | What are the types of search patterns? | Zone/Quadrant Search Straight Line Search (or lane search) Strip Search Grid Search Spiral Search Pattern | 6 | |
| 5332805039 | Zone/Quadrant Search | - Indoor searches (small areas) - Each zone is searched, then zones are switched so that they are searched twice | 7 | |
| 5332805040 | Straight Line Search (or lane search) | - Large number of searchers standing in a line - Each searcher is responsible for their own area - Larger outdoor searchers, mass disasters or when visibility is poor | 8 | |
| 5332805041 | Strip Search | Similar to a strip line search, but used when there are less people available to search a large area | 9 | |
| 5332805042 | Grid Search | - Large outdoor areas - Allows each area to be searched twice - Many searchers - Useful for mass disasters | 10 | |
| 5332805043 | Spiral Search | Involves a single searcher beginning at an object (possibly at a body) and then continuing in widening circles away from that object until the entire area is covered **Not as effective because only one searcher is available | 11 | |
| 5332805044 | How does one document a crime scene? | Note taking Photography Sketching | 12 | |
| 5332805045 | In note taking, what should be included? | - Date & time crime was 1st reported to police - Type of crime - Location of crime - Names of all the officers, witnesses, investigators, etc. at the scene - Weather and lighting conditions at the time of the investigation - Description of all evidence - Description and location of the body - Odors, sounds - Signs of a struggle - Signs of forced entry | 13 | |
| 5332805046 | Examples of the description of all evidence | Color, brand, condition, amount Location where evidence is found Evidence log | 14 | |
| 5332805047 | Evidence Log | Description and location of all evidence including who collected it | 15 | |
| 5332805048 | Examples of the description and location of the body | Gender Clothing Condition of the body (decomposing, wounds, of it's intact) Physical Characteristics (hair color, age, height) | 16 | |
| 5332805049 | What are the technical aspects of photography? | - Tripod is used so that camera is parallel to the floor and avoids shaking - Most objects should be lit from the top - Side lighting for impressions - Depth of Field | 17 | |
| 5332805050 | Depth of Field | - Distance behind and in front of the subject that is in focus - Everything should be in focus (third of the way in) - Object should take the entire screen - Put camera on macro setting for the smaller objects - Do not photograph at an angle - Make sure to not cut off part of the object | 18 | |
| 5332805051 | What are the forensic aspects of the photography? | - Do not move objects until photographed - Overview photographs - Midrange photographs - Close up photographs - Photo log - Can also be videotaped | 19 | |
| 5332805052 | Overview Photographs | - Capture the entire scene and surrounding area, including points if entry/exit - Must show each area floor to ceiling - If indoors, the entire room should be photographed it show each wall area | 20 | |
| 5332805053 | Midrange Photographs | Shows the positioning of evidence and victims relative to fixed points in the room (door, wall, windows) | 21 | |
| 5332805054 | Close-up Photographs | - Victim: full length body shots (head to toe, toe to head, right to left, left to right), close ups of face, close ups of wounds - Each piece if physical evidence should be photographed with and without a ruler | 22 | |
| 5332805055 | Photo log | Case Number Date & time Photographer's name Listing of each photograph (description of location) | 23 | |
| 5332805056 | Sketching | - Accurately portrays the physical facts - Relates the sequence of events at the scene - Establishes the precise location and relationship of objects and evidence at the scene - Creates a mental picture of the scene for those not present - Permanent record of the scene | 24 | |
| 5332805057 | What are two types of crime scene sketches? | Rough and Final | 25 | |
| 5332805058 | Rough Sketch | - Made at the scene - Dimensions of the scene and shows the location of all evidence - Made AFTER photographs are taken and BEFORE anything is moved - Objects are located in the sketch by distance measurements from 2 fixed points - All measurements are made with a tape measure - Assign each piece of evidence a number of letter -- use a legend to identify them - Indicate which direction is north - Measurements are written in the sketch and is not drawn to scale - Case information is written on the sketch | 26 | |
| 5332805059 | What are the types of plotting methods? | Rectangular Coordinates Baseline Method Triangulation Method | 27 | |
| 5332805060 | Rectangular Coordinates | Uses 2 adjacent walls as fixed points as up distances are measured at right angles | 28 | |
| 5332805061 | Baseline Method | Takes measurements along and from a single reference line | 29 | |
| 5332805062 | Triangulation Method | Uses straight-line measurements from 2 fixed points to the evidence, creating a triangle with evidence in the angle formed by 2 straight lines | 30 | |
| 5332805063 | Final Sketch | - Neat - Drawn to scale -- MEASUREMENTS ARE NOT WRITTEN - Scale - Case information, legend, and which direction is north | 31 | |
| 5332805064 | Evidence Packaging | Number Description Location Cats number Date & time Name of the person that collected it | 32 | |
| 5332805065 | Blood/Saliva on surfaces | Collect using cotton swabs Allow to dry first Packaging: paper envelopes/bag Seal and label Control: portion of swab or cloth without blood For dried stains: moisten swab/cloth with distilled water | 33 | |
| 5332805066 | Blood (and other biological fluids) in clothing or small objects | - Collect using gloved hands - Allow to dry first -- clothing is folded in a way to not ruin the stains - Packaging: paper bag - Pack each item separately - Seal and label - Control: area of clothing/object without stains | 34 | |
| 5332805067 | Hairs/Fibers | Collect using tweezers and gloved hands Packaging: paper bindles or pill box Seal and label | 35 | |
| 5332805068 | Bullets/Cases | Collect using gloved hands Packaging: wrap individually in cotton or tissue paper and place in pill box Pack each item separately Seal and label | 36 | |
| 5332805069 | Glass Particles | - Collect using gloved hands - Packaging: wrap in tissue paper and place in either a pill box, plastic vial, or film canister - Seal then place in an additional plastic bag - Seal and label | 37 | |
| 5332805070 | Soil | - Collect using a vacuum or scoopula (loose) or gloved hands (adhering to object) - Packaging: soil adhering to the object should not be remove; air dry and package in paper bag; package air dried loose particles in plastic vial - Seal and label | 38 | |
| 5332805071 | Questioned Documents | Collect using gloved hands Packaging: plastic bag Seal and label **if paper has fluid package in a paper envelope | 39 | |
| 5332805072 | Footprint Cast | Write case info on back of cast Wrap in tissue paper to prevent breakage | 40 | |
| 5332805073 | Powders/Pills in containers | Collect using gloved hands Packaging: seal original container then place in plastic bag Seal and label | 41 | |
| 5332805074 | Powders/Pills loose | Collect using scoopula or forceps Packaging: vial or jar Seal with tape and label | 42 | |
| 5332805075 | Tools/Knife/Gun | - Collect using gloved hands - Packaging: secure info cardboard box and use tissue paper to prevent shifting - Remove any live ammunition from weapons - Seal and label | 43 | |
| 5332805076 | Controls | Used to make sure the tests results you are getting are accurate | 44 | |
| 5332805077 | Chain of Custody | Log that keeps track of the people who have been in possession of the evidence | 45 | |
| 5332805078 | Standard (exemplar) | - Physical evidence whose origin is known - Compared to the unknown evidence during lab analysis to try and determine the source of the evidence | 46 | |
| 5332805079 | What should an investigator do during an interview? | - Develop a plan of action - Conduct the interview privately - Put the interviewee at ease - Perfect questioning techniques -- questions easy are to understand - Select questions carefully -- open ended questions - Let the interviewee do the talking - Be a good listener - Don't challenge answers given - Stay in control of the interview - Take brief notes -- write down the important things - Write a summary immediately after the interview - Learn from experience | 47 | |
| 5332805080 | What is the difference between an interview and an interrogation? | An interview is conducted in an atmosphere where the individual is relaxed and comfortable An interrogation is conducted in an atmosphere where the person is under psychological stress -- know the information about the suspect, victim, and the crime committed | 48 | |
| 5332805081 | What are the two types of criminals? | Emotional and non-emotional | 49 | |
| 5332805082 | Emotional Offenders | - Usually a first time offender and can be broken down easily - Show sympathy towards him - Blames society for his actions - Be friendly towards the offender - Observe physical reactions to questions shows tension (i.e. dry mouth, tapping foot) - Usually confess when confronted with evidence | 50 | |
| 5332805083 | Non-Emotional Offenders | Hardened criminals | 51 | |
| 5332805084 | What are the methods of interrogation used for non-emotional offenders? | Q&A Narrative Method Alibi Factual Method Sweet and Sour Method (good cop/bad cop) Overheard Conversation Method Bluff Method | 52 | |
| 5332805085 | Narrative Method | Stating the crime again as a way to shake them up and hopefully they confess | 53 | |
| 5332805086 | Alibi | Ask where they were at the time of the crime and then follow up to see if it checks out and then re-interrogate | 54 | |
| 5332805087 | Factual Evidence | State the evidence that you already have | 55 | |
| 5332805088 | Overheard Conversation Method | If there are 2 suspects, interrogator can lie and say that the other had already confessed | 56 | |
| 5332805089 | Bluff Method | The interrogator lies about having witnesses and evidence so there is no choice but to tell the truth | 57 |
Criminalistics Flashcards
Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science
Richard Saferstein- 11th Edition (Chapters 1-10)
Terms : Hide Images
| 5261838326 | Forensic Science | Application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. An umbrella term encompassing a myriad of professions that use their skills to aid law enforcement officials in conducting their investigations. (Criminalistics, digital and multimedia sciences, engineering science, general, juisprudence, odontology, pathlogy/biology, phycial anthropology. psychiatry/behavioral science, questioned documents, toxicology) | 0 | |
| 5261838327 | Locard's Exchange Principle | Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is exchange of materials between them. | 1 | |
| 5261838328 | Scientific Method | A process that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information. | 2 | |
| 5261838329 | Expert Witness | An individual whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average layperson. | 3 | |
| 5261838330 | Physical Evidence | Any object that can establish that a crime has or has not been committed or can link a crime and its victim to its perpetrator. | 4 | |
| 5261838331 | Rough Sketch | A draft representation of all essential information and measurements at a crime scene. This sketch is drawn at the crime scene. | 5 | |
| 5261838332 | Finished sketch | A precise rendering of the crime scene, usually drawn to scale. | 6 | |
| 5261838333 | Chain of Custody | A list of all people who came into possession of an item of evidence. | 7 | |
| 5261838334 | Standard/Reference Sample | Physical evidence whose origin is known, such as fibers or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime-scene evidence. | 8 | |
| 5261838335 | Buccal Swab | A swap of the inner portion of the cheek; cheek cells are usually collected to determine the DNA profile of an individual. | 9 | |
| 5261838336 | Substrate Control | Uncontaminated surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited. This sample is to be used to ensure that the surface on which a sample has been deposited does not interfere with laboratory tests. | 10 | |
| 5261838337 | Identification | The process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity. Drug analysis, species determination, and explosive residue analysis are typical examples of this undertaking in a forensic setting. | 11 | |
| 5261838338 | Comparison | The process of ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin. | 12 | |
| 5261838339 | Individual Characteristics | Properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty. | 13 | |
| 5261838340 | Class Characteristics | Properties of evidence that can be associated only with a group and never with a single source. | 14 | |
| 5261838341 | Product Rule | Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile. | 15 | |
| 5261838342 | Rapid DNA | A process for developing DNA profiles from a buccal swap in 90 minutes or less that are compatible with a CODIS search. | 16 | |
| 5261838343 | Crime Scene Reconstruction | The method used to support a likely sequence of events at a crime scene by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence and statements made by individuals involved with the incident. | 17 | |
| 5261838344 | Satellite Spatter | Small drops of blood that are distributed around the perimeter of a drop or drops of blood and were produced as a result of the blood impacting the target surface. | 18 | |
| 5261838345 | Angle of Impact | The acute angle formed between the path of a blood drop and the surface that it contacts. | 19 | |
| 5261838346 | Impact of Spatter | A bloodstain pattern produced when an object makes forceful contact with a source of blood, projecting drops of blood outward from the source. | 20 | |
| 5261838347 | Forward Spatter | Blood that travels away from the source in the same direction as the force that caused the spatter. | 21 | |
| 5261838348 | Back Spatter | Blood directed back toward the source of the force that caused the spatter. | 22 | |
| 5261838349 | Low-Velocity Spatter | An impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 5 feet per second or less and producing drops with diameters greater than 3 millimeters. | 23 | |
| 5261838350 | Medium- Velocity Spatter | An impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 5 to 25 feet per second and producing drops with diameters between 1 and 3 millimeters. | 24 | |
| 5261838351 | High- Velocity Spatter | An impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 100 feet per second or faster and producing drops with diameters less than 1 millimeter. | 25 | |
| 5261838352 | Area of Convergence | The area on a 2-D plane where lines traced through the long axis of several individual bloodstains meet; this approximates the 2-D place from which the bloodstains were projected. | 26 | |
| 5261838353 | Area of Origin | The location in 3-D space from which blood that produced a bloodstain originated; the location of the area of convergence and the angle of impact for each bloodstain is used to approximate this area. | 27 | |
| 5261838354 | Cast-Off | A bloodstain pattern that is created when blood is flung from a blood-bearing object in motion onto a surface. | 28 | |
| 5261838355 | Arterial Spray | A characteristic bloodstain pattern containing spurts that resulted from blood exiting under pressure from an arterial injury. | 29 | |
| 5261838356 | Expirated Blood Pattern | A pattern created by blood that is expelled out of the nose, mouth, or respiratory system as a result of air pressure and/or airflow. | 30 | |
| 5261838357 | Void | An area within a deposited spatter pattern that is clear of spatter, caused by an object or person blocking the area at the time of the spatter's deposition. | 31 | |
| 5261838358 | Transfer Pattern | A bloodstain pattern created when a surface that carries wet blood comes in contact with a second surface; recognizable imprints of all or a portion of the original surface or the direction of movement may be observed. | 32 | |
| 5261838359 | Flow | A bloodstain pattern formed by the movement of small or large amounts of blood as a result of gravity's pull. | 33 | |
| 5261838360 | Skeletonization | The process by which the edges of a stain dry to the surface in a specific period of time (dependent on environmental and surface conditions); skeletonization remains apparent even after the rest of the bloodstain has been disturbed from its original position. | 34 | |
| 5261838361 | Drip Trail Pattern | A pattern of bloodstains formed by the dripping of blood off a moving surface or person in a recognizable pathway separate from other patterns. | 35 | |
| 5261838362 | Forensic Pathologists | Investigative personnel, typically medical examiners or coroners, who investigate the cause, manner, and times of death of a victim in a crime; can also be a physician who has been trained to conduct autopsies. | 36 | |
| 5261838363 | Autopsy | A surgical procedure performed by a pathologist on dead body to ascertain- from the body, organs, and bodily fluids- the cause of death. | 37 | |
| 5261838364 | Cause Of Death | Identifies the injury or disease that led to the chain of events resulting in death. | 38 | |
| 5261838365 | Petechiae | Pinpoint hemorrhaging often observed in the white area of the victim's eyes; often observed in strangulation cases. | 39 | |
| 5261838366 | Manner of Death | A determination made by a forensic pathologist of the cause of death. Five board categories are homicide, suicide, accidental, natural, and undetermined. | 40 | |
| 5261838367 | Algor Mortis | A process that occurs after death in which the body temperature continually cools until it reaches that ambient or room temperature. | 41 | |
| 5261838368 | Rigor Mortis | A medical condition that occurs after death and results in the stiffening of muscles mass. The rigidity of the body begin within 24 hours of death and disappears within 36 hours of death. | 42 | |
| 5261838369 | Forensic Anthropology | The use of anthropological knowledge of humans and skeletal structure to examine and identify human skeletal remains. | 43 | |
| 5261838370 | Forensic Entomology | The study of insect matter, growth patterns, and succession of arrival at a crime scene to determine the time since death. | 44 | |
| 5261838371 | Postmortem Interval (PMI) | The length of time that has elapsed since a person had died. If the time is not known, a number of medical or scientific techniques may be used to estimate it. | 45 | |
| 5261838372 | Portrait Parle | A verbal description of a perpetrator's physical characteristics and dress provided by an eyewitness. | 46 | |
| 5261838373 | Anthropometry | A system of identification of individuals by measurement of parts of the body, developed by Alphonse Bertillon. | 47 | |
| 5261838374 | Ridge Characteristics (minutiae) | Ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must math in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established. | 48 | |
| 5261838375 | Latent Fingerprints | A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration; it is invisible to the naked eye. | 49 | |
| 5261838376 | Loop | A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around to exit from the same side of the pattern. | 50 | |
| 5261838377 | Whorl | A class of fingerprints that includes ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular in shape and have two details. | 51 | |
| 5261838378 | Arch | A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side. | 52 | |
| 5261838379 | Livescan | An inkless device that captures the digital images of fingerprints and palm prints and electronically transmits the images to an AFIS. | 53 | |
| 5261838380 | Visible Print | A fingerprint made when the finger deposits a visible material such as ink, dirt, or blood onto a surface. | 54 | |
| 5261838381 | Plastic Print | A fingerprint impressed in a soft surface. | 55 | |
| 5261838382 | Iodine Fuming | A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints by exposing them to iodine vapors. | 56 | |
| 5261838383 | Sublimation | A physical change from the solid directly into the gaseous state. | 57 | |
| 5261838384 | Ninhydrin | A chemical reagent used to develop latent fingerprints on porous materials by reacting with amino acids in perspiration. | 58 | |
| 5261838385 | Physical Developer | A silver nitrate-based reagent formulated to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces. | 59 | |
| 5261838386 | Superglue Fuming | A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints on nonporous surfaces by exposing them to cyanoacrylate vapors; named for the commercial product Super Glue. | 60 | |
| 5261838387 | Fluoresce | To emit visible light when exposed to a light of a shorter wavelength. | 61 | |
| 5261838388 | Digital Imaging | A process through which a picture is converted into a series of square electronic dots known as pixels; the picture is manipulated by computer software that changes the numerical value of each pixel. | 62 | |
| 5261838389 | Pixel | A square electronic dot that is used to compose a digital image. | 63 | |
| 5261838390 | Virtual Image | An image that cannot be seen directly. It can be seen only by a viewer looking through a lens. | 64 | |
| 5261838391 | Real Image | An image formed by the actual convergence of light rays on a screen. | 65 | |
| 5261838392 | Objective Lens | The lower lens of a microscope, which is positioned directly over the specimen. | 66 | |
| 5261838393 | Eyepiece Lens | The lens of a microscope into which the viewer looks; same as the ocular lens. | 67 | |
| 5261838394 | Transmitted Illuination | Light that passes up from the condenser and through the specimen. | 68 | |
| 5261838395 | Vertical or Reflected Illumination | Illumination of a specimen from above; in microscopy it is used to examine opaque specimens. | 69 | |
| 5261838396 | Condenser | The lens system under the microscope stage that focuses light onto the specimen. | 70 | |
| 5261838397 | Parfocal | Describes a microscope such that when an image is focused with one objective in position, the other objective can be rotated into place and the field will remain in focus. | 71 | |
| 5261838398 | Monocular | Describes a microscope with one eyepiece. | 72 | |
| 5261838399 | Binocular | Describes a microscope with two eyepieces. | 73 | |
| 5261838400 | Field of View | The area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified. | 74 | |
| 5261838401 | Depth of Focus | The thickness of a specimen that is entirely in focus under a microscope. | 75 | |
| 5261838402 | Plane- Polarized Light | Light confined to a single plane of vibration. | 76 | |
| 5261838403 | Polarizar | A device that permits the passage of light waves vibrating in only one plane. | 77 | |
| 5261838404 | Microspectrophotometer | An instrument that links a microscope to a spectrophotometer. | 78 | |
| 5261838405 | Firearms Identification | A discipline mainly concerned with determining whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a particular weapon; it is not to be confused with ballistics, which is the study of a projectile in motion. | 79 | |
| 5261838406 | Grooves | The cut or low-lying portions between the lands in a rifled bore. | 80 | |
| 5261838407 | Rifling | The spiral grooves formed in the bore of a firearm barrel that impart spin to the projectile when it is fired. | 81 | |
| 5261838408 | Bore | The interior of a firearm barrel. | 82 | |
| 5261838409 | Lands | The raised portion between the grooves in a rifled bore. | 83 | |
| 5261838410 | Caliber | The diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm; the caliber is usually expressed in hundredths of an inch or millimeters-for example, .22 caliber and 9mm. | 84 | |
| 5261838411 | Gauge | Size designation of a shotgun, originally the number of lead balls with the same diameter as the barrel that would make a pound; for example, a 12-gauge shotgun would have a bore diameter of a lead ball 1/12 pound in weight; the only exception is the .410 shotgun, in which bore size 0.14 inch. | 85 | |
| 5261838412 | Breechface | The rear part of a firearm barrel. | 86 | |
| 5261838413 | Exractor | The mechanism in a firearm by which a cartridge of a fired case is withdrawn from the chamber. | 87 | |
| 5261838414 | Ejector | The mechanism in a firearm that throws the cartridge or fired case from the firearm. | 88 | |
| 5261838415 | Distance Determination | The process of determining the distance between the firearm and a target, usually based on the distribution of powder patterns or the spread of a shot pattern. | 89 | |
| 5261838416 | Choke | An interior constriction placed at or near the muzzle end of a shotgun's barrel to control shot dispersion. | 90 | |
| 5261838417 | Greiss Test | A chemical test used to develop patterns of gunpowder residues around bullet holes. | 91 | |
| 5261838418 | Physical Property | The behavior of a substance without alteration of the substance's composition through a chemical reaction. | 92 | |
| 5261838419 | Chemical Property | The behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance. | 93 | |
| 5261838420 | Matter | All things of substance; matter is composed of atoms or molecules. | 94 | |
| 5261838421 | Element | A fundamental particle of matter; an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. | 95 | |
| 5261838422 | Periodic Table | A chart of elements arranged in a systematic fashion; vertical rows are called groups or families, and horizontal rows are called series; elements in a given row have similar properties. | 96 | |
| 5261838423 | Compound | A pure substance composed of two or more elements. | 97 | |
| 5261838424 | Physical State | A condition or stage in the form of matter; a solid, liquid, or gas. | 98 | |
| 5261838425 | Solid | A state of matter in which the molecules are held closely together in a rigid state. | 99 | |
| 5261838426 | Liquid | A state of matter in which molecules are in contact with on another but are not rigidly held in place. | 100 | |
| 5261838427 | Gas (Vapor) | A state of matter in which molecules the attractive forces between molecules are small enough to permit them to move with complete freedom. | 101 | |
| 5261838428 | Sublimation | A physical change from the solid state directly into the gaseous state. | 102 | |
| 5261838429 | Phase | A uniform body of matter; different phases are separated by definite visible boundaries. | 103 | |
| 5261838430 | Density | A physical property of matter that is equivalent to the mass per unit volume of a substance. | 104 | |
| 5261838431 | Intensive Property | A property that is not dependent on the size of an object. | 105 | |
| 5261838432 | Fahrenheit Scale | The temperature scale using the melting point of ice as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water as 212 degrees, with 180 equal divisions or degrees between. | 106 | |
| 5261838433 | Celsius Scale | The temperature scale using the melting point of ice as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees, with 100 equal divisions or degrees between. | 107 | |
| 5261838434 | Mass | A constant property of matter that reflects the amount of material present. | 108 | |
| 5261838435 | Weight | A property of matter that depends on both the mass of a substance and the effects of gravity on that mass. | 109 | |
| 5261838436 | Refraction | The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another. | 110 | |
| 5261838437 | Refractive Index | The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given substance. | 111 | |
| 5261838438 | Cystalline Solid | A solid in which the constituent atoms have a regular arrangement. | 112 | |
| 5261838439 | Atom | The smallest unit of an element, which is not divisible by ordinary chemical means; atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons plus other subatomic particles. | 113 | |
| 5261838440 | Amorphous Solid | A solid in which the constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in random or disordered positions; there is no regular order in amorphous solids. | 114 | |
| 5261838441 | Birefringence | A difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials. | 115 | |
| 5261838442 | Dispersion | The separation of light into its component wavelengths. | 116 | |
| 5261838443 | Visible Light | Colored light ranging from red to violet in the electromagnetic spectrum. | 117 | |
| 5261838444 | Wavelength | The distance between the crests of adjacent waves. | 118 | |
| 5261838445 | Frequency | The number of waves that pass a given point per second. | 119 | |
| 5261838446 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | The entire range of radiation energy from the most energetic cosmic rays to the least energetic radio waves. | 120 | |
| 5261838447 | X-Ray | A high-energy, short-wavelength form of electromagnetic radiation. | 121 | |
| 5261838448 | Laser | An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; light that has all its waves pulsating in unison. | 122 | |
| 5261838449 | Photon | A small packet of electromagnetic radiation energy; each photon contains a unit of energy equal to the product of Planck's Constant and the frequency of radiation: E=hf | 123 | |
| 5261838450 | Tempered Glass | Glass that is strengthened by introducing stress through rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces. | 124 | |
| 5261838451 | Laminated Glass | Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with a layer of plastic. | 125 | |
| 5261838452 | Becke Line | A bright halo that is observed near the border of a particle immersed in a liquid of a different refractive index. | 126 | |
| 5261838453 | Radial Fracture | A crack in a glass that extends outward like the spoke of a wheel from the point at which the glass was struck. | 127 | |
| 5261838454 | Concentric Fracture | A crack in a glass that forms a rough circle around the point of impact. | 128 | |
| 5261838455 | Cuticle | The scale structure covering the exterior of the hair. | 129 | |
| 5261838456 | Cortex | The main body of the hair shaft. | 130 | |
| 5261838457 | Medulla | A cellular column running through the center of the hair. | 131 | |
| 5261838458 | Anagen Phase | The initial growth phase during which the hair follicle actively produces hair. | 132 | |
| 5261838459 | Catagen Phase | A transition stage between the anagen and telogen phases of hair growth. | 133 | |
| 5261838460 | Telogen Phase | The final growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin. | 134 | |
| 5261838461 | Follicular Tag | A translucent piece of tissue surrounding the hair's shaft near the root; it contains the richest source of DNA associated with hair. | 135 | |
| 5261838462 | Nuclear DNA | DNA present within the nucleus of a cell; this form of DNA is inherited from both parents. | 136 | |
| 5261838463 | Mitochondrial DNA | DNA present in small structures (mitochondria) outside the nucleus of a cell; mitochondria supply energy to the cell; this form of DNA is inherited maternally (from the mother). | 137 | |
| 5261838464 | Natural Fibers | Fibers derived entirely from animal or plant sources. | 138 | |
| 5261838465 | Manufactured Fibers | Fibers derived from either natural or synthetic polymers; the fibers are typically made by forcing the polymeric material through the holes of a spinneret. | 139 | |
| 5261838466 | Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. | 140 | |
| 5261838467 | Macromolecule | A molecule with a high molecular mass. | 141 | |
| 5261838468 | Monomer | The basic unit of structure from which a polymer is constructed. | 142 | |
| 5261838469 | Polymer | A substance composed of a large number of atoms; these atoms are usually arranged in repeating units or monomers. | 143 | |
| 5261838470 | Mathieu Orfila | Father of toxicology | 144 | |
| 5261838471 | Alphonse Bertillon | 1st scientific system of personal identification. Developed the science of anthropometry (a systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another) but was later replaced by fingerprinting. | 145 | |
| 5261838472 | Francis Galton | 1st definite study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing. | 146 | |
| 5261838473 | Leone Lattes | Discovered that blood can be grouped into different categories. Devised a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain. | 147 | |
| 5261838474 | Calvin Goddard | Refined techniques of determining whether a particular gun had fired a bullet from a suspect's weapon using the comparison microscope. | 148 | |
| 5261838475 | Albert S. Osborn | Development of the fundamental principle of document examination. Responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence. | 149 | |
| 5261838476 | Walter C. Mccrone | Analytical technology. Microscopy. | 150 | |
| 5261838477 | Hans Gross | 151 |
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