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AP Literature: Key Terminology Flashcards

2472985649	Allegory	a prose or narrative that demonstrates multilevels of meaning and significance.	0
2472987409	Alliteration	the repetition of a similar sound that is usually heard in closely proximate stressed syllables	1
2472998766	Allusion	a reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place.	2
2472999010	Anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses	3
2472999856	Anecdote	a brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature.	4
2473002143	Antagonist	any force that is in opposition to the main character	5
2473002380	Antithesis	the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas	6
2473002687	Apostrophe	an address to something that is inanimate	7
2473002982	Archetype	recurrent concepts which are identifiable in a wide range of literature	8
2473003330	Assonance	a repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds	9
2473004053	Asyndeton	a style in which conjunctions are omitted	10
2473004860	Attitude	a disposition towards a subject	11
2473005850	Ballad	a narrative poem that is meant to be sung	12
2473006121	Ballad stanza	a common stanza form consisting of a quatrain that alternate four-beat and three-beat lines.	13
2473007775	Blank verse	a verse form that consists of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter	14
2473008367	Caesura	a pause in a line or verse	15
2473008368	Caricature	a depiction in which a character's features are deliberately exaggerated	16
2473008921	Chiasmus	A figure of speech in which words or concepts are repeated in reverse order	17
2473009227	Colloquial	ordinary language, the vernacular	18
2473009487	Conceit	an extended metaphor	19
2473009655	Connotation	meaning implied by a word	20
2473009863	Consonance	the repetition of identical or similar consonant sounds	21
2473010140	Couplet	two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter	22
2473010502	Dactylic	a metrical pattern in which each foot consists of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones.	23
2473011311	Denotation	a direct and specific meaning	24
2473011483	Dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group	25
2473011836	Diction	word choice	26
2473012146	Dramatic monologue	a monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience	27
2473012659	Elegy	a poetic lament upon the death of a particular person	28
2473013360	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence from one line to the next	29
2473013857	Epic	a poem that celebrate the achievements of heroes and heroines.	30
2473014186	Exposition	the structure that establishes the situation at the beginning of a play or story	31
2473015207	Extended metaphor	a metaphor that extends over a long section of a work	32
2473015744	Falling action	the plot structure in which the complications of the rising action are untangled	33
2473016152	Farce	a play or scene that is characterized by broad humor	34
2473016373	Foreshadowing	a hint at an indication of the future beforehand	35
2473016899	Formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	36
2473017102	Flashback	an earlier event inserted into the normal chronology of a narrative	37
2473017652	Free verse	poetry that is characterized by its lack of traditional meter and varying lengths of non-rhyming lines	38
2473019083	Genre	a type or class of literature	39
2473019084	Hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language	40
2473019597	Iambic	a metrical pattern in which each foot consists of a unstressed syllable followed by stressed one	41
2473020503	Imagery	any sensory detail or evocation in a work	42
2473020731	Informal diction	language that is not lofty, dignified, or impersonal	43
2473021619	In medias res	refers to opening a story in the middle of the action	44
2473021832	Irony	a figure of speech in which intent and actual meaning differ	45
2473022625	Jargon	specialized or technical language	46
2473023096	Juxtaposition	the location of one thing being adjacent or juxtaposed with another	47
2473023705	Limited point of view	a perspective limited to one person	48
2473024076	Litote	a figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement	49
2473024904	Loose sentence	a sentence that is grammatically complete before the end	50
2473025292	Lyric	any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion	51
2473025691	Message	the central idea or statement of a story or explanation	52
2473025948	Metaphor	one thing described as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between them.	53
2473027075	Meter	the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	54
2473028261	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute is used to name or designate something	55
2473028911	Mood	a feeling or ambiance resulting from a piece of literature	56
2473029434	Motif	a recurrent concept that serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event	57
2473029781	Narrative structure	a textual organization based on sequences of connected events	58
2473030994	Narrator	the "character" who "tells" the story	59
2473031362	Occasional poem	a poem written about or for a specific occasion	60
2473031634	Ode	a lyrical poem that praises or exalt something	61
2473031978	Omniscient point of view	a perspective that can be seen from more than one character	62
2473032429	Onomatopoeia	a word capturing the sound of what it describes	63
2473032843	Overstatement	exaggerated language	64
2473033378	Oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory elements	65
2473033613	Parable	a short fiction that illustrate moral lessons through the use of analogy	66
2473034018	Paradox	a contradictory statement	67
2473036931	Parody	a work that imitates another work for comic effect	68
2473037128	Parallel structure	A similar grammatical structure within a sentence or paragraph	69
2473037962	Pastoral	a poem that describes the simple life of country folk	70
2473039169	Periodic sentence	a sentence that is not grammatically complete before the end	71
2473039396	Persona	the voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story	72
2473040765	Personification	treating a nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities	73
2473042050	Petrarchan sonnet	a sonnet that divides the poem into one section of eight lines and a second section of six lines. Rhyme scheme is abba abba cde cde	74
2473042480	Plot	the arrangement of the narration	75
2473042962	Protagonist	the main character in a work	76
2473043340	Quatrain	a poetic stanza of four lines	77
2473043642	Realism	the practice of describing nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail	78
2473044024	Refrain	a repeated stanza or line in a poem or song	79
2473044662	Rising action	the development of action in a work	80
2473045028	Rhyme	the repetition of the same or similar sounds	81
2473045814	Rhythm	the modulation of weak and strong elements in the flow of speech	82
2473046074	Sarcasm	a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical	83
2473047108	Satire	a literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure	84
2473047642	Scansion	the analysis of verse to show its meter	85
2473047901	Setting	the time and place of the action	86
2473048386	Shakespearean sonnet	a sonnet that divide the poem into three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines	87
2473049352	Shaped verse	poetry that is shaped to look like an object	88
2473049563	Simile	a direct comparison of one thing to another	89
2473050175	Soliloquy	a monologue in which a character in a play is alone and speaking to himself or herself	90
2473050518	Speaker	the person who is the voice of the poem	91
2473053233	Stanza	a section of a poem separated by extra line spacing	92
2473056282	Stereotype	a characterization based on assumptions	93
2473059194	Stock character	one who appears in a number of stories or plays	94
2473059885	Structure	the organization of various elements in a work	95
2473060243	Style	a distinctive manner of expression	96
2473060685	Symbolism	a concept in a literary work that figuratively represents something else	97
2473061725	Synecdoche	when a part is used to signify a whole	98
2473062355	Syntax	the way words are put together	99
2473062824	Terza rima	A three-line stanza rhymed aba bcb cdc	100
2505110070	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	101
2473065022	Theme	the main thought expressed by a work	102
2473065993	Tone	the manner in which attitude is expressed	103
2473066803	Tragedy	a drama in which a character is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force	104
2473067203	Trochee	a metrical pattern in which a foot consists of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.	105
2473067993	Turning point	the point at which the action stops rising and begins falling or reversing	106
2505005516	Detail	items or parts that make up a larger picture or story	107
2505008905	Devices of sound	the techniques of deploying the sound of words	108
2505011801	Figurative language	writing that uses figures of speech	109
2505016407	Narrative techniques	the methods involved in telling a story	110
2505019490	Point of view	Any possible vantage points from which a story is told	111
2505022037	Resources of language	A general phrase for the linguistic techniques that a writer can use	112
2505024797	Rhetorical techniques	The devices used in effective or persuasive language	113
2505027226	Strategy	The management of language for a specific effect	114
2505031901	Symbol	Something that is simultaneously itself and a sign of something else	115
2505034400	Ambiguity	Multiple meanings a literary work may communicate	116
2505036867	Convention	A subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression	117
2505045483	Didactic	Explicitly instructive	118
2505049083	Digression	The use of material unrelated to the subject of the work	119
2505052368	Epigram	A pithy saying, often using contrast	120
2505057065	Euphemism	A figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness	121
2505058758	Grotesque	Characterized by distortions or incongruities	122
2505061636	Reliability	The level of trust that a reader can invest in a character	123
2505065267	Rhetorical question	A question asked for effect, not in expectation of a reply	124
2505067229	Syllogism	A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them	125
2505071849	Thesis	The theme, meaning, or position that a writer undertakes to prove or support	126
2505076643	End-stopped	A line with a pause at the end	127
2505078470	Heroic couplet	Two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines that rhyme	128
2505081083	Internal rhyme	Rhyme that occurs within a line	129
2505083586	Rhyme royal	A 7-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc	130
2505118474	Clause	A group of words that contains a subject and a verb	131
2505120365	Ellipsis	The omission of word(s)	132
2505123098	Imperative	The mood of the verb that gives an order	133
2505124133	Modify	To restrict or limit in meaning	134

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AP Literature Flashcards

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2878626918	Aud, audit	Hear, listen	0
2878626919	Aur	Ear, hear	1
2878626920	Ben-, bon, bount	Good/well, generous	2
2878626921	Cap, capit, chap	Head,principal, property/money	3
2878626922	Con, co-, col-, com-, cor-	Together/ with, very, cause	4
2878626923	Contr, counter	Against	5
2878626924	Cord	Nice/ agree, heart, remember	6
2878626925	Corp, corpor	Body	7
2878626926	Cred, cre	Believe, trust	8
2878626927	De-	Down, away, very	9
2878626928	Dent	Tooth, hole/ pit	10
2878626929	Dict, dica	Speak, order, set forth/, proclaim	11

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Ap Spanish Literature: Terminos Historicos Flashcards

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2539112840	el barroco	época caracterizada por arte y literatura ostentosa que algunos especulan buscaba enmascarar la crisis política y económica que predominó en España al finales del siglo 16, todo el siglo 17 y los principios del 18. Ideológicamente el arte de la época expresaba desilusión y desengaño.	0
2539112841	la epoca colonial	época que duró más de tres siglos y se divide en la conquista, exploración y evangelización; asentamiento; y colonización y explotación comercial de las Américas por España.	1
2539112842	la contrarreforma	Movimiento de los que se oponían a las ideas de Martín Lutero y buscaban proteger a la iglesia de sus críticas.	2
2539112843	la edad media (medioevo)	época caracterizada por el dominio musulmán en la península ibérica y la reconquista.	3
2539112844	la epoca moderna	época que empezó a finales del siglo 18 caracterizado por un conflicto entre una España progresista y abierta a la modernización y una España tradicionalista y estancada en el pasado.	4
2539112845	la postguerra civil	Epoca caracterizada por rigurosa censura debido a la dictadura de Franco.	5
2539112846	la reforma	Movimiento empezado por Martín Lutero que criticaba la corrupción de la iglesia católica.	6
2539112847	el renacimiento	época que inició con la expulsión de los moros en España y el "descubrimiento," conquista y colonización de las America. Tiempo de inquietud religiosa y política debido a la reforma y contrarreforma, la Guerra de los Treintas Años y las ideas innovadores de Galileo, Newton y Spinoza que fueron rechazadas por la iglesia.	7
2539112848	el siglo xx	Inicio de una época de diversas ideas y expresiones artísticas, particularmente en América Latina.	8
2539112849	el siglo de oro	Epoca de originalidad, exuberancia y brillo de la cultura de los siglos 16 y 17 debido al reencuentro de las normas artísticas y filosóficas grecorromanas y la idea de que el individuo tomaba las riendas de su propio destino. Obras significantes de la época incluían El Lazarillo de Tormes y Don Quijote de la Mancha.	9

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AP Language Terms Flashcards

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5829063042	allusion	A reference to some famous literary work, historical figure, or event. For example, to say that a friend "has the patience of Job" means that he is as enduring as the Biblical figure of that name.	0
5829063043	antithesis	The use of parallel structure to call attention to contrasts or opposites: some like it hot; some like it cold; Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar	1
5829063044	argumentation	The writer's attempt to convince his reader to agree with him. It is based upon appeals to reason, evidence proving the argument, and sometimes emotion to persuade. Some attempt to merely prove a point, but others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action. At the heart lies a debatable issue.	2
5829063045	coherence	The principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition.	3
5829063046	diction	Word choice. Determined by the audience and occasion of their writing.	4
5829063047	emphasis (emphatic force, emphatic strength)	A rhetorical principle that requires stress to be given to important elements in an essay at the expense of less important elements.	5
5829063048	figurative language	Said of a word or expression used in a nonliteral way. For example. The expression "to go the last mile" may have nothing at all to do with geographical distance, but may mean to complete an unfinished task or job.	6
5829063049	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.	7
5829063050	image/imagery	A phrase or expression that evokes a picture or describes a scene. An image may be either literal, in which case it is a realistic attempt to depict with words what something looks like, or figurative, in which case the expression is used that likens the thing described to something else (e.g., "My love is like a red, red rose.").	8
5829063051	irony	The use of language in such a way that apparent meaning contrasts sharply with the real meaning. One famous example (in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) is Antony's description of Brutus as "an honorable man." Since Brutus was one of Caesar's assassins, Antony meant just the opposite. A softer form of sarcasm and shares with it the same contrast between apparent and real meaning.	9
5829063052	verbal irony	The words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning.	10
5829063053	situational irony	Events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and readers think ought to happen is what does happen.	11
5829063054	dramatic irony	Facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	12
5829063055	juxtaposition (contrast)	The arrangement of two or more ideas, phrases, words, etc. side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.	13
5829063056	metaphor	A figurative image that implies the similarity between things otherwise dissimilar, as when the poet Robert Frost states "I have been acquainted with the night," meaning that he has survived despair.	14
5829063057	mood	The pervading impression made on the feelings of the reader. Can be gloomy, sad, joyful, bitter, frightening, and so forth.	15
5829063058	oxymoron "	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness.	16
5829063059	pacing	The speed at which a piece of writing moves along.	17
5829063060	paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. The first scene of Macbeth, for example, closes with the witches' cryptic remark "Fair is foul, and foul is fair."	18
5829063061	parallelism	The principle of coherent writing requiring that coordinating elements be given the same grammatical form, as in Daniel Webster's dictum, "I was born an American; I will live an American; I will die an American." In other words, it's use of similar grammatical structures or forms for pleasing effect	19
5829063062	parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. Can distort or exaggerate distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original.	20
5829063063	personification	Attributing human qualities to objects, abstractions, or animals: "Tis beauty calls and glory leads the way."	21
5829063064	point of view	The perspective from which a piece of writing is developed. In nonfiction the it is usually the author's. In fiction it can be first- or third-person point of view. In the first-person, the author becomes part of the narration and refers to himself as "I." In the third-person the narrator simply observes the action of the story. Third-person narrative is either omniscient (when the narrator knows everything about all of the characters) or limited (when the narrator knows only those things that might be apparent to a sensitive observer.)	22
5829063065	repetition	By repeating words or ideas, the persuasive writer emphasizes their importance and lodges them firmly in the minds of the audience.	23
5829063066	rhetoric	The art of using persuasive language. The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	24
5829063067	simile	A figure of speech which, like the metaphor, implies a similarity between things otherwise dissimilar. Uses like, as, than.	25
5829063068	Juvenalian satire .	sharp and biting satire	26
5829063069	style	The way a writer writes. The expression of an author's individuality through the use of words, sentence patterns, and selection of details Any of the choices writers make while writing—about diction, sentence length, structure, rhythm, and figures of speech—that make their work sound like them.	27
5829063070	ad hominem argument	An argument that attacks the integrity or character of an opponent rather than the merits of an issue. Latin for "to the man." It is also informally known as "mud-slinging."	28
5829063071	alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	29
5829063072	analogy	- comparison that attempts to explain one idea or thing by likening it to another for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one.	30
5829063073	antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	31
5829063074	anecdote	A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim.	32
5829063075	appeal to ethos	appeal to ethics	33
5829063076	appeal to logos	appeal to logic	34
5829063077	appeal to pathos	appeal to emotion, an appeal to feelings rather than to strict reason; a legitimate ploy in an argument as long as it is not excessively or exclusively used.	35
5829063078	causal relationship (cause-and-effect relationship)	The relationship expressing, "If X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or "If Y is the effect, then X caused it"—for example, "If the state builds larger highways, then traffic congestion will just get worse because more people will move to the newly accessible regions," or "If students plagiarize their papers, it must be because the Internet offers them such a wide array of materials from which to copy."	36
5829063079	colloquialism	a word or expression acceptable in informal usage but inappropriate in formal discourse. A given word may have a standard as well a colloquial meaning. Bug, for example, is standard when used to refer to an insect; when used to designate a virus, i.e. "She's at home recovering from a bug," the word is a colloquialism.	37
5829063080	connotation	the implication of emotional overtones of a word rather than its literal meaning. Lion, used in a literal sense, denotes a beast (see denotation). But to say that Winston Churchill had "the heart of a lion" is to use the connotative or implied meaning of lion.	38
5829063081	denotation	The specific and literal meaning of the word as found in the dictionary. Opposite of connotation.	39
5829063082	euphemism	From the Greek word for "good speech," a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. May be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of euphemism.	40
5829063083	generalization	a statement that asserts some broad truth based upon a knowledge of specific cases.	41
5829063084	logical fallacy	Errors in reasoning used by speakers or writers, sometimes in order to dupe their audiences. Most logical fallacies are based on insufficient evidence ("All redheads are passionate lovers"); or irrelevant information ("Don't let him do the surgery; he cheats on his wife"); or faulty logic ("If you don't quit smoking, you'll die of lung cancer").	42
5829063085	Horatian satire	gentle and smiling satire	43
5829063086	qualification	The act of limiting an argument through qualifying expressions, such as few, it is possible, rarely, most, perhaps, often.	44
5829063087	red herring	A side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument. It is a common device of politicians: "Abortion may be a woman's individual right, but have you considered the danger of the many germ-infested abortion clinics?" Here the side issue of the dirty clinics clouds the ethical issue of the right or wrong of having an abortion.	45
5829063088	sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	46
5829063089	satire	Often an attack on a person. Also the use of wit and humor in order to ridicule society's weaknesses so as to correct them. In literature, two types of satire have been recognized	47
5829063090	slanting	The characteristic of selecting facts, words, or emphasis to achieve a preconceived intent: Favorable intent: "Although the Senator looks bored, when it comes time to vote he is on the right side of the issue." Unfavorable intent: "The Senator may vote on the right side of the issues, but he always looks bored."	48
5829063092	tone	In every writing, the reflection of the writer's attitude toward subject and audience. Can be personal, formal or informal, objective or subjective.	49
5829063093	understatement (also called litotes (LAHY tuh teez))	A way of deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to stress its magnitude.	50
5829063094	voice	The presence or the sound of self chosen by the author. Most good writing sounds like someone delivering a message. The aim in a good student writing is to sound natural. Of course, the itwill be affected by the audience and occasion for writing. Voice is closely related to style.	51
5829063095	ad populem argument	A fallacious argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of a group rather than its reason. An appeal for instance, to support an issue because it's the "American Way" is an ad populem argument.	52
5829063096	allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The symbolic meaning usually deals with moral truth or generalization about human existence.	53
5829063097	anaphora	the repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses	54
5829063098	aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) Can be a memorable summation of the author's point. "Expect nothing. Live frugally on surprise." Alice Walker	55
5829063099	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee."	56
5829063100	claim	The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point, backed up by support, of an argument.	57
5829063101	cliché	A stale image or expression, and the bane of good expository writing. "White as a ghost"	58
5829063102	comparison/contrast	A rhetorical mode used to develop essays that systematically match two items for similarities and differences.	59
5829063103	complex sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	60
5829063104	concrete	Said of words or terms denoting objects or conditions that are palpable, visible, or otherwise evident to the senses. Concrete is the opposite of abstract.	61
5829063105	epistrophe	The repetition of the same word or group of wards at the ends of successive clauses.	62
5829063106	evidence	The logical bases or supports for an assertion or idea.	63
5829063107	genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	64
5829063108	inversion	The reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence to achieve some desired effect, usually emphasis. Inversion is a technique long used in poetry, although most modern poets shun it as too artificial. For examples of inversion, see Shakespeare's "That Time of Year" (Sonnet 73).	65
5829063109	loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many of these often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational.	66
5829063110	metonymy (mi-TAWN-a-me)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy.	67
5829063111	periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy!" The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	68
5829063112	rhetorical question	A question posed with no expectation of receiving an answer. This device is often used in public speaking in order to launch or further discussion: "Do you know what one of the greatest pains is? One of the greatest pains in human nature is the pain of a new idea."	69
5829063113	synecdoche (suh-NEK-duh-kee)	A part of something used to refer to the whole—for example, "50 head of cattle" referring to 50 complete animals	70
5829063114	syntax	The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. Requires correct grammar as well as effective sentence patters, including unity, coherence, and emphasis.	71
5829063115	transition	Words, phrases, sentences, or even paragraphs that indicate connections between the writer's ideas. Provide landmarks to guide the reader from one idea to the next so that the reader will not get lost.	72
5829063116	unity	The characteristic of having all parts contribute to the overall effect. In writing, an essay or paragraph is described as having this when all sentences develop one idea. The worst enemy is irrelevant material. A good rule is to delete all sentences that do not advance or prove the thesis (in an essay) or the topic sentence (in a paragraph).	73

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AP Literature & Composition Flashcards

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4832143163	Allegory	A story in which people, things, or even events have another-often symbolic meaning.	0
4832143908	Alliteration	The repetition of the same consonant sound, especially at the beginning of words.	1
4832146016	Allusion	A reference to another event, person, place or work of literature. The allusion is usually implied rather than explicit and provides another layer of meaning to what is being said.	2
4832148624	Ambiguity	Use of language where the meaning is unclear or has two or more possible meanings or interpretations. It could be created by a weakness in the writer's expression, but more likely it is a deliberate device used by the writer to create layers of meaning.	3
4832154832	Assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds.	4
4832156532	Author's purpose	Reason for writing a work of literature; to inform, to persuade, to entertain, to express an opinion, to convey ideas, etc	5
4832160270	Colloquial	Ordinary, everyday speech and language.	6
4832160694	Connotation	An implication or association attached to a word or phrase. It is suggested or felt rather than being explicit.	7
4832161661	Diction	The choice of words a writer uses. Another word for "vocabulary".	8
4832162474	Denouement	The final stage in the plot structure in which the problem is resolved.	9
4832163132	Empathy	A feeling on the part of the reader of sharing the particular experience being described by the character or writer.	10
4832163834	Figurative Language	Language that is symbolic or metaphorical and not meant to be taken literally.	11
4832164576	Foreshadowing	Hints or clues that suggest events yet to occur.	12
4832165051	Genre	A particular type of writing-eg prose, poetry, drama	13
4832166064	Imagery	The use of words to create a picture or "image" in the mind of the reader. Images can relate to any of the senses, not just sight.	14
4832167339	Irony	At its simplest level, it means saying one thing while meaning another. It occurs where a word or phrase has one surface meaning but another is contradictory, possibly opposite meaning is implied. Irony is often confused with sarcasm. Sarcasm is spoken, relying on the tone of voice and is much more blunt than irony.	15
4832170392	Metaphor	A comparison of one thing to another to make the description more vivid. The metaphor actually states that one thing is another.	16
4832171378	Mood	Atmosphere or feeling conveyed by a literary work through the use of setting, characters, imagery, figurative language, etc.	17
4832172937	Narrative	A piece of writing that tells the story.	18
4832173857	Omniscient Point of View	The vantage point of a story in which the narrator can know, see and report whatever he or she chooses.	19
4832174436	Onomatopoeia	The use of words whose sounds copies the thing or process they describe.	20
4832175944	Paradox	A statement that seems to be self-contradictory but, in fact, is true.	21
4832176450	Parody	A composition that imitates the style of another composition, often for comic effect.	22
4832177876	Personification	The attribution of human feelings, emotions, or sensations to an inanimate object.	23
4832178694	Plot	The sequence of event in a poem, play, novel or short story that make up the main storyline.	24
4832179452	Point of View	A story can be told by one of the characters or from another point of view. The point of view can change from one part of the story to another when events are viewed through the minds of two or more characters.	25
4832181502	Protagonist	The main character or speaker in a poem, monologue, play or story.	26
4832182480	Pun	A play on words that have similar sounds but quite different meanings.	27
4832183449	Satire	The highlighting or exposing of human failings or foolishness through ridiculing them. Satire can range from being gentle and light to extremely biting and bitter in tone.	28
4832184929	Setting	The background of a story-the physical location of a play, story, or novel-involves time and place	29
4832186331	Simile	The comparison of one thing to another in order to make the description more vivid.	30
4832187702	Soliloquy	A speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts out loud.	31
4832188834	Stanza	The blocks of lines into which a poem is divided. [Sometimes these are, less precisely, referred to as verses, which can lead to confusion as poetry is sometimes called 'verse'].	32
4832191241	Stereotype	A conventional pattern, expression, or idea	33
4832191966	Structure	The way a poem or play or other piece of writing has been put together.	34
4832192616	Style	The individual way in which the writer has used language to express his or her ideas.	35
4832193381	Subject	The central idea of test represented in words.	36
4832194136	Symbol	Like the use of images, symbols present things which represent something else. In very simple terms, a red rose can be used to symbolise love; distant thunder can symbolise approaching trouble. Symbols can be very subtle and multi-layered in their significance.	37
4832197722	Syntax	The way in which sentences are structured. Sentences can be structured in different ways to achieve different effects.	38
4832199006	Theme	The central idea or ideas that a writer explores through a text. A theme is at least one sentence and is usually a universal statement about human nature or mankind.	39
4832200353	Tone	The manner in which the author expresses and controls his or her attitude.	40

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American Pageant- Chapter 37 Flashcards

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4146641728	Transistor	-Invented in 1948 -Sparked an electronic revolution	0
4146641729	Strategic Air Command	-Created by Eisenhower -Designed long-range planes and tactical aircraft such as the B-52 bomber	1
4146641730	Boeing Company	-Designed the first large passenger jet (1957) -Created the first presidential jet (1959) which was a specially modified 707 known as Air Force One ~First user was Dwight D. Eisenhower	2
4146641731	Cult of domesticity	-term given to the lifestyle of women in the household as wives and mothers -Promoted by television programs ~"Ozzie and Harriet" ~"Leave it to Beaver"	3
4146641732	Pink-collar ghetto	-term given to the jobs assumed by women in roles such as clerical workers and service work	4
4146641733	Betty Friedan	-Feminist -Wrote, "The Feminine Mystique"	5
4146641734	The Feminine Mystique	-Book by Betty Friedan -Launched modern women's movement -Talked of the stifling boredom of suburban housewifery	6
4146641735	Billy Graham	-Baptist televangelists	7
4146641736	Oral Roberts	-Pentecostal Holiness televangelist	8
4146641737	Fulton J. Sheen	-Roman Catholic televangelist	9
4146641738	Elvis Presley	-Born in Tupelo, Missouri in 1935 -Created rock 'n' roll -His music was prevalent in the 1950s	10
4146641739	Marilyn Monroe	-Popularized sensuous sexuality -posed for Playboy in its first issue in 1953	11
4146641740	Playboy	-Started in 1953 -Created by Hugh Heffner	12
4146641741	David Riesman	-Wrote "The Lonely Crowd" -Harvard sociologist	13
4146641742	William H. Whyte, Jr.	-Wrote "The Organization Man"	14
4146641743	Sloan Wilson	-Wrote "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit"	15
4146641744	John Kenneth Galbraith	-Wrote "The Affluent Society" -Harvard economist	16
4146641745	Presidential Election of 1952	-Democratic nominee was Adlai E. Stevenson ~Former governor of Illinois -Republican nominee was Dwight D. Eisenhower ~Running Mate was Richard M. Nixon	17
4146641746	Checkers Speech	-Nixon's response during the 1952 Presidential campaign to accusations of accepting illegal campaign donations	18
4146641747	Thirty-eigth parallel	-Divide between North Korea and South Korea following the Korean War	19
4146641748	Joseph R. McCarthy	-Republican senator from Wisconsin -Falsely accused many people of being communists -Died in 1957 of chronic alcoholism	20
4146641749	Dean Acheson	-Secretary of State under Truman -Accused of being a communist and harboring others in the State Department by Joseph McCarthy	21
4146641750	John Bricker	-Senator from Ohio -Said of Joseph R. McCarthy: "Joe, you're a dirty s.o.b., but there are times when you've got to have an s.o.b. around, and this is one of them."	22
4146641751	McCarthyism	the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia	23
4146641752	Army-McCarthy hearings	-Series of thirty-five days of televised hearings in the spring of 1954 -Hearings called by Senator McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties	24
4146641753	Jim Crow laws	based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation	25
4146641754	Emmett Till	-Fourteen-year-old African American -Lynched for leering at a white woman in 1955	26
4146641755	Paul Robeson	-Traveled to Europe and Latin America educating the world about the nature of Jim Crow laws -Had his passport confiscated by the State Department	27
4146641756	Josephine Baker	-Traveled to Europe and Latin America educating the world about the nature of Jim Crow laws -Assumed French citizenship to prevent actions being taken against her by the State Department	28
4146641757	Gunnar Myrdal	-Swedish scholar -Wrote "An American Dilemma" -exposed the contradiction between the nation's established ideals and the poor treatment of black citizens	29
4146641758	Jackie Robinson	-Broke the color barrier in baseball -Signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947	30
4146641759	Sweatt v. Painter	U.S. Supreme court case which ruled that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet the test of equality	31
4146641760	Rosa Parks	-Worked as a seamstress -Arrested for violating Montgomery's Jim Crow statutes by sitting in a "white's only" section of a bus	32
4146641761	The Montgomery bus boycott	-Year long protest of African Americans in Alabama refusing to ride on city buses -Organized by Martin Luther King, Jr.	33
4146641762	Martin Luther King, Jr.	-Raised in Atlanta, Georgia -Pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama -Devoted to constitutional justice and the principles of Mohandas Gandhi	34
4146641763	"To Secure These Rights"	-Report issued by President Truman on the treatment of blacks in America	35
4146641764	Earl Warren	-Former governor of California -Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who addressed the previously taboo social issues head-on	36
4146641765	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas	-Ruled that segregation in public schools was "inherently unequal" -Reversed the "separate but equal" doctrine	37
4146641766	The Declaration of Constitutional Principles	-Document created in 1956 -Pledge of more than a hundred southern congressional representatives to resist desegregation	38
4146641767	Little Rock Nine	-A group of nine students who attempted to enroll in Little Rock Central High School in September of 1957 -Were escorted to class by federal troops	39
4146641768	Orval Faubus	-Governor of Arkansas -Mobilized the state National Guard to try and prevent the Little Rock Nine from attending Little Rock Central High School	40
4146641769	Civil Rights Act of 1957	-Established a Civil Rights Commission -Authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights	41
4146641770	Southern Christian Leadership Conference	-Created by Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1957 -Mobilized the power of the black churches on behalf of black rights	42
4146641771	The "sit-in" movement	-Launched on February 1, 1960 -Started by four black college freshmen in Greensboro, North Carolina -Students sat down at lunch counters and demanded service even if it was restricted for "whites only"	43
4146641772	The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee	-Youth organization founded by southern black students in 160 to promote civil rights -Started in April 1960 -Gave focus to sit-ins and other civil rights efforts	44
4146641773	Dynamic conservatism	-on issues involving people, one should be liberal -on issues involving money, the economy, or government, one should be conservative	45
4146641774	Operation Wetback	-A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States	46
4146641775	The Federal Highway Act of 1956	-$27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of motorways -Created by Eisenhower and seen as a way of nationally mobilizing troops	47
4146641776	John Foster Dulles	-Secretary of State under Eisenhower's first term -promised to roll back the gains of communism	48
4146641777	Policy of boldness	-foreign policy objective of John Foster Dulles who believed in changing the containment strategy to one that more directly engaged the Sviet Union and attempted to roll back communist influence around the world -this policy led to a build-up of America's nuclear arsenal to threaten "massive retaliation" against communist enemies, launching the Cold War's arms race	49
4146641778	Open skies policy	-Proposal of Eisenhower for mutual air surveillance of the U.S.A.'s and USSR's build up of arms	50
4146641779	Ho Chi Minh	-Leader of rebel forces opposing French Colonial rule in Vietnam -Commanded the nationalist force known as the Viet Minh	51
4146641780	Viet Minh	-Vietnam nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh -Fought for freedom from French Colonial rule	52
4146641781	Dien Bien Phu	-Military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh -With this loss, the French ended their colonial involvement in Indochina, paving the way for America's entry	53
4146641782	Seventeenth Parallel	-Divide between North Vietnam and South Vietnam as decided by a conference in Geneva, Switzerland	54
4146641783	The Warsaw Pact	-Agreement of Eastern European countries and the Soviets which created a counterweight to the newly bolstered NATO forces	55
4146641784	Mohammed Reza Pahlevi	-CIA installed leader of Iran -Put into power after a coup in 1953	56
4146641785	The Suez Crisis	-international crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders -led to an attack by British, French, and Israeli forces on Egypt which failed without aid from the U.S.	57
4146641786	Gamal Abdel Nasser	-President of Egypt -Attempted to create a damn on the upper Nile River to provide resources to the region -Created the Suez Crisis by nationalizing the Suez Canal	58
4146641787	Eisenhower Doctrine	-Created in 1957 -Pledged U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression	59
4146641788	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries	-Cartel comprising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela -First organized in 1960 -Aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors	60
4146641789	Presidential Election of 1956	-Democratic nominee was Adlai Stevenson -Republican nominee was Dwight D. Eisenhower -Eisenhower won in a landslide -Louisiana voted Republican for the first time since 1876	61
4146641790	James R. Hoffa	-Leader of the Teamsters -Helped get the Teamsters expelled from the AF of L-CIO -Previously convicted of jury tampering	62
4146641791	Landrum-Griffin Act	-Passed in 1959 -Expanded upon the Taft-Hartley Act and brought labor leaders into check financially	63
4146641792	Sputnik I	-Launched October 4, 1957 -Weighed 184 pounds -Created American concern about the Soviets abilities to launch ICBMs	64
4146641793	National Aeronautics and Space Administration	-Created in response to the launch of Sputnik -Led American charge in the U.S. v. USSR space race	65
4146641794	The National Defense and Education Act	-Response to the launch of Sputnik and an effort increase American education -Authorized $887 million in loans for those in need of educational scholarships	66
4146641795	Camp David	-Presidential retreat in Maryland -Meeting place of Khrushchev and Eisenhower in 1959	67
4146641796	Paris conference of May 1960	-Utter failure due to the emotions sparked by the crash of a U.S. U-2 spy plane in the USSR	68
4146641797	Fulgencio Batista	-Dictator of Cuba from the 1930s until 1959 -Encouraged investment in American capital -Overthrown in 1959 by Fidel Castro	69
4146641798	Fidel Castro	-Orchestrated a revolution in Cuba which overthrew Batista and put himself into power -Denounced America -Turned the Cuban economy towards the USSR	70
4146641799	Helms-Burton Act	-Created in 1966 -An enforcement of the U.S. embargo placed upon Cuban trade	71
4146641800	The kitchen debate	-televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon -Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning	72
4146641801	Presidential Election of 1960	-Democratic nominee was John F. Kennedy ~Running mate was Lyndon B. Johnson -Republican nominee was Ricard M. Nixon ~Running mate was Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.	73
4146641802	Presidential Debates of 1960	-televised debates between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon -JFK was seen by television viewers as the winner of the debates because of his physical appearance and composure	74
4146641803	Twenty-second Amendment	-Ratified in 1951 -Prohibited a president from serving more than two terms	75
4146641804	St. Lawrence waterway project	-In combination with Canada, invigorated the cities along the Great Lakes -Completed in 1959	76
4146641805	Ernest Hemingway	-Wrote "The Old Man and the Sea" -Nobel laureate -Killed himself in 1961	77
4146641806	John Steinbeck	-Wrote "East of Eden" -Wrote "Travels with Charley" -Nobel Prize for literature	78
4146641807	Norman Miller	-Wrote "The Naked and the Dead"	79
4146641808	James Jones	-Wrote "From Here to Eternity"	80
4146641809	James Gould Cozzens	-Wrote "Guard of Honor"	81
4146641810	Joseph Heller	-Wrote "Catch-22"	82
4146641811	Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.	-Wrote "Slaughterhouse Five"	83
4146641812	John Updike	-Born in Pennsylvania -Wrote "Rabbit, Run" -Wrote "Couples"	84
4146641813	John Cheever	-From Massachusetts -Wrote "The Wapshot Chronicle" -Wrote "The Wapshot Scandal"	85
4146641814	Louis Auchincloss	-Wrote of upper-class New Yorkers	86
4146641815	Gore Vidal	-Wrote historical novels and iconoclastic works -Wrote "Myra Breckinridge"	87
4146641816	Ezra Pound	-Placed in jail after the war in a U.S. Army detention center near Pisa, Italy for alleged collaboration with Fascists	88
4146641817	Wallace Stevens	-Connecticut insurance executive -Changed careers to try and become a poet	89
4146641818	William Carlos Williams	-New Jersey pediatrician -Changed careers to try and become a poet	90
4146641819	Theodore Roethke	-From the pacific northwest -Wrote about the land -Died by drowning in Puget Sound in 1963	91
4146641820	Robert Lowell	-Descended from a long line of New Englanders -Tried to apply past Puritan wisdom to the perplexing modern times -Wrote "For the Union Dead" (1964)	92
4146641821	Sylvia Plath	-Wrote "Ariel" (published posthumously in 1966) -Wrote a novel called "The Bell Jar" (1963) -Committed suicide in 1963	93
4146641822	Anne Sexton	-Wrote autobiographical poems -Committed suicide in 1974	94
4146641823	John Berryman	-Committed suicide: jumped off Minneapolis bridge onto Mississippi bank (1972)	95
4146641824	Tennessee Williams	-Wrote "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1947) -Wrote "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1955)	96
4146641825	Arthur Miller	-Wrote "Death of a Salesman" (1949) -Wrote "The Crucible" (1953)	97
4146641826	Lorraine Hansberry	-Wrote "A Raisin in the Sun" (1959)	98
4146641827	Edward Albee	-Wrote "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1962)	99
4146641828	Richard Wright	-Wrote "Native Son" (1940)	100
4146641829	Ralph Ellison	-Wrote "Invisible Man" (1952)	101
4146641830	James Baldwin	-Wrote "The Fire Next Time" (1963)	102
4146641831	LeRoi Jones	-Changed his name to Imamu Amiri Baraka -Wrote plays such as "Dutchman" (1964)	103
4146641832	William Faulkner	-Nobel recipient in 1950 -From Mississippi -Died in 1962	104
4146641833	Walker Percy	-From Mississippi	105
4146641834	Eudora Welty	-From Mississippi	106
4146641835	Robert Penn Warren	-From Tennessee -Wrote about Louisiana man Huey Long in "All the King's Men" (1946)	107
4146641836	Flannery O'Connor	-Wrote of her home state of Georgia	108
4146641837	William Styron	-From Virginia -Wrote "The Confessions of Nat Turner" (1967)	109
4146641838	J.D. Salinger	-Wrote "The Catcher in the Rye" (1951)	110
4146641839	Isaac Bashevis Singer	-Poland native who won the Nobel Prize for literature	111
4146641840	Bernard Malamud	-Wrote "The Assistant" (1957) -Wrote "The Natural" (1952)	112
4146641841	Philip Roth	-Wrote "Goodbye, Columbus" (1959) -Wrote "Portnoy's Complaint" (1969)	113
4146641842	Saul Bellow	-From Chicago -Wrote "The Adventures of Augie March" (1953) -Wrote "Herzog" (1962) -Recipient of the Nobel laureate for literature in 1977	114
4146641843	E.L. Doctorow	-Used Old Testament themes in his fictional account of spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg "The Book of Daniel" (1971) -Wrote "Ragtime" (1975) -Wrote "World's Fair" (1985) -Wrote "Billy Bathgate" (1989)	115

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AP Literature Vocabulary Term Flashcards

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2337251953	Metaphor	a word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show or suggest that they are similar	0
2337253268	Personification	the practice of representing a thing or idea as a person in art, literature, etc.	1
2337253269	Understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	2
2337254261	Overstatement	the action of expressing or stating something too strongly; exaggeration.	3
2337254262	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction	4
2337255216	Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	5
2337255217	Biblical Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference of the Bible.	6
2337256600	Diction	Diction is usually judged with reference to the prevailing standards of proper writing and speech and is seen as the mark of quality of the writing. It is also understood as the selection of certain words or phrases that become peculiar to a writer.	7
2337257405	Invocation	the act of mentioning or referring to someone or something in support of your ideas	8
2337257406	Analogy	a comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.	9
2337258829	Enticing Imagery	alluring imagery	10
2337259875	Dialogue	conversation between two or more persons.	11
2337259876	Symmetry	similarity or exact correspondence between different things.	12
2337261132	Plot	Plot is a literary term defined as the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence.	13
2337261133	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	14
2337262677	Simile	A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things through the explicit use of connecting words (such as like, as, so, than, or various verbs such as resemble).	15
2337262678	Satire	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	16
2337263813	Vignette	a brief evocative description, account, or episode.	17
2337263814	Classical Allusion	A classical allusion is a reference to a particular event or character in classical works of literature.	18
2337265090	Imagery	in a literary text, is an author's use of vivid and descriptive language to add depth to his or her work. It appeals to human senses to deepen the reader's understanding of the work.	19
2337266056	Irony Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language taken with an ironic tone.	20
2337266057	Symbol	a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.	21
2337266058	Themes	the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.	22
2337267074	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.	23
2337268190	Apostrophe	The apostrophe ( ' or ' ) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet or certain other alphabets. In English, it serves three purposes: The marking of the omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction of do not to don't).	24
2337268191	Assonance	in poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible	25
2337269818	Consonance	Consonance is a poetic device characterized by the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession, as in "pitter patter" or in "all mammals named Sam are clammy".	26
2337269819	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	27
2337269820	Tone	Tone is a literary compound of composition, which encompasses the attitudes toward the subject and toward the audience implied in a literary work. Tone may be formal, informal, intimate, solemn, somber, playful, serious, ironic, condescending, or many other possible attitudes.	28
2337270868	Mood	It can also be referred to as atmosphere because it creates an emotional setting enveloping the reader. Mood is established in order to affect the reader emotionally and psychologically and to provide a feeling for the narrative. It is a complex reading strategy.	29
2337270869	Narrative	A narrative (or story) is any fictional or nonfictional report of connected events, presented in a sequence of written or spoken words, and/or in a sequence of (moving) pictures.	30
2337271752	Climax	The climax (from the Greek word "κλῖμαξ" (klimax) meaning "staircase" and "ladder") or turning point of a narrative work is its point of highest tension or drama or when the action starts in which the solution is given	31
2337271753	Denouement	the final part of a play, movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.	32
2337273004	Paradox	a statement or proposition that, despite sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory.	33
2337275112	Pathos	a quality that evokes pity or sadness.	34
2337277945	Rhetoric	the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.	35

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AP Ch. 6 Language Flashcards

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3485668378	language	A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication.	0
3485668379	culture	Collective beliefs, customs, and behaviors of a group	1
3485680486	standard language	The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life	2
3485680487	dialects	Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of a standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary	3
3485683843	isoglass	a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	4
3485686915	mutual intelligibility	The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking	5
3485689531	dialect chains	A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related	6
3485692839	language families	Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin	7
3485694950	subfamilies	Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent	8
3485694951	sound shift	Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin	9
3485704510	Proto-Indo-European	Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia	10
3485713411	backward reconstruction	The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language	11
3485715158	extinct language	Language without any native speakers	12
3485717274	deep reconstruction	Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language	13
3485721465	nostratic	Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto‐Indo‐European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic‐Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro‐Asiatic language family.	14
3485723578	language divergence	The opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages	15
3485728625	language convergence	The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence	16
3485732637	Renfrew hypothesis	Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)	17
3485736121	conquest theory	One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues	18
3485741430	dispersal hypothesis	Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans	19
3485745206	Romance languages	Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed	20
3485753976	Germanic languages	Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south	21
3485756533	Slavic languages	Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago	22
3485756534	lingua franca	A term deriving from "Frankish language" and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce	23
3485760882	pidgin language	When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary	24
3485762948	Creole language	A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue	25
3485766588	monolingual states	Countries in which only one language is spoken	26
3485771140	multilingual states	Countries in which more than one language is spoken	27
3485774058	official language	in multilingual countries the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government	28
3485776659	global language	The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade	29
3485776660	place	The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location	30
3485780421	toponym	place name	31

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Hemoglobinopathies and VitB12 Deficiencies Flashcards

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4141280917	Hemoglobinopathies	Inherited mutations in the coding sequences of globin genes that may alter the protein structure and result in disease. Clinically significant hemoglobin variants result in distinct syndromes including variable hemolysis, erythrocytosis, or cyanosis	0
4141288364	Thalassemia	Most common single gene disorders in the world. Genetic defect in hemoglobin synthesis. Characterized by absent or diminished production of one of the hemoglobin chains, resulting in an imbalance in globin chains leading to globin precipitation in erythrocytes and accelerated destruction of the microcytic, hypochromic red cells.	1
4141294390	Microcytic	Small RBCs	2
4141294391	Hypochromic	Pale RBCs	3
4141301064	Alpha thalassemia	Predominately due to deletions of one or more of the four gene coding for the a chain. Deletions of one or two a globin chains are virtually asymptomatic. Deletion of more than that are symptomatic.	4
4141305782	Hemoglobin H disease	Due to deletion of three a globin genes. Presents as moderately severe anemia with splenomegaly and hypochromic microcytic red cells.	5
4141311238	When is a thalassemia incompatible with life?	when all four of the a globin genes are deleted. Fetus is a still born. This is called hemoglobin Barts, and causes hydrops fetalis.	6
4141315051	Beta thalassemia	Present disparate molecular defects in B globin gene that culminates in a decrease or absence of B chain production. mostly due to point mutations. Reduced/absent B chains leads to a chain inclusions, which cause apoptosis in the bone marrow and enhanced intramedullary destruction of developing erythroid cells.	7
4141332616	Diagnosis of B thalassemia	Relies on clinical features: Low MCV, poikilocytosis (variation in red cell shape) and increased percentages of hemoglobin A2 or hemoglobin F. Also with restriction length polymorphisms.	8
4141337611	Thalassemia Major	Most severe form of B thalassemia-homozygous B0 thalassemia. Patients are completely dependent on transfusions. Have skeletal abnormalities due to overproduction of RBCs in the marrow space (chipmunk facies).	9
4141421917	Thalassemia minor	Mild, eg a-Thalassemia trait, B Thalassemia trait	10
4141423868	Thalassemia intermedia	Intermediate severity, eg homozygous B+ thalassemia	11
4141424992	Treatment of thalassemias	Intensive transfusion programs. Eventually patients will die of complications of iron overload unless chelation therapy with oral deferasirox is started.	12
4141434054	Iron overload can be associated with	heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus, failure of sexual maturation, and hypoparathyroidism	13
4141439072	Treatment of severe B thalassemia	Any treatment that increases Y chain synthesis or decreases a chain synthesis could be of marked benefit for these patients.	14
4141441571	Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S)	Most common of the hemoglobinopathies worldwide. Results from substitution of hydrophobic valine for normal glutamic acid at position 6 of the B globin chain. Pathophys: Intracellular polymer formation changes properties of the red cells and results in abnormal shape and accelerated RBC destruction. Deformity makes it hard for RBCs to pass through micro-circulation--> increased blood viscosity. Activated adhesion molecules due to chronic inflammation and resulting high white blood cell count. Decreased NO level contributing to vasoconstriction.	15
4141445325	Four genotypes of Hb S	1) homozygous sickle cell disease (SS) 2) Sickle cell Hb C (SC) disease 3) Sickle cell B+ (S B+) thalassemia 4) Sickle cell B0 (S B0) thalassemia (One Bs chain, no normal B chain) Sickle cell trait: One Bs chain and one normal B chain-asymptomatic	16
4141458970	Clinical features of sickle cell anemia	result from vasoocclusion in small vessels, resulting in infarcts, and hemolysis. PAIN. Kids can get hand foot syndrome. Also can get abrupt onset of massive splenomegaly. Adults can get acute chest syndrome. HEMOLYSIS	17
4143318154	Hemolysis and sickle cell	Associated with the premature destruction of sickled red cells, which have an average survival of only 20 days compared to usual 120 days. Can be accelerated in illnesses such as infections.	18
4143333106	Diagnosis of sickle hemoglobinopathies	Made by the identification of the presence of Hb S in a lysate prepared from red cells.	19
4143338554	Treatment of sickle cell anemia	Pain relief generally through narcotics. Penicillin prophylaxis in kids. Red cell exchange transfusions, but these have no impact in the acute treatment of sickle cell pain crisis. Hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, reduces severity of pain. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can cure sickle cell anemia. But these are hard to come by and not always successful.	20
4143360865	Complications of red cell transfusions	Development of alloimmunization (antibody formation directed against transfused red cells). Could lead to iron overload.	21
4143378375	Hemoglobin C disease	Mutation in nucleotide triplet (GAG -> AAG) that messes up the B globin chain. Hb CC red cells are trapped in the spleen. Patients get partially compensated hemolytic anemia and mild to moderate splenomegaly.	22
4143399078	Unstable hemoglobinopathies	Abnormal hemoglobins precipitate either spontaneously or under oxidative stress, forming hemoglobin inclusions (Heinz bodies) which impair red cell deformability and result in enhanced clearance. Treatment involved folate supplementation, transfusion support, and avoidance of oxidant agents.	23
4143434278	M hemoglobin variants	Prosthetic heme moiety is stabilized the ferric state (methemoglobin). Results in hemoglobin species incapable of the reversible binding of oxygen. Results in asymptomatic cyanosis. Treatment not required.	24
4143451957	Megaloblastic anemias	Large immature red blood cells (megaloblasts) because impaired DNA synthesis. Maturation of nucleus is delayed compared to the maturation of the cytoplasm. Pancytopenia will occur. Three causes: 1) Folate deficiency 2) Vit B12 deficiency 3) Orotic aciduria See macrocytic anemia with oval macrocytes in the peripheral blood. Can cause glossitis, a beefy red sore tongue.	25
4143479050	Clinical features of vitamin B12 deficiency	Macrocytic anemia, paresthesia in extremities, decreased vibratory sense and proprioception, ataxia, and neuropyschiatric abnormalities. Develops gradually.	26
4143495961	Causes of vitamin B 12 deficiency	1) Dietary deficiency (very rare) 2) Deficiency of intrinsic factor pernicious anemia gastrectomy 3) Ileal malabsorption, ileal resection, Crohn's disease, fish tapeworm, bacterial overgrowth in bowel	27
4143504146	Pernicious anemia	Decrease in number of red blood cells due to atrophy of gastric parietal cells and therefore they do not make intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is what absorbs vit B12. A type of megaloblastic anemia. Recessive inherited disorder, or due to an autoimmune disorder. Cause: Vit B12 deficiency Diagnose: 2/3 of patients have anti-intrinsic factors in serum or gastric juice.	28
4143521480	Folate deficiency	Folate is necessary for DNA synthesis and is absorbed in the proximal jejunum. Clinical features: Megaloblastic anemia, elevated LDH,a dn low serum folate.	29

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