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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 31 Flashcards

3842391477	Mitchell Palmer	Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."	0
3842393298	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti	Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them	1
3842396110	Horace Kallen	He defended the immigrants and said they needed their different cultures because they were unique, and stressed the preservation of identity	2
3842396111	Randolph Bourne	He advocated greater cross-fertilization between immigrants and then America would become a multi-cultured nation	3
3842396112	Al Capone	A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.	4
3842398012	John Dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."	5
3842398013	John T. Scopes	An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.	6
3842400077	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)	7
3842400078	Clarence Darrow	A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.	8
3842400079	Andrew Mellon	Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs	9
3842401754	Bruce Barton	A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.	10
3842401755	Babe Ruth	"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America	11
3842401756	Jack Dempsey	United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983)	12
3842403278	Henry Ford	1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.	13
3842403279	Frederick W. Taylor	an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.	14
3842403280	Charles Lindbergh	United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)	15
3842404860	D.W. Griffiths	The "Inventor of Hollywood", was an American film director who pioneered modern film-making techniques. Directed "Birth of A Nation"	16
3842404861	Margaret Sanger	American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.	17
3842406128	Sigmund Freud	Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.	18
3842406129	"Jelly Roll" Morton	African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer	19
3842408253	Langston Hughes	African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.	20
3842408254	Marcus Garvey	African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.	21
3842410020	Edith Wharton	is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote Ethan Frome	22
3842410021	Willa Cather	Was a female American author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains. Her works include: O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for "One of Ours (1922), a novel set during World War I	23
3842412161	H. L. Mencken	attacked patriotism. prohibition, and other timely topics in his monthly magazine "The American Mercury"	24
3842412162	F. Scott Fitzgerald	Wrote literature opposing society, was not famous in his day but is now known for Great Gatsby and many other writings.	25
3842412163	Ernest Hemingway	Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms	26
3842413677	Sherwood Anderson	An American writer helped Ernest Hemingway into the literary community in Paris. Hemingway later parodied this writer's work, which led to a souring of the relationship between Hemingway and Gertrude Stein.	27
3842413678	Sinclair Lewis	American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.	28
3842414831	Eugene O'Neill	20th Century playwright. Desire Under the Elms, The Hairy Ape, and The Iceman Cometh. Nobel laureate in literature	29
3842414832	Zora Neale Hurston	African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance	30
3842414833	Claude McKay	A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.	31
3842416567	William Faulkner	Twentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot.	32
3842416568	nativist	A person who, especially in the United States in the 19th century, favors the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants.	33
3842418261	cultural pluralism	A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.	34
3842418262	progressive education	student-centered concept of education used in the 1920s popularized by John Dewey.	35
3842418263	red scare	A period of general fear of communists	36
3842420181	Bolshevik revolution	1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.	37
3842420182	Sacco and Vanzetti case	These were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	38
3842421597	Ku Klux Klan	This organization was a group of Americans that often engaged in the lynching of African Americans, Jews, Catholics, among many other groups that were not native-born white Protestants.	39
3842422898	The Birth of a Nation	A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans. It also glorified KKK members and carpetbaggers.	40
3842422899	Immigration Act of 1924	This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation.	41
3842424854	national origins quota system	(1924) limited Europe immigration in 1924. It was widely supported by rural areas and banned all Asian immigrants from coming to the US. It affected the flow of immigrants into the US and hurt diversity. It was also considered the most enduring of the rural counterattacks and lasted until the 1960s	42
3842424855	"melting pot"	the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.	43
3842428155	Volstead Act	Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.	44
3842428156	Lindbergh Law	Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense.	45
3842428157	Fundamentalists	Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.	46
3842429907	Bible Belt	The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.	47
3842429908	The Man Nobody Knows	One of the most successful books of the 1920s due to the advertising executive Bruce Barton. It portrayed Jesus Christ as not only a religious prophet but also a super salesman. Bruce advertised the message that Jesus had been concerned with living a full and rewarding life and that men and women of the twentieth century should do the same.	48
3842429909	Model T	A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.	49
3842430071	Fordism	System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.	50
3842432539	scientific management	a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it	51
3842432540	Amos 'n' Andy	Various regions heard voices with standardized accents, and countless millions "tuned in" to perennial comedy favorites like "Amos 'n' Andy." White actors depicting African Americans in a pejorative way	52
3842435381	The Jazz Singer	1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.	53
3842435382	Equal Rights Amendment	constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender	54
3842435383	Harlem Renaissance	A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished	55
3842437203	United Negro Improvement Association	A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"	56
3842437204	The Weary Blues	Langston Hughes's poem about a musician who throws away all his troubles in his music, takes place on Lenox Avenue	57
3842438718	The Sun Also Rises	E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. All characters suffering some way from WWI.	58
3842438719	Winesburg, Ohio	Explores the secret or little known lives of small town characters. Suggests that if people believe too much in one main idea or "truth" it may make them "grotesque". Employs a young local news reporter to provide a medium for people to tell their stories. Mentions subjects previously considered taboo like premarital sex and adultery.	59
3842438720	Babbitt	a self-satisfied person concerned chiefly with business and middle-class ideals like material success a member of the American working class whose unthinking attachment to its business and social ideals is such to make him a model of narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction;	60
3842441003	The Sound and the Fury	Written by William Faulkner. A Southern family on the decline crumbles completely when one of his members has a child out of wedlock. Family falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith and the respect of the town of Jefferson, and many of them die tragically. Title taken from Macbeth. "tale told from [different points of views], full of sound and fury	61
3842445877	The Great Gatsby	is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves	62

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Content Area 5: Indigenous American Art Flashcards

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2768488357	What is the identifying information for Chavín de Huántar?	Chavín de Huántar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín. 900-200 B.C. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry)	0
2768489151	How did the Chavin culture influence later civilizations, and in what region did it develop?	The Chavin culture of South America represents the first period of civilization in this region, known as the Early Horizon. The Chavin culture is among the earliest extensive civilizations. It was once thought of as the "mother culture" to later Andean civilizations, but now it is understood to be the culmination of at least 2,000 years of prior cultural development from multiple sources.	1
2768489406	What is the significance of the nose rings made by Chavin culture?	Chavin iconology spread throughout the region, at least 300 miles to the south as well as far to the north, and their metal-smithing was spread through portable works, such as this piece of jewelry (nose ring). Nose rings were signs of status, and the larger the ring, the higher the status of the individual who wore it.	2
2768489935	What is the significance of the lanzon from Chavin de Huantar?	It is named the lanzon because of the lance-like sculpture it contains, shown here, which is covered in the shallow, incised lines characteristic of the relief sculpture of Chavin de Huantar.	3
2768490241	What is the characteristic features of Chavin sculpture?	The temple at Chavin de Huantar is known for its many stone carvings, which include depictions of composite creatures: combining feline, reptilian, avian, and human forms. They are generally sculpted in low relief, using shallow incised lines, as shown in the example above	4
2768491018	What is the identifying information for Yaxchilán Structure 33?	Yaxchilán Structure 33. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 AD. Limestone (architectural complex).	5
2768491267	How was structure 33 at Yaxchilan oriented, and why?	Both Structure 33 and 40 were oriented toward the summer solstice rising sun. In this direction, the sun would rise and illuminate the interior through the entrances. And in the case of Structure 33, would illuminate the only in-the-round sculpture, a twice life-sized seated figure of the ruler, Bird Jaguar IV contained there.	6
2768491482	What is the identifying information for Yaxchilán, Structure 40?	Yaxchilán, Structure 40. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 AD. Limestone (architectural complex).	7
2768491766	How is the exterior of structure 40 at Yaxchilan designed, and what purpose did it serve?	Its façade contains three horizontal registers, the main building, the frieze, and the roof comb. It celebrates Bird Jaguar IV's accession to the throne.	8
2768492086	What is the identifying information for Yaxchilán Lintel 25?	Yaxchilán Lintel 25, Structure 23. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 AD. Limestone (architectural complex).	9
2768492433	What does the image on Lintel 25, from structure 23 portray?	This limestone lintel is the second in a series of three panels from Structure 23 at Yaxchilán, which was originally set above the central doorway. In this lintel, Lady Xoc (Lady Xook or Lady Xok) is depicted having a vision of her ancestor emerging from the mouth of a serpent.	10
2768492748	What is the identifying information for Mesa Verde cliff dwellings?	Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450-1300 AD. Sandstone	11
2768492901	Why did the Ancestral Puebloan culture migrate to the region of Mesa Verde?	The Ancestral Puebloan culture thrived and built many structures throughout southwest North America, gradually moving to areas with more water because of drought in the southern regions. Mesa Verde, in Colorado, is one of the structures built in response to the problems of drought in other areas	12
2768493239	What are some of the structural characteristics of Mesa Verde?	There are over 200 rooms in the Cliff Palace, with the rectangular rooms generally for communal dwellings, and made of stone and clay and stuccoed with adobe inside and out. The homes were generally communal residences, rather than single-family dwellings. The over a dozen circular structures in the front are kivas, which were originally covered with a flat roof and accessed via a ladder entering from a small opening at the top.	13
2768493427	What is the identifying information for Great Serpent Mound?	Great Serpent Mound. Adams County, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 AD. Earthwork/effigy mound	14
2768493576	What is the scale and shape of the Great Serpent Mound?	The Great Serpent Mound, which measures nearly a quarter of a mile long, and includes a tightly coiled tail and an open mouth, is an effigy mound of the woodlands culture known as the Mississippian.	15
2768493977	What was the significance of the serpent symbol is Mississippian culture?	Serpents were important in the iconography (symbolism) of the Mississippian culture, who strongly associated snakes with the earth and fertility.	16
2768494126	What is the identifying information for Templo Mayor (Main Temple)?	Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmec-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone).	17
2768494677	What was the size and significance of the city, Tenochtitlan?	The city of Tenochtitlan was among the largest cities in the world at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1521, with as many as 200,000 inhabitants, and it was the capital of the Aztec Empire.	18
2768494893	Where within the city of Tenochtitlan was the Templo Mayor located?	The Templo Mayor (Main Temple) in Tenochtitlan was located in the center of the city, called the Sacred Precinct, which was where the most important ritual and ceremonial activities in Aztec life took place. The Templo Mayor stood about ninety feet high, consisting of two stepped pyramids rising side by side on a large platform.	19
2768495275	What is the identifying information for Calendar Stone?	Calendar Stone; Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. basalt.	20
2768496267	What is portrayed on the Calendar stone?	The Calendar Stone is also known as the Sun Stone, and depicts the Aztec sun god in the center, with claws extending outward. Along one of the rings, symbols for the sacred calendar are included. Other information provided on the stone includes creation myths for the five world creations that were believed to have taken place, and additional calendar symbols.	21
2768496465	What is the identifying information for Coyolxauhqui Stone; Templo Mayor (Main Temple)?	Coyolxauhqui Stone; Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. volcanic stone.	22
2768497223	What is portrayed on the Coyolxauhqui stone?	On the stone is represented the moon goddess, Coyolxauhqui (she of the golden bells), who was also the sister to the primary Aztec god of war and the sun (whose name was Huitzilopochtli and had the form of a hummingbird). She has been dismembered by Huitzilopochtli because she and 400 of their siblings sought to kill their mother (Coatilcue: she of the serpent skirt). According to the legend, Huitzilopochtli killed all his siblings and dismembered his sister as punishment at the hill of Tula, which was represented by the pyramid temple (Templo Mayor),	23
2768497677	What is the identifying information for Olmec-style mask;Templo Mayor (Main Temple)?	Olmec-style mask;Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 AD. jadeite	24
2768497951	How does the Olmec mask relate to the Templo Mayor complex in Tenochtitlan?	The Olmec mask was made over a thousand years prior to the Aztec culture, and its burial in Templo Mayor suggests that the Aztec found it precious and perhaps historically significant. This mask shows the traditional Olmec style, with downward curving mouth and almond-shaped eyes. Thousands of objects were buried in connection with the Templo Mayor as ritual caches or deposits.	25
2768498115	What is the identifying information for Ruler's feather headdress?	Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428-1520 AD. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold	26
2768498794	Who made ruler's feather headdresses?	These were made by special "feather workers" who lived in a special place in the palace and were valued for their ability to create these works. After the Spanish conquest, many of these artisans were employed creating items with Christian iconography, such as chalice covers.	27
2768499240	What is the identifying information for City of Cusco?	City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 AD.; convent added 1550-1650 AD. Andesite	28
2768499531	What information is available concerning the original City of Cusco?	Most of the information available today on the city of Cusco has been gleaned from somewhat contradictory Spanish sources. The majority of the city was destroyed in the Spanish conquest.	29
2768499856	What is the identifying information for Qorikancha, City of Cusco?	City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent),. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 AD.; convent added 1550-1650 AD. Andesite	30
2768500086	What is the significance of the Qorikancha, and how was it constructed?	One Inka building that survives in part is the Temple of the Sun, or Qorikancha, which was built using ashlar masonry, fitting stones in horizontal rows, and even creating curved walls that seem to be a single form. Some of the stones had many sides in order to fit into the shapes of the stones surrounding it, all ground down to fit precisely. This process uses no mortar, but fits the stones together tightly without any bonding agent.	31
2768500326	What is the identifying information for Walls at Saqsa Waman?	City of Cusco, Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 AD.; convent added 1550-1650 AD. Andesite	32
2768500689	What is the significance of the walls at Saqsa Waman?	To the Incas, it was the House of the Sun, while the Conquistadors saw it as a fortress because of its zig-zag shape. It was made up of three platforms one on top of the other, and it was a very important religious complex.	33
2768500987	What is the identifying information for Maize cobs?	Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440-1533 AD. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys	34
2768501392	What was the likely purpose for the Inka Maize Cobs?	It is likely that these small-scale naturalistic metallic offerings like the silver maize cobs were common in ritual practices that supported state religion and government, since similar offerings have been found across Inka territories.	35
2768501839	What is the identifying information for City of Machu Picchu?	City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450-1540 AD. Granite	36
2768502167	Where is Machu Picchu located, and what is its significance?	Machu Picchu is approximately 50 miles north of Cuzco, a naturally fortified site that is not even visible from the Urubamba river 1,600 feet below, it is perched on a ridge between two jagged peaks that rise 9,000 feet above sea level. It was built as a royal estate for the first Inka emperor, Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui	37
2768502987	What role did the observatory serve in Machu Picchu?	The Observatory was beside the royal residence, which highlighted the connections between the elites, religious ritual, and astronomical observation, including the emperor's divine status as a descendent of the sun and the sun himself.	38
2768503431	What is the meaning of the Intihuatana stone?	The Intihuatana means "hitching post of the sun" which refers to the idea that this stone was used to track the passage of the sun throughout the year.	39
2768503649	What is the identifying information for All-T'oqapu tunic?	All-T'oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450-1540 AD. Camelid fiber and cotton	40
2768503852	What was the role of textiles in Inka culture?	Finely-made textiles from the best materials were objects of high status among nearly all Andean cultures, even more valuable than gold or gems. The All-T'oqapu Tunic is an example of the height of Andean textile production and its integral connection to Inka power and aesthetic values.	41
2768504243	What is the identifying information for Bandolier bag?	Bandolier bag. Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 AD. Beadwork on leather	42
2768504363	What is the origin of Bandolier bags?	Bandolier bags were highly valued works of art throughout the Eastern and Midwestern tribes of North America. There is no certainty about the origins of this art form, but many believe it to be a combined influence of native bags made of woven fibers and the ammunition bags used by Euro-American militaries.	43
2768504688	What is the identifying information for Painted elk hide?	Painted elk hide. Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming. c. 1890-1900 AD. Painted elk hide	44
2768504900	Who was the artist of the Painted Elk Hide, and what was his likely inspiration for creating this work?	Hide paintings served as visual records, which worked in tandem with oral traditions. Cotsiogo likely painted this work after being moved to the reservation, so its depiction of a buffalo hunt was painted for tourists, and the sale of this work would have helped to support him financially in his new and difficult situation. He painted other works in a similar style, as well	45
2768505110	What is the identifying information for Transformation mask?	(Closed) Transformation mask. Kwakwaka'wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century AD. Wood, paint, and string	46
2768505473	What role did transformation masks serve, and what does this work symbolize in its open and closed formats?	Masks of the northwest coast were often used in healing rituals. Men also used them in public performances during the winter ceremonial season. The subjects are taken from the oral traditions of the culture, including the mythological origins of the elite families. This mask was likely meant to be seen in flickering light, and constructed it to be opened and closed through the use of a string, part of the symbolism and meaning of the performance, converting from an eagle in its closed form, and a man when open	47
2768505737	What is the identifying information for Black-on-black ceramic vessel?	Black-on-black ceramic vessel. Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez, Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. c. mid-20th century AD. Blackware ceramic	48
2768506277	What are some of the innovations and traditions present in the production of Black-on-black ceramics?	Men and women have traditionally made different art objects among Native American cultures, with women in the Pueblo cultures often working in the media of clay and ceramics. Yet Maria Martinez had help from her husband to paint her numerous works because the demand was so high that she could not produce enough to fill the demand. She completed the coiling, slipping, burnishing, and firing. They based their designs on traditional design, but also created this new technique, black-on-black ware around 1920, making their whole pueblo famous.	49

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AP US History Chapters 20 & 21 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary for Chapters 20 & 21 of The American Pageant, 13th Edition.

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125007733	Fort Sumter	A fort in SE South Carolina, guarding Charleston Harbour. Its capture by Confederate forces (1861) was the first action of the Civil War.	0
125007734	Clara Barton	A reformer and nurse of the nineteenth century, who founded the American Red Cross in the 1880s. She had organized nursing care for Union soldiers during the Civil War.	1
125007735	Edwin M. Stanton	An American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during the American Civil War from 1862-1865. His effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.	2
125007736	Morrill Tariff Act	Tax placed on imported goods that protected the North's industry and which replaced the Tariff of 1857.	3
125007737	National Banking Act	A United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks, the United States national banks. They encouraged development of a national currency based on bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities, the so-called National Bank Notes ("greenbacks") and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the Department of the Treasury and authorized the Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally-chartered banks	4
125007738	Trent Affair	An international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War. On November 8, 1861, the USS San Jacinto, commanded by Union Captain Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail packet Trent and removed as contraband of war two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. The envoys were bound for Great Britain and France to press the Confederacy's case for diplomatic recognition by Europe.	5
125007739	Draft Riots	Violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. They were the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself.	6
125007740	Border States	The slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, which refused to secede from the Union in 1860-61.	7
125007741	Clement L. Vallandigham	Copperhead Congressman from Ohio.	8
125007742	John Wilkes Booth	The assassin of Abraham Lincoln. He was an actor, and was fanatically devoted to the Confederate cause in the Civil War. While Lincoln was attending a play, he stole into his theater box and shot him in the head at pointblank range. He then leaped down to the stage, breaking his leg, and escaped. Cornered later in a barn, he died of gunshot wounds, possibly inflicted by himself.	9
125007743	Thomas J. Jackson	A Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most well-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee. His military career includes the Valley Campaign of 1862 and his service as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863, which the general survived, albeit with the loss of an arm to amputation. However, he died of complications of pneumonia eight days later.	10
125007744	Ulysses S. Grant	A general and political leader of the nineteenth century. He became commanding general of the Union army during the Civil War. He accepted the unconditional surrender of the commanding general of the main Confederate army, Robert E. Lee, at Appomattox Court House. A Republican, he later became president.	11
125007745	George B. McClellan	A major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, he played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union.	12
125007746	William T. Sherman	An American soldier, businessman, educator and author. He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States	13
125007747	George B. Meade	A career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved in coastal construction, including several lighthouses. He fought with distinction in the Seminole War and Mexican-American War. During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.	14
125007748	Salmon P. Chase	An American politician and jurist who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States.	15
125007749	Merrimack (The Virginia)	A frigate and sailing vessel of the United States Navy, best known as the hull upon which the ironclad warship, CSS Virginia was constructed during the American Civil War. The it took part in the Battle of Hampton Roads and is noted as the first ironclad warship ever built.	16
125007750	Monitor	The first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy during the American Civil War. She is most famous for her participation in the Battle of Hampton Roads on March 9, 1862, the first-ever battle fought between two ironclads.	17
125007751	Emancipation Proclamation	An executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War under his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.	18
125007752	Thirteenth Amendment	An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolishing slavery.	19
125441103	Copperheads	A vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates.	20
125441104	Union Party	The name used by the Republican Party for the national ticket in the 1864 presidential election, held during the Civil War. The temporary name was used to attract War Democrats who would not vote for the Republican Party. The party nominated incumbent President Abraham Lincoln and former Democrat Andrew Johnson, who were elected in a landslide.	21
125441105	First Battle of Bull Run	Fought on July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia, it was the first major land battle of the American Civil War.	22
125441106	Second Battle of Bull Run	Was fought August 28-30, 1862, as part of the American Civil War. It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run fought in 1861 on the same ground.	23
125441107	Battle of Antietam	Fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, as part of the Maryland Campaign, it was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.	24
125441108	Peninsula Campaign	A major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, was an amphibious turning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by circumventing the Confederate States Army in Northern Virginia.	25
125441109	Battle of Fredericksburg	It was fought December 11-15, 1862, in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside. The Union army's futile frontal assaults on December 13 against entrenched Confederate defenders on the heights behind the city is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War, with Union casualties more than twice as heavy as those suffered by the Confederates.	26
125441110	Battle of Chancellorsville	A major battle and Union defeat of the American Civil War, fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. The battle pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac against an army half its size, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. It is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because of his risky but successful division of his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force.	27
125441111	Battle of Gettysburg	Fought July 1-3, 1863, it was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War, and is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.	28
125441112	Battle of Vicksburg	The final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.	29

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AP US History: Chapter 15 Reconstruction Flashcards

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3452036561	Ten Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States	0
3452036562	Wade-Davis Bill	an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.	1
3452036563	Black Codes	Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War	2
3452036564	Freedmen's Bureau	created by Congress to provide clothing, shelter, education, food, and medicine to former slaves (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)	3
3452036565	Civil Rights Act of 1866	A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)	4
3452036566	Fourteenth Amendment	guarantees equal protection of the law and rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the USA, including former slaves.	5
3452036567	Reconstruction Act of 1867	Act passed by Congress that abolished previous state governments and set up 5 temporary military districts run by Union generals.	6
3452036568	Fifteenth Amendment	guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude	7
3452036569	American Woman Suffrage Association	organization led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and others who remained loyal to the Republican party, despite its failure to include women's voting rights in the 15th Amendment	8
3452036570	National Woman Suffrage Association	led by Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in response to the split within the American Equal Right Association over support of the 15th amendment. Anthony and Stanton thought that they shouldn't support the 15th amendment unless it included the vote for women.	9
3452036571	Minor v. Happersett	the court acknowledged that women were citizens but found that the constitution did not guarantee women citizens the right to vote	10
3452036572	sharecropping	A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.	11
3452036573	Union League	the black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights	12
3452036574	scalawags	A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners	13
3452036575	carpetbaggers	A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes	14
3452036576	convict leasing	Notorious system, begun during reconstruction, whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries	15
3452036577	Civil Rights Act of 1875	A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.	16
3452036578	Freedman's Savings and Trust Company	a private bank founded in 1865 to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees	17
3452036579	classical liberalism	a political ideology that values the freedom of individuals — including the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets — as well as limited government.	18
3452036580	laissez faire	Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs	19
3452036581	Crédit Mobilier	a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.	20
3452036582	"Redemption"	Southern Democratic term for the end of Reconstruction and the return of white southern Democratic rule to the South.	21
3452036583	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.	22
3452036584	Enforcement Laws	aimed at the KKK, protected the freedman's rights under the 14th and 15th amendments, authorized military action to suppress terrorist movements	23
3452036585	Slaughter-House Cases	A group of decisions begun in 1873 in which the Court began to undercut the power of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect African American rights.	24
3452036586	U.S. v. Cruikshank	Supreme Court decides the federal government cannot punish whites for oppressing blacks	25
3452036587	Civil Rights Cases	Supreme Court decision in 1883 that said the Fourteenth Amendment only made discrimination by government illegal; private citizens could do as they pleased.	26
3452036588	Andrew Johnson	United States President during Reconstruction; he was impeached by Congress for not agreeing with their plan to reconstruct the South.	27
3452036589	Charles Sumner	the Republican idealist who pushed for black suffrage during Reconstruction as a principle of black freedom and racial equality	28
3452036590	Thaddeus Stevens	A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.	29
3452036591	Ulysses S. Grant	President who used his authority to fight against the KKK and secure rights for freed slaves; scandals and public opinion slowed his effectiveness	30
3452036592	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	An American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement	31
3452036593	Robert Smalls	Slave who worked for the Confederates as a planter pilot. Stole a vessel and loaded it with family and took it to the Union. Important politician and established a Republican party in South Carolina.	32
3452036594	Blanche K. Bruce	U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race, he was the first elected black senator to serve a full term	33
3452036595	Nathan Bedford Forrest	Confederate cavalry leader who later became a founder of the Ku Klux Klan	34

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American Government - Unit 1 Test - Foundations of American Government Flashcards

Unit One - Foundations of American Government

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289383426	According to Lock, Hobbes and Montequieu why does the state exist?	According to Lock, Hobbes and Montesquieu, the state exists to serve "the will of the people".	0
289383427	In a democracy, the will of the majority cannot be used to deprive the rights of __________________.	In a democracy, the will of the majority cannot be used to deprive the rights of a member of a minority group.	1
289383428	Key ideas of the Declaration of Independence	Key ideas of the Declaration of Independence: - people have natural rights - government can only exists with the will of the people's permission - people may change or abolish the government	2
289383429	3 documents that limited the power of the government.	Magna Carta English Bill of Rights Petition of Rights	3
289383430	Unitary Government	In a Unitary Government, all key powers are given to the central government.	4
289383431	Federal Government	A Federal Government is a type of government with a division of power between central and local government. The central government has authority over the state and local governments.	5
289383432	Confederation	A confederation is a type of government where the power is equal between both the central and local governments.	6
289383433	The Rule of Law	The Rule of Law is that laws apply to all people even government officials.	7
289383434	Oligarchy	An oligarchy is a type of dictatorship rules by a small group of people.	8
289383435	Government	A government is an institution through which a society carries out its public policies.	9
289383436	Social Contract	The social contract theory says there is an agreeement between the government and it's people. In American, the consititution serves as a contract.	10
289383437	Characteristics of a State	The Characterisitics of a State: 1) Population - a state must have people. 2) Territory - a state must have land. 3) Sovereignty - every state has supreme and absolute power within its territory. 4) Government - every state is politically organized.	11
289383438	Characteristics of the Social Contract Theory	The Charactertistics of the Social Contract Theory - the state is created voluntarily by free people - the power of government is limited by the people - government powers are granted by the people	12
289383439	The majority of the Declaration of Indepedence is a ______________.	The majority of the Declaration of Indepedence is a list of complaints of the wrongs bestowed on the colonists by England.	13
289383440	Concept of Limited Government	The concept of limited government means that the government must operate within certain bounds set by the people.	14
289383441	Presidental Government	In a presidential government the executive and legislative branches of government are separate and independent of one another and coequal. Checks and Balances maintain the overall balance of power in this type of government.	15
289383442	Parliamentary Government	In a parliamentary government the executive branch is comprised of a prime minister and his cabinet. The Parliament (Legislative) is the more powerful branch, therefore, prolonged conflict and deadlock are less likely to occur between the executive and legislative branches.	16
289383443	Devine Right Theory	God created the state and royal birth line.	17
289383444	Autocracy	Government by a single person having unlimited power; despotism (domination through threat of punishment and violence)	18

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AP Unit 6: French Revolution Flashcards

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3670088451	Bourgeoisie	French educated middle class	0
3670089804	Estates System	1st- Clergy; 2nd- Nobles; 3rd- everyone else	1
3670091048	Estates General	France's traditional assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the ____________ in 1789 led to the French Revolution.	2
3670092342	Cahier de doleances	List of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789	3
3670093556	National Assembly	French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.	4
3670095590	Abbe Sieyes	He believed that the nobility was useless, his motto became: "confidence from below, authority from above." Wrote What is the Third Estate?	5
3670096006	Tennis Court Oath	A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution	6
3670096745	Fall of the Bastille	Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly; this was the symbolic start of the revolution	7
3670097351	August 4th Decrees	feudal privileges were renounced and all French citizens were subject to the same and equal laws	8
3670099399	Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen	French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens. Motivated and influenced by U.S. Declaration of Independence.	9
3670100162	Olympe de Gouges	A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.	10
3670102835	Jean Paul Marat	French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)	11
3670105264	Women's March on Versailles	Working women marched to Versailles demanding bread & attention from the king. They demanded the royal family move to Paris.	12
3670108236	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.	13
3670110147	Jacobins	The most radical political faction (party) of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror. They have two factions: the Girondins and Mountain.	14
3670110148	Declaration of Pillnitz	afraid that other countries would follow France's lead and begin revolutions, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued this declaration in August 27, 1791, inviting other European monarchs to intervene on behalf of Louis XVI if his monarchy was threatened.	15
3670113651	Committee of Public Safety	Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.	16
3670114453	Robespierre	A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.	17
3670115432	Reign of Terror	(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"	18
3670116320	Thermidorian Reaction	A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.	19
3670117661	The Directory	Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.	20
3670118393	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	21
3670136669	Concordat of 1801	This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power	22
3670137124	Napoleonic Code	This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy	23
3670138584	Continental System	Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.	24

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ecosystem The living and non-living parts of the environment in a specific area. (Ecosystems can be really small or really large!)
ecology The study of how living things are related each other and to their natural environment.
Environment Everything that surrounds an organism and influences it.

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1455149928	mutualism	a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the association(win/win)	0
1455149929	symbiosis	any relationship in which two species live closely and interact	1
1455149930	commensalism	occurs when one species benefits from the association while the other is neither helped nor harmed(win/whatever)	2
1455149931	parasitism	occurs when one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (win/lose)	3
1455149932	Predator	An organism that eats other organisms to live.	4
1455149933	Prey	The organism that gets eaten.	5
1455149934	biome	A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities of plants and animals	6
1455149935	Community	ALL living organisms in an area	7
1455149936	Population	a group of the same species of organisms living in an area	8
1455149937	Organism	a single living organism	9
1455149938	Environment	Everything that surrounds an organism and influences it.	10
1455149939	Biotic Factor	living factors in an ecosystem	11
1455149940	Abiotic Factor	The non-living parts of an ecosystem such as soil, climate and rainfall.	12
1455149941	Habitat	The physical place where an organism lives	13
1455149942	Niche	The position/role of an organism in a community	14
1455149943	climate	An abiotic factor that describes overall weather in an area over a long period of time	15
1455149944	ecosystem	a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical (abiotic) environment	16
1455149945	biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	17
1455149946	Producers	...organisms that use sunlight directly to make food through a process called photosynthesis.	18
1455149947	consumers	...organisms that eat producers or other organisims for energy	19
1455149948	decomposers	organisims that get energy by breaking down theremains of dead organisms.	20
1455149949	scavengers	animals that feed on the bodies of dead organisms.	21
1455149950	herbivore	..., A consumer that eats only plants.	22
1455149951	carnivore	..., An animal that eats other animals	23
1455149952	omnivore	..., An animal that eats both plants and animals	24
1455149953	food chain	..., A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	25
1455149954	food web	..., A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains	26
1455149955	energy pyramid	..., A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web	27
1455149956	limiting factors	...when resources such as food, water or space become limited, Anything that limits (restricts) the size of a population	28
1455149957	carrying capacity	...the largest population that a given environment can support.	29
1455149958	competition	...when two or more individuals or populations try to use the same limited resource such as food.	30

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AP World History: Chapter 12: Tang and Song Dynasty Era *Vocabulary Flashcards

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3177392363	Bureau of Censors	Very powerful; their chief task was to keep track of officials at all levels and report their misdeeds or failings	0
3177405389	Empress Wu	(690-750) The only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. *Elevated buddhism to status of state religion.	1
3177406170	Empress Wei	Was married to the son of Empress Wu. *She poisoned her husband. She places her own small son as ruler, but this only lasted for 2 weeks because her attempt was thwarted by another prince. (he became Xuanzong 713-756)	2
3177409031	Chan Buddhism	Chan variant of buddhism, also known as Zen in Japan and the west; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; *popular with members of elite/educated Chinese in society	3
3177424435	Pure Land Buddhism (MAHAYANA BUDDHISM)	Branch of Mahayana Buddhism that won widespread conversions because it provided a refuge from an age of war and turmoil.	4
3177431536	Wuzong	841-847 Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries and shrines in 840s; *hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns were forced to abandon their monastic orders and return to civilian lives. -they and slaves who worked on their land were now subject to taxation of land. -Monastery lands parceled out to taxpaying land lords and peasant small holders. reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology	5
3177444702	Tea in China	Popular among the rich of China. In Hangzhou, Song people would have many pleasures of dining, listening, gambling and massages and sips of rice wine and tea.	6
3177481852	Wendi	Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; -Struck a marriage alliance with daughter and ruler of Zhou empire. -Seized son in law's position proclaimed himself emperor; -Supported by nomadic peoples/nomad military commanders of northern China; (did this by refining desire to favor confucian scholar-gentry class) -established Sui dynasty in early 589	7
3177564064	Sui	Sui empire succeeded Han dynasty Established in 589 by Wendi who rose to power by capturing son in law (zhou emperor's) throne. -United all of Northern China and reconquered southern China.	8
3177496382	Yangdi	Son of Wendi who murdered his father to reach the throne. -Extended father's conquest and drove back nomadic intruders who threatened northern frontiers of empire. -Established milder legal code and devoted resources to upgrading Confucian education. -Sought to restore examination system for regulating entry into bureaucracy. **Promoted scholar gentry in the imperial administration. (This advancement was bad for aristocratic families and nomadic military commanders.) Responsible for luxury and extravagant construction projects; palace @ Loyang; series of canals to link empire. Led subjects into series of unsuccessful wars to bring Korea back to Chinese rule. Assassinated in 618 by own ministers.	9
3177529279	Footbinding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. -Men preferred women with smaller feet.	10
3177537115	Li Bo	most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.	11
3177545322	Jin Kingdom	Kingdom north of the Song Empire. Established by Jurchens, or nomadic contenders from the north, in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty of the Khitans. -Ended in 1234	12
3177555612	Jurchens	Overthrew Liao dynasty of the Khitans and established the Jin kingdom in 1115. They were a new nomadic contender from the north. Annexed most of Yellow river basin, causing the Song to flee to the south and establishing the QIN Empire.	13
3177592282	Qin Empire	A dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty in the 3rd century and the king used legalist ideas to unite his country. They defeated invaders, doubled the size of china, murdered Confucius followers/burned books. They built and improved water canals and irrigation and extended the great walls.	14
3198816259	Champa Rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)	15
3198842711	Flying Money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency.	16
3198849708	Changan	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	17
3198854579	Tangut Tribes	Rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China. One of regional kingdoms during period of Southern Song Was conquered by the Mongols in 1226	18
3198935171	Xi Xia	Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.	19
3198881389	Jinshi	Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office	20
3198888978	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula.	21
3198900430	Gunpowder	The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.	22
3198909994	Loyang	New capital of Sui, built by Yangdi	23
3198925447	Neo-Confucians	Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.	24
3198988149	Sinification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.	25
3198996868	Ministry of Public Rites	Administered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty.	26
3199007430	Huangzhou	Capital of the Southern SONG; location near East China Sea which permitted international commerce; population of more than 1,500,000. Capital of the Northern Song was Kaifeng.	27
3199018328	Liao Dynasty	Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China.	28
3199024419	Chen kingdom	Kingdom to the south of Sui China that was conquered through the help of the later Zhou dynasty	29
3199039510	Southern Song	Smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history.	30
3199050918	Li Yuan, Duke of Tang	Duke of Tang who was a minister for for Yangdi. Took over the empire after Yangdi's assassination and was the first Tang ruler.	31
3199096969	Kaozong	Emperor who in 668 sent armies to take over Korea, created a vassal kingdom called Silla	32
3199114077	Tang Taizong	(627- 649) Son of Li Yuan. He reconquered the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty. He started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty.	33
3199131920	Xuanzong	Emperor from 712-756 ,This emperor marked the peak of Tang power, Took strong interest to political and economic reforms and turned to pleasures and arts. Fell in love with Yang Guifei after death of second wife and started ignoring the Tang to keep her happy	34
3199143721	An Lushan	one of Yang Guifei's proteges, that launched a rebellion in 755 and briefly seized the capitol of Chang'an. When the rebellion was stopped, Yang Guifei was put to death. Foreign-born general who led a major revolt against the Tang dynasty in 755-763, perhaps provoking China's turn to xenophobia	35
3241047268	Zhu Xi	(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action	36
3241048086	Liao	Northern Song's less wealthy, yet much more powerful neighbors whom the Song would pay to keep them from invading	37
3241052587	Taizu	960 1st emperor to reunite China; made Song Dynasty; never regained W & N lands (paid tribute to N)	38
3241053203	Zhao Kuangyin	Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent.	39
3241054121	Yang Guifei	Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.	40
3241054705	Wang Anshi	Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.	41
3241055674	Subprefecture	The district level of the Chinese bureacracy, similar to an American county	42

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Unit 10: Myers' Psychology for AP; Personality Flashcards

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2609267324	Free Association	In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	0
2609277901	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psychological disorders by speaking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.	1
2609285466	Unconscious	According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	2
2609292355	Id	A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The Id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	3
2609303084	Ego	The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediated among the demands of the Id, Superego, and Reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the Id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	4
2609314328	Superego	The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	5
2609322478	Psychosexual Stages	The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the Id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	6
2618807960	Personality	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	7
2618812676	Oedipus Complex	According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.	8
2618816313	Identification	The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.	9
2618822738	Fixation	According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	10
2618825094	Defense Mechanisms	In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	11
2618830196	Repression	In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	12
2618832374	Regression	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.	13
2618837538	Reaction Formation	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety- arousing unconscious feelings.	14
2618841398	Projection	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.	15
2618844798	Rationalization	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reason's for one's actions.	16
2618850748	Displacement	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.	17
2618855679	Sublimation	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.	18
2618859723	Denial	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.	19
2618868913	Collective Unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shred, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.	20
2618872936	Projective Test	A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.	21
2618878963	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.	22
2618884746	Rorschach Inkblot Test	The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Herman Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.	23
2618890584	Terror-management Theory	A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.	24
2618896817	Self-Actualization	According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill ones' potential.	25
2618902577	Unconditional Positive Regard	According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.	26
2618904393	Self-Concept	All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to question, " Who am I?"	27
2618906485	Trait	A characteristic patter of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.	28
2618910892	Personality Inventory	A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	29
2618916063	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	30
2618922255	Empirically Derived Test	A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between two groups.	31
2618925518	Social-cognitive Perspective	Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.	32
2618927802	Reciprocal Determinism	The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.	33
2618929976	Personal Control	The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.	34
2618932300	External Locus of Control	The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate	35
2618936127	Internal Locus of Control	The perception that you control your own fate.	36
2618939931	Positive Psychology	The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.	37
2618943547	Self	In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.	38
2618945631	Spotlight Effect	Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders( as if we presume a spotlight shines on us.).	39
2618947995	Self-esteem	One's feelings of high or low self-worth.	40
2618949120	Self-Serving Bias	A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.	41
2618950247	Individualism	Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.	42
2618953355	Collectivism	Giving priority to the goals of one's group(often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly.	43

3068616430	Bounce	Studsa	0
3068616431	Shout	Skrika	1
3068616432	Scared	Rädd	2
3068616433	Coward	Fegis	3
3068616434	Chicken	Här fegis	4
3068616435	Fight	Slåss	5
3068616436	Stupid	Dumt	6
3068616437	Watch	Titta på	7
3068616438	Climb	Klättra	8
3068616439	Ladder	Stege	9
3068616440	Behind	Bakom	10
3068616441	Reach	Nå	11
3068616442	Safety harness	Säkerhetssele	12
3068616443	Point at	Peka mot	13
3068616444	Suprised	Förvånad	14
3068616445	The top floor	Översta våningen	15
3068616446	Will	Kommer att	16
3068616447	Won't	Kommer inte att	17
3068616448	Connect	Sätta fast	18
3068616449	Rope	Rep	19
3068616450	Don't worry	Oroa dig inte	20
3068616451	Safe	Säkert	21
3068616452	Edge	Kant	22
3068616453	Ground	Mark	23
3068616454	Sound	Ljud	24
3068616455	Whisper	Viskning	25
3068616456	Pull	Rycka till	26
3068616457	Lower	Sänka ner	27
3068616458	Until	Tills	28
3068616459	Touch	Röra	29
3068616460	As though	Som om	30
3068616461	Fear	Rädsla	31

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