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Hon. Econ. - Chapter 2 - Economic Systems Flashcards

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307654546Economic SystemMethod used by society to produce and distribute goods and services.0
307654547Factor PaymentsIncome people receive for supplying factors of production.1
307654548PatriotismLove of one's country.2
307654549Safety NetGovernment programs that protect people experiencing unfavorable economis conditions3
307654550Standard of livingLevel of economic prosperity4
307654551Traditional economyEconomic system that relies on habit, custon, or riual to decide questions of production and consumption of goods and services.5
307654552Market EconomyEconomic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets.`6
307654553Centrally Based EconomyEconomic system in which the central government maks all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services.7
307654554Command EconomyEconomic system in which a central authority is in command of the economy; a centrally planned economy.8
307654555Mixed EconomyMarket-based economic system with limited government involvement.9
307654556MarketPlace we can buy and sell things.10
307654557SpecializationConcentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities.11
307654558HouseholdPerson or group of people living in the same residence.12
307654559FirmCompany or Business13
307654560Factor MarketMarket in which firms purchase the factors of production from households.14
307654561ProfitFinancial gain made in transaction15
307654562Product MarketMarket in which households purchase the goods and services that firms produce.16
307654563Self-interestOne's own personal gain.17
307654564IncentiveAn expectation that encourages people to behave in a certain way.18
307654565CompetitionThe struggle among producers for the dollars of consumers.19
307654566Invisible HandThe unseen force driving the free market economies, when each person seeks to benefit himself/herself, but in doing so everyone benefits.20
307654567Consumer SovereignityThe power of consumers to decide what gets produced.21
307654568SocialismSocial and political philosphy based on the belief that deomocratic means should be used to distribute wealth evenly throughout a society.22
307654569CommunismPolitical system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government.23
307654570AuthoritarianRequiring strict obedience to an authority, such as a dictator.24
307654571CollectiveLarge farm leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers.25
307654572Heavy industryIndustry that requires a large capital investment and that produces items used in other industries.26
307654573Laissez FaireThe doctrine that states that government generally shouldn't intervene in the marketplace27
307654574Private PropertyProperty owned by individuals or companies, not by the government or the people as a whole.28
307654575Free Enterprise SystemAnother name for "capitalism" or "free market," an economic system based on profit motive, voluntary exchange, private property rights, competition, freedom for producers and consumers.29
307654576ContinuumA range with no clear divisions.30
307654577TransitionPeriod of change in which an economy moves away from a centrally planned economy toward a market-based system.31
307654578PrivatizeTo sell state-run firms to individuals.32
1569466513CapitalismAnother name for "free market" or "free enterprise".33
2708654410the EconomyThe total wealth and resources of a community or nation; all producers, distributors, and consumers of goods and services in a local, regional, or national community34

APUSH Final Exam Review Flashcards

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2591795299Laws designed to segregate blacks and whitesJim Crow laws0
2591796914Beginning and ending dates of the Civil War1861-18651
2591798763Hands off policy of government toward businesslaissez faire2
2591799287Late 19th century political party made up mostly of farmers and workers who wanted the government to regulate banks and railroadsPopulist Party3
2591805070First immigration restrictions in the United States, forbade Chinese naturalization and suspended Chinese immigration for 19 years.Chinese Exclusion Act4
2591812574Law that ended tribal ownership of land and tried to force Native Americans to assimilate into white societyDawes Act5
2591816719Controlled the steel industry through vertical integration, advocated the "Gospel of Wealth"Andrew Carnegie6
2591818867A response to the problems created by the transformation from a rural society to an urban and industrial societyProgressive Movement7
2591824023Journalists who graphically exposed a variety of social, political, and economic problems and influenced the public to demand change.Muckrakers8
2591826831A movement among evangelical Christians who wanted to apply the teachings of Jesus to social and industrial problems.Social Gospel Movement9
2591831024the U.S. central bank established in 1913 in hopes that it would bring stability to the economy and flexibility to the monetary system.Federal Reserve System10
2591832486amendment that gave women the vote19th amendment11
2591834087amendment that provided for the direct election of senators by the people rather than state legislatures17th amendment12
2591836387amendment that made the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal18th amendment13
2591837738amendment that allowed the federal government to tax a person's income16th amendment14
2591839537FDR's plan to bring the U.S. out of the great depressionthe New Deal15
2591842120The three focuses (Rs) of Roosevelt's New deal.Relief for the poor, recovery from the depression, reform of the economic system16
2591846285enacted by Congress in response to business leaders' demands for protection from foreign competition in 1930. It made the depression worse.Smoot-Hawley Tariff 193017
2591847838Offered a safety net for the elderly and disabled persons and their dependentsSocial Security Act18
2591851035The U.S. went to war with Spain in 1898 in order to help this country to gain independence.Cuba19
2591854910The practice of exaggerating or falsifying news stories to gain readers had the effect of turning American public opinion against Spain and helped propel the US into the Spanish-American War in 1898.Yellow Journalism20
2591860279Expanded the Monroe Doctrine to establish the U.S. as Latin America's "policeman" to intervene in order to "stabilize" the region.Roosevelt Corollary21
2591862328A policy in which a nations seeks to expand its political, military, economic, and/or cultural influence in other nations.Imperialism22
2591865524Besides the Zimmermann Telegram, Germany's resumption of ____________ led the U.S. to declare war on Germany in 1917.unrestricted submarine warfare23
2591869078Woodrow Wilson's plan to eliminate the causes of war through open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of tariff barriers, reducing the size of armies, and granting independence to colonies.Fourteen Points24
2591871745The treaty that ended the Great War and punished Germany by forcing them to admit "war guilt" and to pay reparations to the Allies.Treaty of Versailles25
2591875367John Hay's policy that encouraged nation's to give up their "sphere's of influence" so that all could have access to trade in Asia.Open Door Policy26
2591877873A British passenger liner sunk by a U-boat in 1915 which turned American public opinion against the Germans in WWI.Lusitania27
2591879136A sense of obligation to take the blessings of civilization to the rest of the world.White Man's Burden28
2591881100An agreement for the U.S. to lend war material to the Allied in 1941.Lend-Lease Act29
2591883440This event triggered U.S. entry into WWII.Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 194130
2591889719Churchill and Roosevelt's 1941 agreement on a common core of beliefs and provided the moral basis for U.S. support for the Allies in WWII.Atlantic Charter31
2591891712The Big Three (Allied leaders) for most of WWIIChurchill, Stalin, Roosevelt32
2591894434Icon of the American women who worked on home front to produce needed material for the Allies in WWII.Rosie the Riveter33
2591899190Because food, rubber, fuel, etc. was scarce during WWII, Americans were forced to __________ these items.Ration34
2591903272The conflict caused by ideological differences between capitalism and communism/ democracy and totaliarianism which lasted 40 years.The Cold War35
2591905753A program which offered money to Western European nations to help them rebuild after WWII.The Marshall Plan36
2591908552A military alliance of North Atlantic nations formed in 1949 to oppose Soviet aggression in Europe.NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization37
2591993219This competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. that began when the Soviets launched the first satellite into space.The Space Race38
2591999139This organization was established under the National Security Act to engage in covert operations in other nations.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)39
2592001150This post war event saw the birth of 50 million babies between 1945 and 1960.The Baby Boom40
2592002774This theory was used to justify U.S. involvement in conflict in Vietnam.Domino Theory41
2592010804Which U.S. president used the Gulf of Tonkin incident to escalate the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam?Lyndon Baines Johnson42
2592013052Which Republican became president in 1968?Richard Nixon43
2592015889Nixon's policy to turn the war back over to South Vietnamese troops and to pull back U.S. troops is called what?Vietnamization44
2592021288What law drastically changed who could immigrate to the U.S. by allowing family members of those already living in the U.S. to come?Immigration Act of 196545
2592025104Nixon's policy of relaxing tensions with the USSRDetente46
2592028959In this 1962 event, the world came very close to nuclear war over Soviet missiles placed in Cuba.Cuban Missile Crisis47
2592036203LBJ's program to end poverty by expanding the role of government and included changes in civil rights, health care, education, the environment, housing, and immigration.The Great Society48
2592039291The Supreme Court under this chief justice shifted the emphasis from protecting private property to expanding personal rights.Earl Warren49
2592040449Who was the first U.S. president to visit China?Richard Nixon50
2592043944OPEC's reduction of the oil supply to the U.S. led to this 1970s crisis in the U.S.Energy Crisis51
2592048640When Iranian fundamentalists seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding 53 Americans hostage for more than a year, they sparked the _________ Crisis.Iran Hostage Crisis52
2592052634Jerry Falwell's organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees.Moral Majority53
2592057344Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of more openness with western nations and a relaxing of restraints on the Soviet people.Glasnost54
2592065748A big scandal under the Reagan administration in which the U.S. government sold weapons to Iran in exchange for helping to get hostages released in Lebanon and then used the profits to help the Contras fight the communist government in Nicaragua.Iran-Contra Scandal55
2592069382Nicknamed "Star Wars," this program would have built a space shield to protect the U.S. from incoming nuclear missiles, but it never was finished.Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)56
2592073242A law requiring employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accomodations" for people with disabilities.Americans with Disabilities Act57
2592075137A process of closer integration and exchange between different countries and peoples worldwide.Globalization58
2592078223A federal agency established by President Bush in 2001 to develop and implement a national strategy to make the United States safe from terrorist threats or attacks.Department of Homeland Security59
2592083032This law passed in 2001 grants broad police authority to the government to find and convict suspected terrorists by monitoring email and Internet traffic.USA Patriot Act60
2592085902The first female Supreme Court Justice, appointed by Ronald Reagan.Sandra Day O'Connor61
2592089692The policy adopted by the Bush Administration in 2001 asserting that the U.S. has the right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction which could be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.The Bush Doctrine62
2592091693An agreement between the U.S.A., Mexico, and Canada to allow goods to move across borders free of tariffs.NAFTA or North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement63
2592095901Who won the 2000 presidential election even though he failed to win the popular vote and the outcome was eventually decided when the Supreme Court ordered Florida to discontinue its vote recounts?George W. Bush64
2592100728A controversial bill with the goal of expanding health care coverage for all Americans, passed under the administration of Barack Obama.Affordable Care Act or Obamacare65
2592108684A network of Islamic terror organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001.Al Qaeda66
2592113040Head of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991, whose liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe.Mikhail Gorbachev67
2592182403An American political philosophy that favors small government, laissez faire capitalism, tough stance with the Soviet Union, personal responsibility, and "family values."Neoconservatism68
2592239527Under this president the U.S. had its longest period of strong and sustained economic growth in its history.Bill Clinton69
2592244974A term to refer to the set of significant changes brought about by computers and other digital devices during the second half of the 20th century and helped expand the U.S. economy during the 1990s.Digital Revolution70
2592247586Which U.S. president brokered a peace deal between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat at Camp David in 1978?Jimmy Carter71

Hon. Econ. - Chapter 1 - Introduction to Economics Flashcards

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307639637Needsomething like air, food, or shelter that is necessary for survival0
307639638Wantan item that we desire but is not essential to survival1
307639639Economicsthe study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choices2
307639640Goodsphysical objects such as clothes or shoes3
307639641Servicesactions or activities one person performs for another4
307639642Scarcitylimited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants5
307639643Shortagea situation in which a good or service is unavailable, or a situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied, also known as excess demand6
307639644Factors of productionland, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services7
307639645Landnatural resources that are used to make goods and services8
307639646Laborthe effort that people devote to a task for which they are paid9
307639647Capitalany human-made resource that is used to create other goods and services10
307639648Physical capitalall human-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services; tools and buildings11
307639649Human capitalthe knowledge and skills a worker gains through education and experience12
307639650Entrepreneurambitious leader who combines land, labor, and capital to create and market new goods or services13
307639651Trade-offan alternative or option we consider when we make a decision14
307639652Guns or buttera phrase that refers to the trade-off that nations face when choosing whether to produce more or less military or consumer goods15
307639653Opportunity costthe most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision16
307639654Thinking at the margindeciding whether to do or use one additional unit of some resource17
307639655Production possibilities curvea curve that shows alternative ways to use an economy's resources18
307639656Production possibilities frontierthe line on a production possibilities graph that shows the maximum possible output for a specific economy19
307639657Efficiencyusing resources in such a way as to maximize the production of goods and services20
307639658Underutilizationusing fewer resources than an economy is capable of using21
307639659Costan alternative that is given up as the result of a decision22
307639660Law of increasing costsas we shift factors of production from making one good or service to another, the cost of producing the second items increases.23

Chapter 17 - Western Europe 1450-1750 Transformation Flashcards

Western Europe transformed culturally, politically, and commercially from the 15th to 18th century. Big changes from the Middle Ages/medieval times shaped this transformation.

Terms : Hide Images
592257050What influenced the development of the Italian Renaissance?urban, commercial economy competitive city-states0
592257053What were some characteristics that defined the Italian Renaissance?Italian and Latin secular objects humanism1
592257055Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?emphasized realistic discussion on how to maintain power during the Italian Renaissance2
592257057What effects did the Italian Renaissance have on politics and commerce?banking, new political forms, improved military, diplomacy, innovations3
592257058What was a cause in the decline of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century?French and Spanish monarchs invade peninsula Atlantic trade routes > Mediterranean4
592257060What was the difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissance?Northern emphasized religion more5
592257062How did the Northern Renaissance produce political change?greater state powers Francis I: French Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic Church6
592257064How did the Renaissance affect ordinary people?little effect, women = domestic7
592257066What were some technogical advances?iron products, printing (Johannes Gutenberg)8
592257069What was the family structure of a European family?late marriage, importance of affection within family9
592257071Who was Martin Luther?German monk that started the Protestant Reformation; accepted state control of church; against monasticism and papal salvation10
592257073What was the Protestant Reformation?general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; included many varieties of religious beliefs11
592257076How did Protestantism affect politics?German princes increased independence and seize church lands; public appeal of state-run church12
592257078What was the Anglican church?form of Protestantism set up in England by Henry VIII; against papal marriage set-ups13
592257080Who was Jean Calvin?French Protestant who stressed predestination; encouraged public gov't access, education; Calvinism14
592257082What was the Catholic Reformation?restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs; established councils and the Jesuits (missionaries)15
592257084What happened between the Calvinists and Catholics in France?religious wars ended with edict of Nantes; granted Protestant tolerance in France16
592257085What happened between the Protestants and Catholics in Germany?Thirty Years War: war within Holy Roman Empire and Spain; ended with Treaty of Westphalia: granted individual rulers to choose religion17
592257087What spurred the commercialization of western Europe during the 16th century?massive import of gold and silver from colonies; inflation18
592257089In what ways did manufacturing develop as a result of colonial markets?agricultural specialty areas shoemaking, pottery, metal, mining19
592257091How were ordinary western Europeans affected by this commercial revolution?increased prosperity, more properties20
592257093Who were the proletariat?class of working people without access to producing property; poor; became laborers, etc21
592257095Why did witchcraft persecution become so intense during the 17th century?reflected resentment against the poor22
592257096What was the Scientific Revolution?17th century period of theoretical generalizations; change in traditional medieval beliefs23
592257098How did Copernicus contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Johannes Kepler?disproved beliefs that earth was the center of the universe; prominent scientific figure24
592257100How did Galileo contribute to the Scientific Revolution?published Copernicus' findings; gravity and planetary motion25
592257102How did William Harvey contribute to the Scientific Revolution?physician; movement of blood in animals/heart26
592257103How did Francis Bacon contribute to the Scientific Revolution?work on scientific method27
592257105How did Rene Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution?established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; human reason can develop laws28
592257107How did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?compiled astronomical and physical observations into a framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and gravity29
592257109What was the concept of God in Deism?role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion--not to regulate them30
592257110How did John Locke contribute to the Scientific Revolution?people can learn everything through senses and reason; power from the people31
592257112What defined France as the most powerful and largest western European nation?absolute monarchy (Louis XIV) no parliament, professional armies and bureaucracy, state churches, imposed economic policy, expansion32
592257114What was mercantilism?promotion of internal economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports; set tariffs33
592257116What defined England and the Netherlands as parliamentary monarchies?Glorious Revolution: resulted in parliamentary checks on the king; limits to state authority34
592257118What was a nation-state?ruled peoples who had a common culture and language; promoted mercantilism, political values35
592257119What were the political patterns like in western Europe in the 18th century?least change in politics absolute monarchy less effective competing political groups36
592257121Who was Frederick the Great?Prussian king; attempted to introduce Enlightenment, military, bureaucracy, freedom of religion, state control of economy37
592257123What was Enlightenment?French intellectual movement; scientific advance, rational laws describe social behavior; religious tolerance; against Catholic church38
592257125What Enlightenment ideas did Adam Smith believe in?government should avoid regulation of economy39
592257127How did Denis Diderot contribute to the Enlightenment?created the first encyclopedia40
592257129What did Mary Wollstonecract believe in?political rights should extend to women; feminist movement41
592257131How did the Enlightenment affect family life?greater interaction and less discipline with children love and emotional bonds more important42
592257133What is mass consumerism?interest in acquiring material goods and services; growing economic capacity to afford these43
592257135How did agriculture change in the 18th century?new agricultural techniques potato = new staple crop44
592257137What encouraged manufacturing in the 18th century?colonial trade, agricultural advancements45
592257139What allowed for greater population sizes in the 18th century?agricultural advancements, commercialism (capitalism), manufacturing46

Chapter 17 - Western Europe 1450-1750 Transformation Flashcards

Western Europe transformed culturally, politically, and commercially from the 15th to 18th century. Big changes from the Middle Ages/medieval times shaped this transformation.

Terms : Hide Images
592257050What influenced the development of the Italian Renaissance?urban, commercial economy competitive city-states0
592257053What were some characteristics that defined the Italian Renaissance?Italian and Latin secular objects humanism1
592257055Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?emphasized realistic discussion on how to maintain power during the Italian Renaissance2
592257057What effects did the Italian Renaissance have on politics and commerce?banking, new political forms, improved military, diplomacy, innovations3
592257058What was a cause in the decline of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century?French and Spanish monarchs invade peninsula Atlantic trade routes > Mediterranean4
592257060What was the difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissance?Northern emphasized religion more5
592257062How did the Northern Renaissance produce political change?greater state powers Francis I: French Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic Church6
592257064How did the Renaissance affect ordinary people?little effect, women = domestic7
592257066What were some technogical advances?iron products, printing (Johannes Gutenberg)8
592257069What was the family structure of a European family?late marriage, importance of affection within family9
592257071Who was Martin Luther?German monk that started the Protestant Reformation; accepted state control of church; against monasticism and papal salvation10
592257073What was the Protestant Reformation?general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; included many varieties of religious beliefs11
592257076How did Protestantism affect politics?German princes increased independence and seize church lands; public appeal of state-run church12
592257078What was the Anglican church?form of Protestantism set up in England by Henry VIII; against papal marriage set-ups13
592257080Who was Jean Calvin?French Protestant who stressed predestination; encouraged public gov't access, education; Calvinism14
592257082What was the Catholic Reformation?restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs; established councils and the Jesuits (missionaries)15
592257084What happened between the Calvinists and Catholics in France?religious wars ended with edict of Nantes; granted Protestant tolerance in France16
592257085What happened between the Protestants and Catholics in Germany?Thirty Years War: war within Holy Roman Empire and Spain; ended with Treaty of Westphalia: granted individual rulers to choose religion17
592257087What spurred the commercialization of western Europe during the 16th century?massive import of gold and silver from colonies; inflation18
592257089In what ways did manufacturing develop as a result of colonial markets?agricultural specialty areas shoemaking, pottery, metal, mining19
592257091How were ordinary western Europeans affected by this commercial revolution?increased prosperity, more properties20
592257093Who were the proletariat?class of working people without access to producing property; poor; became laborers, etc21
592257095Why did witchcraft persecution become so intense during the 17th century?reflected resentment against the poor22
592257096What was the Scientific Revolution?17th century period of theoretical generalizations; change in traditional medieval beliefs23
592257098How did Copernicus contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Johannes Kepler?disproved beliefs that earth was the center of the universe; prominent scientific figure24
592257100How did Galileo contribute to the Scientific Revolution?published Copernicus' findings; gravity and planetary motion25
592257102How did William Harvey contribute to the Scientific Revolution?physician; movement of blood in animals/heart26
592257103How did Francis Bacon contribute to the Scientific Revolution?work on scientific method27
592257105How did Rene Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution?established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; human reason can develop laws28
592257107How did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?compiled astronomical and physical observations into a framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and gravity29
592257109What was the concept of God in Deism?role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion--not to regulate them30
592257110How did John Locke contribute to the Scientific Revolution?people can learn everything through senses and reason; power from the people31
592257112What defined France as the most powerful and largest western European nation?absolute monarchy (Louis XIV) no parliament, professional armies and bureaucracy, state churches, imposed economic policy, expansion32
592257114What was mercantilism?promotion of internal economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports; set tariffs33
592257116What defined England and the Netherlands as parliamentary monarchies?Glorious Revolution: resulted in parliamentary checks on the king; limits to state authority34
592257118What was a nation-state?ruled peoples who had a common culture and language; promoted mercantilism, political values35
592257119What were the political patterns like in western Europe in the 18th century?least change in politics absolute monarchy less effective competing political groups36
592257121Who was Frederick the Great?Prussian king; attempted to introduce Enlightenment, military, bureaucracy, freedom of religion, state control of economy37
592257123What was Enlightenment?French intellectual movement; scientific advance, rational laws describe social behavior; religious tolerance; against Catholic church38
592257125What Enlightenment ideas did Adam Smith believe in?government should avoid regulation of economy39
592257127How did Denis Diderot contribute to the Enlightenment?created the first encyclopedia40
592257129What did Mary Wollstonecract believe in?political rights should extend to women; feminist movement41
592257131How did the Enlightenment affect family life?greater interaction and less discipline with children love and emotional bonds more important42
592257133What is mass consumerism?interest in acquiring material goods and services; growing economic capacity to afford these43
592257135How did agriculture change in the 18th century?new agricultural techniques potato = new staple crop44
592257137What encouraged manufacturing in the 18th century?colonial trade, agricultural advancements45
592257139What allowed for greater population sizes in the 18th century?agricultural advancements, commercialism (capitalism), manufacturing46

Campbell-Biology-Concepts-&-Connections-8th-Edition-Chapter-4-Turk Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2905949147light microscopeAn optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer's eye or onto photographic film.0
2905950342magnificationThe increase in an object's image size compared with its actual size.1
2905962880resolutionThe ability to distinguish two nearby objects as separate.2
2905971474cell theoryThe theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.3
2905977174electron microscopeA microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. Achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope.4
2905979337scanning electron microscopeA microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface details of a cell or other specimens.5
2905980528transmission electron microscopeA microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.6
2906586845prokaryotic cellA type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.7
2906588009eukaryotic cellA type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of these types of cells.8
2906590192cytosolThe semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.9
2906590193chromosomeA gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.10
2906591600ribosomeA cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, the subunits are assembled in the nucleolus.11
2906593762cytoplasmThe contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell.12
2906593763nucleoidA non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.13
2906605890flagellumA long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.14
2906605891capsuleJellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes.15
2906611268cell wallA protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.16
2906614032plasma membraneThe membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.17
2906614033fimbriaeAttachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.18
2906711005organelleA membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.19
2906716482cellular metabolismAll the chemical activities of a cell.20
2906796008nucleusThe organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin.21
2906798038chromatinThe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing.22
2906800308nuclear envelopeA double membrane that enclosed the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm.23
2906896694nucleolusA structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits.24
2934021023endomembrane systemA network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.25
2934021024vesicleA sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.26
2934024336endoplasmic reticulumAn extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free )smooth) regions.27
2934031288smooth endoplasmic reticulumThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.28
2934032519rough endoplasmic reticulumThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.29
2934088790golgi apparatusAn organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.30
2934099731lysosomeA digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles.31
2934137354vacuoleA membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells.32
2934153039central vacuoleIn a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes.33
2934153040peroxisomeAn organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.34
2934159329mitochondrionAn organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two membranes, it is where most of the cell's ATP is made.35
2934163968mitochondrial matrixThe compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrate for the citric acid cycle.36
2934165149cristaeAn infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane.37
2934168048chloroplastAn organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds(sugars) from carbon dioxide and water.38
2934170605stromaThe dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Sugars are made here by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.39
2934170606thylakoidA flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Their membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis.40
2934174346granumA stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in a chloroplast. The sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.41
2934183269endosymbiont theoryThe theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.42
2934185049cytoskeletonA network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.43
2934196242microtubuleThe thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; found in cilia and flagella.44
2934197981centrosomeA structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division. Has two centrioles.45
2934206961intermediate filamentAn intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Rope-like and made of fibrous proteins.46
2934217884microfilamentThe thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin.47

Ch 16 Molecular Inheritance Flashcards

Campbell

Terms : Hide Images
346742055James WatsonUnited States geneticist who (with Crick in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1928)0
346742056Francis Crickdiscovered the secret of DNA structure in the 1950s with James Watson using Rosalind Franklin's pictures of DNA1
346742057Rosalind Franklincarried out the X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA and showed DNA is a helix2
346742058Griffithscientist who experimented with bacteria to find out how it made people sick. Discovered process of transformation.3
346742059Avery, McCarty and MacLeod1944- repeated portions of Griffith's experiment -used only heat-killed bacteria -purified all chemicals from cells -added each independently* to live cells -ONLY DNA acted as transforming agent4
346742060Hershey and ChaseUsed radioactive material to label DNA and protein; infected bacteria passed on DNA; helped prove that DNA is genetic material not proteins5
346742061Chargaffdiscovered that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and amount of guanine equals cytosine?6
346742062transformationmodification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA7
346742063bacteriophagesviruses that infect bacteria8
346742064double helixtwo strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA9
346742065semiconservative modelType of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.10
346742066origins of replicationSites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.11
346742067replication forksthe areas where the double helix separates12
346742068polymerasesDNA is transcibed by these enzymes. Make RNA polymers13
346742069leading strandthe new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction14
346742070lagging strandA discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.15
346742071DNA ligasean enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments16
346742072primaseAn enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.17
346742073primerAn already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.18
346742074helicasesenzymes that separate the DNA strands19
346742075single strand binding proteinDuring DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.20
346742076mismatch paira situation in which enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors21
346742077nucleotide excision repairThe process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.22
346742078nucleasegeneral term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units23
346742079telomeresRepeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.24
346742080telomerasean enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide25
346742081Okazaki fragmentsShort fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication.26

Dance Terms Flashcards

Dance Mid-Term

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954772910AdagioAny dance to slow music; also, part of the classical pas de deux in ballet.0
954772911AllegroA dance with fast or moderate tempo. That part of a ballet class comprised of fast turning or jumping, especially beaten steps; usually follows the adagio.1
954772912ArabesqueA position in which the dancer stands on one leg, straight or bent, with the other extended to the back at 90 degrees.2
954772913AssembléA jump from one to both feet, usually landing in fifth position.3
954772914AttitudeA pose in which one leg is raised in back or in front with knee bent, usually with one arm raised.4
954772915BalancéA step that rocks from one foot to the other, usually in 3/4 time.5
954772916BalanceAbility of the dancer to maintain an upright and controlled position of the body whether in movement or still.6
954772917ChasseA sliding step in which one foot "chases" and displaces the other.7
954772918ContractionA basic movement in the technique of Martha Graham, based on breath inhalation and exhalation. To flex from the core and add tension.8
954772919DéveloppéAn unfolding of the leg in the air. A large, relatively slow leg gesture. The gesture limb begins from first or fifth position, passes through passé, to extend at 90° or higher to the front (en avant), side (a la seconde), or back (en arrière - arabesque).9
954772920First PositionFeet in a straight line, heels touching. The action of bending or the condition of being bent.10
954772921Fifth PositionOne foot in front of the other, parallel, with heel in front foot touching toe of back foot.11
954772922Fourth Position ClosedOne foot in front of the other, parallel, but apart.12
954772923JetéA leap from one leg to the other in which one leg is thrown to the side, front, or back. Grand Jeté - A large leap forward.13
954772924MazurkaA Polish national dance in triple time with an accent on the second beat, characterized by proud bearing, clicking of heels, and holubria, a special turning step. In the Mazurka the couples follow the leader in circular formation around the room. Sometimes the woman kneels down while her partner executes a chasse around her, and then this figure is reversed.14
954772925PirouettesA complete turn of the body executed on one leg; the working leg is placed with the foot drawn up to the ankle or knee of the supporting leg.15
954772926PolkaHop, step, step, step, 2/4.16
954772927Port de BrasLiterally "carriage of the arms." Used in this sense, and also to denote exercise designed to develop the upper part of the body. There are positions of the arms just as there are positions of the feet -- the numbering of them varies according to the method of training.17
954772928RelevéIn ballet, a rising with a spring movement to point or demi-point.18
954772929Rond de JambeLiterally "circle of the leg." May be performed on the ground or in the air, inwards or outwards, jumping or turning.19
954772930SchottischeA dance similar to the Polka. It is characterized by the clapping of hands after having taken three hopping steps. It is written in 4/4 time.20
954772931Second PositionFeet in a straight line, heels apart.21
954772932SpottingA fixing of the eyes on one spot as long as possible during turns to avoid dizziness and to keep one's orientation.22
954772933Third PositionOne foot in front of the other, parallel to it, with heel of front foot in hollow instep of back foot.23
954772934TwistThis dance was written by an African American musician in Georgia in 1958. He and his band members made up some twisting movements for the musicians to do while playing the music. Then in 1960, Chubby Checker made his first twist record, and made the Twist famous in Philadelphia. Twist came to New York via Philadelphia and New Jersey and then spread throughout most countries.24
1001802614Battement TendusAn extension of the working leg away from the supporting leg, stretching from first or fifth position along the floor until reaching pointe tendu (when the toes are fully pointed) on the floor.25
1001802615Battement DégagésBegins and ends the same as a battement tendu except that it leaves the floor to a height of 15 cm after reaching pointe tendu.26
1001802616En CroixBattement in a cross. Unilateral leg gesture carried out in three directions relative to the dancer's front (en avant), side (a la seconde), and back (en arrière), making the shape of a cross. Typical barre exercises (tondu, dégagé, dévelopé, frappé, grand battement, etc are performed en croix.27
1001802617En L'AirBattement in the air.28
1001802618À TerreBattement on the ground.29
1001802619ExtensionStretching or elongating the limbs or torso.30
1001802620ImprovisationMovements that are created spontaneously by the dancer with or without specific direction, either individually or with other dancers.31
1001802621Parallel PositionIn contemporary dance, the feet may be in parallel (i.e. not turned out) in first, second and fourth positions, and, sometimes, in fifth position.32
1001802622En DehorsÀ terre where the pointed toe of a stretched working leg traces a circular pattern, from the front of the body to the back. Outward. A circular movement of the gesture limb from front to back, or a turn which moves away from the stance limb.33
1001802623En DedansÀ terre From back to front, passing each time through first position of the feet. Inward. A circular movement of the gesture limb from the back to the front (as in ronde de jambe), or a turn done toward the stance limb.34
1001802624PetitEn l'air, with the working leg raised just a few centimetres from the ground.35
1001802625Grand BattementEn l'air, where it is raised to 90°.36
1001802626À La SecondeA rond de jambe en l'air may also be performed as an isolated movement with the working leg raised à la seconde (to the side) and the knee bending and straightening as the toe describes quick circular patterns in the air without moving the thigh.37
1001802627SautéFrench, in ballet, a jump.38
1001802628TurnoutA way of standing and using the legs that is initiated in the pelvis, where both sides of the body rotate outwards from the hips, away from the spine.39
1001802629UpstageWhen facing the audience, the area farthest away from the audience.40
1001802630DownstageWhen facing the audience, the area closest to the audience.41
1016191936BeatsTo hit the legs together, moving in and out of fifth position in the air. See petite batterie.42
1016191937Chaînès"Linked like a chain". A series of small turning steps with the feet in first position relevé. Weight is shifted rapidly from one to the other limb with each half turn. Performed continuously in rapid succession.43
1016191938Changement"Changing the feet". A vertical jump with a change of feet in the air (from fifth position front to fifth back).44
1016191939CoupéTo cut, a small intermediary step, used as a link between steps, such as jeté, pas de bourré.45
1016199663Demi PliéHalf. As in demi-plié.46
1016199664DerrièreBehind.47
1016199665DevantIn front.48
1016440940En avantDancer's front.49
1016440941HopJump into the air, landing on the same foot and keeping the heel lifted. With a soft knee, straighten leg, rise slightly off the floor, and return to the floor on the same foot; no weight change. Often it is more gentle and elegant to power the hop not with extension of the supporting leg but with a slight lift of the free knee. Transfer of weight from 1 foot to the same foot.50
1016440942LeapA spring into the air, from one foot to the other. Transfer of weight from 1 foot to the other with a moment of suspension.51
1016440943LungeA large, open fourth position in which one knee is bent (usually the front), and the other is straight.52
1016440944Lateral RotationA side stretch of the torso, with legs in 2nd position.53
1016440945Pas de basqueA traveling step from fifth position plié, which includes one 1/2 ronde de jambe from front to side, weight transfer to this leg, and closure into fifth plié.54
1016440946RetierèA static position in which the hip of the gesturing leg is externally rotated and abducted, the knee is flexed, and the foot is pointed and touching the knee of the stance limb.55
1016440947SissoneA jump from two feet onto one foot in various directions.56
1016440948SoutenuFrom demi-plié on the stance leg and pointe tondu with the gesture leg. Rising to demi-pointe while simultaneously drawing the gesture leg into fifth.57
1016440949TripletThree sounds, usually a shuffle step. Three steps taken evenly over two beats of music. The time value of these three steps would be 2/3, 2/3, 2/3 (in 4/4 music).58
1016440950Rhythm PatternPulse of the music. Rhythm dance is composed of broken rhythms, syncopation, and off beats.59
1016491469AlignmentThe direction of a step or figure in relation to the room (e.g., LOD). Consider alignment in contrast to foot position, which is the direction of a step in relation to the other foot (e.g., forward, side, back). The spine line, the lumbar spine.60
1016491470MeasureA short section of music in the regularly recurring rhythm, usually marked by an initial stronger accent and then one, two, three, or more lesser accents. For instance, a waltz measure consists of one strong downbeat and two lesser beats: 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 3;61
1016491471FacingTo have one's front in the direction of something else, such as "man facing wall." Also, partners in front of each other, front to front.62
1016491472FallsLower body with weight centered over the ball and toes of the supporting foot. Involves whole body: lower onto heel, flex knee, and compress upper body.63
1016491473PhraseA passage of two or more measures of music. A phrase will be perceived as a specific tune or melody. Most pieces of dance music consist of two or more different phrases, each designated by a capital letter. Any phrase can repeat within the piece, so a whole piece might be designated: lead in, intro, A, A, B, A, C, end.64
1016491474PivotUsually as a couple, step and rotate on the ball of the supporting foot by turning the upper body. Stepping forward R, one would turn right. Stepping back L, one would turn right. The free leg is extended forward or back. Amount of turn can be very little or 1/2 turn or more.65
1016491475RiseElevate body with weight centered over the ball and toes of the supporting foot. Involves whole body: lifting heel off floor, straightening knees, and stretching upper body. Foot rise can be distinguished and separated from body rise.66
1016491476RunSometimes, a step taken on one beat of music; a quick. Transfer of weight from 1 foot to the other, with momentary loss of contact.67
1016491477SequenceThe order in which steps, figures, or dance actions are to be performed.68
1016491478SkipStep forward and with a soft knee, straighten leg, rise slightly off the floor, and return to the floor on the same foot. Step and hop.69
1016491479SlideMove the free foot in a given direction with light contact with the floor and take weight. Same as Glide. Step and leap.70
1016491480Stretch ReflexThe elongation of the body, generally one side more than the other. Stretch is accomplished by raising one hip and rib cage without collapsing the other side. The shoulder on the stretched side rises, but only as a consequence of stretch. One does not "lift" the shoulder. Right stretch produces left sway.71
1016491481SwingingIn general, swing, or body swing, is any free movement around a fixed point. We can distinguish between "pendular swing" when the fixed point is at the top of the movement and "metronomic swing" when the fixed point is at the bottom.72
1016491482TempoThe speed at which music is played; the number of measures or bars per minute. Sometimes given as beats per minute.73
1016491483TransitionIn a figure, an extra step or one fewer steps by the man or woman. A couple transitions from opposite footwork to same footwork or from same to opposite.74
1016491484Triple RhythmThe portion of the standard timing of a rhythm consisting of three steps taken over two beats of music as is characteristic of Jive, Cha Cha, and other rhythms. Notice that the timing of these three steps is not even. It divides one beat evenly, leaving the second beat undivided for a time value of 1/8, 1/8, 1/4 (in 4/4 time). The "a" is a shorter interval, and the time value of a triple is 3/16, 1/16, 1/4.75
1016491485TurnsStep and change your facing direction, specifically the direction in which your feet are pointing.76
1016491486WalkSometimes, a step taken on two beats of music; a slow. Transfer of weight from 1 foot to the other. Maintaining contact with the floor.77
1016491487WaltzOne of the Smooth Rhythms. Open, open, open, close. 3/478
1033114496AbductionThe movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body, or from another part.79
1033114497AccentStress, emphasis.80
1033114498AdductionMove a limb or other part of the body toward the midline of the body or toward another part.81
1033114499AsymmetricalHaving parts that fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry.82
1033114500Axial MovementFlexion, extension, rotation.83
1033114501Agnes De Mile 1To dance is to be out of yourself, larger, more powerful, more beautiful. This is power, it is glory on earth it is yours for the taking.84
1033114502Melissa HaydenLearning to walk set you free - learning to dance gives you the greatest freedom of all: to express with your whole self, the person you are.85
1033114503Ted Shawn 1Dance is the only art in which we ourselves are the stuff of which it is made.86
1033114504Anges De Mile 2Many other dancers have kicked higher, balanced longer or turned faster, these are poor substitutes for passion.87
1033114505Ted Shawn 2It is the body and the body alone that is the instrument we play.88
1033114506Martha GrahamMovement never lies. Nothing is more revealing than movement. Was an American modern dancer and choreographer whose influence on dance has been compared with the influence Picasso, alcoholic, choreographed dance till her old age, developed contraction.89
1033114507BrushesThe act and sound of the foot pointed on the floor. Either tendus, dégagés, or bevel.90
1033114508BevelThe foot, although pointed, will go 'off track' a bit from the straight line of the leg. Some consider it not 'pure' technique, indeed because it's not a straight line from hip to toe. Some like it because in arabesque, the line tends to go upwards into the sky (which looks like the leg is higher than it actually is).91
1033114509Centre Of GravityThe core that anchors your balance.92
1033114510Cervical SpineThe top seventh vertebra of your spine. The cervical spine is the area of the vertebral column commonly referred to as the neck.93
1033114511CircumductionThe full of rotation, of arms. A circular motion of a limb.94
1033114512CollapseTo fall down to the floor, locomotor movement.95
1033114513Dance WalkTo walk with your toes first.96
1033114514Demi BrasDemi Seconde but with palms forward.97
1033114515Demi PointeSimilar to rise, when you go onto the balls of your feet.98
1033114516DimensionMeasurement of the space, taken up by the movement.99
1033114517DirectionsMovement towards a destination.100
1033114518Direct PathA direct line of motion to dance too.101
1033114519DissonanceLacking harmony, unpleasantness, movement that does not flow or resolve.102
1033114520DorsiflexionFlexing of the foot, or contraction of the foot.103
1033114521Duple TimeA metric pulse that is divided into even sections.104
1033114522DynamicsMovement quality, each movement has a dynamic, large or small.105
1033114523External ObliqueThe middle sides of the torso.106
1033114524FlexionContraction of the muscles.107
1033114525En basDancer's lower arms, brava.108
1033114526En hautDancer's up in the air arms, fifth or fourth position.109
1033114527Frog PositionThe butterfly position, toes touching, sitting down, can do it front or on stomach.110
1033114528GallopStep and leap, also a lively dance to duple metre. Step and leap.111
1033114529GlutealsThe largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks.112
1033114530Grand PlieBig bending of the knees to the floor and rising, either in first position or third.113
1033114531Hesitate or RubatoThe temporary disregarding of strict tempo to allow an expressive quickening or slackening, usually without altering the overall pace.114
1033114532Indirect PathRandom or improvised dance movements that follow a path and destination.115
1033114533Internal ObliqueThe inner cross of the torso, the bottom part of the torso. The core, your abdomen.116
1033114534Latissimus DorsiThe inner muscles near your armpits, the wings, and inner back muscles.117
1033114535LevelsLow, medium, high.118
1033114536Locomotor MovementMovement in which the body travels across space. Even, rhythm.119
1033114537Long SittingWhen the legs are extended in front, and your back up straight.120
1033114538Lumbar SpineThe lower back, where the spine curves inward toward the abdomen.121
1033114539LyricalMusical, smooth, flowing, and imaginative movement.122
1033114540Medial RotationRotation towards the center of the body.123
1033114541MeterThe rhythm of a piece, determined by the number and length of feet in a line.124
1033114542Movement PatternThe pattern or sequence of your dance.125
1033114543Note ValuesIndicates the relative duration of a note in music.126
1033114544OrganicIsa Dora Duncan's movement, natural movement, abstract.127
1033114545Over CurveThe upper curve of a swing.128
1033114546PasseéUsed as a transitional step and retierè.129
1033114547PatellaThe knee cap and knee pan.130
1033114548PatternRepeated design and sequence in dance.131
1033114549Pectoralis MajorThe chest muscle that is connected to the shoulder which allows you to rotate your arms.132
1033114550PercussivePunctuated movement, stop, and start movement.133
1033114551PlacementThe placement of your body in a dance or the preparation of dance. Parallel or turned out. Parallel hips placed over the feet. Placement will differ due to the positioning.134
1033114552Planes Of ActionThe surface on where you dance or move you move your body.135
1033114553Plantar FlexionThe act of pointing your toes.136
1033114554PrancePointed legs in front attitude, changing from one foot to the other.137
1033114555Primary AccentAccent on the first beat.138
1033114556PronationInward rotation of the ankles.139
1033114557Quadriceps FermorisA large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh.140
1033114558SupinationOutward rotation of the ankles.141
1033114559Quality Of MovementThe excellence of movement that requires emotion and technique.142
1033114560QualityGeneral excellence of standard or level.143
1033114561RangeRelated to dimension, upper and lower movements.144
1033114562Rectus AbdominisThe middle section of your inner abs, the v of your torso.145
1033114563Rhythmic PatternMusical, the pulse of music to dance t0. The use of drums to keep the pulse of movement.146
1033114564RotationThe act of turning.147
1033114565Rump SprungOver extension or flexibility.148
1033114566SartoriusThe longest muscle in the human body, is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh and connects to the hip bone.149
1033114567ScauplaThe shoulder blade.150
1033114568Secondary AccentAccent on the second strongest beat.151
1033114569Sequential RelaxationRelax from the ground up, rag doll position.152
1033114570Shin SplintsImpact injury, inflammation of the shins and knees.153
1033114571SicklePointed toes taken too far, sometimes used in modern dance for emotion and contraction.154
1033114572Sits BonesBones in the bottom of your pelvis.155
1033114573Step PatternThe dance steps that make up a sequence or pattern.156
1033114574SternumBreast bone, a flat bone that lies in the middle front part of the rib cage.157
1033114575Straddle PositionSeated with your legs straight apart.158
1033114576StylizationAdding style, facial expression, or emotions to your dancing.159
1033114577StyleYour manner of dancing, ballet, modern, etc.160
1033114578Supporting LegStationary leg, by the bar.161
1033114579SuspendedMoment before collapse, to hold a position at an angle.162
1033114580SustainControlled or paused movement, to hold a dance movement.163
1033114581SymmetricalMade up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.164
1033114582TensionStretch tight, offering resistant, tense, muscle movement.165
1033114583Temps LevéA hop, in ballet terms.166
1033114584Time SignatureWhen music is divided into beats per measure.167
1033114586Thoracic SpineThe middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.168
1033114587Under CurveBottom half of a swing.169
1033114588Underlyining BeatThe underlying pulse of a dance or music.170
1033114589VertabraA single piece of the spine.171
1033114590VibratoryShaking or trembling a part of the body for dance purposes.172
1033114591Working LegThe leg that is moving opposite to the supporting leg.173
1033303791AxisAn imaginary line about which a body rotates.174
1033348798HamstringsA group of tendons contracted by three posterior thigh muscles.175
1033393374Floor PatternLocomotor movements that make a pathway on the floor.176
1033393375FocusHard and soft dancing, to concentrate on particular movements with the use of dynamics.177
1033393376Fourth Position OpenThe heels are aligned and spread apart.178
1033393377Half ToeA ballet jump, similar to a relevé.179
1033401872JumpTransfer of weight from 2 feet to 2 feet.180
1033407079PrimarySwing: Fluid, circular, pivot, momentum. Sustain: Pause, continuous time, enduring, flow. Percussive: Isolated, levels, bold, beat.181
1033407080SecondaryCollapse: Release, heavy, fall, crumple. Suspend: Hold, positional strength, lift, seize. Vibratory: Rhythm, tremble, pulse, anger.182
1033427192Loie FullerA pioneer of both modern dance and theatrical lighting techniques. The Serpentine Dance.183
1033427193Isaclora DuncanPhilosophy of dance moved away from rigid ballet technique and towards what she perceived as natural movement. To restore dance to a high art form instead of entertainment, she sought the connection between emotions and movement. (May 27, 1877 - September 14, 1927) was an American dancer.184
1033427194Ruth St. DenisWas a modern dance pioneer, introducing eastern ideas into the art. She was the co-founder of the American Denishawn School of Dance and the teacher of several notable performers.185
1033427195Ted ShawnOne of the first notable male pioneers of American modern dance, he is also responsible for the creation of the well known all-male company Ted Shawn and His Men Dancers.186
1033427196Doris HumphreyWas a dancer and choreographer of the early twentieth century, the second generation modern dance pioneers who followed their forerunners, in exploring the use of breath and developing techniques still taught today.187
1033427197Merce CunninghamAs an American dancer and choreographer who was at the forefront of the American avant-garde for more than 50 years. Throughout much of his life, Cunningham was considered one of the greatest creative forces in American dance.188
1033427198Alvin AileyWas an African-American choreographer and activist who founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York City. Ailey is credited with popularizing modern dance and revolutionizing African-American participation in 20th century concert dance.189
1033427199Twyla TharpSince graduating from Barnard College in 1963, Ms. Tharp has choreographed more than one hundred sixty works: one hundred twenty-nine dances, twelve television specials, six Hollywood movies, four full-length ballets, four Broadway shows and two figure skating routines. Her dances are known for creativity, wit and technical precision coupled with a streetwise nonchalance.190

(AP Biology) Chapter 6: A tour of the cell Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2987171436The 4 fundamental units of life are:All organisms are made of cells, The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive, all sales are related by their descent from earlier cells, and cells can differ substantially from one another but share common features0
2987171437Biologists use __________ and the tools of ___________ to study cellsmicroscopes; biochemistry1
2987171438_______ are usually too small to be seen by the naked eyeCells2
2987171439In a _______________, visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenseslight microscope3
2987176952_________ refract or bend the light, so that the image is magnifiedLenses4
2987180717The three important parameters of microscopy is:Magnification, resolution, contrast5
2987189601_____________ is the ratio of an object's image size compared to its real sizeMagnification6
2987193782____________ is the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable pointResolution7
2987196522__________ is the visible differences in brightness between parts of the sampleContrast8
2987205116_________________ can magnify effectively to about 1000 times the size of the actual specimenLight microscopes9
2987213591The ____________ of standard light microscopy is too low to study organellesresolution10
2987219317____________ are the membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cellsorganelles11
2987223096Two basic types of electron microscope's are used to study ____________ ___________subcellular structures12
2987228843__________ __________ ___________ focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of the specimen, providing images that look 3-DScanning electron microscopes13
2987233884_______________________ _____________ focus a beam of electrons through a specimenTransmission electron microscopes14
2987236557_______________________ are used mainly to study the internal structure of cellsTransmission electron microscopes15
2987244852_____________________ and __________________________ provide sharper images of three-dimensional tissues and cellsConfocal microscopy, deconvolution microscopy16
2987250642_____________________ is the fluorescent lighting and lasersConfocal microscopy17
2987258357_______________________ is fluorescent lighting and digital removal of out-of-focus lightDeconvolution microscopy18
2987282172_________________ takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one anotherCell refraction19
2987295637_____________________ cells into their component partsCentrifuges fractionate20
2987299259_______________________ enable scientists to determine the functions of organellesCell refractionation21
2987317024Homogenization22
2987324473Eukaryotic cells have __________________ that compartmentalize their functionsinternal membranes23
2987329578The only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of ___________________prokaryotic cells24
2987333633Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of ___________________Eukaryotic cells25
2987338944Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have what 4 features?Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes26
2987348698__________ is a semi fluid substanceCytosol27
2987351858Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells by having what 4 things?No nucleus, DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane28
2987377918Prokaryotic cell parts29
2987398540Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells by having what 3 thingsDNA in the nucleus that is bounded, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus30
2987402803_____________ cells are usually much larger than _____________ cellsEukaryotic, prokaryotic31
2987407411The ________________ is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wasteplasma membrane32
2987393828Plasma membrane structure and details33
2987458364The ____________ to ___________ ratio of a cell is criticalsurface area, volume34
2987469275As a cell increases in size, its __________ grows proportionately more than its ___________volume, surface area35
2987482209There are more cells which is better than less cells because of the amount of cell membranes between36
2987488107A ________________ has internal membranes that break the cell into organellesEukaryotic cell37
2987495070The basic fabric of biological membranes is a _________________________ and other __________.double layer of phospholipids, lipids38
2987502917Plant and animal cells have most of the same _____________Organelles39
2987504612Endoplasmic reticulum40
2987508510Plant cell41
2990949780The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the ___________ and carried out by the ___________nucleus, ribosomes42
2990951701The nucleus contains most of the __________ in a eukaryotic cellDNA43
2990954089___________ use information from the DNA to make proteinsRibosomes44
2990978129The _________ contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most obvious organelleNucleus45
2990982443The ______________ encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasmnuclear envelope46
2990987545In the nuclear membrane, each membrane consists of a ____________lipid bilayer47
2990992268Nuclear envelope48
2990996759_________ regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleusPores49
2990999565The nuclear size of the envelope is lined by the _______________nuclear lamina50
2991001111The nuclear lamina is composed of _________ and maintains the shape of the _________proteins, nucleus51
2991037546In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called _____________chromosomes52
2991042734The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called __________chromatin53
2991046935__________ condenses to form discrete ____________ as a cell prepares to divideChromatin, chromosomes54
2991051991The ___________ is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA a synthesisnucleolus55
2991053955Ribosomes carry out __________ synthesis in the cytosol and outside the ERProtein56
2991063512The ______________ system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cellendomembrane57
2991068571The Endomembrane system consist of the _______________, _____________________, ______________, ___________, __________, and _________________nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane58
2991080135The Endomembrane system components are either continuous or connected via transfer by _________vesicles59
2991083174The _____ accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cellsER60
2991085438The ER membrane is continuous with the _______________nuclear envelope61
2991087208The ________ ER lacks ribosomes and the ________ ER is studded with ribosomessmooth, rough62
2991092224Endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope model63
2991096780The _____________ functions to synthesize lipids, medibolize carbohydrates, detoxify drugs and poisons, store calcium ionsSmooth ER64
2991103397The __________ functions to secrete glycoproteins, distribute transport vesicles, to be a membrane factory for the cellrough ER65
2991104409_________________ are secretory proteins surrounded by membranesTransport vesicles66
2991107017_______________ are proteins covalently bonded to carbohydratesGlycoproteins67
2991114867The Golgi apparatus consist of flattened membranous sacs called ___________cisternae68
2991118844The _________________ functions to modify products of the ER, manufacture certain macromolecules, sort and package materials into transport vesiclesGolgi apparatus69
2991123441The Golgi apparatus70
2991176499A lysosome is a membranous sac of ___________ enzymes that can digest _______________hydrolytic, macromolecules71
2991181084Lysosomal enzymes work best in the ________ environment inside the lysosomeacidic72
2991185858Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by ___________ and then transferred to the ________________ for further processingrough ER, Golgi apparatus73
2991192518Some cell types can engulf another cell by a process called ______________Phagocytosis74
2991196125In order to digest the molecules, a __________ has to fuse with the food vacuolelysosome75
2991202849____________ is a process where lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromoleculesAutophagy76
2991204636Phagocytosis and autophagy model77
2991230364Vacuoles are large vesicles derived from the ________________ and __________________ER ,Golgi apparatus78
2991236765Food vacuoles are formed by ____________phagocytosis79
2991238010_________________, which are found in many freshwater protist, pump excess water out of cellsContractile vacuoles80
2991243854_________________, which are found in mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and waterCentral vacuoles81
2991248895_____________ and _____________ change energy from one form to anotherMitochondria, chloroplasts82
2991252677_______________ are the sites of cellular respirationMitochondria83
2991254255______________ are the sites of photosynthesisChloroplasts84
2991256221Peroxisomes are ___________ organellesoxidative85
2991322188____________ and __________ are similar to bacteria because they are enveloped by double membrane, contain free ribosomes and circular DNA, grow and reproduced somewhat independently in cellsMitochondria and chloroplasts86
2991332561The similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts, and bacteria has led to _______________________the endosymbiont theory87
2991339362The ___________________ suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cellendosymbiont theory88
2997503056Mitochondria are in nearly all _____________ cellseukaryotic89
2997512903Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into ________cristae90
2997521982The inner membrane in a mitochondrion create two compartments: _________________ and _________________Intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix91
2997535067Diagram of mitochondrion92
2997541023Chloroplasts contain the green pigment called ______________chlorophyll93
2997545040_____________ are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algaeChloroplasts94
2997555660Diagram of chloroplast95
2997562637The chloroplast structure includes ___________ and the _________thylakoids, stroma96
2997568031_____________ are membranous sacs in chloroplastsThylakoids97
2997573396The ________ is the internal fluid in a chloroplastStroma98
2997581434Granum are stacks of ____________ in a chloroplastThylakoids99
2997588199The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles called ________plastids100
2997594574______________ are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membranePeroxisomes101
2997599486Peroxisomes produce __________________ and convert it to waterhydrogen peroxide102
2997606052The _______________ is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasmcytoskeleton103
2997609390The cytoskeleton organizes the cell's ___________ and __________, anchoring many organellesstructures, activities104
2997621048______________, ________________, _____________________ make up the cytoskeletonMicrotubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments105
2997636030Microtubules, microfilaments modelIntermediate filaments not shown106
2997648359The cytoskeleton help to __________ the cell and maintain its _______support, shape107
2997659381Motor protein diagram108
2997669099The three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton in order from thickest to thinnest:Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments109
2997684312The main function of microtubules, also called ________ _________, maintain the cell _________________tubulin polymers, shape and motility110
2997698945The main function of microfilaments, also called _______ __________, is __________________actin filaments, muscle contraction111
2997714848The main function of intermediate filaments is to _______________________ ________________anchor the nucleus and other organelles112
2997726620______________ are hollow rods and function to separate chromosomes during cell divisionMicrotubules113
2997735924In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a _____________ near the nucleuscentrosome114
2997744721In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of ___________, each with _____ triplets of microtubules arranged in a ______centrioles, nine, ring115
2997751790Centrioles and centrosome116
2997759021Microtubules control the _________ of flagella and cilia, which differ in patternbeating117
2997771635______ and _________ are microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cellsCilia, flagella118
2997789320Cilia and flagella share 3 common structures:A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane, a basal body, and a motor protein called dynein119
2997811953Structure of cilium120
2997819274Cells crawl along a surface by extending _____________ and moving toward thempseudopodia121
2997825365__________ ____________ is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cellsCytoplasmic streaming122
2998086887In plant cells, ______-_______ interactions and _____-____ transformations drive cytoplasmic streamingactin-myosin, sol-gel123
2998107471__________________ are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classesIntermediate filaments124
2998120972The _________ is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cellscell wall125
2998115325Prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes have a __________Cell wall126
2998127054Plant cell walls are made of __________________ embedded in other polysaccharides and proteincellulose fibers127
2998134143The multiple layers in a plant cell wall are:Primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall128
2998148694The _________________ layer is relatively thin and flexibleprimary cell wall129
2998158345The ______________ is a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cellsmiddle lamella130
2998164750The __________________ is added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wallsecondary cell wall131
2998170538__________________ are channels between adjacent plant cellsPlasmodesmata132
2998194517Plasmodesmata, and plant cell wall diagram133
2998204642Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix which is made of certain _______________glycoproteins134
2998214838Collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin make up the ___________________Extracellular matrix (ECM)135
2998223516ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called __________integrins136
2998228467Extracellular matrix137
2998237206ECM can regulate a cell's behavior by communicating with the cell through __________integrins138
2998269915_______________ are membranes of neighboring cells that are pressed together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid in animal cellsTight junctions139
2998278854______________, also called anchoring junctions, fasten cells together into strong sheetsDesmosomes140
2998287782______________, also called communicating junctions, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cellsGap junctions141
2998343894Cell junctions142

Chapter 2- The Cultural Landscape Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
973031311DemographyThe scientific study of population characteristics.0
973031312What are the three reasons that population study is important?-More people are alive at this time (7 billion) -The worlds population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th Century -Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in LDCs.1
973031313Overpopulation problem includes...total number of people an earth relationship between people and resources2
973031314Overpopulation occurs when...an areas population exceeds the capacity of the environment.3
973031315The worlds inhabitants are clustered in which 4 regions?East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe4
973031316What is a Population Cartogram?the countries are displayed be the size of population rather than land area5
973031317What is a population distribution map?People are not distributed uniformly across earths surface.6
973031318What fraction of the earths population lives in East Asia?nearly 1/4th7
973031319What fraction of the earths population lives in South Asia?nearly 1/48
973031320What how many people live in Southeast Asia?600 million9
973031321What fraction of the earths population lives in Europe?1/910
973031322The Largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere is..northeastern US and Southeastern Canada11
973031323What percent of the earths population lives in northeastern US and Southeastern Canada?2%12
973031324What other population clusters are there?-Northeastern US and Southeastern Canada (2%) -West Africa (2%)13
973031325Ecumenethe portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement14
973031326Dry LandsAreas too dry for farming (deserts) Cover approximately 20% of earths surface15
973031327Wet LandsHigh Levels of participation. May be inhospitable for human occupation. Located primarily near the equator between 20˚ north and south latitude.16
973031328Cold LandsCovered with Ice or permafrost. Unsuitable for plants and crops, few animals and people.17
973031329High Landshigh elevations. relatively few people.18
973031330Arithmetic Densitytotal # of people divided by total land area.19
973031331Arithmetic Density is used to...compare conditions in different countries.20
973031332Arable LandLand suitable for growing crops21
973031333Physological DensityThe number of people supported by a unit area of arable land22
973031334Arithmetic Density is used to...provide insights into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in that region.23
973031335Agricultural DensityThe ration of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.24
973031336CBRcrude Birth rate-25
973031337CDRCrude death rate-26
973031338NIRnatural increase rate-27
973031339doubling timethe number of years needed to double a population.28
973031340TFRtotal fertility rate29
973031341TFR is used to...Measure the number of births in a society.30
973031342TFR isthe average number a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.31
973031343IMRinfant mortality rate32
973031344IMR is....The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births.33
973031345Life Expectancymeasures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality rates.34
973031346Demographic Transitiona similar process of change in a society's population35
973031347A burst in population growth around 8000 bc was caused by what?Agricultural Revolution36
973031348Countries entered stage 2 after 1750 because of what?Industrial revolution37
973031349the push of countries into stage 2 was caused by what?The medical revolution38
973031350Zero Population GrowthWhen the NIR approaches zero39
973031351NPGZero Population Growth40
973031352Population PyramidA country's population displayed by age and gender in a bar graph.41
973031353Dependency ratiothe number of people too old or too young to work compared to the number of people in their productive years42
973031354Sex RatioThe number of males per 100 females in a population43
973031355Thomas Malthusone of the first people to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far out running the development of food supplies.44
973031356Neo Malthusiansargue that two characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus's thesis more frightening than when it was first written more than 200 years ago45
973031357First reason brought up by the Neo- Malthusians:The theory hadn't predicted the highest population growth would be in LDC46
973031358Second reason brought up by the Neo- Malthusians:world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources not just food production47
973031359Epidemiologic transitionfocus on distinctive causes fo death ing each stage of the DTM.48
973031360Epidemiologythe branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution and control of diseases49

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