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Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order Flashcards

Chapter 24

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786377124How did industrialization change what the Europeans sought after overseas?No longer did the Europeans want spices or manufactured goods, but raw materials such as metals, oils, dyes, cotton, and hemp.0
599312524How did changes in global power relationships result from industrialization?European countries were finally able to counterbalance the import versus export ratio.1
199619597How did cultural and political connections change in the age of industrialization?European leaders no longer took initiatives to promote Christianity overseas. The fears fueling expansion no longer came from other civilizations but from internal rivalries.2
763475475How did the age of industrialization affect the effectiveness by which Europeans could build true empires overseas?Industrial technologies and techniques of organization and discipline gave them the ability to infiltrate foreign land.3
1049791989What was weird about how overseas empires were set up?the East India companies which were granted monopolies of trade didn't want to get involved with political stuff and wars because it was very expensive. However, on the spot, the men in charge became steadily involved. Their company directors and prime ministers had little control over them before the invention of the telegraph, so letters took long to get there; by then they could've already conquered kingdoms.4
674757620How did the Dutch gain control of Java and how did their policies change?the Dutch initially just struggled to survive. They were vassals to the sultans of Mataram who they paid tribute to. Later they started getting involved in the wars against Mataram, and the sultans had to pay them for their great military power. Each time, the Dutch got more and more land.5
192043544How was British expansion in India similar to Dutch expansion in Java?They started out as just peaceful working with rulers, but then the rulers saw them as allies they could control to crush competitors and the like.6
16271800How was the British expansion in India unlike the Dutch expansion in Java?The conquer of much of India was a result of victories against the French there as a result of five global wars between the two.7
12642630How did Bengal affect the establishment of British empire in India?The battle of Plassey was key. In this Robert Clive battled Siraj ud-daulu, the nawah (ruler) of Bengal. The victory gave the British the fertile and populous kingdom.8
825918495How was the battle of Plassey won?The reason a host of only 3000 could beat an army of more than 50,000 was because Clive's Indian spies told him of divisions. He allied with Hindu bank rulers eager to get back at the Muslim prince, and used this money to buy off most of the Indian allies. When the battle happened, these allies deserted the Indian ruler.9
739107032SepoysTroops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India.10
807390814British RajThe rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India.11
278386723How did Britain consolidate their rule in India?The Mughal empire began to break down, Britain slowly gained more control through wars with regional princes. Britain would intervene in wars between the weakened Indian states to get more land. Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were three coastal places that became the administrative centers of the three presidencies which made up the bulk of the territory. The British would leave some princely states be and just control their kingdoms through agents at the court.12
866941475How did the lack of unity help the British consolidate their empire?there was no national unity. Princes continued to fight each other. Many Indians wanted to serve with the British for better weapons, pay, and treatment. There was a five to one ration of Indians serving the British to actual British soldiers.13
190734517How did India contribute to Britain's empire?It was the pivot of the great empire. it wasn't as much land as Canada and Australia, but it was the source of their largest and most powerful land force, one that started to be used as a police force for their entire British Indian empire. Also, India became the major outlet for overseas investments and manufactured goods. It also was a major source of raw materials.14
775195662How did the English and Dutch change the social hierarchy at first?They didn't at first really, they just established themselves at the top of the social hierarchy. They left the aristocracy in places, and even the ruling families to handle day to day administration. They were often paired with an agent of imperial power.15
1031053995How did the British and English adapt in these areas?They had to survive the hot tropical climates. The Dutch initially wanted to build a miniature Holland there, but quickly deserted the rivers and the high buildings for gardens and open areas for the breeze. The new houses had long roofs and porches to block out the sun. The canals the Dutch tried to set up didn't work because the rivers were a breeding ground for insects carrying malaria, dysentery, and typhoid.16
215837981How did culture permeate to the Europeans in the British and Dutch colonies?Some Englishmen wouldn't give up their wool clothes, but most adapted to the dress, eating, and work habits of the people. They smoked hookahs, and delighted in the dancing girls of India. They would work hard in the cool morning, then go home and nap and go back to work. Because most of the men going there were... men... miscegenation resulted, and even though there was some discrimination, this showed fluidity not present later.17
867792508At first, what was the attitude toward social reform in the colonies?No desire to push for changes. Christian missionaries not allowed on the islands so as to prevent offending the religious leaders. The caste system was reinforced.18
356786199NabobsAspiring British business men in India; Known for bad manners and mistreatment of natives; Caused 1770 Bengal Famine: 1/3 of the population of Bengal died from starvation, caused parliament to look into reforms, caused famine --> parliament restructured the company hierarchy and made it more connected with the government19
444484418Lord Charles CornwallisReformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790's; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption20
1033055663Why was there a push for change in India?The Evangelical revival led to reform. Utilitarians were convinced that Indian society was less valuable than the British, and so they thought the Indians should be educated.21
352434301UtilitarianAn ethical system stating that the greatest good for the greatest number should be the overriding concern of decision makers22
402726978What was a central practice that wanted to be abolished?sati. With the help of Western -educated Indian leaders, like Ram Mohun Roy, it was outlawed.23
134774162What kind of Western ideas and technologies were transplanted to India?English education, social reforms, railways, and the telegraph. Indians were encouraged in school to model their behavior on Europeans, like exercise, reading, and scientific learning. India was drawn into the global network, crop lands were registered, and forests were set aside for scientific reasons.24
452193477What were two reasons for acquiring colonies?Political - a huge empire meant a big status, and economic - there would be an insurance against raw material shortages.25
741259488Who dominated first?Britain, but Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States soon competed.26
770308476What happened economically in the 19th century?there was a series of dpressions. Colonies served as destinations for unemployed workers.27
372655043How did Europe annex its overseas colonies?the use of the telegraph and railroads made it easier to organize, and communicate. Mass journalism and the right to vote gave people a say. Empires become a source of pride as well as property.28
673587116How was there unequal combat?better mineral sources, chemists to make bombs, light mobile artillery, rifles, machine guns, intense naval power, railroads, all made it easy for them to go wherever they wanted, especially Africa and the Pacific Islands. Those defending had to use guerilla warfare, sabotage, and magic potions for divine resistance.29
740758097What was Isandhluana?a battle between the Zulu and British where 3000 Zulu died compared to 800 British.30
28338374What were tropical dependencies?European colonies where a small portion of Westerners ruled over a large native population.31
1002365323What were settlement colonies?Areas conquered by and settled by Europeans in a large amount.32
593059945What were some varations of settler colonies?White Dominions - mostly white, mostly places like Canada, Australia, and some parts of Latin America, like Argentina and Chile. In these places the small numbers of natives were killed off leaving the white. Mix of tropical dependencies and White Dominions - places where the Europeans went and the indigenous people survived. Whites could live there because of little disease and mild climate, like Kenya, Algeria, New Zealand, and Hawaii. Much strife resulted between the two in these societies.33
426266495How did the Europeans rule their colonies?They would sit in the cities and use the natives to do the work. They would organize the people into tribes, or pit different religious groups against one another in order to strengthen existing ethnic differences. Higher education was not promoted, and language education was left to missionaries. College graduation was low, and this is what they wanted because college graduates would want jobs the colonies did not have to offer. Favored groups like Christians were often promoted into the civil service compared to other groups.34
1052884963How did relations between the colonizer and the colonized change?As more and more Europeans came they stuck to themselves. New medicines allowed people to bring their wives over which sealed the gap. Fraternizing with natives was seen as a very bad thing. This is mostly due to women, but men there also made laws and housing arrangement to keep interaction to a minimum. Something also impacting this was white supremacy which started coming about in the decades before WWI. This was an idea that whites were superior intellectually and culturally, so there wasn't really a point in collaborating with the natives. They had their own social life and didn't allow natives in.35
996346260How did Europeans try to improve export profits from their colonies?Taught them in scientific farming techniques and compelled them to work harder and more efficiently. This benefited some of the colonized people with things such as cheaper consumerxxxx goods could be purchased with cash earned by producing crops. However, some worked with little pay, they had head and hut taxes, and they had to have a quota, which if not met, could mean the capturing of children or public flogging or murder.36
345214752How were colonial economies shifted for the European market?It started being centralized on the Europeans. Roads and railways were built to transfer their goods. Mining sectors were opened.37
481765727Where did the profits and resources go?Profits mostly went to merchants or industrialists, while the resources went to Europe to be made into manufactured goods. These finished products would go to European customers. Africans and Asians got little of what they produced and were paid poorly; this was the system of European dominance that complemented the cultural and societal dominance.38
600221931Generally, what was life like in the colonies in South Africa and the Pacific?competition and conflict between Europeans and natives, due to the large numbers of both there.39
226684305Why was the Dutch Cape Town formed?as a way station for food and water on the way to India40
297505303What happened after the Great Trek?the Boers found better climate to grow crops with little population and less disease. They enslaved the indigenous khoikhoi, and miscegenation led to the making of a "colored" population distinct from the Black.41
829060453How did the British acquire the Cape?Holland was captured by France in its revolution, and this made Dutch colonies a target for the British.42
376774033How were the British different from the Boers?the Boers spoke a different language, and the British society was changed by the scientific revolution and the industrial revolution. The British also had an intense desire to abolish slavery.43
321875735What conflict arose because of the Great Trek?Boers came into contact with powerful African states like the Zulu. Boers constantly clashed with the Bantu and eventually established an outpost in Natal. Although the British were never allied with the Boers, they helped defend against the Zulu and other Africans.44
176203646How did Britain and the Boers divide?Boer republics (one called the Orange Free and the other Transvaal) arose where British were not allowed. This faltered however when diamonds were discovered and people like Cecil Rhodes went causing a war. The Boers won this, but British started going back in when gold was discovered in Transvaal.45
140349935What was the dispute about the Africans between the Boers and the British?The British generally didn't do much about African treatment in the Boer Republics, but British miners that went to them didn't like how they were treated and voiced their concerns, thus starting the Boer War.46
464980409Boer War1890 - Cecil Rhodes PM of Cape Colony; launched an expansion of the colony and annexed the Boer colonies to the north - Boers resisted and the costly war lasted from 1899 - 1902 ended w/ bitter distrust and hatred between the two groups as well as the creation of the Union of South Africa47
765847933How were Pacific colonies influenced by the Europeans?they could be easily influenced culturally by the more advanced Europeans. They were influence by diseases and had to adapt to survive. Hawaii and New Zealand had the largest populations and organization of any of the other places.48
429945280What two periods of destruction did the Maori go through?The first was when timber merchants and whalers established towns on their coast, introducing alcoholism, prostitution, and disease. They survived this though and started interacting with the Europeans by farming, and trading. The second time was when the British arrived and decided to conquer and colonize. The Maori fought but were no match for the larger British army. They eventually learned to use the British law system and received Western schooling to survive.49
135074916When was Hawaii annexed as a colony?initially 1843 by British, but in reality 1898 by the US.50
454064771Captain James Cook1728-1779 British explorer and astronomer who led expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, Arctic, and around the world, credited with discovering Hawaii. Landed there in peace time, but later was killed because natives wanted nails.51
128005865KamehamehaHawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations52
706286273How were women affected by the Europeans in Hawaii?They were not subordinated to women because of two great queens. They didn't have to cover their breasts although this changed.53
848808067What happened as population declined?the Europeans started using Asian imported workers.54
177376291How did Hawaii become under imperialism?farmers who had been gaining status thought United States control was needed, because Hawaiian monarchs were declining to disease and alcoholism.55
221862085Was their racism in Hawaii?Mostly not; definitely not to the degree elsewhere. There was great respect for Hawaiian culture.56
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Ch. 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism (1812-1824) Flashcards

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967362302War of 1812A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.0
967362303Battle of New Orleans..., Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.1
967362304Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.2
967362305Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France. establish old order. French monarchy reestablished.3
967362306Hartford ConventionAn event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.4
967362307Rush-Bagot Agreement..., (1817) an agreement that limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada5
967362308Tariff of 1816..., This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.6
967362309American System..., Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.7
967362310Era of Good Feelings..., A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.8
967362311Panic of 1819..., Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.9
967362312Land Act of 1820..., It fueled the settlement of the northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land to $1.25 an acre for 80 acres. It also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.10
967362314Missouri Compromise..., Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)11
967362315McCulloch v. Maryland..., 1819, Marshall as Chief Justice, settled issue of whether Congress has power to create a bank even though it is not specifically called for in the constitution. Marshall ruled that the federal government has implied powers, including the power to create national bank. It also said that a state could not tax a federal institution.12
967362316Loose Construction..., A way of interpreting the Constitution which holds that the words in the Constitution can be stretched or expanded upon. This method of interpreting the Constitution would usually lead to an *expansion* of both federal government power and individual rights.13
967362317Cohens v. Virginia..., 1821. The Cohens were found guilty in Virginia of illegally selling lottery tickets and appealed to the highest tribunal. Their conviction was upheld, but all the individual states lost with this ruling, because Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of state courts.14
967362318Gibbons v. Ogden(1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.15
967362319Fletcher v. Peck..., (John Marshall, 6-0, 1810) In 1795 the Georgia legislature corruptly sold land along the Yazoo River (now in Mississippi) to private citizens in exchange for bribes. The legislators were mostly defeated in the next elections and the incoming politicians voided the sales. In the meantime, John Peck sold some of the land in question to Robert Fletcher, who then sued him, claiming that he did not have clear title. The Supreme Court held that the state legislature did not have the power to repeal the sale. This was one of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court struck down a state law.16
967362320Dartmouth College v. Woodward..., (1819) U.S. Supreme Court upheld the original charter of the college against New Hampshire's attempt to alter the board of trustees; set precedent of support of contracts against state interference.17
967362321Anglo-American Convention..., Pact with Britain, also know as the Treaty of 1818; permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, fixed the northern limits of Louisiana along the 49th parallel, and provided for a joint occupation of the Oregon territory.18
967362322Adams-Onis Treaty..., 1819 Spanish sold Florida to US, assume $5 million in debt to American Merchants19
967362323Monroe Doctrine..., (1823) President James Monroe's statement forbidding further expansion and colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility20
967362324Russo-American Treaty..., Treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.21
967362325Tallmadge Amendment..., In 1819, Representative Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union, which the House passed but the Senate blocked. The amendment would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted. In 1821, Congress reached a compromise for Missouri's admission known as the Missouri Compromise.22
967362326Isaac Brock..., British general known for his brilliant defensive tactics, captured Detroit in the War of 1812. Killed by American sharpshooters at the Battle of Queenston Heights.23
967362327Oliver Hazard Perry..., 28 year old American Captain who led the US to victory in the Battle of Lake Erie where he is famously quoted as saying24
967362328Francis Scott Key..., United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.25
967362329James Monroe1816 and 1820; Democratic-Republican; his time in office is described as "The Era of Good Feelings," notable events include the Missouri Compromise, the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and several internal improvements such as The Cumberland Road26
967362330George Canning..., British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.27
967362331James Madison"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States28
967362332Battle of Lake Erie..., Battle where a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured Lake Erie29
967362333Battle of Horseshoe Bend..., A battle fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.30
967362334Battle of Plattsburgh..., Battle in which Thomas Macdonough challenged and defeated the British near Plattsburgh; close to defeat, Macdonough reversed his ship, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and won; forced British to retreat, saved NY from conquest and the Union from dissolution31
967362335Bank of the United States..., a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.32
967362336Henry Clay..., Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed howeve33
967362337Andrew Jackson..., ..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.34
967362338Erie Canal..., ..., A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.35
967362339Nationalism..., A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country36
967362340William Henry Harrison..., (1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.37
967362341Daniel Webster..., 1782-1852 Senator from Massachusetts and opponent of slavery who supported the Compromise of 185038
967362342John Marshall..., 1st Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court; he helped establish the ideas of judicial review that made the Supreme Court far more powerful, his famous court cases include... Marbury vs. Madison, McCullough vs. Maryland, and Gibbons vs. Ogden39
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Chapter 24- Industrialization and Imperialism: The making of the European Global Order Flashcards

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737886490What were some aspects of European expansion in the pre-industrial era?Seizure of land for plantations, purchased luxury products such as silk and spices, fears of Muslim kingdoms in Middle East and North Africa, searching for precious metals (bullion)0
737886491What were some aspects of imperialism in the period following European industrialization?search for markets for European manufactured foods, presence of Christian missionaries, establishment of European colonies in the interior of Africa and Asia, search for raw materials, need to find profitable investments for excess capital1
737886492When did the shift occur from pre industrial to industrial imperialism?the middle of the 19th century (mid 1800s)2
737886493Describe the management of colonial enterprises by the Dutch and Britishe East India companies?The directors of the companies were little interested in the acquisition of colonial territories3
737886494How were 18th century land-empires in Asia accumulated?initiative of overseas agents of the Dutch East India Company4
737886495What was one of the earliest examples of a European empire built as a result of independent initiative of company agents?Java5
737886496Which of the following statements concerning the incursion of the Dutch East India Company into Java is most accurateThe Dutch were content in the 1620s to be the vassals of the Sultan of Mataram6
737886497What tactic led to Dutch control of the entire island of Java?Dutch used mercenary forces from Java to intervene with succession disputes for land grants7
737886498Similarities- British India Companies' intrusion into India to Dutch entry of Java?The Dutch and British were content to leave the social systems of Java and India pretty much as they found them8
737886499How was the British experience different than that of the Dutch?The existence of a global imperial rivalry with the french.9
737886500Plassey.The critical battle in which the British defeated a combined force of Indians and French10
737886501Who was the British commander during the military victories over the French in India during the 18th century?Robert Clive11
737886502What area did the British East India Company gain direct control over?Bengal12
737886503What happened to the Mughal empire?Collapse, turned into territories controlled by the British East India Company expansions.13
737886504Which three cities became the administrative centers of the three British controlled presidencies in India?Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta14
737886505In what year did the british east india company with the battle of plassey?175715
737886506Handicaps faced by the Indian princes in defending their kingdoms?fear and fight with each other despite growing power of British raj, ordinary Indians were more eager to serve in British regiments (better weapons, brighter uniforms, higher and more regular pay), lack of sense of national identity NOT: The success of teh British in winning many convers to Christianity16
737886507Why did India become the pivot of the British Empire?India had a greater share of colonized people; Britain's largest and most powerful land forces were recruited India peoples; Indian peoples were becoming the police of the entire empire; Indian soldiers were sent to punish the Chinese and Afghans and became the police of the empire; ports were essential to sear power east of the Cape of Good Hope; British interest in global trade17
737886508Describe colonial society in India and Java prior to 1850?The Dutch and British were content to leave the social systems of Java and India pretty much as they found them.18
737886510Describe interaction between indigenous peoples and Europeans prior to 1850?mixed marriages between European males and indigenous females became widely accepted, particularly in Java19
737886511Nabobs?Representatives of the British East India Company that sought sudden wealth through corruption.20
737886512Who was responsible for the sweeping reforms in India in the 1790s?Lord Charles Cornwallis21
737886513What English religious movement was critical to the social reform movement in the British Empire by the beginning of the 19th century?The Evangelical22
737886514Jeremy Bentham and James Mill?leaders of the Utilitarian philosophical movement that supported social reform in the British colonies23
737886515What country granted citizenship to educated inhabitants of their colonies?France.24
737886516During what decade did European countries reduce areas to colonial possessions?1870s.25
737886517What European nation dominated trade and empire building in the beginning of the 19thC?Britain26
737886518What countries entered the the competitive race for a colonial empire after 1870?France, Belgium, Germany and U.S. NOT: Spain27
737886519Motives for late expansion in late 19th C?Pressure of public opinion (status as great power), ensure supply of raw materials, didn't want to loser overseas markets to Western rivals, use of colonies as pressure valves to release the pressures of unemployed workers and surplus goods28
737886520effects of jingoistic press and extension of the vote to lower classes?Made public opinion a major factor in foreign policy29
737886521By 1914, what country had not fallen to European colonialists?Ethiopia, Liberia, Siam( kind of China, Persia, Middle East, but there was European influence in those areas, though none occupied by Europeans)30
737886522At what battle (1879) did Zulus defeat British military forces?Battle of Rorke's Drift, or battle Isandlwana31
737886523Define "tropical dependencies" and White dominion.Tropical dependencies: Small groups of Europeans rule over the large groups of non-Europeans. White dominions: Colonies with the majority European settlers32
737886524Contested settler colonies where large European and indigenous populations coexisted?Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and South Africa33
737886525Compare educational systems in Africa to Java and India.ava and India schools were state supported, and African schools were established by Protestant and Catholic missionaries.34
737886526Factors in the tensions between colonizers and African or Asian middle classes?Europeans kept to themselves on social occasions; when wives and families were brought to the colonies, social circles became increasingly closed to Natives; European women disapproved of liaisons between European men and Asian and African women; brothels were off limits to upper-class officials and officers; Mixed-marriages begin to be more disapproved35
737886527Incentives to greater production used by colonizers?offering cheap consumer goods to colonized people for producing marketable crops on working on European plantations; head and hut taxes were imposed that could only be paid in ivory, palm nuts, or wages earned working on European plantations36
737886528Which economic sectors increased as a result of European economic exploitation?Mining, manufacturing, transportation, textile. NOT: Food crops37
737886529Similarities between South Africa and Australia?Settlers found a temperate climate in both colonies in which they could grow crops and raise livestock familiar to Europeans. Settlers encountered a disease environment in both colonies in which they could survive. After slow starts, both Australian and Boer colonists began to move into the interior of their respective colonies.Both were parts of the extensive British Empire. NOT: Both were settled at approximately the same time.38
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Research Methods chapter 7 Flashcards

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1535148626face to face surveysThe interviewer and respondent are in the sample place at the same time directly communicating together0
1535148627face to face advantages1.High response rates because most people are willing to cooperate once there is contact between the researcher and the respondent 2.establish rapport between the researcher and respondent 3.Able to clarify any misunderstanding or confusion as well as to probe (or request an explanation) further 4. Use of visual aids and able to deal with reading-related problems 5.potential coverage is high because practically everyone can be reached1
1535148628face to face disadantages1.extremely time consuming and costly 2.interviewer effect or bias 3.interviewer error 4.The respondents felt anonymity is low, unless respondents record their own responses -Less response to sensitive/embarrassing questions2
1535148629telephone surveysOral communication between researcher and respondent via telephone3
1535148630telephone surveys advantages1.less expensive -eliminates the need for a field staff to go house to house 2.quick 3.respondents have higher sense of felt anonymity as compared to face to face 4.medium to high potential coverage area 5.ability to clarify, probe, and overcome reading related problems since questions are read to respondent4
1535148631telephone surveys disadvantages1.possible high refusal rate (nonresponse issue) 2.cell phone related issues 3.cannot use visual aids5
1535148632how to eliminate disadvantagesCreate a good "Introductory Spiel" 1. Caller identifies herself 2. Caller indentifies organizational affiliation 3. Sponsor of survey - if it won't bias responses 4. Purpose of survey, vaguely described 5. Statement encouraging respondents cooperation 6. Statement assuring anonymity/confidentiality6
1535148633TACSItelephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing -talking to a human being is a problem for sensitive questions -TACSI deals with the issue of sensitive/embarrassing questions (respondent uses touchpad on the phone to respond)7
1546693389counting crimeasking people about victimization counters problems of data collected by police8
1546693390self-reportsdominant method for studying the etiology of crime -frequency/type of crimes committed -prevalence (how many ppl commit crimes) committed by a broader population9
1546693391perceptions and attitudesto learn how ppl feel abt crime and CJ policy10
1546693392targeted victim surveysused to evaluate policy innovations and program success in specific cities or neighbors11
1546693393survey researchthe most frequently used data gathering method in criminological research12
15466933942 reasons that make survey research in criminology challenging-"sensitive" questions -"rare element" problem13
1546693395"sensitive" questionsEx: asking individuals to confess to crime, victimization experiences (rapes, sexual assaults)14
1546693396"rare element" problemKinds of people who are unusual or rare is a sampling problem because you need to have sampling procedures that get at the rare elements15
1546693398types of questions to avoid-bias or leading questions -double-barreled questions -vague questions -questions requiring knowledge the respondent is not likely to have -questions presented in an objectionable manner16
1546693399open-ended (unstructured questions) advantages-greater detail in answer -Better when the researcher doesn't know appropriate response categories 3. Don't bias Rs into erroneously selecting researcher's choice -Because you haven't provided any hint of the researcher thinks17
1546693400open-ended (unstructured questions) disadvantagehard to code, and irrelevant answers18
1546693401close-ended (structured questions) advantagesEasy to code, and easier for respondents 2. Provide all Rs with more complete set of appropriate responses -Some of which the respondent may not have thought of 3. Helps clarify intended meaning of question19
1546693402close-ended (structured questions) disadvantagelack of detail20
15466934032 parts to every question-stem -response21
1546693404stemwhere we ask the question22
1546693405responseeither fixed (close-ended) or open-ended23
15466934063 close-ended response rules1. Must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive 2. Best to include a response such as "don't know" "no opinion" "not sure" or something similar 3. Explicitly mention all possible positions on opinion or attitude questions24
1546693407question orderbegin with interesting question, avoid boring demographic question25
1546693408sequence of items in questionaire1.introduction (spiel) 2.interesting opinion item on current topic 3.nonthreatening questions 4.threatening questions (sensitive) 5.background questions26
1546693409introduction (spiel)Purpose of survey, sponsor, voluntary, confidential, etc.27
1546693410mail surveygenerally less expensive and best for getting the largest samples -sampling frame- approx, 95% of population -average response around 48.4% -great for all kinds of purposes and topics, including sensitive28
1546693411advantages of mail surveys1. They afford wide geographical and perhaps more representative samples at a reasonable cost, time, and effort 2. Surveys require no field staff 3.??? 4.More time to think out answers (very useful if one needs to look up information, like previous year's income)29
1546693412disadvantages of mail surveys1. Low response rates (nonresponse) -20% response in first-wave surveys 2. Harder to establish rapport 3. Slow 4. Respondents can misinterpret questions 5. Higher costs due to multiple follow-ups30
15466934132 types of nonresponse1. Those who have yet to respond 2. Those who refuse to cooperate ---In the latter case, you do not want to pressure them to participate—instead create a "replacement pool"31
1546693414Techniques to increase response rate1. Respondent friendly questionnaire ---Easy to answer, interesting, visually appealing 2. Follow-ups ---Reminder postcards, replacement questionnaires 3. Rewards or incentives to participate 4. Sponsorship and endorsements: used to enhance legitimacy of the survey 5. Personalization: includes handwritten notes, use real names, signature in real ink, etc. 6. Good timing: send the survey during time periods where other surveys are not being sent (or during holiday seasons). ---Consistent to have 50-60% + response rates if you follow these procedures!!!32
1546693415self-report surveysone of the most important innovations in crime research in the 20th century -Purpose is to ask respondents to admit to various behaviors (e.g., crime) Original intent was to overcome limitations of UCR33
1546693416self-report survey advantages1. Greater response of sensitive questions Can ensure confidentiality and/or anonymity 2. Validity: researchers can check validity in a number of ways: ---Use of other data: compare self-reports to arrests or school disciplinary data, for instance ---Use of other observers: e.g., teachers, parents, friends ---Known group validation: compare group outcomes to alternative sources (e.g., UCR)34
1546693417self-report survey disadvantages1. Reported behavior might not equal actual behavior (e.g., lying, forgetfulness) 2. Poor or inconsistent instruments 3. Usually does not ask about serious criminal behavior (rare element problem) 4. Poor samples (minorities are often underrepresented)35
1546693418internet surveysA new means of collecting survey data ---Email surveys ---Web-based surveys36
1546693419internet survey advantages-High access (at least to specialized populations) -Fast and cheap -Easy publication of results37
1546693420internet survey disadvantages-Poor coverage of population (70-75%) ---Access limited to those with web access or email accounts -Response rates tend to be low (email is easy to delete), and could be mistaken as junk mail -Lack of anonymity ---Don't want it to be anonymous because you want to differentiate it from spam -Serious bias in samples (lack of women, elderly, minorities)38
1546693421pretestingIs an evaluation of the survey instrument (questionaire) and other survey procedures ---Typically focused on fixing questions included in the questionnaire, but also discovering other potential problems39
1546693422stages in pretesting1. Read (out loud) questionnaire-may discover problems (revise questionnaire) 2. Do a practice interview with a friend/colleague- get the viewpoint from somebody else (revise questionnaire) 3. Ask professional colleagues for a critique- professional outside viewpoint (revise questionnaire) 4.pilot survey -Administering to a small sample, procedures similar to real survey -Interviewers and/or respondents are debriefed as to problems they perceive ---For example, respondents may not understand the question clearly40
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Business Research Methods Chapter 7 Flashcards

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3308533043Qualitative Research0
3155669971Quantitative Research1
3155686217Semistructured Interview2
3155686218Interview or Discussion Guide3
3155692456Recruitment Screener4
3155700746Individual Depth Interview (IDI)5
3155703713Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI)Is a personal, face-to-face interview (IDI) with computer-sequenced questions, employing visualization techniques; real-time data entry possible6
3155709886Group Interview7
3155709887Heterogeneous8
3155709888Homogeneous9
3155711436Experts10
3155711437Nonexperts11
3155716621Telephone Focus Groups12
3155725990Online Focus Groupsa13
3155725991Videoconferencinga14
3155727600Content AnalysisA flexible, widely applicable tool for measuring the semantic content of a communication-including counts, categorizations, associations, interpretations, etc. Contains four types of items: syntactical, referential, propositional, and thematic; initial process is done by computer.15
3155727601Case Study16
3155728939Triangulationa17
3308541126Pretasking18
3308548164Nonprobability Sample19
3308550816Interview20
3308553286Unstructured Interview21
3308553287Structured Interview22
3308563226Projective Techniques23
3308563227Word or Picture Association24
3308565844Sentence Completion25
3308567529Cartoons or Empty Balloons26
3308571168Thematic Apperception Test27
3308572761Component Sorts28
3308572762Sensory Sorts29
3308581439Laddering or Benefit Chain30
3308581440Imagination Excersises31
3308583484Imaginary Universe32
3308585029Visitor From Another Planet33
3308585030Personification34
3308585031Authority Figure35
3308588436Ambiguities and Paradoxes36
3308588437Semantic Mapping37
3308589840Brand MappingA projective technique (type of semantic mapping) where participants are presented with different brands and asked to talk about their perceptions, usually in relation to several criteria. They may also be asked to spatially place each brand on one or more semantic maps.38
3308592720Metaphor Elicitation Technique39
3308594158Focus Group40
3308607620Action Research41
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Business Research Methods: Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1659896505outside agencyAn independent research firm contracted by the company that actually will benefit from the research.0
1659896506in-house researchresearch performed by employees of the company that will benefit from the research1
1659896507research analystresponsible for client contact, project design, preparation of proposals, selection of research suppliers, and supervision of data collection, analysis, and reporting activities (organizational activities)2
1659896508research assistantsResearch employees who provide technical assistance with questionnaire design, data analyses, and similar activities.3
1659896509manager of decision support systemsEmployee who supervises the collection and analysis of sales, inventory, and other periodic customer relationship management (CRM) data.4
1659896510forecast analystEmployee who provides technical assistance such as running computer programs and manipulating data to generate a sales forecast.5
1659896511research generalistAn employee who serves as a link between management and the research specialists. The research generalist acts as a problem definer, an educator, liaison, a communicator, and a friendly ear.6
1659896512cross-functional teamsEmployee teams composed of individuals from various functional areas such as engineering, production. finance and marketing who share a common purpose.7
1659896513research supplierscommercial providers of marketing research services.8
1659896514sydicated servicea research supplier that provides standardized information for many clients in return for a fee.9
1659896515standardized research servicecompanies that develop a unique methodology for investigating a business specialty area.10
1659927457custom researchresearch projects that are tailored specifically to a clients unique needs.11
1659927458business ethicsthe application of morals to behavior related to the exchange environment.12
1659927459moral standardsprinciples that reflect beliefs about what is ethical and what is unethical.13
1659927460ethical dilemmarefers to a situation in which one chooses from alternative courses of actions, each with different ethical implications.14
1659927461relativisma term that reflects the degree to which one rejects moral standards in favor of the acceptability of some action. This way of thinking rejects absolute principles in favor of situation based evaluations,15
1659927462idealisma term that reflects the degree to which one bases one's morality on moral standards.16
1659927463informed consentwhen an individual understands what the researcher wants him or her to do and consents to the research study.17
1659927464confidentialitythe information involved in a research study will not be shared with others.18
1659927465do-not-call legislationRestricts any telemarketing effort from calling consumers who either register with a not call list or who request not to be called.19
1659939525spywaresoftware placed on a computer without consent or knowledge.20
1659939526placeboa false experimental effect used to create the perception that some effect has been administered.21
1659939527debriefingresearch subjects are fully informed and provided a chance to ask any questions they may have about the experiment.22
1659939528human subjects review committeeCarefully reviews proposed research design to try to make sure that no harm can come to any research participant. Otherwise known as an Institutional Review Board or IRB.23
1659939529suggingselling under the guise of research24
1659939530fruggingfundraising under the guise of research25
1659939531pseudo-researchConducted not to gather information for marketing decisions but to bolster a point of view or satisfy other needs.26
1659946299push polltelemarketing under the guise of research27
1659946300conflict of interestoccurs when one researcher works for two competing companies.28
1659946301advocacy researchresearch undertaken to support a specific claim in a legal action or represent some advocacy group29
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Biology Section 3.3: Cell Transport Flashcards

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2715028157Concentrationthe amount of the substance (solute) dissolved in a unit of the other substance (solvent)0
2715028365Concentration gradientthe difference in concentration of a particular molecule between two regions1
2715028366Passive transportthe process of molecular movement which does not require energy2
2715029910Diffusionthe net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient3
2715030282Facilitated diffusionthe movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the aid of membrane proteins4
2715030283Ion channelsthe membrane proteins that open and close to allow specific ions to pass through5
2715030806Carrier proteinsthe membrane proteins that bind to specific large molecules6
2715030807Isotonica solution with the same concentration (same amount of solutes/water) as a comparable solution7
2715030808Hypertonica more concentrated solution; the solution contains more solute and less water8
2715031181Hypotonica less concentrated solution; the solution contains less solute and more water9
2715031182Turgorthe rigid state of a cell due to high water pressure10
2715031183Osmosisthe diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the cell membrane11
2715031768Active transportthe process of molecular movement which requires energy12
2715031769Ion pumpthe membrane proteins that pumps one-way against the ion's concentration gradient, a form of active transport13
2715031770Cotransportthe coupled passage of two molecules through a membrane such as the cell membrane, a form of active transport14
2715032032Symportthe coupled passage of two molecules through a membrane in the same direction, a form of active transport15
2715032033Antiportthe coupled passage of two molecules through a membrane opposite directions, a form of active transport16
2715032376Endocytosisthe action of the cell membrane surrounding outside materials and fusing with itself to bring in materials17
2715032377Exocytosisthe action of a vacuole of a cell fusing with the cell membrane to expel materials18
2715032645Homeostasisthe ability to maintain stable internal conditions independent of the conditions that exist in the environment19
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Federalism Terms AP and Honors Flashcards

Federalism terms

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1021989704unitary governmentall power resides in the central government0
1021989705implied powerspowers not written down in the constitution - they are "reasonably suggested" Constitutional basis for the implied powers are found in the "Necessary and Proper" Clause1
1021989707extraditiona legal process whereby a state surrenders a person charged with a crime to the state in which the crime was allegedly committed - this is an obligation the states have to each other2
1021989709Tenth AmendmentPowers not delegated to the federal government not denied to the states are reserved to the states3
1021989710McCulloch v. MarylandEstablished that states cannot tax the federal government and it ruled on the Supremacy Clause stating that federal law is supreme to state law. It also ruled on the "necessary and proper" clause stating that Congress had the right to establish a national bank.4
1021989712Gibbons v. OgdenBroadened the definition of "interstate commerce" stating that the federal government has the right to regulate trade between the states. It also ruled in the Supremacy Clause stating that federal law is supreme to state law.5
1021989716federalismDivision of power between the federal government and the states.6
1021989719confederationThe national government dervies its powers from the states - "fragile league of friendship"7
1021989721expressed powersPowers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution.8
1021989722inherent powersPowers specifically granted to the national government simply because it is a sovereign nation (i.e. acquiring territory, regulating immigration, establishing diplomatic relations).9
1021989724concurrent powersPower the Constitution gives both the federal government and the state government (i.e. the power to tax, make laws, enforce laws)10
1021989726Necessary and Proper ClauseClause found in Article 1 Section 8 Clause 18 which sets forth the implied powers - Congress can do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out its delegated duties.11
1021989728Elastic ClauseAlso known as the "Necessary and Proper" Clause12
1021989730reserved powersPowers set aside by the Constitution for the states13
1021989732delegated powersPowers given to the federal government by the Constitution14
1021989734eminent domainThe power of the federal government to take private property for public use with "just compensation"15
1021989737intrastate commercetrade within a state16
1021989738interstate commercetrade between states17
1021989740ex post facto lawA denied power to both the federal and state governments. No one can be convicted of a crime if it wasn't a crime at the time the act was committed.18
1021989742bill of attainderA denied power to both the federal and state governments. A legislative act that singles out an individual or a group for punishment without a trial.19
1021989744writ of habeas corpusA court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody. A denied power to the federal government20
1021989746export taxestaxes on goods leaving a country - a denied power to both the federal and state governments21
1021989749import taxestaxes on goods entering the country - a denied power to the states22
3404345239enabling actan act directing the people of the territory to frame a proposed State constitution.23
3404353062act of admissionan act creating the new State.24
3404363780categorical grantsgrants made for some specific purpose, such as school lunch programs or the construction of airports or water treatment plants. There are usually conditions, or "strings," attached to regulate the use of these funds.25
3404375464block grantsgrants in which portions of money is allocated to States for broader purposes, such as health care, social services, or welfare with fewer strings attached.26
3404389368project grantsthese grants are provided to States, localities, and sometimes private agencies that apply for them. They are used for a variety of purposes ranging from medical research to job training and employment programs.27
3404404669No Child Left Behind (NCLB)a federal grant-in-aid program that provides funds for education by President George W. Bush. Its purpose was to increase proficiency in math and reading.28
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Gilded Age Flashcards

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2595601714Thomas EdisonWorld's first research lab, perfected incandescent & a system for producing and distributing electricity0
2595604310Alexander Graham BellInvented the telephone1
2595604698Edwin L. DrakeUsed a steam engine to drill for oil2
2595606219Bessemer ProcessInject air into molten iron to remove carbon, etc.3
2595609186Transcontinental RailroadU.S. intercontinental railroad system4
2595611433George M. PullmanMade a factory for making railroad cars5
2595612816Munn V. IllinoisStates won the right to regulate the railroad6
2595614212Interstate Commerce ActFederal government supervises railroad activities & established a five person interstate commerce commission7
2595619126Andrew CarnegieOne of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune8
2595621219Vertical IntegrationProcess where suppliers are bought out9
2595622876Horizontal IntegrationCompanies producing similar products merge together10
2595624344Social DarwinismCharles Darwin's theory of biological evolution11
2595626909John D. RockefellerJoined with competing companies in trust agreements12
2595628157Sherman Antitrust ActMade it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states and or other countries13
2595630005NativismFavoritism towards native-born Americans14
2595631913UrbanizationThe growth of cities, mostly in the Northeast & Midwest15
2595633536Americanization MovementTo assimilate people of many cultures into the dominant (American) culture16
2595635038Social Gospel MovementPreached salvation through service to the poor17
2595635878Settlement HousesCommunity centers in slums that provided assistance to those in the area18
2595637467Political MachineOffered services to voters in exchange for political or financial support19
2595639147GraftThe illegal use of political influence for personal gain20
2595640344PartonageGiving government jobs to people who helped get the president elected21
2595641956Civil ServiceGiving government jobs to citizens to help them22
2595644835Rutherford HayesRepublican president, 187623
2595646140Grover CleavelandAs president he tried to lowers tariffs, but Congress refused to support his acts24
2595647506Benjamin HarrisonGrandson of President William Henry Harrison. His campaign was financed by large contributions from companies25
2595654579IndustrializationThe process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.26
2595657020Laissez-FaireThe policy that is based on the idea that governments and the law should not interfere with business, finance, or the conditions of people's working lives27
2595660690Melting PotA place where immigrants of different cultures or races form an integrated society.28
2595663557Labor UnionsAn organization that represents the rights and interests of workers to their employers, for example in order to improve working conditions or wages.29
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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 27 Flashcards

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3730107691Alfred Thayer MahanNavy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"0
3730107692Henry Cabot LodgeChairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations1
3730109070Josiah Stronga popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas2
3730109071James G. BlaineRepublican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)3
3730110736Richard OlneyAttorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.4
3730110737Queen Liliuokalanithe Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests5
3730110738William Randolph HearstA leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."6
3730112800Valeriano WeylerGeneral sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, etc.)7
3730112801Dupuy de LómeHe was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.8
3730114106Theodore Roosevelt1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.9
3730114107George DeweyA United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines10
3730114108Emilio AguinaldoLeader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.11
3730115394William Howard Taft(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, He fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson12
3730115395Mark TwainThe writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction". Member of the Anti-Imperialist League.13
3730117298John Philip SousaAmerican bandmaster and composer who wrote comic operas and marches such as Stars and Stripes Forever (1897).14
3730117299Elihu RootSecretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and modernized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.15
3730118655John HayWas the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.16
3730118656Philippe Bunau-VarillaChief engineer of the French company that attempted to build a canal through the Panamanian isthmus, chief planner of the Panamanian revolt against Colombia, and later minister to the United States from the new Republic of Panama17
3730120386George Washington GoethalsUnited States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)18
3730120387yellow pressA deliberately sensational journalism of scandal and exposure designed to attract an urban mass audience and increase advertising revenues.19
3730121900"twisting the lion's tail"a term for provoking the British20
3730121901insurrectosCuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.21
3730121902reconcentration campsA term that referred to the Spanish refugee camps into which Cuban farmers were herded in 1896 to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independence from Spain22
3730123958jingoismbelligerent support of one's country23
3730123959imperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.24
3730123960spheres of influenceAreas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)25
3730125769"White Man's Burden"idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those "less civilized"26
3730127181"Little Brown Brothers"William H. Taft's belittling term of endearment for the Filipinos.27
3730127182"big stick"Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen28
3730129035"yellow peril"Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900, met by increased Western imperialism in region29
3730129036Pan-American ConferenceConference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries30
3730130528Our Countrywritten in 1885 intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. It may have encouraged support for imperialistic United States policy among American Protestants. He pleaded for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict. He was one of the first to warn that Protestants (most of whom lived in rural areas or small towns) were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes.31
3730131844The Influence of Sea Power upon Historywritten by Alfred T. Mahan, it emphasized that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and that countries should build up their navies32
3730131845Pearl HarborAmerican military base in Hawaii33
3730133203Teller AmendmentLegislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war34
3730133204The MaineAn explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain. In 1976, it was revealed that the ship had randomly combusted.35
3730134600Rough RidersOrganized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regimen of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for Governor of New York and Vice-President under William McKinley.36
3730136135Anti-Imperialist Leagueobjected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 190037
3730136136Foraker Actgave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico38
3730137799insular casesThese were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.39
3730137800Guantanamo BayAcquired by sending marines. The United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area without the Cuban Government reacting. This is now used as a prison.40
3730137801Platt AmendmentLegislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble41
3730140037Philippine insurrectionEven before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946.42
3730140038Open Door notesA series of letters sent in 1899 by US secretary of state John hey to Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia, howling for equal economic access to the China market for all states and for the maintenance of the Tarrant Oreo and administrative integrity of the Chinese empire.43
3730142277Boxer RebellionA 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.44
3730142278Clayton-Bulwer Treaty1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.45
3730144812Hay-Pauncefote Treaty1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.46
3730146766Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occurred shortly after Panama's independence.47
3730146767Panama CanalA canal that crosses the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914.48
3730147923Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force49
3730149116Russo-Japanese WarWar between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.50
3730149117Portsmouth ConferenceThe meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.51
3730151009San Francisco school crisis"separate but equal doctrine" that segregated Chinese school children from others52
3730152824Gentlemen's AgreementAgreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them53
3730152825Great White Fleet1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."54
3730161832Root-Takahira agreementAgreement between Japan and America in which they pledged to respect each others territorial claims in the Pacific and also maintained an "open door" policy for trade with China55
3740008260Big sister policyAimed to rally Latin American nations behind the United States and open Latin American markets to American traders.56
3740015690Great RapprochementReconciliation between America and Britain in 1890 after tensions were rising due to border disputes in Latin America57
3740020454McKinley Tariff1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history58
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