| CourseNotes

Chapter 2 Campbell Biology Flashcards

941537218	cohesion	the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds	0
941537219	adhesion	cling of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds	1
941537220	surface tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules	2
941537221	kinetic energy	the energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.	3
941537222	heat	the total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.	4
941537223	temperature	a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules	5
941537224	Celsius scale	a temperature scale equal to 5/9 (F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at ) degrees Celsius and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius	6
941537225	calorie (cal)	the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.	7
941537226	kilocalorie (kcal)	a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius	8
941537227	joule (J)	a unit of energy; 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J	9
941537228	specific heat	the amount of heat that must be absorbed of lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius	10
941537229	heat of vaporization	the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state	11
941537230	evaporative cooling	the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.	12
941537231	solution	a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances	13
941537232	solvent	the dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known	14
941537233	solute	a substance that is dissolved in a solution	15
941537234	aqueous solution	a solution in which water is the solvent	16
941537235	hydration shell	the sphere of the water molecules around a dissolved ion	17
941537236	hydrophilic	having an affinity for water	18
941537237	colloid	a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid	19
941537238	hydrophobic	having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets of water	20
941537239	molecular mass	the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight	21
941537240	mole (mol)	the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules	22
941537241	molarity	a common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution	23
941537242	hydrogen ion	a single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+); in water, H+ is not found alone but associates with a water molecules to form a hydronium ion	24
941537243	hydroxide ion	a water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-	25
941537244	hydronium ion	a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+, commonly represented as H+	26
941537245	acid	a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	27
941537246	base	a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	28
941537247	pH	a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14	29
941537248	buffer	a solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH-	30
941537249	ocean acidification	decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels	31
941537250	matter	Matter is anything that takes up space and has a mass.	32
941537251	element	An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.	33
941537252	How many elements are currently recognized as being found in nature?	92	34
941537253	compound	A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.	35
941537254	Of the 92 natural elements	what percent are essential elements?,20-25%	36
941537255	What are essential elements?	They are elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce.	37
941537256	What elements make up 96% of living matter?	oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.	38
941537257	Trace elements	Trace elements are required by an organism in only minute quantities.	39
941537258	What are the Essential Elements in the human body	symbol and percentage of body mass (including water)?,Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S)	40
941537259	atom	An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still remains the properties of an element	41
941537260	What form of measurement is used with atoms	molecules and subatomic particles?,Daltons	42
941537261	What is the mass of electrons compared to neutrons and protons?	1/2,000 of a proton/of a neutron's mass.	43
941537262	Atomic Number	The number of protons and electrons in an element used to classify elements	44
941537263	mass number	It is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.	45
941537264	Isotopes	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, and therefore have a greater mass.	46
941537265	Radioactive Isotope	Isotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy	47
941537266	potential energy	It is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.	48
941537267	potential energy	what causes it?,The electrons of an atom have potential energy because of how they are arranged in relation to the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus so the more distant an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its potential energy.	49
941537268	valence electrons	electrons in the outermost shell.	50
941537269	valence shells	The outermost energy shell of an atom contain the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.	51
941537270	orbital	The 3 dimensional space where an electron can be found 90% of the time.	52
941537271	covalent bonds	Are atoms that are sharing a pair of valence electrons.	53
941537272	molecule	Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.	54
941537273	electronegativity	The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	55
941537274	nonpolar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.	56
941537275	polar covalent bond	A covalent bond between two atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. (NO) GREEDY	57
941537276	single bond/bond	A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	58
941537277	double bond	A double covalent bond' the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. 0=0	59
941537278	Name the types of ways to model molecules.	Lewis Dot Structure ( H:H) and Structural Formula (H-H)	60
941537279	Why are the electrons in a nonpolar bond equal?	Because they have the same amount of electronegativity. The atoms are at a a tug-a-war stand-off.	61
941537280	Ionic bond	They are two atoms that are so unequal in their attraction for valence that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.	62
941537281	ion	An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one of more electrons	63
941537282	cation	A positively charged ion	64
941537283	anion	A negatively charged ion	65
941537284	ionic compounds	A compound resulting from formation of an ionic bond; Also called a salt.	66
941537285	hydrogen bond	A weak type of chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.	67
941537286	van der Waals interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.	68
941537287	reactants	The starting materials in a chemical reaction	69
941537288	Products	The end result of a chemical reaction.	70
941537289	chemical equilibrium	A state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged.	71
941537290	kinetic energy	The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.	72
941537291	heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Energy in its most random form.	73
941537292	temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.	74
941537293	specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.	75
941537294	heat of vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.	76
941537295	evaporative cooling	the surface becomes cooler during evaporation because highly kinetic molecules become gaseous	77
941537296	7 pH	neutral pH	78
941537297	Strong acidity can alter the structure of biological molecule and prevent them from...	carrying the essential chemical processes of life.	79
941537298	The reactivity of an atom rises from?	The unpaired electrons in the valence shell	80
941537299	A chemical reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium	its reactions are?,The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal	81
941537300	What is the property responsible for the ability pf sweat to lower body temperature?	the absortion of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds	82
941537301	Toxic elements	some species are affected by different elements, arsenic to us is lethal while sunflowers can take in lead,arsenic, zinc and other heavy metals that can kill humans	83
941537302	Chemical bonds	when a shell thats not full interacts with another shell thats not filled	84
941537303	Moderation of temperature by water	by absorbing heat from the air, then it is released back in the atmoshphere but cooler	85
941537304	Thermal energy	The energy of motion in the molecules of a substance, random movement of molecules related to temperature	86

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology - 10th Edition Ch 3: Water & Life Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1703846199	Cohesion	-The hydrogen bonds that hold the substance to water -Water - water	0
1703846200	Adhesion	-The clinging of one substance to another -Water - substance	1
1703846201	Kinetic Energy	-The energy of motion	2
1703846202	Heat	-Measure of total amount of kinetic energy in a body of matter	3
1703846203	Temperature	-The AVERAGE amount of kinetic energy in a body of matter	4
1703846204	Calorie (cal.)	-The amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1°C	5
1703846205	Specific Heat	-The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1°C	6
1703846206	Heat of Vaporization	-The QUANTITY of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas	7
1703846207	Evaporative Cooling	-As liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down (it's temp decreases)	8
1703846208	Solution	-A homogenous mix of two or more substances	9
1703846209	Solvent	-Dissolving agent	10
1703846210	Solute	-Substance that is dissolved	11
1703846211	Aqueous Solution	-The solute is dissolved in water -Water is the solvent	12
1703846212	Hydrogen Shell	-Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	13
1703846213	Hydrophilic	-Water loving -Ionic or polar bonds Ex.) Cotton	14
1703846214	Hydrophobic	-Water fearing -Non-polar; non-ionic Ex.) Oil	15
1703846215	Molecular Mass	-Sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule	16
1703846216	Mole	- 6.02×10^23 molecules/grams	17
1703846217	Molarity	-The number of moles of solute per liter of solution	18
1703846218	Acid	-Any substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions - [H+]>[OH-]	19
1703846219	Base	-Any substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions -[OH-]>[H+]	20
1703846220	pH	- -log [H+]	21
1703846221	Buffers	-Help balance pH	22
1703846222	Ocean Acidification	-Decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels	23

Powered by Quizlet.com

Europe Economy 6th Grade Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3044531228	Tariffs (Trade Barrier 1)	Tax on imported goods. (Imported= items brought into the country)	0
3044531229	Quotas (Trade Barrier 2)	A limit on the amount of goods that can be brought into the country.	1
3044531230	Embargoes (Trade Barrier 3)	A ban on trade with another country.	2
3044531231	Currency	Money. U.K- Pound Germany-Euro Russia-Ruble	3
3044531232	Human Capital	People who perform labor--> the workers.	4
3044531233	Capital (Physical Capital)	Factories and Machines.	5
3044531234	Natural Resources	Items that come from nature.	6
3044531235	GDP (Gross Domestic Product)	The total market value of goods and services produced in one year OR how rich a country is.	7
3044531236	Entrepreneurship	A person who starts and runs their own business.	8
3044634693	Exchanging Currency	Countries must exchange their currency for another country's currency.	9
3044640452	Russia's economy	Mixed command economy.	10
3044645233	U.K's economy	Mixed market economy.	11
3044650188	Germany's economy	Mixed market economy.	12
3044652295	Market economy	There is no government involvement and everything is based off supply and demand.	13
3044664278	Command economy	The government tells the people what they can buy and sell.	14
3044668827	Traditional economy	There is no money involved and everything is based off customs.	15
3044672304	Mixed economy	A combination of command economy and market economy.	16
3044676157	The three economic questions	What to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce it to.	17

Powered by Quizlet.com

The Progressive Era - 1895-1920 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3682818830	Florence Kelly	the nations most ardent advocate of improved conditions for working class women and children	0
3682821168	interest-group politics	a group of political leaders who have similar interests	1
3682822519	muckrakers	People who fed political taste for scandal and sensation by exposing social, economic, and political wrongs	2
3682824976	direct primaries and non-partisan elections	a way to nominate candidates that prevented fraud and bribery led by party loyalties	3
3682827748	initiative, referendum, recall	A set of laws that held officeholders responsible for their actions - enabled voters to propose new laws - enabled voters to accept or reject new laws - allowed voters to remove officers and judges	4
3682831019	the municipal voters league and the US chamber of commerce	thought that running schools, hospitals and local government like efficient businesses would help stabilize society	5
3682834506	the YWCA and the woman's christian temperance union	woman led organization that aided growing numbers of woman for many causes besides abstinence from drinking	6
3682836985	Alfred E. Smith, Robert F. Wagner, David I. Walsh and Edward F. Dunne	a group of elected progressive legislators who had trained in the trenches of political machines and supported reform at the state and national levels, opposed reforms like prohibition, Sunday closing laws, civil service, and nonpartisan elections	7
3682838463	debs	the american railway union organizer who drew nearly 100.000 voters in the 1900 presidential election	8
3682840595	"old guard" republicans	defenders of free enterprise that opposed many regulatory measures out of self interest and fear that government programs would undermine the individual initiative like Rockefeller and Morgan	9
3682842215	Robert M. La Follette	A progressive governor who initiated a multipronged reform program including direct primaries and more equitable taxes	10
3682846197	Southern Progressivism	the south led the way in political reform introducing business regulations and other reforms that rivaled la follette, essentially urban and middle class, tainted by racial bitterness by excluding blacks that were valued voters	11
3682847598	national child labor committee	pressured every state to set a minimum age for employment and prohibited employers from working children fro more than 8 or 10 hours a day	12
3682851627	the American association for Old age security	pressured states to establish old age pensions	13
3682853293	white slavery	a practice where international gangs were kidnapping young women and forcing them into prostitution	14
3682855364	The social evil in Chicago	a report published in 1911 that underscored the poverty, ignorance and desperation that drove women into prostitution	15
3682858151	the Mann Act	prohibiting interstate and international transportation of a woman for immoral purposes	16
3682859359	G. Stanley Hall and John Dewey	asserted that modern education ought to prepare children differently	17
3682860900	Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr	a supreme court judge that led the attack on the traditional view of laws as universal and unchanging	18
3682862563	Louis D Brandeis	a lawyer that insisted that judges' opinions be based on factual, scientifically gathered information about social realities	19
3682864990	Muller v. Oregon	In this 1908 Supreme Court case, Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the judges to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers. Though the reasoning was sexist and discriminatory, it was still hailed as a triumph by progressives.	20
3682864991	Lochner v. New York	In this Supreme Court case, the judges invalidated a New York law that provided for a ten-hour workday for bakers.	21
3682866265	Holden v. Hardy	Court upheld a law regulating working hours of miners because long hours would increase the chance of injury	22
3682870036	16th amendment	This amendment allowed the federal government to collect an income tax	23
3682870038	17th amendment	This amendment called for the direct election of senators	24
3682870903	18th amendment	This amendment outlawed alcohol in the US	25
3682871839	19th amendment	This amendment that gave women the right to vote	26
3682875533	Richard T. Ely	argued that poverty and impersonality resulting from industrialization required intervention by the united efforts of church, state, and science	27
3682876993	Lester Ward, Alboin Small, and Edward ross	added that citizens should actively plan to cure social illis rather than passively wait for problems to solve themselves	28
3682878002	Charles A Beard	believed that the constitution was a flexible document amenable to growth and change	29
3682879959	The National Consumers League	joined physicians and social scientists to bring about some of the most far reaching progressive reforms	30
3682880989	The social gospel	a movement that countered the brutality of competitive capitalism by interjecting christian churches into practical wordly matter such as improving the environment of the poor	31
3682882036	eugenics	an invidious way of applying science to social organization	32
3682883458	the women movement	a movement that challenged established social assumptions about women	33
3682885314	Charlotte Perkins Gilman	declared that domesticity and female innocence were obsolete and attacking the male monopoly on economic opportunity	34
3682888395	Margaret Sanger	the leader of the feminist supported birth control movement	35
3682890552	Theodore Roosevelt	concurred with progressive that a small, uninvolved government would not suffice in the industrial era	36
3682891821	the northern securities company	a huge railroad company that went under prosecution for trusts	37
3682893195	the hepburn act	gave the interstate commerce commission more authority to set railroad freight and storage freights - allowed the courts to overturn them though	38
3682894245	the jungle	A Fictionalized expose of Chicago meatpacking plants	39
3682895697	the meat inspection act	reinforced the principle of government regulation, requiring that government agents monitor the quality of processed meats	40
3682897370	the pure food and drug act	prohibited dangerously adulterated foods but also addressed abuses in the patent medicine industry	41
3682900442	the coal strike of 1902	strike over an 8 hour workday and higher wages president employed progressive tactics of investigation and arbitration	42
3682901346	the newlands reclamation act	controlled sale of irrigated federal land in the west	43
3682904463	Gifford Pinchot	advocated scientific management of the nations woodlands to protect the land and water from overuse by timbercutters, farmers, and herders	44
3682906417	the panic of 1907	financial panic caused by reckless speculation forced some new york banks to close and prevented people from with drawing money	45
3682907722	William Howard Taft	won the 1908 presidential election against william jennings bryan	46
3682908846	the Payne aldrich tariff	a bill that had positive provisions and understood that more extreme cuts were not politically possible	47
3682912675	The manns-elkins act of 1910	bolstered the regulatory powers of the ICC and supported labor reforms	48
3682914191	The national progressive republican league	rallied behind robert lafollette for president in 1912	49
3682916290	The Progressive Party	The popular name of the "People's Party," formed in the 1890's as a coalition of Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor. It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.	50
3682917748	Woodrow Wilson	offered a more idealistic scheme of the "New freedom" based on the ideas of progressive lawyer	51
3682921390	New Nationalism	the ideals of a new sense of american pride and nationalism	52
3682923668	New Freedom	the ideals of the new sense of freedom among the american people	53
3682925585	the presidential election of 1912	Woodrow Wilson beatout Roosevelt	54
3682928782	the clayton anti-trust act	outlawed monopolistic practices such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates	55
3682931187	the federal trade commission	would investigate companies and issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices	56
3682932871	The federal reserve act of 1913	established the nations first central banking system since 1836 when the second bank of the united states expired	57
3682934070	the underwood tariff	reduced or eliminated tariffs and encouraged imports	58
3682935072	the adamson act of 1916	mandated an 8 hour work day and time and a half overtime pay for railroad laborers	59
3682935990	the presidential election of 1916	Woodrow Wilson beat out Roosevelt again for a second time	60

Powered by Quizlet.com

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Chapter 20, Gilded Age Politics, 1877-1900 Flashcards

Edition 9 - Chapter 20 Glossary.

Terms : Hide Images

954448483	Plessy v. Ferguson	Supreme Court ruling validating legal segregation; legalized separate facilities for blacks and whites as long as they were equal.	0
954448484	Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)	A social and political lobbying organization of northern Civil War veterans that convinced Congress to provide $8 billion in pensions for former Union soldiers and widows.	1
954448485	Greenback Labor Party	Advocated expanding the money supply through the government printing of money not backed by gold.	2
954448486	Ida B. Wells	African-American journalist and activist who mounted a national anti-lynching campaign.	3
954448487	Interstate Commerce Act	1887 law that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first regulatory agency, to investigate railroad rate-making and discriminatory rate practices.	4
954448488	Lynching	Vigilante hanging of those accused of crimes; used primarily against blacks.	5
954448489	Mugwumps	Term used for idealistic Republican reformers.	6
954448490	Pendleton Civil Service Act	Attempt to end spoils system; created the Civil Service Commission to oversee competitive exams for government jobs.	7
954448491	Populist Party	"People's Party;" agrarian-based, third-party challenge to the Republicans and Democrats; advocated for the rights of the common man.	8
954448492	Sherman Silver Purchase Act	Law that instructed the treasury to buy, at current market prices, 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly.	9
954448493	William Jennings Bryan	Orator, anti-imperialist, champion of farm interests, and three-time Democratic presidential candidate.	10

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 16: Building Factories, Building Cities 1877-190 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2273692169	Themes of American Industrialization	1. Harnessed technology to produce in new way 2. Increased production 3. New consumer society emerged 4. Corporation owners amassed power through new forms of corporate organization	0
2273721604	How did technological innovations transform American industry?	-Made production of goods and services cheaper ---Fueled mass production and consumption -Big Factories replaced small ones -Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Du Pont and Duke	1
2273721605	Thomas Edison	Inventor and founder of the first industrial research laboratory. -Opened 'invention factory' -Laid foundation for how Americans live today ---applied electricity to light, sound, and images	2
2273725379	Patent office between 1860 and 1930	1.5 million patents granted	3
2273729811	Inventions	Electricity Internal Combustion Industrial Chemistry	4
2273761647	Edison Electricity Company	Founded in 1878 Devised a system of electricity that provided electricity conveniently to manifold customers.	5
2273821967	Granville T. Woods	''The Black Edison" -Patented 35 devices vital to electronics and communications	6
2273829126	Henry Villard and J. P. Morgan	Financiers Bought patents and merged equipment-manufacturing into the General Electric Company, including research laboratories.	7
2273841884	Henry Ford	Founder of the Ford Motor Company and pioneer of modern assembly lines used in mas production. -Adapted the internal combustion engine to propel a vehicle	8
2273876634	Five-Dollar-Day	Pay Plan Ford Combined wages and profit sharing	9
2273881082	Andrew Carnegie	Scottish immigrant who built in enormous steel company and became a renowned philanthropist. Carnegie Steel Company --Controlled 60% of steel business Sold in 1901 to J.P. Morgan	10
2274127220	J.P. Mogan	Formed U.S. Steel Corporation Banker Involved in process by creating a holding company through stock sales and bank loans convincing to sell to him.	11
2274134227	E. I. Dupont	Manufactured gunpowder in Delaware in early 1890's. 1902-Expanded the company into fertilizer, dyes, and other chemical products 1911-Labs adapted cellulose to produce consumer goods like photographic film, textile fibers, and plastics.	12
2274150888	New Industries in South	Developed around natural resources Cheap electric-powered cotton looms enables southern textile industries to surpass water powered New England mills. Tobacco Northern Capitalist invested in Iron and Steel (Birmingham Alabama). Northern Lumber moved to gulf state between 1890 and 1900.	13
2274156573	American Tobacco Company	Tobacco crop in NC Cigarettes James B. Duke Began mass production in 1885 Attracted consumers with advertising Global business by 1900	14
2274183600	Technology and Everyday life	-Telephones and typewriters made face-to-face communications less important and facilitated correspondence. -Electric sewing machines facilitated mass-produced clothing -Refrigerators enable preservation of food -Discovery of vitamins heightens interest in food's health -Toilets improved hygiene and bathroom privacy	15
2274200732	William K. Kellogg and Charles W. Post	Mass-produced new breakfast foods	16
2274212256	What led corporations to increasingly consolidate in the late nineteenth century?	-Way to guarantee profits (pools) --Could set prices higher -After 1880's allowed companies to own stocks in other companies -Holdings allowed to own means of production -Social Darwinism	17
2274233439	Economic Downturns and Why	-Technology innovation required large investments and would borrow from banks to seek higher profits and reward stockholders --Strangled Small businesses -1871, 1884, and 1893	18
2274241988	Why did corporations raise capital?	Selling shares to stockholder and loans.	19
2274244668	John D. Rockefeller	Creator of Standard Oil and master of the use of pools and trusts to monopolize industry. Vertical Integrating with other oil companies	20
2274248085	Trusts	Large corporations formed to enable one company to control an industry by luring or forcing stockholders of smaller companies to yield their stock to the larger company's board of trustees.	21
2274257442	Vertical Integration	Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution	22
2274258728	Horizontal Intergraion	Business strategy in which a holding company would seek to control all aspects of the industry in which it functioned, fusing related businesses together under one management. -Gustavus Swift's Chicago meat-processing.	23
2274283727	Why have trust and holding companies?	-Ensured orderly profits -300 combinations formed	24
2274296950	New York Stock Exchange	Selling and trading of stocks 1869-145 industrial corporations 1914-511 corportations	25
2274300847	Social Darwinism	Extended Charles Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to the free-marker system, arguing that competition would weed out weaker firms an allow stronger, fitter firms to thrive.	26
2274323299	Sociologist Lester Ward	Dynamic Sociology 1883 -Argued that 'survival of the fittest' was waste-full and brutal.	27
2274349004	Henry George	Said it related to the ability of property owners to benefit from land values rising and proposed 'single tax' on the rise in property values caused by increased market demand.	28
2274352077	Edward Bellamy	-Novelist -Looking Backward 1888 --depicted Boston in 2000 as a peaceful community and 'principle of fraternal cooperation. Nationalism that sparked nationalist clubs nation wide.	29
2274366695	Anti-trust Legislation	-Several states prohibited monopolies and regulated business. -1900: 27 states band pools and 15 outlawed trusts. -Sherman Anti-Trust Act	30
2274371531	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	-Made illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy n the restraint of trade." -Faced fines and jail terms -Did not define 'restraint of trade' -Only 18 cases prosecuted between 1890-1900 mostly against railroads. -Used to break up unions when they went on strike.	31
2274380624	U.S. v. E. C. Knight Co.	Sugar Trust owned 98% of nations sugar-refining capacity 8/9 -Control of sugar manufacturing did not necessarily mean control of trade.	32
2274399179	How did Mechanization and new systems of management change the nature and status of work.	Created new jobs -Fewer workers could produce more in less time -Costs cut more and valued skills less -Women got more jobs -Long and dangerous conditions	33
2274413680	Frederick W. Taylor	-Engineer for a Pennsylvania steel company -Companies could reduce cost by determining how quickly various kinds of work should be done --Producing more for lower cost per unit, usually by eliminating unnecessary workers. -Principle of Scientific Management (1911) -Bethlehem Steel Company: applied system and reduced re from 600 to 140	34
2274427972	Fears of workers	1. Replaceable 2. Hundreds of thousands died from Industrial accidents 3. No disability insurance	35
2274435788	Women in the Workforce	1880-1900: 2.6-8.6 million Clerical tasks thanks to typewriter and cash registers -Replaced men --1920: nearly half women Menial positions in textile mills and food-processing plans.	36
2274436567	Children in the Workforce	18% ages 10-15 were employed -Sharecroppers bind their kids to mills for painfully low wages. -Several states passed laws limiting ages and hours for labors. --Lie about ages	37
2274454876	Freedom of Contract	Since workers freely entered into a contract with bosses, workers could seek another job if they disliked the wage and hours. -Supply and demanded to set wages as low as would be accepted.	38
2274460522	Holden v. Hardy	1891 Upheld law restricting minors working hours because overly long workdays increased potential injuries.	39
2274464164	Lochner V. New York	1905 Voided a law limiting bakery workers to a sixty-hour week and ten-hour day, reasoning that baking was not dangerous enough to to prevent workers from selling their labor freely.	40
2274469856	Muller v. Oregon	1908 Laws allowed to be regulated for women Law regulating female laundry workers was constitutional because women's well-being as childbearers was an object of public interest.	41
2274475239	Railroad Strikes	1877: crisis caused four years of wage cuts, layoffs, and increased workloads. -Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Texas, and California. -State militia called in to break up strikes.	42
2274476111	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory	1911 fire killed 146 of 500 women, mostly Jewish. They were locked into there rooms of work. Jumped out of building-sometimes holding hands.	43
2274486170	Pittsburgh July 1877	Troopers attacked demonstrators, killing ten and wounding more. Rutherford B Hayes sent in federal soldiers to quell anger-first time.	44
2274490182	Jay Gould	Captain of industry and owner of the Union Pacific Railroad. Refused to negotiate with the Knights of Labor	45
2274507414	Knights of Labor	-Union of 730,000 by 1886 -Tried to get better working conditions for workers -Welcomed skilled, unskilled, women, African Americans, and immigrants. -NO Chinese -No strikes	46
2274516824	Haymarket Riot	Chicago 1896 May 1: Demonstration by one hundred thousand workers May 3: Police mobilized; killed two and injured more May 4: Bomb went off killing 7 and injuring 67 8 convicted, 4 executed, one committed suicide, other 3 pardoned in 1893 by Illinois governors.	47
2274524909	American Federation of Labor (AFL)	Skilled craft unions united under leadership of Samuel Gompers Accepted capitalism -Excluded women and other races	48
2274531557	Samuel Gompers	AFL leader who focused on practical goals like improved wages, hours, and working conditions. Former head of Cigar Makers Union	49
2274542429	Homestead Strike	Worker walkout after wage cuts at a Carnegie Steel Plant by the president Henry Frick in 1892; official responded to the strike by shutting down the plant and hiring 300 guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency.	50
2274542430	Pullman Strike	Pullman Palace Car Company of 1894 Workers walked out over exploitive policies at the company towns near Chicago. Owner George Pullman owned nearly everything in the town.	51
2274542930	Eugene V. Debs	Indiana Labor Leader who organized workers in the Pullman Strike of 1893; would be the Socialist Party of America's presidential candidate five times between 1900-1920	52
2274570424	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Radical labor organization that sought to unionize all workers. Tried to unite unskilled workers. Nicknamed Wobblies Embraced Socialism and led mass strikes of mine workers in Nevada and Minnesota and timber workers in Louisiana, Texas, and the Northwest Leaders: Haywood, Mary "Mother" Jones, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, and Joe Hill. Collapsed during World War I	53
2274576250	Cripple Creek, Colorado	1894 Mine owners increased work hours without increasing pay. Governor called in state militia 2 weeks late and owners agreed to restore 8-hour workday	54
2274580978	Western Federation of Minors (WFM)	Accused of killing former Idaho Governor Frank Steunberg after he enforced martial law on a strike in 1899. William "Big Bill" Haywood arrested and tried for murder in 1907 --Attorney Clarence Darrow, proved mine owners had paid a key witness.	55
2274596544	Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)	1903 -Shorter work hours, better working conditions, supported strikes Sponsored educational activities, woman suffrage.	56
2274603690	"Uprising of the 20,00"	New York City Ladies Garment Workers' Union	57
2274607098	Bread and Roses	Against Textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts.	58
2274609520	Nonunionized Workforce	-Most workers not involved in Union -Only 13% (5 million) part of union. Keeping job most important Few companies kept workers year round	59
2274614685	What fueled urban growth in the late nineteenth century?	-Annexing areas that bordered them -In-migration -Immigration	60
2276136947	Under Frederick W. Taylor's theory of scientific management...?	Workers became another kind of interchangeable part.	61
2276141791	In practice the "freedom of contract" principle meant that	Employers could set pay as low as workers would accept	62
2276147635	Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of the Industrial Workers of the World?	Workers should take over and run the nation's industries.	63
2276155674	Corporations received broad judicial protection in the 1880's and 1890's when the Supreme Court ruled that...?	Corporations, like individuals, were protected by laws preventing the government from depriving them of property rights.	64
2276158124	Advocates of Social Darwinism believed that...?	Wealth will flow into the hands of those most capable of producing it.	65
2276167782	What increased the attraction of cities?	Manufacturing Transportation Communications	66
2276179783	What forces fueled urban expansion into suburbs?	Mass transportation -Outward -elevated trains Economic Change and material resources -Inward	67
2276193443	Americans living in cities?	1870 and 1920: 10 million to 54 million 32 cities (Mostly in south) had more than 10 thousand black residents. -Fled there as debt and crop prices worsened.	68
2276230819	"New Immigrants"	Wave of immigrants after 1880 coming mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe. 1900-1910: 2/3 came from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia 1910: Mexicans outnumbered Irish	69
2279215520	Geographical Mobility	Tried to escape poor housing and employment for better opportunities. -Advance available for white men -Growing corporations hired new clerical personnel -Women usually moved with husbands or fathers -Other races made fewer gains -Few become rich by many achieve moderate success.	70
2279255985	Cultural Retention	-Collection of subcommunities --Interacted to retain identity Whey -Chinese -loan associations helped members start businesses Padrone -System whereby for a payoff a boss found jobs for immigrants -Practiced own religions -Married with their group	71
2279322269	Urban Borderlands	-Cities clustered together in inner neighborhoods -Multi-Ethnic -Haven until ready to leave for other districts	72
2279338124	Racial Segregation	-Racial Bias -African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Protestantism -Separate churches, newspapers and clubs -Lived in Ghettos -Chinese laundries banned in San Francisco in 1880.	73
2279358033	Ghettos	A part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure	74
2279367506	East St. Louis Illinois 1917	Strike breakers heightened racial tensions and a riot broke out in which 9 whites and 39 blacks were killed -300 buildings destroyed	75
2279385558	"The Chinese Must Go"	-Denis Kearney and followers -intimidate employers into refusing to hire Chinese and drove Asians from San Francisco.	76
2279398552	Chinese Exclusion Act	1882 suspending Chinese immigration	77
2279402365	Geary Act	1892 -Extended previous restrictions and required Chinese Americans to carry a certificate of residence. Japanese included.	78
2279415958	Mexican Barrios	Southwestern Cities -Los Angeles, Tuscon, Albuquerque, San Antonio -Mexican first Isolated districts	79
2279429926	Religious Diversity	-Newcomers with own religions -Italy, Polish, Slovakia: Catholic -Appointed bishops as same ethnicity as parish New York: House largest population of Jews in the world -Old world customs like separating men and women during services Japanese: Buddhism	80
2279454060	Cultural Variety	American folk Literature Italian Mexican cuisine Yiddish theater African American music and Dance	81
2279461978	Housing	2-3 families would occupy single-family homes and apartments. -Tenements and row houses New York -Lower East Side averaged 702 people per acre -Established ventilation and safety codes for tenement buildings Middle-Class -Improved furnaces -Electric lighting -Indoor polumbing	82
2279493168	Poverty	-Burdened many urban areas. -Employment fluctuated with business cycles.	83
2279505419	Colonial view of Poverty	Due to moral weakness -Anyone could escape if they worked hard and lived clean	84
2279511355	Jacob Riis	-Peoples environments contributed to poverty and therefore society bore responsibility to improve conditions. "How the Other Half lives" (1890) --Explained deplorable conditions of slum houses	85
2279526905	Crime	-Increased American cities while falling in other industrializing nations. Murder: Rose 25 per million (1881) to 107 per million (1898) -Police professionalized --Ethnic and racial minorities most likely to be arrested.	86
2279544645	Water Purity	Finding clean water was a challenge in cities -Doctors embraced idea the microorganisms caused disease, prompting concerns over where germs breed. -States gradually passed laws prohibiting disposal of sewage into rivers, cities began to filter water and chemically treat sewage.	87
2279563491	Waste Disposal	1900: Every New Yorker generated 160 pounds of garbage (F00d), 1,200 pounds ashes (stove and furnaces), and 105 pounds of rubbish. George Waring Jr	88
2279579571	George Waring Jr	Designed sewage disposal and street-cleaning systems for Memphis and New York.	89
2279622366	Political Machines	Organizations that emerged in urban, often working-class and immigrant neighborhoods. They solicited votes for particular candidates and promised jobs and other services to supporters; putting their candidates in office gave them power over local government. -Bribery and fraud but delivered relief and service to their votes.	90
2279639785	Bosses	Headed political machines; often of similar background to constituents, these popular local figures exchanged votes for money, support, and other favors. -Understood people's problems from firsthand experience. -Politics full-time profession -Used political influence to control the awarding of public contracts. -No worse than businessmen in Government	91
2279670311	Machine-led Governments	-Constructed much of the new urban infrastructure -Expanded services such as firefighting, police, and public health -Financed Expansion with municipal bonds and public debts soared.	92
2279686874	Jane Addams	Social worker, pioneer of the settlement house movement, and founder of Chicago's Hull House, which provided education, training, and social activities for immigrants and the poor.	93
2279699403	Florence Kelly	Settlement house worker who became the chief factory inspector for Illinois in 1893.	94
2279705976	Civic Reformers	-Wanted tighter budget control -City manager and commission forms of government -Nonpartisan elections -Building codes	95
2279715688	Civic Reform Mayors	Hazen Pingree of Detroit Tom Johnson of Cleveland -Provide better jobs -Better housing Never held office long	96
2279731948	Social Reformers	-Jane Addams and Florence Kelley -Building Codes for safer Tenements -Improved schools to prepare immigrants for citizenship -Medical care for the poor	97
2279742610	Environmental Reformers	City Beautiful Movement -Construction of Civic centers, parks, and boulevards that make cities economically efficient and attractive.	98
2279752984	Reform Failures	-Didn't understand diversity -Civil Service signified reduced job opportunities	99
2279762199	Moral Reformers	-Restricting alcoholic beverages	100
2279774427	How did urbanization affect family life and structure?	Same: Central aspect of peoples lives provided resources Changed: Schools, unions, and political groups More single people Life stages	101
2279836694	Statistics	-Young (median age 1880: 21 1920: 25) -Only 4% of population older than 65 Falling birth rates (1880: 40 per 100. 1900: 32 1920: 28)	102
2279861526	Reasons for falling birth rates	1. Due to becoming urban nation (Lower in cities) 2. Nutrition and medical improves (Lower infant mortality) 3. Having less children meant improved quality of life	103
2279876259	Family as a Resource	-Would help with childcare, meals, advice and consolation. -Help get jobs	104
2279891472	City housing	Lived as boarders in Homes and lodging house -Families with extra space could gain a little income.	105
2279899035	Unmarried	-City dwellers 42% men and 37% women -half lived with parents -YMCA and YWCA -Dancehalls. saloons, cafes	106
2279909302	Homosexual	New York, San Francisco, and Boston -Patronized own clubs, restaurants, coffeehouses, and theaters Men=Fairies Women=hidden	107
2279915326	"Boston Marriages"	-Same-sex parternship	108
2279923526	Stages of Life	-Less Distinct Youngsters=prepared for adulthood by gradually assuming responsibility -Toddlers, schoolchildren, teenagers not recognized Parenthood=Adult life Older people=worked until physically incapable.	109
2279937926	Changing Stages of Life	-Middle-age "empty nest" because of less children. -Longer life expectancy and forced retirement separated old and young. -Compulsory school attendance (1870's-1880's): childhood and adolescence became distinct stages	110
2279957661	Reactions to Life Stages	-Education community responsibility -Labor unions political machines, and employment agencies in charge of job recruitment -Family still important.	111
2279969383	Mothers Day	1914 Second Sunday in May Anna Jarvis because kids neglected their mothers.	112
2279974740	What Fueled the rise of commercial Leisure?	Mechanization and new/more efficient means of production. Labor Activism New mass entertainment	113
2279978062	December 2, 1889	Worcester Massachusetts -Laborers seeking shorter working hours "8 hours for work, 8 hours for rest, 8 hours for what we will."	114
2279989219	Increase in Leisure Time	Work -1860: 66 hours per week -1890: 60 hours per week -1920: 47 hours per week 1890's: mass-produced pianos and sheet music	115
2280001890	Baseball	-Most popular -Formalized in 1845 by Knickerbocker Club of New York 1860: 50 baseball clubs 1876: The National League of Professional Baseball CLubs founded 1867: Color Line excluded black players from major professional teams 1903: First World Series-Boston Americans (Red Sox) beat Pittsburgh Pirates.	116
2280003106	Croquet and Cycling	-Socializing 10 million bicycles owned -Freed women from Victorian fashion because allowed safer to war divided skirts and simple undergarments.	117
2280003107	Football	Intercollegiate competitions -Attracted to wealthy education Princeton-Yale game attracted 50 thousand spectators Violence -Teddy Roosevelt, conference to discuss violence -Intercollegiate Athletic Association (rename National Colleges Athletic Association NCAA in 1910) --1906 made less dangerous and tightened player eligibility Tramp Athletes -Non-students hired to help teams win	118
2280061034	Women Sports	Rowing, track, swimming, archery, and baseball. -Basketball --Received new rules from Senda Berenson of Smith College	119
2280064511	Basketball	1891 Men winter sport	120
2280075343	George M. Cohan	Singer, dancer, and songwriter who drew on patriotic and traditional values in songs. -"The Yankee Doodle Boy" -"You're a Grand Old Flag"	121
2280082263	Show Business	-Escape into adventure, melodrama, and comedy -Musical Comedies.	122
2280091778	Vaudeville	Most popular entertainment by 1900 -Jugglers, magicians, acrobats, comedians, singers dancers, and animal acts. Florenz Ziegfeld -Ziegfeld Follies, Ziegfeld girl Eva Tanguay -Singer	123
2280106559	Minstrel Shows	Early stage shows in which white men wore blackface makeup and played to the prejudice of white audiences by offering demeaning and caricatures portrayals of African Americans in songs, dances, and skits.	124
2280118872	Women and Minorities in Show Business	-Encouraged stereotyping and exploitation. -Eva Tanguay, Lillian Russell, Fanny Brice Gave opportunities to African Americans -Bill Williams --Black Comedian --Black face and did sterotypes	125
2280124635	Movies	-Perfected by Thomas Edison 1880's: slot-machine peep shows in arcades and billiard parlors.	126
2280145762	Birth of a Nation	1915 flim D. W. Griffith --Racist retelling of the Civil War and Reconstruction --Blacks threat to white men morals Stunning filmography	127
2280153369	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP	Founded in 1909 -Lead protests against "Birth of a Nation"	128
2280161784	Yellow Journalism	Sensationalism -Yellow ink used to print papers Adopted -William Randolph Hearts --Sports and women sections Human interest stories, photographs, eye-catching ads -"Ladies Home Journal"	129
2280165058	Joesph Pulitzer	New York World bought in 1883 -Comics Yellow Journalism	130
2280183475	Telephones	1901: 1 for every 100 1921: 12.6 for every 100	131
2280190339	Amusements	Coney Island	132

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 15: The Ecology of the West and South Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3578501541	Reservation Policy	Using treaties, coercion, and military force, the government actively consolidated Native American societies. Viewed by the government as the best way to "civilize" the Indians	0
3578503875	Dawes Severalty Act (1887)	An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers.	1
3635197712	Ghost Dance	Native American religious movement that sought to preserve native culture. Dance led to trance-like state in which it was envisioned that white society would disappear. Was not a violent movement but was seen as rebellion by the U.S.	2
3635237104	Riparian Rights	English common law principle that stated only those that owned land along a river's bank could use the water. Did not allow for damming the river or diverting the water.	3
3635257379	Prior Appropriation	Water rights system used in the West that gave the rights to whoever claimed it first.	4
3635270873	The California Solution	Water rights system used in California that was mostly based on riparianism, but allowed for appropriation. Allowed farmers to organize into districts and buy the rights to water.	5
3635309658	Newlands Reclamation Act	Act that allowed the federal government to sell western public lands to individuals in parcels not to exceed 160 acres and use the money to fund irrigation projects.	6
3635350941	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	Prohibited the immigration of Chinese workers.	7
3635378986	Conservation Movement	Movement that called for the protection of nature. Resulted in the creation of Yellowstone National Park, the protection of other lands, such as Yosemite Valley, and forest reserves.	8
3635618270	Morril Land Grant Acts	(1862) Gave each state federal lands to sell in order to finance agricultural research in public colleges. (1890) Aided more schools, including all black colleges.	9
3635882152	Hatch Act of 1887	Provided agricultural experiment stations in every state.	10

Powered by Quizlet.com

A People & A Nation, Chapter 14, Reconstruction: An unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2200451380	Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan	Allowed southern states back into the union if 10 percent of the male voting population pledged allegiance to the union.	0
2200451381	Wade-Davis Bill	Required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; pocket vetoing, after Congress adjourned.	1
2200452681	Thirteenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery; passed by Congress in 1865.	2
2200460953	Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony	In 1851, Stanton started working with Susan B. Anthony, two well-known abolitionist. Anthony managed the business affairs of the women's rights movement while Stanton did most of the writing. They edited and published a woman's newspaper, the Revolution, from 1868 to 1870. In 1869, Anthony and Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. They traveled all over the country and abroad, promoting woman's rights.	3
2200668545	Woman's Loyal national League	Was formed on May 14, 1863, to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery.	4
2200461205	Freedmen's Bureau	Created by Congress in March 1865, this agency had responsibility for relief, education, and employment of former slaves as well as white refugees.	5
2200490150	Reunion of African American Families	Relying on the black community in the South, thousands of former slaves began odysseys to find family members.	6
2200491987	General Sherman	In 1864, heavily relied on by Lincoln. Won brilliantly in Atlanta. Bascially destroyed the South. In Sherman's March he took 300-mile march to the sea from Atlanta, destroying everything in his path and freeing slaves. Also ravaged Sotuh Carolina. The South was not pleased.	7
2200491988	Sea Islands	Lands were issued to freed slaves and their families as a part of a temporary plan granting each freed family forty acres of tillable land from this location.	8
2200492975	Field Order Number 15	A mandate issued by General sherman that said the Sea islands and the coastal region south of Charleston by divided into parcels of 40 acres for individual freed families.	9
2200494469	Growth of Black education	Northers traveled south to educate blacks. All black schools were built and taught in by African Americans	10
2200495340	Growth of Black churches	African Americans established their own churches, which became the social center of their new freedom. African Methodist Episcopal Church, Negro Baptist churches gained members, fervent and participatory experience. Provided relief, raised funds for schools, and supported Republican policies.	11
2200496780	Sharecropping	A system where landowners and former slaves managed a new arrangement, with tenants paying landowners a portion of their crops for the use of the land on which they farmed, thereby usually ending up in permanent debt.	12
2200577820	Cotton prices	In 1835, for example, the price of cotton per pound was at a high of 16.5 cents, but by 1844, it dropped to an all time low of 5.6 cents.	13
2200502683	Johnson's radical views	Closely identified with his fellow Southerners' views on slavery, Johnson disagreed strongly with their calls to break up the Union over the issue. When Tennessee left the Union, Johnson broke with his home state, becoming the only Southern senator to retain his seat in the U.S. Senate. In the South, Johnson was deemed a traitor; his property was confiscated and his wife and two daughters were driven from the state. In the North, however, Johnson's stand made him an overnight hero.	14
2200503838	Johnson's pardon policy	The majority of former Confederates could receive pardon for their participation in the rebellion by taking an oath swearing allegiance to the United States of America.	15
2200503839	Black codes	Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War	16
2200505236	Radical Republicans	After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.	17
2200505237	Civil Rights Bill	A bill passed by Congress in March 1866 as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment.	18
2200506674	Memphis and New Orleans riots	Violent events that occurred from May 1 to 3. The racial violence was ignited by tensions during Reconstruction following the American Civil War.	19
2200507493	Fourteenth Amendment	Defined U.S. citizens as anyone born or naturalized in the United States, barred states from interfering with citizens' constitutional rights, and stated for the first time that voters must be male.	20
2200508857	"Swing around the circle"	Name for Johnson's political strategy in which he tried to gain the popular support of the people	21
2200510523	First Reconstruction Act, March 1867	(1867) divided the South into military districts, granted local voting rights to African Americans, and barred former Confederate leaders from holding office.	22
2200511780	Tenure of Office Act	1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet	23
2200511781	Edwin M. Stanton	Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.	24
2200514193	Impeachment of Johnson	1868 violated the Tenure of Office Act, but really was because of his stubborn defiance of Congress on Reconstruction. Fell one vote short	25
2200515190	Election of 1868	Grant (Rep) defeats Seymore (Dem)	26
2200516268	Fifteenth Amendment	Prohibited states from denying the vote to any citizen on account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."	27
2200517826	Blacks in Southern government		28
2200518680	Myth of "Negro Rule"	Southern Conservatives used economic and social pressure on blacks as well as inflammatory racist propaganda to undermine congressional Reconstruction. Despite the charge of "black domination," African Americans did not dominate or control events.	29
2200518681	Carpetbaggers	Derogatory nickname southerners gave to northerners who moved south after the Civil War, perceiving them as greedy opportunists who hoped to cash in on the South's plight.	30
2200519799	Scalawags	Term used by conservative southerners to describe other white southerners who were perceived as aiding or benefiting from Reconstruction.	31
2200519800	Ku Klux Klan	A terrorist organization established by six Confederate war veterans that sought to reestablish white supremacy in the South, suppress black voting, and topple Reconstruction governments.	32
2200522689	Union League clubs	A group of men's clubs established during the American Civil War to promote loyalty to the Union, the Republican Party, and the policies of Abraham Lincoln. Also known as Loyal Leagues.	33
2200524190	Enforcement Acts	Laws that sought to protect black voters, made violations of civil and political rights a federal offense, and sought to end Ku Klux Klan violence.	34
2200524191	Anti-Klan law	Law prohibiting meetings and crimes of the Ku Klux Klan	35
2200526432	Horace Greeley	An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.	36
2200527566	Liberal Republican Revolt	Reform-minded citizens that banded together to form the Liberal Republican Party out of disgust towards President Grant. They wanted to purify Washingtons administration as well as end military reconstruction.	37
2200528623	Amnesty Act (1872)	The Amnesty Act of 1872 removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most whites who rebelled in the United States Civil War, except for very high positions.	38
2200529975	Civil Rights Act (1875)	An act designated to desegregate public places that lacked enforcement provisions.	39
2200529976	William H. Seward	senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution	40
2200531437	Ex parte Milligan	1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.	41
2200533143	The Slaughter House cases (1873)	dealt with the 13th and 14th amendments; case about Louisiana had created a partial monopoly of the slaughtering business and gave it to one company.	42
2200534478	Myra Bradwell	First female lawyer, fought for suffrage in the courts	43
2200537716	1876 Election	one of the most disputed and controversial presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted.	44
2200538930	15 member electoral commission		45
2200538931	Compromise of 1877	Congress declared Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, but Republicans promised to withdraw remaining troops from Southern states & no longer attempt to reshape Southern states; marked the end of Reconstruction as Democrats regained control of the South	46

Powered by Quizlet.com

WWI Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1418214240	Triple Entente	A loose confederation of of Russia, France, and Great Britain before WWI	0
1418214241	June 28, 1914	Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed on this day. Setting off the chain of events leading to WWI.	1
1418214242	Allies	Great Britain, France, U.S., Russia, Belgium, Serbia	2
1418214243	Stalemate	Large numbers of troops lost on both sides without major gains	3
1418214244	Total War	A war in which all of a country's resources are devoted to the fighting.	4
1418214245	Vladimir Lenin	Leader of the Bolshevik Party. Returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.	5
1418214246	Paris Peace Conference	the event at which the Allies met to discuss the fate of Europe after WWI	6
1418214247	Treaty of Versilles	The treaty that ended WWI and blamed the Germans for the war. Putting into place the following against Germany: 1. Responsible for War 2. Smaller army and Navy 3. No air force 4. Territory returned to France 5. Land given to Poland 6. Demilitarized zone by France	7
1418214248	Bolsheviks	A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.	8
1418214249	Joseph Stalin	Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition.	9
1418214250	League of Nations	A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference.	10
1418214251	November 11, 1918	Armistice was signed stopping the fighting during WWI	11
1418214252	June 28, 1919	Treaty of Versailles was signed officially ending WWI.	12
1418214253	July 28, 1914	Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and starts WWI.	13
1418214254	Genocide	a deliberate and systematic extermination of any ethnic, race, religious, or political group.	14
1418214255	8,000,000	the number of people killed during WWI	15
1418214258	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Whose assassination in 1914 started World War I?	16
1418214259	Members of the Central Powers	Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Germany, and Austria-Hungary	17
1418214261	This area was known as the "powder keg of Europe"	the Balkans	18
1418214262	Germany's leader during World War I	Wilhelm II	19
1418214263	Germany's leader after World War 1	Adolf Hitler	20
1418214264	What was the Schlieffen Plan?	In order to keep from fighting a two foront war, Germany invaded France by going through neutral Belgium.	21
1418214265	Why did America enter the war?	Zimmerman Telegram, similarities with Allies, German's use of submarines	22
1418214266	During WW1 the Ottoman Empire destroyed what group of people?	Armenians	23
1418214267	Who killed Archduke Ferdinand?	Gavrilo Princip	24

Powered by Quizlet.com

Language Change: Lexis Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

56164167	Archaism	an old word or phrase no longer in general spoken or written use.	0
833781809	Neologism	A new word, expression, or usage	1
177217646	Coinage	A word or phrase that is made, invented or fabricated	2
244046601	Collocation	Two or more words that co-occur in a language frequently	3
344271218	Borrowing	The introduction of a word from one language to another	4
132950649	Anglicised loan word	A borrowed word that has altered in its pronunciation or meaning	5
514326166	Non-anglicised loan word	A borrowed word whose form has not altered	6
194677030	Eponym	A person for whom something is or is thought to be named.	7
629655354	Acronym	A lexcalised word made up form the initial letters of a phrase (sounded as a word)	8
266593215	Initialism	A word formed from the initial letter of each of the successive words that is not pronounced as a word, but by each letter	9
612161813	Clipping	A new word produced by shortening an existing one	10
681864101	Affixation	The addition of bound morphemes to an existing word	11
950302390	Prefixing	To attach a bound morpheme at the head of an already existing word as in 'reboot, decryption, hyperlink, unfriend'	12
847102767	Suffixing	Creating a new word by attaching a bound morpheme to the foot of an already existing word as in 'hacker'	13
274516250	Conversion	A word changes its word class without adding a suffix	14
869932978	Compound	The combining of separate words to create a new word, sometimes using a hyphen	15
435336952	Blend	Two words fusing to make a new one	16
955162535	Amelioration	A word taking on a more positive meaning, gaining status	17
478693527	Pejoration	A word taking on a more negative meaning, losing status	18
339291755	Broadening	A word acquiring additional, new meanings	19
628061728	Metaphor	Non-literal word usage	20
628061729	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	21
787205891	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	22
799436894	Vowel omission	pls, ppl	23
293357316	Homophonic representation	2L8, M8, qt	24
166545509	Phonetic spelling	U, R, cos	25

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

Chapter 2 Campbell Biology Flashcards

Campbell Biology - 10th Edition Ch 3: Water & Life Flashcards

Europe Economy 6th Grade Flashcards

The Progressive Era - 1895-1920 Flashcards

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Chapter 20, Gilded Age Politics, 1877-1900 Flashcards

Chapter 16: Building Factories, Building Cities 1877-190 Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Ecology of the West and South Flashcards

A People & A Nation, Chapter 14, Reconstruction: An unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 Flashcards

WWI Flashcards

Language Change: Lexis Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org