| 1704601420 | Canadian Shield | geological shape of North America; 10 million years ago; held the northeast corner of North America in place; the first part of North America to come above sea level. | | 0 |
| 1704601421 | Incas | The Incas were a Native American Empire who lived in Peru. Their capital was Cuzco. They had a civilization with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire. | | 1 |
| 1704601422 | Aztecs | The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521. | | 2 |
| 1704601423 | Nation-states | The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. | | 3 |
| 1704601424 | Cahokia | Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans | | 4 |
| 1704601425 | Three-sister Farming | Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. | | 5 |
| 1704601426 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | | 6 |
| 1704601427 | Caravel | a small, fast ship with a broad bow | | 7 |
| 1704601428 | Plantation | A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | | 8 |
| 1704601429 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | | 9 |
| 1704601430 | Treaty of Tordesillas | In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. | | 10 |
| 1704601431 | Conquistadores | Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes. | | 11 |
| 1704601432 | Capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets | | 12 |
| 1704601433 | Encomienda | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | | 13 |
| 1704601434 | Noche triste | "sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule | | 14 |
| 1704601435 | Mestizos | The Mestizos were the race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico. | | 15 |
| 1704601436 | Battle of Acoma | Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609. | | 16 |
| 1704601437 | Popé's Rebellion | revolt in which Indians took over New Mexico and held control for
nearly half a century. | | 17 |
| 1704601438 | Black Legend | The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were. | | 18 |
| 1704601439 | Ferdinand of Aragon | King of Spain with his marriage to Isabella of Castile and together they brutally expelled the Muslim caliphate of Córdoba from Spain during the Reconquista. They also funded the expeditions of Christopher Columbus. | | 19 |
| 1704601440 | Isabella of Castile | Queen of Spain with her marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon and together they brutally expelled the Muslim caliphate of Córdoba from Spain during the Reconquista. They also funded the expeditions of Christopher Columbus. | | 20 |
| 1704601441 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | | 21 |
| 1704601442 | Francisco Pizarro | New World conqueror; Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532. | | 22 |
| 1704601443 | Bartolome de las Casas | A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the method of encomienda, calling it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan." | | 23 |
| 1704601444 | Hernan Cortes | He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico. | | 24 |
| 1704601445 | Malinche (Dona Maria) | A female Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec. | | 25 |
| 1704601446 | Moctezuma | Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Spanish were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries. | | 26 |
| 1704601447 | Giovani Caboto (John Cabot) | (an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the current U.S. | | 27 |
| 1704601448 | Robert de La Salle | sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area "Louisiana" after his king. This started a slew of place-names for that area, from LaSalle, Illinois to "Louisville" and then on down to New Orleans (the American counter of Joan of Arc's famous victory at Orleans). | | 28 |
| 1704601449 | Father Junipero Serra | The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain. | | 29 |
| 1704601450 | Protestant Reformation | Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church | | 30 |
| 1704601451 | Roanoke Island | Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina | | 31 |
| 1704601452 | Spanish Armada | Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. | | 32 |
| 1704601453 | Primogeniture | Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas | | 33 |
| 1704601454 | Joint-Stock Company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial vestures | | 34 |
| 1704601455 | Charter | Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. | | 35 |
| 1704601456 | Jamestown | First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company | | 36 |
| 1704601457 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish. | | 37 |
| 1704601458 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peach treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement. | | 38 |
| 1704601459 | Act of Toleration | Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. | | 39 |
| 1704601460 | Barbados Slave Code | First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries. | | 40 |
| 1704601461 | Squatters | Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors. | | 41 |
| 1704601462 | Tusarora War | Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tusaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. | | 42 |
| 1704601463 | Yamasee Indians | Defeated by the South Carolinians in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies | | 43 |
| 1704601464 | Buffer | In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. | | 44 |
| 1704601465 | Iroquois Confederacy | Bound together five tribes - the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas - in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State | | 45 |
| 1704601466 | Henry VIII | British monarch in the 1530s who broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church after wanting a divorce with Catherine of Aragon. By doing so, he brought the Protestant Reformation to England. | | 46 |
| 1704601467 | Elizabeth I | Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Made the break with the Roman Catholic Church final | | 47 |
| 1704601468 | Sir Frances Drake | Vice Admiral was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. was awarded knighthood in 1581 by Elizabeth I | | 48 |
| 1704601469 | Sir Walter Raleigh | English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularizing tobacco in England & led the expedition to North Carolina's Roanoke Island | | 49 |
| 1704601470 | James I | sent a charter to the settlers in the New World from the Virginia Company that granted rights to overseas settlers
Captain | | 50 |
| 1704601471 | John Smith | Admiral of New England and an English soldier, explorer, and author. Took leadership at Jamestown and saved from execution by Indian women | | 51 |
| 1704601472 | Powhatan | also known as Wahunsenacawh, was the paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Virginia Indians in the Tidewater region of Virginia while English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607 | | 52 |
| 1704601473 | Pocahontas | Virginia Indian notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tidewater region of Virginia. | | 53 |
| 1704601474 | Lord De La Warr | was the Englishman after whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, an American Indian people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware" | | 54 |
| 1704601475 | John Rolfe | Early Virginia colonist who fought in the First Anglo-Powhatan War. Later, he married Pocahontas | | 55 |
| 1704601476 | Lord Baltimore | founder of the Maryland colony, a prominent English Catholic. He embarked upon the venture to reap financial profits and to create a refuge for his fellow Catholics | | 56 |
| 1704601477 | Oliver Cromwell | Ruler of the Commonwealth of England during the Puritan Revolution and beheaded Charles I | | 57 |
| 1704601478 | James Oglethorpe | founder of the Georgia Colony who gave Georgia the nickname "The Charity Colony" | | 58 |
| 1704601479 | Hiawatha | notable leader of the Iroquois Confederacy before its fall to the Caucasians | | 59 |
| 1704601480 | Calvinism | Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination - that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. | | 60 |
| 1704601481 | Predestination | Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect." | | 61 |
| 1704601482 | Conversion | Intense religious experience that confirmed and individual's place among the "elect", or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. | | 62 |
| 1704601483 | Puritans | English Protestant reformer who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership | | 63 |
| 1704601484 | Separatists | Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620. | | 64 |
| 1704601485 | Mayflower Compact | Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony | | 65 |
| 1704601486 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies | | 66 |
| 1704601487 | Great Migration | Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose - to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world. | | 67 |
| 1704601488 | Antinomianism | Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson | | 68 |
| 1704601489 | Fundamental Orders | Drafted by the settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution: establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and its state constitution.
Pequot War: Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River Valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies. | | 69 |
| 1704601490 | English Civil War | Armed conflict between royalists and parlimentarians, resulting in the victory of Pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I | | 70 |
| 1704601491 | Dominion of New England | Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced the Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control | | 71 |
| 1704601492 | Navigation Laws | Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England. | | 72 |
| 1704601493 | Glorious Revolution | Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority. | | 73 |
| 1704601494 | Salutary Neglect | Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 | | 74 |
| 1704601495 | Patroonships | Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property. | | 75 |
| 1704601496 | Blue Laws | Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania | | 76 |
| 1704601497 | Martin Luther | leader of the Protestant Reformation in Wittenberg, Germany. Founder of the Lutheran religion. | | 77 |
| 1704601498 | John Calvin | John Calvin was responsible for founding Calvinism, which was reformed Catholicism. He writes about it in "Institutes of a Christian Religion" published in 1536. He believed God was all knowing and everyone was predestined for heaven or hell. | | 78 |
| 1704601499 | William Bradford | A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation." | | 79 |
| 1704601500 | John Winthrop: | John Winthrop immigrated from the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to led a religious experiment. He once said, "we shall be a city on a hill." | | 80 |
| 1704601501 | Anne Hutchinson | A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.) | | 81 |
| 1704601502 | Roger Williams | English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. In 1636, he began the colony of Providence Plantation, which provided a refuge for religious minorities. | | 82 |
| 1704601503 | Massasoit | was the sachem, or leader, of the Wampanoag, and "Massasoit" of the Wampanoag Confederacy. The term Massasoit means Great Sachem. | | 83 |
| 1704601504 | Metacom (King Phillip) | a war chief or sachem of the Wampanoag Indians and their leader in King Philip's War, a widespread Native American uprising against English colonists in New England. | | 84 |
| 1704601505 | Charles II | Ruler of Britain after Oliver Cromwell and brought back the traditional British Monarchy | | 85 |
| 1704601506 | Sir Edmund Andros | Head of the Dominion of New England in 1686, militaristic, disliked by the colonists because of his affiliation with the Church of England, changed many colonial laws and traditions without the consent of the representatives, tried to flee America after England's Glorious Revolution, but was caught and shipped to England | | 86 |
| 1704601507 | William III | King of England with his wife, Mary II. Both were from Holland. Reigned after the Glorious Revolution in England. | | 87 |
| 1704601508 | Mary II | Queen of England with her husband, William III. Both were from Holland. Reigned after the Glorious Revolution in England. | | 88 |
| 1704601509 | Henry Hudson | Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. | | 89 |
| 1704601510 | Peter Stuyvesant | A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands | | 90 |
| 1704601511 | Duke of York | Unpopular Catholic monarch; He was dethroned in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution | | 91 |
| 1704601512 | William Penn | English Quaker;" Holy Experiment"; persecuted because he was a Quaker; 1681 he got a grant to go over to the New World; area was Pennsylvania; "first American advertising man"; freedom of worship there | | 92 |
| 1704601513 | Indentured Servants | person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America. | | 93 |
| 1704601514 | Headright System | system employed in Virginia and Maryland to encourage the importation of servant workers; whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire fifty acres of land | | 94 |
| 1704601515 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 Virginian rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) sparked by governor Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for a series of brutal Indian attacks on frontier settlements; killed Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and set fire to Jamestown; plundering and pilfering; crushed by Berkeley with cruelty of haging over twenty rebels; rebellion ignited resentments of landless former servants and pitted the frontiersmen against the gentry of the plantations; caused gentry to seek out African slaves | | 95 |
| 1704601516 | Royal African Company | English stock-joint company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges. | | 96 |
| 1704601517 | Middle Passage | the transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the New World; the long and hazardous "middle" segment of a journey that began with a forced march to the African coast and ended with a streak into the American interior | | 97 |
| 1704601518 | New York Slave Revolt | Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks | | 98 |
| 1704601519 | South Carolina Slave Revolt (Stono River) | Uprising of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They tried to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by South Carolina militia. | | 99 |
| 1704601520 | Congregational Church | Self governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church. | | 100 |
| 1704601521 | Jeremiad | a new form of sermon in the Puritan churches in the mid-seventeenth century; preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety | | 101 |
| 1704601522 | Half-Way Covenant | 1662, arrangement in Puritan churches which modified the covenant to admit to baptism the unconverted children of existing members; weakened the distinction between the elect and others; led to widening of church membership; afterwords, women became majority in Puritan churches | | 102 |
| 1704601523 | Salem Witch Trials | the legal lynching in 1692 of twenty individuals, ninteen of whom were hanged and one of whom was pressed to death; two dogs were also hanged; in Salem, Massachusetts; represented the widening social stratification of New England and the fear of many religious traditionalists that the Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism | | 103 |
| 1704601524 | Leisler's Rebellion | an ill-starred and bloody insurgence that rocked NYC from 1689 to 1691; fueled by animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants | | 104 |
| 1704601525 | William Berkeley | Virginian governor who disliked wretched bachelors (poor, endebted, discontented, and armed); disliked by wretched bachelors for friendly relations with Indians | | 105 |
| 1704601526 | Nathanial Bacon | twenty-nine-year-old planter who led a 1676 rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) against Berkeley's friendly relations with Indians; in Virginia; died suddenly of disease | | 106 |
| 1704601527 | Anthony Johnson | Slave in Northampton County, Virginia who bought his freedom and became a slaveholder himself | | 107 |
| 1704601528 | Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. | | 108 |
| 1704601529 | Regulator Movement | It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. | | 109 |
| 1704601530 | Triangular Trade | Triangular trade was a small, profitable trading route started by people in New England who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to the West Indies in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this process. This form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countries in the 1750's. | | 110 |
| 1704601531 | Molasses Act | A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution. | | 111 |
| 1704601532 | Arminianism | a group within the Church of England who rejected Puritanism and the Calvinist doctrine of predestination in favor of free will and an elaborate liturgy; supported by Charles I | | 112 |
| 1704601533 | Great Awakening | The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together. | | 113 |
| 1704601534 | Old and New Lights | In the early 1700's, old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary. New lights were the more modern- thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. These conflicting opinions changed certain denominations, helped popularize missionary work and assisted in the founding educational centers now known as Ivy League schools. | | 114 |
| 1704601535 | Poor Richard's Almanac | Benjamin Franklin's popular collection of information, parables, and advice | | 115 |
| 1704601536 | Zenger trial | He was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press. | | 116 |
| 1704601537 | Royal Colonies | colonies that have a governor and council that were designated by the British crown. The people still chose their legislature
Proprietary Colony: was a colony in which one or more individuals, usually land owners, remaining subject to their parent state's sanctions, retained rights that are today regarded as the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so | | 117 |
| 1704601538 | Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur | French settler on America in the 1770's; he posed the question of what "American" is after seeing people in America like he had never seen before. American really became a mixture of many nationalities. | | 118 |
| 1704601539 | Jacobus Arminius | the founder of the anti-Calvinistic school in Reformed Protestant theology, thereby lending his name to a movement which resisted some of the tenets of Calvinism - Arminianism. The early Dutch followers of Arminius' teaching were also called the Remonstrants, after they issued a document containing five points of disagreement with classic Calvinism, entitled Remonstrantice (1610). | | 119 |
| 1704601540 | Jonathan Edwards | an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. | | 120 |
| 1704601541 | George Whitfield | a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy. | | 121 |
| 1704601542 | John Trumbull | colonial painter who studied and worked in Britain and are considered the great American colonial portrait painters | | 122 |
| 1704601543 | John Singleton Copley | a famous Revolutionary era painter, Copley had to travel to England to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could Copley find subjects with the leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. Although he was an American citizen, he was loyal to England during The Revolution. | | 123 |
| 1704601544 | Phillis Wheatly | Born around 1753, Wheatley was a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, Wheatley was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. Wheatley died in 1784. | | 124 |
| 1704601545 | John Peter Zenger | colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press | | 125 |
