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American Pageant Ch 18 Flashcards

1422519447	Lewiss Cass	Who is the Democratic candidate in the election of 1848?	0
1422519448	popular sovereignty	Lewiss Cass coined this term. It was the belief that the people of a territory should decide the issue of slavery.	1
1422519449	Zachary Taylor	Who is the Whig candidate in the election of 1848?	2
1422519450	Free-Soilers	They favored the Wilmot Proviso and were against slavery in territories. They hated slavery because it took away job opportunities from whites.	3
1422519451	Conscience Whigs	They condemned slavery on moral grounds.	4
1422519452	Sutter's Mill	Gold was discovered here in California in 1848.	5
1422519453	gold rush	This was the flood of people moving into California and out of Oregon after the discovery of gold.	6
1422519454	slavery	In 1849, California drafted a constitution that forbade this.	7
1422519455	admission of CA	This would have upset the South and made the North happy. It was a potential upset to balance between free and slave states.	8
1422519456	South	The _____ had many presidents, cabinet members and justices. So if they were outnumbered in the House, they had equal representation in the Senate.	9
1422519457	California	Up until __________, there were 15 slave states and 15 free states.	10
1422519458	Underground Railroad	Under this secret system, thousands of slaves escaped to the North.	11
1422519459	Harriet Tubman	She made 19 trips to the South and rescued over 300 slaves, including her parents.	12
1422519460	The Great Triumvirate	This was composed of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun.	13
1422519461	fire eaters	These were people in the South who threatened secession.	14
1422519462	Stephen Douglas	Who accompanies Henry Clay when he comes back to help with the Compromise of 1850?	15
1422519463	concessions	Henry Clay favored ___________ from both the North and South. He believed that the North should yield by enacting a tougher fugitive slave law.	16
1422519464	The Great Nullifier	What was the nickname given to John C. Calhoun?	17
1422519465	John C. Calhoun	He wanted to leave slavery alone and wanted to return the runaway slaves.	18
1422519466	Daniel Webster	He favored a tough fugitive slave law.	19
1422519467	Seventh of March Speech	This was a speech given by Daniel Webster in which he stated that territory gained from Mexico was not physically suitable for slavery, but he encouraged compromise from north.	20
1422519468	William H. Seward	He was against concessions for the South. He believed that slavery shouldn't be allowed into Western territory due to a "higher law" than the Constitution.	21
1422519469	President Zachary Taylor	William H. Seward swayed him to believe in the "higher law." He was against concession vetoed all compromises.	22
1422519470	Millard Fillmore	Who took office after Taylor's death in office and signed the Compromise of 1850?	23
1422519471	Compromise of 1850	POPFACT; POPular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession; Fugitive Slave Law; Abolition of slave trad in Washington D.C.; California admitted as a free state; Texas given $10 million for disputed New Mexico territory	24
1422519472	Bloodhound Bill	What was the nickname given to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850?	25
1422519473	Fugitive Slave Law of 1850	This was the single most important frictional issue between the North and South in the 1850s. It stated that slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf and were denied a jury trial. Northers who aided slaves could be fined or jailed.	26
1422519474	moderates	Following the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, _________ joined the abolition bandwagon.	27
1422519475	Personal Liberty Laws	These were passed in the North and denied local jails to federal officials involved in catching slaves. It was the North's version of nullifying this law.	28
1422519476	Ableman v. Booth	In this 1859 court case, the Supreme Court upheld the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.	29
1422519477	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	This was an agreement in 1850 and stated that neither Britain nor America would seek control over future isthmus waterways.	30
1422519478	Ostend Manifesto	This urged the US to buy Cuba from Spain for $120 million. If Spain refused, then the US was to take it over violently. Free-Soilers blocked the passage of this.	31
1422519479	Caleb Cushing	Who traveled to China?	32
1422519480	Treaty of Wanghia	This treaty of 1844 was the first diplomatic agreement between the US and China with the help of Caleb Cushing.	33
1422519481	commerce	What did the Treaty of Wanghia promote?	34
1422519482	missionaries	Following the Treaty of Wanghia, these opened up in China.	35
1422519483	Matthew Perry	Who opened up Japan in 1852?	36
1422519484	Treaty of Kanagawa	With this treaty of 1854, the US and Japan began trade after 200 years of Japan isolationism.	37
1422519485	Meiji Restoration	The Treaty of Kanagawa begins this.	38
1422519486	favorable geography	Why does the South win in building a railroad in the South?	39
1422519487	Jefferson Davis	He was Secretary of War (and future CSA president) who appointed William Gadsen to negotiate the land purchase with Santa Anna.	40
1422519488	William Gadsen	He negotiated the Gadsen Purchase with Santa Anna in 1853 in which the US agreed to pay $10 million for the area.	41
1422519489	Kansas-Nebraska Scheme	What was the most important short-term cause of the Civil War?	42
1422519490	Gadsen Purchase	What the Kansas-Nebraska Act a response to?	43
1422519491	slave; free	Kansas would presumably be _____ and Nebraska would presumably be ____.	44
1422519492	Missouri Compromise	What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act repeal?	45

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American Pageant Chapters 23, 24, 25, 26 Flashcards

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1171289640	Plessy v. Ferguson	a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation, "Separate But equal"	0
1171289641	Jim Crow	(AJohn) , Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights. Lynching becomes popular. Jim Crow was a stereotypical black person	1
1171289642	Ida B. Wells	African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores	2
1171289643	Great Railroad Strike of 1877	July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 100 people killed by militia men.	3
1171289644	Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)	(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.	4
1171289645	Kearneyites	Terrorized and murdered the chinese, led by Denis Kearney	5
1171289646	Half Breeds	Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.	6
1171289647	Stalwarts	A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.	7
1171289648	Election of 1880	James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur (republicans). Winfield Scott (democrats). Garfield won election, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau	8
1171289649	Charles Guiteau	Killed Garfield thinking he would get a job. Leads to questioning of the spoils system	9
1171289650	Election of 1884	James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.	10
1186645173	Laissez-Faire	Hands off. No government intervention in business.	11
1186645174	Interstate Commerce Commission	-Government agency organized to oversee railroad commerce -had a ton of loopholes, and gov't didn't really enforce	12
1186645175	Dependent Pension Act	1890 passed in Congress and signed by President Harrison. It was the same bill that Cleveland had vetoed, allowing veterans dependent on manual labor and unable to work, whether or not the reason was connected to military service, to collect pensions. Pension rolls doubled between 18890 and 1893 causing the treasury to start draining	13
1186645176	Sherman Anti-trust act	an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States	14
1186645177	McKinley Tariff	1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history	15
1186645178	Depression of 1893	Caused by excessive building and overspeculation as well as a continued agricultural depression along with the free coining of silver and the collecting of debts by European banking houses, this was the worst economic downturn of the nineteenth century	16
1186645179	Wilson-Gorman Tariff	Meant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional.	17
1186645180	Pullman Strike	in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing	18
1186645181	Mugwumps	A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.	19
1186645182	Pendleton Civil Service Act	(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.	20
1186645183	Compromise of 1877	..., Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river	21
1186645184	Cleveland Scandal	-politicians believed that Grover Cleveland had fathered a child out of wedlock -"Ma Ma Where's my pa?"	22
1199775861	benefits of transcontinental railways	-helped to bind the nation together -Union built new railroads during the war -timezones invented -more jobs invented	23
1199775862	Chinese Immigrants	-mostly came to work on railroads -were not treated well because of job competition	24
1199775863	Fisk-Gould scandal	Black Friday, September 24, 1869 also known as the Fisk/Gould scandal, was a financial panic in the United States caused by two speculators' efforts to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. It was one of several scandals that rocked the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant.	25
1199775864	Credit-Mobilier scandal	This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.	26
1199775865	corruption in railroads	-tons of scandals (Fisk-Gould scandal. credit mobilier scandal) -embezzlement was common -little gov't regulation -tons of manipulation -railroad companies formed trusts amongst eachother	27
1199775866	Wabash case	-Court case that resulted in the federal gov't having little control over businesses.	28
1201576064	Alexander Graham Bell	invented the telephone	29
1201576065	Thomas Edison	invented a lot of things, including the light bulb	30
1201576066	Why did the US have so much industry?	liquid capital (coal, oil, and iron)	31
1201576067	Andrew Carnegie	Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"	32
1201576068	Vanderbilt	United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)	33
1201576069	Rockefeller	By the middle of the 1880s, he monopolized the oil industry in the United States.	34
1201576070	JP Morgan	An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901	35
1201576071	Vertical Integration	Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution	36
1201576072	Horizontal Integration	Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller	37
1201576073	Gospel of Wealth	the belief that those entrusted with societys riches had to prove themselves morally responsible	38
1201576074	How did the South fall into a "third world" after the war?	-Even though the south had industrialized, the North had kept regulations to keep the south from competing with the North -there were still cheap jobs for the south on Oil, coal, and steel plants. Wage was cheap but the South was eager for employment -Northern millionaires gave jobs to the South	39
1201576075	Women in industrialization	-Women were getting out of the house and working especially cities -women still received little pay -Gibson girl was made but unrealistic for most of the working women	40
1201576076	New Immigrants	Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe.	41
1201576077	Farmers in industrialization	-unemployment was always in view -family illness was disastrous	42
1201576078	Knights of Labor	1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed	43
1201576079	Haymarket riot	A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.	44
1201576080	American Federation of Labor	(GC2) , Samuel Gompers, a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.	45
1202273386	Massacre at Wounded knee	1890 shooting by army troops of a group of unarmed Sioux. Marked the end of any widespread Native American resistance to the US Government.	46
1202273387	Great Sioux War	In 1874, Lieutenant Colonel Custard led an exploratory expedition into the Black Hills, which the US government had promised to the Sioux Indians. Miners soon followed and the army did nothing to keep them out. Eventually, the army attacked the Sioux Indians and the fight against them lasted fifteen months before the Sioux Indians were forced to give up their land and move onto a reservation.	47
1202940586	The new industrial city and it's impact on society	-more and more cities formed, population skyrocketed -European immigrants saw America as the land opportunity, so they immigrated there -city life was incredibly dirty, most ppl were poor -having lots of children in the farm land meant more hands to help, more children in cities meant more crowded living quarters and more mouths to feed -mass transit formed -ppl had to find new methods of waste disposal	48
1202940587	Hull houses	founded by Jane Addams. First in Chicago. Helped provide assistance and friendship to the poor. These houses were privately funded and offered classes in English and reading to immigrants leave the ravish life style	49
1202940588	Restrictions for new immigrants	-literacy tests, proposed but turned down -Congress banned convicts, criminals, and poor ppl from entering the country -Chinese Exclusion Act	50
1202940589	Religious life	-Churches were given a bed rep. since they failed to help the poverty rates -religious ppl thought that the devil had won -religious revival was encouraged -Moody Bible by Dwight Lyman Moody preached peace and kindness -YMCA established	51
1202940590	Mary Baker Eddy	Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.	52
1202940591	Catholicism and Judaism	-gained many new followers from the immigration -Catholic schools were built and spread -Salvation Army founded to help poor	53
1202940592	Cardinal Gibbons	-catholic who preached american unity	54
1202940593	Darwinism	A theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection, lead to a huge debate on whether evolution or creationism was to be taught in school. Also angered Fundamentalists.	55
1202940594	Modernists	This group of people supported Darwinism and they refused to accept the bible as history or science.	56
1202940595	Robert G. Ingersoll	first person to deny creationism	57
1202940596	Education	-Debate between the education of creationism or evolution -public schools spread and free textbooks all tax-supported -ppl believed that education would reduce poverty -south had terrible education -colleges for women were sprouting up (Vasser) -coed and black colleges were emerging -many Ivy Leagues were founded from donations -New medical and science schools	58
1203089913	Morrill Act	passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.	59
1203089914	Booker T. Washington	African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.	60
1203089915	W.E.B Debois	Scholar and activist. Became the first black to earn a Ph.D. Believed that Blacks should get immediate equality, and founded the NAACP	61
1203089916	Yellow Journalism	Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers	62
1203089917	Horatio Alger	Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work	63
1203089918	Mark Twain	United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910). Also gave the Gilded Age it's name	64
1203089919	Stephan Crane	Wrote brilliantly and realistically about industrial, urban America in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893). It old of a girl-turned-prostitute and then suicide; 'Red Badge of Courage'	65
1203089920	Henry James	Also a pseudo-realist, he was an author who wrote books about the rich and expatriates. Daisy Miller	66
1203089921	Jack London	A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels.	67
1203089922	Theodore Dreiser	A naturalist whose books, such as Sister Carrie (1900), The Financier (1912), and The Titan (1914), shocked the genteel public by presenting protagonists who sinned without remorse and without punishment.	68
1203089923	Charlotte Perkins Gilman	A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force.	69
1203089924	Social Gospel	A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.	70
1203089925	Literature	-books were being published about controversial topics such as sex, divorce, and birth control	71
1214553153	Benjamin Harrison	1888; Republicn; signed the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (which was not really enforced until Teddy Roosevelt came along); more states admitted during his presidency than any other except Washington's	72
1214553154	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.	73
1214553155	Horace Greeley	An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper	74
1214553156	Samuel Tilden	Democratic candidate for presidency in 1876 won popular vote but was one vote short in electoral college, as compromise the republican candidate (Hayes) became president if troops were withdrawn from South ending the Reconstruction era	75
1214553157	Czar Reed	Republican speaker of the house who used tough tactics to overcome democratic opposition and pass large spending bills. p.556	76
1214553158	Free silver	Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan	77
1214553159	Thomas Nast	Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.	78
1214553160	Sherman Silver Purchase Act	Increased the amount of silver the gov. baught for coinage, but the money supply did not increase enough to satisfy silver supporters	79
1214553161	National Labor Union	1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8 hour work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers. Led to the creation of unions.	80
1214553162	Bessemer-Kelly process	cheap way of turning iron into steel	81
1214553163	James B Duke	Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist.	82
1214553164	stock watering	Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.	83
1214553165	Terence v. Powderly	Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)	84
1214553166	Wedding of the rails	nickname for the site where the union pacific and central pacific met in ogden utah	85
1214553167	Louis Sullivan	United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)	86
1214553168	Victoria Woodhull	Shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871. She was a divorcee, sometime stockbroker, and a tireless feminist propagandist.	87
1214553169	Prohibition in the 19th century	-views of prohibition sparked through church groups	88
1214553170	Theodore Dreiser	A naturalist whose books, such as Sister Carrie (1900), The Financier (1912), and The Titan (1914), shocked the genteel public by presenting protagonists who sinned without remorse and without punishment.	89
1214553171	Comstock Law	is a United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information	90
1214553172	Buffalo Bill	Frontiersmen turn showman who portrayed the conquest of the west as a triumphant defeat of savagery	91
1214553173	Dumbbell Tenement	Houses that poor people lived in, located in cities Showed some atrocities of American industrial life.	92
1214553174	hatch acts	A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.	93
1214553175	PT Barnum	the famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists, eventually launching his famous circus	94
1214553176	Pragmatists	Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Ziaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward.	95
1214553177	Carrie A. Nation	muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.	96
1214553178	Geronimo	Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)	97
1214553179	Little Bighorn	(1876) Battle during which the Sioux Tribe defeated the U.S. Army forces led by Colonel George A. Custer.	98
1214553180	Eugene V Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.	99
1214553181	Great Sioux Reservation	where Native Americans were herded by the federal government after giving up their ancestral land for the promise of being left alone with food and clothingthey were never sufficiently taken care of)	100
1214553182	Sand Creek Massacre	In Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict	101
1214553183	Long Drive	General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming	102
1214553184	Frederick Jackson Turner	"The Significance of the Frontier in American History": American needed a frontier [inspired by "closing of frontier"]	103
1214553185	Gold Bugs	a person who believes that American currency should be based on a gold standard	104
1214553186	George Armstrong Custer	United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)	105
1214553187	Helen Hunt Jackson	United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885), A century of Dishonor	106
1214553188	boom/bust towns	Birmingham, Middlesboro, Roanoke	107
1214553189	The grange	Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads	108
1215451969	Joseph Pulitzer	He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.	109

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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 23 Flashcards

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3469640202	Ulysses S. Grant	18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. The Republicans nominated him for president in 1868. A primary focus of his administration was Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves. While he was personally honest, some of his associates were corrupt and his administration was tarnished by various scandals.	0
3469640203	Jim Fisk	Notorious in the financial world with his partner Jay Gould. He made a plot in 1869 to corner the gold market. It would only work if the federal treasury didn't sell any gold. They tried to make sure of this by talking with President Grant and his brother in law who was paid $25,000. They bid the price of gold skyward while honest businesspeople were driven to the wall.	1
3469640204	Jay Gould	United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)	2
3469642635	"Boss" Tweed	Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the his reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.	3
3469642636	Thomas Nast	A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians	4
3469645689	Horace Greeley	An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. He used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.	5
3469645690	William Belknap	US Army Major General and Government Admin in Iowa. He was the Secretary of War during the Civil war, and apparently sold weapons to France as the Secretary of war, giving him a bad reputation.	6
3469647845	Roscoe Conkling	A politician from New York who served both as a member of the House and Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest.	7
3469647846	James Blaine	Secretary of State in two administrations in the 1880's led early efforts to expand american influence in Latin America. He hoped to reduce tariff rates (didn't happen) but goal of cooperation between the Pan-American Union happened and continues to exist today.	8
3469650071	Rutherford B. Hayes	19th President of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. He withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states in order to restore local control and good will, a decision that many perceived as a betrayal of African Americans in the South. He served a single term, as he had promised in his inaugural address.	9
3469650072	Denis Kearney	Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.	10
3469654199	Winfield Scott Hancock	Democrat candidate in the election of 1880 who wanted to stop Chinese immigration and ran on the platform of hard money, civil service reform, and a reduced tariff. He was defeated by James Garfield.	11
3469654200	Samuel Tilden	Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.	12
3469656800	James A. Garfield	In 1880, a divided Republican Party chose him as its dark horse presidential nominee. After winning the general election, his brief time in office was marked by political wrangling. In July 1881, he was shot by a disgruntled constituent and died less than three months later.	13
3469656801	Chester A. Arthur	The 21st U.S. president, took office after the death of President James Garfield. As president from 1881 to 1885, he advocated for civil service reform. He was named to the powerful position of customs collector for the Port of New York. He later was removed from the job by President Rutherford Hayes in an attempt to reform the spoils system. Elected to the vice presidency in 1880, he became president after Garfield died following an assassination attempt by a disgruntled job seeker. While in office, he rose above partisanship and in 1883 signed the Pendleton Act, which required government jobs to be distributed based on merit.	14
3469661396	Charles J. Guiteau	Assassinated President James A. Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.	15
3469667240	Benjamin Harrison	The 23rd President of the United States in 1888. He improved America's foreign policy goals (including his proposal to annex the Hawaiian Islands) displayed his expanded vision of the nation's role in world affairs. In 1890, he signed into law the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first piece of legislation designed to prohibit industrial combinations, or trusts. In 1892, he lost his bid for reelection to Grover Cleveland by a wide margin.	16
3469669857	Thomas Reed	Tough "Czar" who ruled the House of Representatives during the "billion-dollar Congress"	17
3469669858	William McKinley	The 25th president of the United States, a Republican. In 1898, he led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence. In general, his bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, he was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in 1901.	18
3469673729	James B. Weaver	Populist Presidential Candidate, his one million votes were 8.5% of the total votes cast from the populist party.	19
3469673730	Tom Watson	Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremacist.	20
3469675908	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	21
3469675909	Adlai E. Stevenson	Eloquent Democratic presidential candidate who was twice swamped by popular Republican war hero	22
3469680658	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.	23
3469680659	J.P. Morgan	Banker who bought out Carnegie Steel and renamed it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"	24
3469682502	soft money	Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.	25
3469765072	cheap money	The theory that more printed money causes inflation.	26
3469682504	hard money	Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.	27
3469684302	sound money	misleading slogan that referred to a conservative policy of restricting the money supply and adhering to the gold standard.	28
3469684303	contraction	This was the policy implemented by the Treasury when they began to accumulate gold stocks against the appointed day for resumption of metallic-money payments. This policy was coupled with the reduction of greenbacks. It had a noticeable deflationary effect—the amount of money per capita in circulation actually decreased between 1870 and 1880, This policy probably worsened the impact of the depression. But the new policy did restore the government's credit rating, and it brought the embattled greenbacks up to their full face value.	29
3469687532	the "bloody shirt"	using the war to gain moral support; meaning to constantly remind voters of his military record used by Grant. Helped win moral support for the Republican party in the election of 1868 after war.	30
3469687533	Gilded Age	A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.	31
3469687534	spoils system	A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.	32
3469690509	crop-lien system	A credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants. They held a lien on the cotton crop and the merchants and landowners were the first ones paid from its sale. What was left over went to the farmer. The system ended in the 1940s	33
3469690510	pork-barrel bills	When congress votes for an unnecessary building project so that a member can get more district popularity	34
3469690511	populism	the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite.	35
3469692655	grandfather clause	Jim Crow era state laws that discouraged African Americans from voting by saying that if your grandpa couldn't vote, then neither can you. The newly-freed slaves grandpas couldn't vote, so neither could they. Declared unconstitutional in 1915.	36
3469692656	"Ohio Idea"	1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks. It was not adopted.	37
3469694497	Black Friday	September 24, 1869. Day when Fisk and Gould's plot to corner the gold market took place. They bid the price of gold skyward but then Grant released gold from the treasury and gold plummeted but Gould and Fisk escaped without financial harm. Grant had just acted stupidly and didn't get in any serious trouble.	38
3469694498	Tweed Ring	A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. This supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed, this did not last.	39
3469699268	Crédit Mobilier	a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.	40
3469699269	Whiskey Ring	During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.	41
3469702036	Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company	A private corporation chartered by the U.S. government to encourage and guide the economic development of the newly emancipated African-American communities in the post-Civil War period. Although functioning only between 1865 and 1874, the company achieved notable successes as a leading financial institution of African-Americans. Its failure was devastating to the newly emancipated black community.	42
3469702037	Liberal Republicans	Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampened further Reconstructionist efforts.	43
3469704786	"Crime of '73"	In 1873 congress dropped coinage of silver dollars because of the lack of value that was put on it and the stoppage of miners selling silver. In the later 1870's new silver discoveries were made that shot production up and prices down. Westerners from silver mining states wanted a return for silver and called for the stoppage of this. Like paper money, the demand for more silver was just another scheme to promote inflation.	44
3469704787	Bland-Allison Act	1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.	45
3469708236	Greenback Labor Party	Farmers complaints and anger could also be found in this party. It had the inflationary appeal of the original Greenbackers but also had a program for improving the lot of labor. In 1878, this party pulled a million votes and elected 14 members to Congress. In 1880 it ran James B. Weaver in the presidential election but he only polled 3% of the popular vote.	46
3469708237	Grand Army of the Republic	Civil War Union veteran's organization that became a potent political stockade of the Republican part in the late nineteenth century	47
3469710486	Stalwart	They were conservative Republicans who viewed themselves as firm against sitting President Rutherford B. Hayes' efforts to reform the "spoils system," led by Roscoe ("Lord Roscoe") Conkling.	48
3469710487	Half-Breed	Republican faction- led by James G Blaine (congressman)- favored civil service (spoils system) reform. They were composed of the moderate faction of the party.	49
3469712971	Compromise of 1877	Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promised: 1) Remove military from South 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river	50
3469712972	Civil Rights Cases	1883 - These state supreme court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaurants, hotels, and railroads could. Gave legal sanction to Jim Crow laws.	51
3469716421	Civil Rights Act of 1875	A United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.	52
3469716422	Pendleton Act	1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons.	53
3469718678	Mugwumps	A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.	54
3469718679	"Redeemers"	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.	55
3469721616	Plessy v. Ferguson	a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were "separate but equal".	56
3469721617	Jim Crow	Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950's	57
3469723845	Chinese Exclusion Act	(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.	58
3469723846	"Mulligan letters"	Term for the letters written by James Blaine to a Boston businessman linking in a corrupt deal of federal favors to a railroad.	59
3469727200	United States vs. Wong Kim Ark	Supreme Court case that ruled that practically everyone born in the United States is a U.S. citizen.	60
3469730247	"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"	Samuel D. Burchard damned the Democrats in a speech as the party of "this quote"—insulting with one swift stroke the culture, the faith, and the patriotism of New York's numerous Irish American voters.	61
3469737231	Billion-Dollar Congress	Republican congress of 1890. Gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. First billion dollar budget.	62
3469739779	People's Party	aka Populists, this party was formed in 1892 by farmers' alliances. This party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads.	63
3469742615	Sherman Silver Purchase Act	In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.	64
3469745096	Colored Farmers' National Alliance	More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers.	65
3469745097	Farmers' Alliance	In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings, education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperatives. Women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party.	66
3469748951	Wilson-Gorman Tariff	This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff.	67
3469758204	McKinley Tariff	1890- Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48%	68
3470718757	Panic of 1873	Four year economic depression caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver).	69
3470718758	patronage	Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support	70
3470722210	sharecropping	A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Many southerners used this in attempt to recreate conditions for Blacks prior to the Civil War.	71
3470722211	Homestead Strike	Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers	72

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Spheres Flashcards

Test your limits fellow Spheres. If you have another account please let The Atmosphere know. Thank-you! If you are not one of the following spheres listed bellow please exit this set:
1. Tpp19/Air in Latin
2. HydroFury/HydroTiger/HydroTiger17/ElectricHydro17/IceWave
3. landland
4. Rulerdrake
5. Kencam0831
6. DoomRock034

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1645846106	Atmosphere	All the air in the world. (Oxygen, Nitrogen, even Carbon Dioxide!)	0
1645846107	Geosphere	the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle	1
1645846108	Biosphere	All life forms on Earth EX: deers, parrots. horses, tigers, dragons, etc...	2
1645846109	Hydrosphere	All of Earth's water including oceans, lake, rivers,etc...	3
1645846110	Cryosphere	All frozen water on Earth such as icebergs, snow, hail, etc...	4
1645846111	Atmo-	Air	5
1645846112	Hydro-	Water	6
1645846113	Geo-	Earth	7
1645846114	Bio-	Life	8
1645846115	Cryo-	Cold	9
2605581758	Mytho-	Myths	10
1645846116	Troposphere	First layer of the Atmosphere. Has clouds and planes.	11
1645846117	Stratosphere	Second layer of the Atmosphere. Contains the Ozone Layer.	12
1645846118	Mesosphere	The Third layer of the Atmosphere. Cold.	13
1645846119	Ionosphere	Located between the Mesosphere and Thermosphere. Has the Northern lights (Aurora Borealis)	14
1645846120	Thermosphere	The second to last layer of the Atmosphere. It is very hot, it feels cold.	15
1645846121	Exosphere	The last layer of the Atmosphere.	16
1942001656	Mythosphere	All the myths and mythical things on Earth! Includes unicorns, pegasus, dragons, etc.	17
2605587511	Transfigosphere	(A made-up sphere) All patterns of transfiguration (transforming).	18

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Chapter 11, Cell Communication, Campbell 8e Flashcards

Ch. 11 Key Concepts: - External signals are converted to responses within the cell. - Reception: A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. - Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell. - Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities. - Apoptosis (programmed cell death) integrates multiple cell signaling pathways.

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2778265774	signal transduction pathway	a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response.	0
2778265775	local regulators	Messenger molecules secreted by the signaling cell which only travel short distance and influence cells in the local vicinity	1
2835004756	growth factors	Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate.	2
2835006159	paracrine signaling	Type of cell signalling where cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell.	3
2835006160	synaptic signaling	electrical signal along a nerve cell releases chemical signal in form of neurotransmitters and stimulates a cell across synapse	4
2835006161	hormones	Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another	5
2835006782	reception	The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.	6
2835006783	transduction	Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	7
2835006784	response	An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.	8
2835007684	ligand	Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.	9
2835007685	G protein-coupled receptor	Ligand binding to a G protein-coupled receptor opens an ion channel or alters the enzymes activity.	10
2835008345	G protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.	11
2835008346	receptor tyrosine kinases	a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	12
2835009116	ligand-gated ion channel	An ion channel that is opened or closed based on the binding of a specific ligand to the channel. Once opened, the channel allows the ion to cross the plasma membrane according to its concentration gradient. An examples is the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, which, when Ach binds, opens a cation channel in the muscle cell membrane.	13
2835009117	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.	14
2835010173	protein phosphatases	enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, dephosphorylation	15
2835010174	second messengers	Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.	16
2835010175	cyclic AMP	A second messenger derived from ATP and triggers specific cellular changes in metabolic regulation	17
2835010943	adenylyl cyclase	Converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal.	18
2835011233	scaffolding proteins	A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.	19
2835011234	apoptosis	Process of programmed cell death	20

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AP Biology - Immune System Flashcards

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2398409208	Part of body that filters and traps foreign particles and store B & T cells	Lymph Nodes	0
2398410263	Stores blood cells and removes antibody coated cells	Spleen	1
2398410264	traps bacteria and antigens	Adenoids (Tonsils)	2
2398412227	Stem cells make blood cells; place were B cells mature	Bone Marrow	3
2398412834	Produces and "educates" T cells	Thymus	4
2399613254	Type of immune system that is "born with ability," treats all pathogens the same, and is nonspecific?	non specific innate immunity	5
2399618146	List the 3 parts of the non specific first line of defense	skin cilia mucus	6
2399620090	flat with tight junctions acts as protective barrier	skin	7
2399630559	line respiratory tract to sweep out invaders	cilia	8
2399632343	traps invaders by being sticky, made out of lysosomes	mucus	9
2399633783	What is the pH of sweat glands?	3-5 acidity. antibacterial	10
2399635999	What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?	to kill most germs in food	11
2399638163	enzyme in saliva/tears that digests bacterial cell walls	lysozyme	12
2399645603	What does the secondary internal defense of the nonspecific immune system consist of?	Leukocytes (Phagocytic cells)	13
2399700700	WBC's that engulf and digest invading bacteria	macrophages	14
2399703467	Response that increases blood flow to area to bring more immune cels in response to chemicals in damaged area	Inflammatory response (heat, swollen, fever, red, pain)	15
2399706993	Dialates blood vessels making them more leaky. bring more blood to infected area and causes plasma to leak into tissue	Histamine	16
2399708186	Chemical signal that calls up macrophages	Chemokines	17
2399712985	Immunity that gains its ability over time	Specific acquired immunity	18
2399715524	What cells are associated with humoral immune response	B cells	19
2399717254	Response where B cells make antibodies to weaken pathogens and mark them to be killed	Humoral immune response (plasma cells)	20
2399719962	What cells are associated with the cell mediated immune response	T cells	21
2399720824	What response is important in bacterial infections	Humoral immune response	22
2399722503	What response is important in viruses, cancer, and transplants	Cell meditated immune response	23
2399726194	cells that recognize protein antigens on surfaces of virus infected cells and release chemicals to destroy them	Killer T cells (Cytotoxic)	24
2399729435	chemical released by killer t cells that makes holes in infected cells; water rushes in and cells burst	Perforins	25
2399730700	Cells that activate B cells and Killer T cells	Helper T cells	26
2399761265	What releases antibodies	Plasma made by B cells	27
2399763672	The idea that the body only makes B cells with specific antibodies at the time the body needs it specifically	clonal selection	28
2399764544	What activates helper t cells	macrophages	29
2399768926	Immunity that makes its own antibodies and is longer lasting	Active Immunity	30
2399770463	Give an example of active immunity	when body is exposed to pathogens naturally	31
2399771349	Give an example of Passive immunity	mother passes antibodies to fetus or thru breast milk	32
2399773844	immunity where antibodies come from other sources and don't last forever	passive immunity	33
2399775203	what type of immunity snake bite produces immune response or shock	passive	34
2399776259	what type of immunity vaccinations	active	35

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AP English Poetry Terms Flashcards

Poetry Terms

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1106918309	alliteration	repetition of identical or similar consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words	0
1106918310	allusion	a reference in a work of literature to something outside the work, especially to a well-known historical or literary event, person, or work	1
1106918311	antithesis	a figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas. Antithesis is a balancing of one term against another for emphasis or stylistic effectiveness.	2
1106918312	apostrophe	figure of speech in which someone, some abstract quality, or a nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present	3
1106918313	assonance	repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds. "The land laid waste with all its young men slain" repeats the same "a" sound.	4
1106918314	ballad meter	a four-line stanza rhymed abcd with four feet in lines one and three and three feet in lines two and four. O mother, mother make my bed. O make it soft and narrow. Since my love died for me today, I'll die for him tomorrow.	5
1106918315	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse is the meter of most Shakespeare's plays, as well as that of Milton's Paradise Lost.	6
1106918316	cacophony	harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds or tones	7
1106918317	caesura	a pause, usually near the middle of a line of verse, usually indicated by the sense of the line, and often greater than the normal pause. To err is human, to forgive is divine	8
1106918318	conceit	an ingenious and fanciful notion or conception, usually expressed through an elaborate analogy, and pointing to a striking parallel between two seemingly dissimilar things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it also may form the framework of an entire poem.	9
1106918319	consonance	repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words	10
1106918320	couplet	two line stanza, usually with end rhymes the same	11
1106918321	devices of sound	techniques of deploying the sound of words (rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, ad onomatopoeia)	12
1106918322	diction	use of words in a literary work. Formal, informal, colloquial, slang	13
1106918323	didactic poem	intended primarily to teach a lesson	14
1106918324	dramatic poem	employs a dramatic form or some element or elements of dramatic techniques as a means of achieving poetic ends	15
1106918325	elegy	a sustained and formal poem setting forth the poet's meditations on death or another solemn theme	16
1106918326	end-stopped	a line with a pause at the end. Lines that end with a period, a comma, a colon, a semicolon, an exclamation point, or a question mark	17
1106918327	enjambent	the continuation of the sense and grammatical construction from one line of poetry to the next ....Or if Sion hill Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flow'd Fast by the oracle of God...	18
1106918328	extended metaphor	implied analogy, or comparison, which is carried throughout a stanza or entire poem.	19
1106918329	euphony	style in which combinations of words pleasant to the ear predominate. opposite of cacophony	20
1106918330	eye rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling, but is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from the pronunciation. "watch" and "match," "love" and "move"	21
1106918331	feminine rhyme	rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as "waken" and "forsaken" and "audition" and "rendition". also called double rhyme	22
1106918332	figurative language	writing that uses figures of speech	23
1106918333	free verse	poetry which is not written in a traditional meter but is still rhythmical	24
1106918334	heroic couplet	two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc with the thought usually completed in the two-line unit.	25
1106918335	hyperbole	a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration	26
1106918336	imagery	images of a literary work, sensory details of a work, figurative language of a work; visual auditory or tactile images evoked by the words of a literary work or the images that figurative language evokes	27
1106918337	irony	contrast between the actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning; can be confused with sarcasm, but it differs in that it is usually lighter and less harsh	28
1106918338	verbal irony	figure of speech in which the actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning	29
1106918339	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end	30
1106918340	lyric poem	any short poem that presents a single speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings. Love lyrics are common, but these have also been written on subjects as different as religion and reading. includes sonnets and odes	31
1106918341	masculine rhyme	rhyme that falls on the stressed and concluding syllables of the rhyme-words. "keep" and "sleep", "glow" and "no"	32
1106918342	meter	the repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of poetry. emphasizes the musical quality of the language and often relates directly to the subject matter of the poem. each unit is known as a foot	33
1106918343	metonymy	figure of speech which is characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself. calling the king the "crown"	34
1106918344	mixed metaphors	the mingling of one metaphor with another immediately following with which the first is incongruous	35
1106918345	narrative poem	non-dramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative, whether simple or complex, long or short. Epics and ballads are examples of this	36
1106918346	octave	eight-line stanza, most commonly refers to the first division of an Italian sonnet	37
1106918347	onomatopoeia	the use of words whose sound suggests their meaning	38
1106918348	oxymoron	form of a paradox that combines a pair of contrary terms into a single expression, usually serves the purpose of shocking the reader into awareness	39
1106918349	paradox	situation or action or feeling that appears to be contradictory but on inspection turns out to be true or at least to make sense	40
1106918350	parallelism	similar grammatical structure within a line or liens of poetry. characteristic of Asian poetry, being notably present in the Psalms	41
1106918351	paraphrase	restatement of an idea in such a way as to retain the meaning while changing the diction and form. amplification of the original for the purpose of clarity	42
1106918352	personification	a kind of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics	43
1106918353	poetic foot	a group of syllables in verse usually consisting of one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables associated with it. (iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, pyrrhic, spondaic)	44
1106918354	pun	play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings	45
1106918355	quatrain	four-line stanza with an combinations of rhymes	46
1106918356	refrain	a group of words forming a phrase or sentence and consisting of one or more lines repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza	47
1106918357	rhyme	close similarity or identity of sound between accented syllables occupying corresponding positions in two or more lines of verse	48
1106918358	rhyme royal	a seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets	49
1106918359	rhythm	the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables, lends both pleasure and heightened emotional response to the listener or reader	50
1106918360	sarcasm	a type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it, its purpose is to injure or to hurt	51
1106918361	satire	writing that seeks to arouse a reader's disapproval of an object by ridicule, usually comedy that exposes errors with an eye to correct vice and folly	52
1106918362	scansion	system for describing the meter of a poem by identifying the number and the types of feet per line (monometer, dimeter, trimester, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octameter)	53
1106918363	sestet	six-line stanza, most commonly refers to the second division of an Italian sonnet	54
1106918364	simile	directly expressed comparison of two objects using "as" "like" "than"	55
1106918365	sonnet	normally a fourteen-line iambic pentameter poem	56
1106918366	stanza	usually a repeated grouping of three or more lines with the same meter and rhyme scheme	57
1106918367	strategy (rhetorical strategy)	management of language for a specific effect. planned placing of elements to achieve an effect.	58
1106918368	structure	arrangement of materials within a work ; the relationship of the parts of a work to the whole; the logical divisions of a work; line and stanza	59
1106918369	style	mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author	60
1106918370	symbol	something that is simultaneously itself and a sign of something else	61
1106918371	synecdoche	a form of metaphor which in mentioning a part signifies the whole	62
1106918372	syntax	ordering of words into patterns or sentences	63
1106918373	tercet	stanza of three lines in which each line ends with the same rhyme	64
1106918374	terza rima	a three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc, etc. Divine Comedy	65
1106918375	theme	main thought expressed by a work; abstract concept which is made concrete through its representation in person, action, and image in the work	66
1106918376	tone	manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude; intonation of the voice that expresses meaning	67
1106918377	understatement	opposite of hyperbole, kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is	68
1106918378	villanelle	nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and final quatrain; uses only two rhymes which are repeated as follows: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa	69

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English Renaissance Literature Flashcards

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1907790324	Who ruled during Jacobean literature?	King James I	0
1907790325	Who ruled during Caroline literature?	King Charles I	1
1907790326	Who ruled during Elizabethan literature?	Queen Elizabeth I	2
1907790327	What was Wyatt's most famous Ballad?	"They flee from me"/ Ballad 80	3
1907790328	What is iambic pentameter's rhythm similar to?	The beats of the heart	4
1907790329	What was one of Surrey's most famous sonnets?	"Leave me, O Love"	5
1907790330	Which reformation was going on during the English Renaissance?	The Protestant Reformation	6
1907790331	What were the King's two bodies?	A human body and a heavenly body	7
1907790332	What was Sidney's famous poetry collection called?	Astrophil and Stella	8
1907790333	Sidney was a prime example of the essentials of being a good ___________.	Cortier	9
1907790334	What was the introduction called in a classical oratory piece?	exordium	10
1907790335	What was the narrative account of what called happened in a classical oratory piece?	narratio	11
1907790336	What was the summary of the issues or a statement of change called in a classical oratory piece?	proposition	12
1907790337	What was the outline of what would follow called in a classical oratory piece?	partitio, divisions	13
1907790338	What was the main body of the speech called in a classical oratory piece?	confirmation, examination	14
1907790339	What was the answering of counterarguments called in a classical oratory piece?	refutation	15
1907790340	What was the appeals through pathos called in a classical oratory piece?	peroration	16
1907790341	Why did Sidney feel the need to write a defense of poetry at all?	Because of Protestant accusations	17
1907790342	What is the purpose of poetry in Sidney's eyes?	To teach and delight	18
1907790343	What was the purpose of comedy in Sidney's eyes?	To give a moral through humor	19
1907790344	Which Saint is represented by the Scottish cross on the British flag?	St. Andrew	20
1907790345	Which Saint is represented by the Irish cross on the British flag?	St. Patrick	21
1907790346	Which Saint is represented by the British cross on the British flag?	St. George	22
1907790347	What are the first four stanzas in Book 1 of the Faerie Queene called?	The invocation of the muse	23
1907790348	What does gentle mean outside of someone who is soft and kind?	Nobly born	24
1907790349	Name two common elements of the pastoral.	Nature and shepherds	25
1907790350	Who is the Faerie Queene supposed to represent?	Queen Elizabeth I	26
1907790351	What quality is Book 1 of the Faerie Queene supposed to discuss?	Holiness	27
1907790352	What word describes a line of verse that is 12 syllables long?	Alexandrine	28
1907790353	Which word describes a narrative with a literal and secondary meaning?	Allegory	29
1907790354	Which word describes a lengthy narrative poem?	Epic	30
1907790355	Which word describes an elaborate simile?	Epic simile	31
1907790356	Which word describes a wedding poem?	Epithalamion	32
1907790357	Which word describes something pertaining to country life?	Pastoral	33
1907790358	Which word describes a comparison made with like or as?	Simile	34
1907790359	Which word describes a highly structured lyric poem, typically found as 14 line iambic pentameter?	Sonnet	35
1907790360	Which word describes a guide to leading a good and sinless life?	Courtesy book	36
1907790361	Which word describes a symbol that represents multiple things?	Emblem	37
1907790362	What are the four movements of the Redcross Knight's fall and revival?	Error, Sin, Despair, and Holiness	38
1907790363	It is believed that Book I of The Faerie Queene may also represent Queen Elizabeth I's conquering/ defeating _______________.	Catholicism	39
1907790364	Why have past knights failed in their attempts to kill the dragon?	They want faith or have sin.	40
1907790365	To die means death but can also refer to _________.	Sexual acts	41
1907790366	Marlowe's famous poem is called __________.	Hero and Leander	42
1907790367	Which word means a little epic?	Epyllion	43
1907790368	Doctor Faustus is typically referred to in relation to both religion and _____________.	Humanism	44
1907790369	Shakespeare's 144th sonnet starts off with:	"Two loves I have"	45
1907790370	Shakespeare's 2nd sonnet starts off with:	"When forty winters have besieged thy brow"	46
1907790371	Shakespeare's 19th sonnet starts off with:	"Devouring time, blunt thou the lion's paws"	47
1907790372	Which word describes when one addresses an inanimate object?	Apostrophe	48
1907790373	Shakespeare's 55th sonnet starts off with:	"Not marble, not the guilder monuments"	49
1907790374	Shakespeare's 29th line starts off with:	"When in disguise with fortune and men's eyes"	50
1907790375	Shakespeare's 94th sonnet starts off with:	" Thy that have power to hurt and will do none"	51
1907790376	Shakespeare's 73rd sonnet starts off with:	"That time of year thou mayst in me behold"	52
1907790377	Shakespeare's 130th sonnet starts off with:	"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"	53
1907790378	King James I became ruler of England in ______.	1603	54

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Sonnets Flashcards

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3260506591	Petrarchan sonnet rhyme scheme	ABBA ABBA CDE CDE	0
3260506592	How is a petrarchan sonnet broken up?	8 line octave and 6 line sestet	1
3281107515	How many lines in a sonnet?	14	2
3281110305	What is the rhythm of a sonnet?	Iambic pentameter (10 beats)	3
3281113959	Spenserian sonnet rhyme scheme	ABAB ABAB CDCD EE	4
3281119649	What does a spenserian stanza have between the octave and sestet?	a break or pause	5
3281122441	Which sonnet has an alliteration and rhyming in the last line?	Spenserian	6
3281125332	Which two types of sonnets have a concluding couplet?	Spenserian and Shakespearean	7
3281129019	Who wrote sonnets in 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet?	Shakespeare	8
3281132222	What is the Shakespearean rhyme scheme?	ABAB CDCD EFEF GG	9
3281136629	Which sonnet shows longing for someone?	Sonnet 35	10
3281138165	What allusion does 35 make?	Narcissus	11
3281139547	What is the alliteration in 35?	Sh sound, shh I want to look at her	12
3281143138	What is the personification in 35?	My hungry eyes	13
3281207542	"My hungry eyes, though greedy covetise Still to behold the object of their pain,"	35	14
3281210019	"All this world's glory seemeth vain to me, And all their shows but shadows, saving she."	35	15
3281146114	Which sonnets immortalize people?	75 and 18	16
3281149043	What is special about 75?	Two speakers and dialogue	17
3281154087	What is the theme of sonnet 29?	hate material wealth and greed, but true love makes me rich	18
3281159282	"When, in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state,"	Sonnet 29	19
3281164941	"For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings."	Sonnet 29	20
3281167177	Which sonnet presents a valid argument?	116	21
3281170644	What is the theme of 116?	true love never changes	22
3281171973	In 116, what is true love compared to?	The north star, always constant	23
3281175564	"If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved."	Sonnet 116	24
3281179029	Which Shakespearean sonnet is very petrarchan?	18 because it compares beauty to nature	25
3281180194	What is the theme of 18?	Everything dies but her beauty	26
3281185052	"So long as man can breathe or eyes can see, So long loves this, and this gives life to thee."	Sonnet 18	27
3281187989	Which sonnets are foils?	18 and 130	28
3281189127	How is 130 presented?	lightheartedly	29
3281190981	Which sonnet is anti-petrarchan?	130 because there is no beauty	30
3281195130	What is the point of 130?	He is realistic about his woman but since he has true love, it doesn't matter	31
3281200520	"And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare."	130	32

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Campbell Biology 10th edition Ch. 45 Part 2 Flashcards

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1620285004	Thyroid Gland	an organ in the neck consisting of two lobes on the ventral surface of the trachea	0
1620285005	Follicular Cells	produce and secrete T3 and T4	1
1620285006	Parafollicular Cells	produce calcitonin	2
1620285007	Colloid-filled Follicles	serves as a reservoir of materials for thyroid hormone production, store iodine	3
1620285008	Parathyroid Gland	a set of four small structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid, plays a major role in blood Ca regulation, releases parathyroid hormone	4
1620285009	Triiodothyrodine	T3, contains 3 iodine atoms, acts 10x faster than T4	5
1620285010	Tetraiodothyrodine	T4, contains 4 iodine atoms	6
1620285011	Parathryoid Cells	secrete parathyroid hormone	7
1620285012	Parathyroid Hormone	responsible for INCREASING Ca in the blood, can pull from bones and stimulates reabsorption of Ca by the kidneys	8
1620285013	Calcitonin	if blood Ca rises: inhibits bone breakdown and enhances Ca secretion by kidneys	9
1620285014	3 Layers of the Adrenal Cortex	Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis *All corticosteroids	10
1620285015	Adrenal Medulla	cells made of NEURAL TISSUE secretes EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE for short term stress, fastest released hormones	11
1620285016	Dopamine	becomes norepinephrine (20%) that then becomes epinephrine (80%), causes blood glucose to rise, increased BP and vasoconstrictor	12
1620285017	Pancreas	aids in digestion, has both exocrine and exocrine cells; Acinar Cells and Pancreatic Islets	13
1620285018	Acinar Cells	EXOCRINE, produces enzyme-rich juice for digestion	14
1620285019	Pancreatic Islets	ENDOCRINE, AKA Islets of Langerhans, contain Alpha Cells and Beta Cells	15
1620285020	Alpha Cells	produces GLUCAGON, increases glucose levels in circulation	16
1620285021	Beta Cells	produces INSULIN, decreases glucose levels in circulation	17
1620285022	Ovaries	produce ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE (pregnancy hormone)	18
1620285023	Placenta	secretes ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (hCG)	19
1620285024	Aldosterone	from adrenal cortex, functions in ion and water homeostasis, responds to severe stress	20
1620285025	Zona Glomerulosa	produces MINERALOCORTICOIDS like Aldosterone	21
1620285026	Zona Fasciculata	produces GLUCOCORTICOIDS like cortisol and cortisone for stress and inflammation	22
1620285027	Zona Reticularis	produces GONADOCORTICOIDS like estrogen, testosterone and androgens	23
1620285028	Short-term Stress	adrenal MEDULLA responds, epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted	24
1620285029	Prolonged Stress	adrenal CORTEX responds with mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids	25
1620285030	Short-term Stress Response	Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: glycogen	26
1620285031	Prolonged Stress Response	MINERALOCORTICOIDS: Retention of Na and water by kidneys Increased blood volume and BP GLUCOCORTICOIDS: Proteins and fats broken down to glucose, increase blood glucose levels Partial suppression of immune system	27
1624289469	Effects of Norepinephrine & Epinephrine	Responds to short term stress from the MEDULLA causing: Increased BP, breathing rate and metabolic rate Glycogen broken down to glucose, increased blood glucose levels Change in blood flow patterns leading to increased alertness and slows down digestion, excretion and reproductive systems	28
1624289470	Mineralcorticoids	maintains salt and water balance, aldosterone	29
1624289471	Glucocorticoids	primary effect on glucose metabolism, cortisol and cortisone	30
1624289472	Gonadocorticoids	sex hormones: androgens, estrogens and progestins found in both males and females	31
1624291886	Adrenal Cortex	made of ENDOCRINE CELLS has to be activated by ACTH, 3 layers, produces corticosteroids, resounds to long-term stress	32

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