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AP Chemistry Big Idea 4: Kinetics Flashcards

2351518853	Reaction rates depends on	1. reactant concentrations 2. temperature 3. surface area 4. environmental factors	0
2351521114	rate law		1
2351521625	rate constant (k)	1. the proportionality constant in the rate law 2. depends on temperature 3. units vary	2
2351528067	collision model	Elementary reactions are mediated by collisions between molecules. Only collisions having sufficient energy and proper relative orientation of reactants lead to products.	3
2351528502	Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution		4
2351529019	reaction profile		5
2351530262	rate-limiting step	slowest elementary step	6
2351531008	catalyst	increase the rate of a chemical reaction; may function by lowering the activation energy, or by forming a new reaction intermediate	7

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AP Chemistry Chpt 12: Kinetics Flashcards

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1919775329	units for k are M * s⁻¹	zero order rxn	0
1919775330	[A] = -kt + [A]₀	integrated rate law for zero order rxn	1
1919775331	[A] vs. time straight line plot	zero order rxn	2
1919775332	t₁/₂ = [A]₀/2k	half life for zero order rxn	3
1919775333	units for k in s⁻¹ (1/s)	1st order rxn	4
1919775334	ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]₀	integrated rate law for 1st order rxn	5
1919775335	ln[A] vs. time Straight Plot	1st order rxn	6
1919775336	t₁/₂ = ln 2/k	half life for 1st order rxn	7
1919775337	units for k in M ⁻¹ * s⁻¹	2nd order rxn	8
1919775338	1/[A] = kt + 1/[A]₀	integrated rate law for 2nd order rxn	9
1919775339	1/[A] vs. time Straight Plot	2nd order rxn	10
1919775340	t₁/₂ = 1/k[A]₀	half life for 2nd order rxn	11
1919775341	Activation Energy	the kinetic energy that reactant molecules must have to so that a reaction can occur.	12
1919775342	Arrhenius Equation	An equation that relates the specific rate constant to activation energy and temperature.	13
1919775343	Catalyst	A substance that increases the rate at which a reaction occurs. It remains unchanged when the reaction is complete.	14
1919775344	Collision Theory	A theory of reaction rates that states that effective collisions between reactant molecules must take place for reaction to occur.	15
1919775345	Effective Collision	A collision between molecules that results in reaction; one in which molecules collide with proper orientations and with sufficient energy to react.	16
1919775346	Elementary Step	An individual step in the mechanism by which a reaction occurs. The reaction order for this step matches the reactant coefficients.	17
1919775347	Enzyme	A protein that acts as a catalyst in a biological system.	18
1919775348	Half-life of a Reactant	The time required for half of that reactant to be converted into product(s).	19
1919775349	Integrated Rate Equation	An equation that relates the concentration of a reactant remaining to the time elapsed; has different mathematical forms for different orders of reaction.	20
1919775350	Method of Initial Rates	A method of determining the rate-law expression by carrying out a reaction with different initial concentrations and analyzing the resulting changes in initial rates.	21
1919775352	Rate Constant	rate=k[A]^x[B]^y. An experimentally-determined constant that is different for different reactions and that, for a given reaction, changes only with temperature or the presence of a catalyst; "k" in the rate-law expression,	22
1919775353	Rate- determining Step	The slowest elementary step in a reaction mechanism; the step that limits the overall rate of reaction.	23
1919775354	Rate Law	An equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentrations of the reactants and the specific rate constant; rate=k[A]^x[B]^y. Must be determined from experimental data.	24
1919775355	Rate of Reaction	The change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit of time. (units are M / s )	25
1919775356	Intermediate	A species that is produced and then entirely consumed during a multistep reaction; usually short-lived.	26
1919775357	Reaction Mechanism	The sequence of fundamental steps by which reactants are converted into products.	27
1919775358	Thermodynamically favorable, spontaneous reaction	A reaction that occurs with a net release of free energy, G; a reaction for which deltaG is negative.	28
1919775359	Transition state	A relatively high-energy state in which bonds in reactant molecules are partially broken and new ones are partially formed.	29
1919775360	Transition State Theory	A theory of reaction rates that states that reactants pass through high-energy transition states before forming products.	30

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DNA Structure and the Central Dogma (AP Bio) Flashcards

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1992065315	DNA	A biological molecule consisting of a phosphorus back bone connected to a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base; has complementary, anti-parallel strands which form a double-helix that are held together by hydrogen bonding between base pairs; stores genetic information;	0
1992238713	Purines	Nitrogenous bases (adenine and guanine) that have two carbon rings	1
1992238714	Pyramidines	Nitrogenous bases (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) that have one carbon ring	2
1992238715	Anti-Parallel	The direction the complementary strands of DNA run, so that the 5' end is opposite the 3' end	3
1992238716	Double-Helix	The shape that the complementary strands of DNA form	4
1992238717	Nucleotide	The monomer of DNA consisting of a nitrogenous base of phosphate group bonded to a ribose sugar	5
1992238718	Nucleosides	DNA nucleotide bases with three phosphate groups attached	6
1992238719	Phosphodiester Bonds	The bonds formed between the hydroxide group of the sugar on one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another; runs in the 5' -> 3' direction	7
1992238720	Base Pairing Rules	A:T:U (in RNA); G:C > "everything happens at grand central station"	8
1992238721	Semi-Conservative Replication	The process by which DNA replicates, allowing each strand to serve as a template for a complementary daughter strand which, with the template parent strand, then becomes the new DNA strand	9
1992238722	Origin of Replication	The site where DNA replication begins; prokaryotes only have one of these, but eukaryotes have many	10
1992238723	Replication Bubble	The shape that forms during replication while parts of the DNA strand are fully synthesized while others have yet to be seperated	11
1992238724	Replication Fork	The shape that forms during replication where the DNA is split and a majority of enzymatic activity occurs	12
1992238725	Leading Strand	The complementary strand which is synthesized continuously	13
1992238726	Lagging Strand	The complementary strand which is synthesized discontinuously	14
1992238727	Okazaki Fragments	The short fragments of synthesized DNA that are characteristic of the lagging strand during replication	15
1992238728	Helicase	A replication enzyme that helps to unwind part of the DNA helix to allow replication to occur	16
1992238729	Single-Stranded Binding Proteins	Proteins that bind to the unwound DNA during replication to help stabilize it and hold it open	17
1992238730	Primase	A replication enzyme that lays down a RNA primer during replication to allow for the replication of a segment of DNA by DNA Polymerase III	18
1992238731	DNA Polymerase III	A replication enzyme that synthesizes the building of the complementary strand of DNA from the 5' to the 3' direction by breaking the phosphate bonds of nucleosides, thus converting them into joined nucleotides	19
1992238732	DNA Polymerase I	A replication enzyme that replaces RNA primers with nucleotides and "proof-reads" the DNA to catch some mistakes made by DNA Polymerase III	20
1992238733	Ligase	A replication enzyme that seals the "nicks" left in the phosphorus backbone	21
1992570427	Chromosome Erosion	The gradual shortening of chromosomes due to the loss of bases at the 5' end when the RNA primer is removed	22
1992238734	Telomeres	Repeating, non-coding protective sequences at the end of chromosome to prevent chromosome erosion from affecting vital genes	23
1992238735	Telomerase	An enzyme that extends telomeres by replicating from the 3' to 5' direction	24
1992286667	Central Dogma	The name for describing the flow of information in a cell; DNA -> RNA -> Proteins -> Traits	25
1992286668	Transcription	The "translation" of DNA language to RNA language where a strand of mRNA (the coding strand) is made complementary to a strand of DNA (the template strand)	26
1992286669	RNA Polymerase	A transcription enzyme that recognizes a sequence and synthesizes a specific kind of RNA from the 5' to 3' end	27
1992286670	Promoter Region	A binding site before the beginning of a gene (often marked by a 'TATA' box in eukaryotes) which allows RNA polymerase and transcription factors to bind	28
1992286671	Enhancer Region	A binding site far "upstream" from the gene being expressed which increases the rate of transcription	29
1992286672	Initiation Complex	The condition when transcription factors bind to the promoter region which triggers the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA	30
1992286673	Exons	Expressed DNA sections	31
1992286674	Introns	"Junk" DNA sequences found in between expressed sections	32
1992286675	mRNA Splicing	A post-transcriptional processing where introns are removed	33
1992286676	Primary Transcript	The original mRNA molecule produced, composed of introns and exons	34
1992286677	Mature mRNA	The mRNA molecule after mRNA splicing has occurred, composed only of exons	35
1992286678	snRNPs	"Small nuclear ribonuclear proteins"; proteins that help to preform mRNA splicing	36
1992286679	Spliceosome	Several snRNP that recognize sequences and "cut" the primary transcript during mRNA splicing	37
1992286680	Alternative Splicing	The condition where different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same gene due to different sequences being treated as exons	38
1992286681	5' GTP Cap	A post-transcriptional processing where a guanine nucleoside is added to the 5' end of a mature mRNA transcript to protect the end of the molecule	39
1992286682	Poly-A Tail	A post-transcriptional processing where multiple adenine nucleotides (20-250 pairs) are added to the 3' end of a mature mRNA transcript to protect the end of the molecule	40
1992286683	Translation	The "translation" of mRNA language to amino-acid language where a strand of mRNA codes for a polypeptide	41
1992303531	Codon	A division of mRNA into three base pair segments for translation into a particular amino acid	42
1992303532	AUG	The start codon which begins protein replication; also codes for methionine (Met)	43
1992303533	tRNA	"Transfer RNA"; RNA with a "clover leaf" structure with an anti-codon on the "clover leaf" end and an particular amino acid attached to the 3' end	44
1992303534	mRNA	"Messenger RNA"; RNA that codes for the construction of proteins that is synthesized in the nucleus	45
1992303535	Ribsomes	An organelle composed of proteins and rRNA that synthesizes the production of proteins; composed of a large and small sub-unit that only come together when translating an mRNA transcript	46
1992303536	rRNA	"Ribosomal RNA"; RNA that helps to construct ribsomes	47
1992303537	A Site	"Aminoacyl-tRNA site"; the site of a ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to a polypeptide	48
1992303538	P Site	"Peptidyl-tRNA site"; the site of a ribosome that holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain	49
1992303539	E Site	"Exit site"; the site of a ribosome from where the empty tRNA exits the ribsome	50
1992303540	Initiation	The process of translation during which mRNA, ribosomal sub-units, and an initiator tRNA are brought together	51
1992303541	Elongation	The process of translation during which amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide based on codon sequences	52
1992303542	Termination	The process of translation during which an end codon is called for by the mRNA transcript and translation stops	53

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American Pageant 14 Edition: Chapter 16 IDs Flashcards

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2205341296	Denmark Vesey	A free black from Charleston who led a rebellion which caused increasing anxieties in the south whose blame was outlet into protest of the tariffs. This slave rebellion showed that the time of slavery in America was coming to a crossroads where something must be done. They did not want it reach a level as it did in Haiti and along with increasing pressure from Britain, slavery was becoming redefined as immoral. Much of the South's frustrations were outlet into tariff protests.	0
2205342177	Nat Turner	Black priest; led a revolt in Virginia in [1831], killed 60 people(mostly women and children). This scared southerners because it was the first real violent act carried out by slaves. As a result, the slave codes were made stricter	1
2205342178	Theodore Dwight Weld	Prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is.	2
2205344782	Sir Walter Scott	English novelist whose romantic medievalism encouraged the semi-feudal ideas of the southern planters aristocracy. He wrote "Ivanhoe"	3
2205345757	Arthur and Lewis Tappan	In [1826], the brothers began to import silk from Asia, and they quickly earned a sizable fortune gave money to abolistionist causes and became very stong abolitionists. They teamed up with Theodore D. Weld to create the American Anti-Slavery Society.	4
2205347164	William Lloyd Garrison	Published the first edition of "The Liberator," triggering a 30-year war of words and, in a sense, firing one of the first shots of the Civil War.	5
2205347181	Wendell Phillips	Rallied around William Lloyd Garrison. A Boston patrician known as "abolition's golden trumpet" who refused to eat cane sugar or wear cotton cloth, since both were made by slaves	6
2205349119	David Walker	He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed the only way to end slavery was for the slaves to physically revolt.	7
2205349120	Sojourner Truth	She was a freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800's. Also known as Isabella. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.	8
2205350670	Frederick Douglass	A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of _____" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery.	9
2205350671	Elijah P. Lovejoy	Reverend from Alton, Illinois, who impugned the chastity of Catholic women, had his printing press destroyed four times and was killed by a mob in 1837; he became an abolitionist martyr.	10
2205352293	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a few powerful people	11
2205352294	Mountain whites	Independent small farmers in the Appalacian Mountain Range, hated plantation owners and blacks, and viewed the impending Civil War as a "rich man's war, but a poor man's fight"	12
2205354080	"political" abolitionists	People who hoped to end slavery by using the constitution and the powers granted to congress, and electing people that would help do so	13
2205354081	"positive good"	In the South, George Fizhugh established the philosophy that slavery was _______ It was believed that slavery benefited slaves by providing them with food, shelter, and often Christian religion. Also, Fitzhugh argued that free laborers in northern factories were not treated any better than slaves.	14
2205355517	"free soilers"	Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories	15
2205358080	Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas (partly Florida)	16
2205358081	Mulattoes	People of African and European descent	17
2205359331	American Colonization Society	A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.	18
2205360264	Lane Rebels	In [1832] Theodore Dwight Weld went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Seminary was presided over by Lyman Beecher. Weld and some of his comrades were kicked out for their actions of anti-slavery. The young men were known as the _______ They helped lead and continue the preaching of anti-slavery ideas.	19
2205362151	West Africa Squadron	British royal navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.	20
2205405151	Amistad	[1839] Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard; the ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial; former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release	21
2205411129	The Liberator	An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those who opposed.	22
2205412225	American Anti-Slavery Society	Founded in [1833] by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.	23
2205413680	Gag Resolutions	[1836] ordered by the House, required all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate; angered John Quincy Adams	24
2205413681	Black Belt	Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. Emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.	25
2205415481	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies	26

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APUSH Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 Flashcards

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2608906355	Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas (partly Florida)	0
2608909550	Frederick Douglasss	A writer, lawyer, and abolitionist, wrote many books on his experiences.	1
2608911684	Abolitionism	The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War.	2
2608913826	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Novelist. wrote uncle tom's cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. the book persuaded more people, particularly northerners, to become anti-slavery.	3
2608917071	"Peculiar institution"	A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal". it was one of the key causes of the civil war.	4
2608918511	Denmark Vesey	Free slave in South Carolina; a mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.	5
2608920066	Nat Turner	Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.	6
2608922198	Theodore Weld	A prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin. Weld put together a group called the "land rebels." He and his group traveled across the old northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called "American Slavery As It Is".	7
2608929528	William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator	A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.	8
2609140106	American Anti-Slavery Society	founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the constitution as a pro-slavery document. Argued for "no union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.	9
2608931330	Sojourner Truth	United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)	10
2608932710	"positive good"	The positive good theory is the idea that slavery was not, actually a "necessary evil," as Jefferson would describe it, but "a good-a positive good" institution for both blacks and whites in that whites get cheap manual labor and blacks benefit from the civilizing effect of being under the guidance of benevolent whites, and exposure to Christianity (John C. Calhoun's response)	11
2608936325	"Gag Resolution" and John Quincy Adams	This was an agreement that congress would not talk about the issue of slavery to avoid conflict in the government. It angered many Americans because they thought it was against their first amendment rights to discuss these issues.	12
2608939367	Elijah P. Lovejoy	An American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views.	13

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AP Art History: Greek and Roman Art Flashcards

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3044074780	Name: Kouros Date: 600 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6'6", arms conjoined to thighs Function: Funerary purpose, votive offerings, grave markers Content: Stance is similar to Egyptian canon, rigidly frontal, left foot forward, generic idealistic, nude male Context: Daedalic style	0
3044076206	Name: Kroisos Date: 530 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6' tall Function: Funerary purpose, grave markers, votive offerings Content: Rounded face and cheeks, hair falls naturally, round hips, abs, flesh stayed color of stone while everything else was painted Context: Compared to Kouros: more natural and proportionate	1
3044084536	Name: Lady of Auxerre Date: 650 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Daedalic Style - mainly decorative, realism Function: Decoration Content: Broad head, hair is in layered wigs, clothes do not have folds, geometric/oriental patterns, used to be painted, hand on chest is not proportional because hands are hard to create Context: N/A	2
3044104795	Name: Peplos Kore Date: 530 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece, found in the grounds of the Acropolis Artist: Unknown Form: Full body of woman, 4' tall Function: Votive statue Content: Wearing Peplose - simple, long woolen, belted garments; round, natural face, hair falls naturally Context: Offering to Athena	3
3044104796	Name: Kore Date: 520 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 1'9.5" Function: Votive offerings Content: Clothes - Chiton and Himation; folds in garments, patterns, lifting chiton off the ground with her left hand, left foot forward Context: Compared to the Peplos Kore	4
3044104797	Name: Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice Date: 530 BCE Medium: Black figure amphora Location: Greece Artist: Exekias Form: Krater, linear - one story/one register Function: To hold water or wine Content: Shape of men mimics amphora, subdued emotions, legs in reflective pose, Context: Achilles and Ajax are very concentrated, and in Greek culture, concentration is valued, Achilles rolls 4, Ajax rolls 3 and Achilles wins. This is ironic because Achilles ends up losing the war by dying.	5
3044104798	Name: Niobides Krater Date: 450 BCE Medium: Clay, red figure with white highlights Location: Greece Artist: Niobid Painter Form: Krater, severe style, not linear, no ground line, 3D space and depth Function: Unknown (maybe to hold stuff) Content: Two sides: Relaxed and Murder Context: The Relaxed side: Heracles and Athena, Descent into Hades to rescue Theseus. The Murder side: complex, Niobe bragged superiority because she had 14 kids and the goddess Leto only had two (Artemis and Apollo), Niobe guilty of hubris (extreme pride)	6
3044104799	Name: Kritios Boy Date: 480 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Contrapposto (relaxed stance, shoulders back, hip out) Function: To display a more realistic portrayal of a human body Content: Shift in weight - more weight placed on hips Context:	7
3044105936	Name: Doryphorus Date: 480 BCE Medium: marble Location: Greece Artist: Polykleitos Form: 2'10", canon for perfection, symmetry to all body parts Function: To display the ideal male figure Content: Broad shoulders, thick torso, muscular, warrior/athlete, looking away = thinking, dynamic of movement Context: Polykleitos made two statues: one according to his canon (Doryphorus) and another based on the people's wants, Doryphorus looked better and more natural.	8
3044105937	Name: Parthenon Date: Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Iktinos and Kallikrates Form: Doric columns outside, Ionic columns in the cella Function: To house a massive statue of Athena Content: X=2Y+1 [17 columns on side (x) and 8 columns on the front (y)]; 2 windows in cella Context: Greeks had just won the Persian War and wanted to show off	9
3044105938	Name: Athenos Parthenos Date: 438 BCE Medium: Wood, covered in gold and ivory Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Phidias Form: 38' tall Function: To celebrate and show off the Greek's power Content: The Goddess Athena Context: The Greeks had just won the Persian War	10
3044105939	Name: Helios, Horses, and Dionysus Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: East pediment sculpture, triangular shape Function: Content: Birth of Athena from the head of Zeus. Demeter and Persephone are seated and watching Context: Part of Lord Elgin's Marbles	11
3044108751	Name: Plaque of the Ergastines Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Form: Panatheraic Frieze; 3D so that viewers could see it from below; high relief Function: Content: Six Ergastines who were responsible for weaving the peplos Context: Every four years Athenians would hold a procession for Athena where they would place a new peplos on the Athena statue.	12
3044108752	Name: Propylaia Date: 437 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Mnesilkes Form: Doric Exterior, Ionic Interior Function: Entrance to the Acropolis, Athenians walked through it during the Panathenaic Festival Content: Unfinished Context: Unfinished because of the Peloponnesian War	13
3044108753	Name: The Erecthion Date: 410 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Carytids - female shaped columns, Ionic Temple Function: Tombs and shrines Content: Carytids, Ionic columns, tombs, and shrines Context: Marks the spot where Athena beat Poseidon to become patron of Athens	14
3044108754	Name: Temple of Athena Nike Date: 420 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Ionic style, Amphiprostyle - 4 columns in the front and 4 in the back Function: Content: Context: Celebrates the Victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon	15
3044108755	Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso Date: 410 BCE Medium: Painted marble Location: Greece Artist: Kallimachos Form: Relief sculpture Function: To mark a grave Content: Woman examining jewelry from a jewelry box handed to her by a servant, could be a dowry Context: Commemorates the death of Hegeso, the inscription identifies her and her father.	16
3044109868	Name: Scraper (Apoxymenos) Date: 330 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: 6'9", head 1/8 of body Function: Content: Thin form, small head, elongated body, eyes closely set, far away look on face Context: Scrapers scraped off the oil, sweat, and dirt from athletes	17
3044109869	Name: Weary Herakles Date: 320 BCE (Classical) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: Complete sculpture 360 degrees (freestanding figure) Function: Placed in the Baths of Caracalla in Rome for body inspiration(?) Content: Muscular Herakles, tired, holding an apple behind his back Context: IDK	18
3044109870	Name: Stoa of Attalos II Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: IDK Location: The Agora in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Tholos - round temple; stoas, covered colonnades, porticos, doric ground level, ionic second floor Function: Commercial, religious, civic and social buildings, part of the marketplace of the Acropolis - the Agora Content: 2 stories, 21 shops Context: For common people	19
3044109871	Name: Alter of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Date: 175 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Unknown Form: Elevated platform, dramatic stairs, 7'6" frieze over 400 ft long wraps around monument, Ionic columns, high relief Function: Altar dedicated to Zeus Content: Gigantomachy Context: Nike crowns Athena, Gaia looks up in honor and pleads for her sons (the giants)	20
3044109872	Name: Gaic Chiefton Killing Himself and His Wife Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Look at title Context:	21
3044109873	Name: Dying Gual Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Context:	22
3044110985	Name: Nike of Samothrace Date: 190 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Found in situ in Samothrace, Contropposto Function: Meant to stand in/above fountain Content: Wet drapery, invisible wind, goddess Nike Context: Celebrates a naval victory	23
3044110986	Name: Aphrodite (Venus de Milo) Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander Form: Contrapposto Function: Content: Elegant pose, S curve, hands are holding apple and robe Context:	24
3044110987	Name: Seated Boxer Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Bronze Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Emotional, compassionate Function: People would rub its toes for good luck Content: Boxer after a defeat, old man Context: Toes worn away, good luck	25
3049126249	Name: Old Market Woman Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Function: Content: Old woman carrying baskets from the market Context: Hellenistic art deviated from the usual perfect canon of Classical art, so more veristic art like this was made.	26
3049129765	Name: Laocoon and His Sons Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Form: Function: Content: Context:	27
3049132314	Name: Tumuli in the Banditaccia Necropolis Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Corveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: 200 acres, in situ Function: Tombs Content: Arranged into streets, orderly necropolis Context: bigger structure = wealthier family	28
3049132315	Name: Tomb of the Seats and Shields Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Cerveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Tombs for the dead Content: 6 beds, 2 high backed chairs with foot stools, door frames, ceiling beams, windows and other furniture, 14 shields on the wall Context:	29
3049132316	Name: Tomb of the Triclinium Date: 480 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: fresco Location: Tarquinia, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Tomb with frescos on every wall Function: Tomb Content: Banquet of some sort, women, men, trees, shrubbery, checkerboard pattern Context:	30
3049132317	Name: Sarcophagus of a Reclining Couple Date: 520 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Terra cotta Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Sarcophagus with sculpture on top, separate pieces joined together Function: To hold the dead Content: Full length portraits of a married couple, Hands holding food - maybe as an offering to the gods, Upper body is detailed, lower body isn't, awkward positioning of bodies Context:	31
3049132318	Name: Temple of Minerva Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: mud brick/ tufa and wood Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Content: Context:	32
3049132319	Name: Apulu from Veii Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Painted terra-cotta Location: The Temple of Minerva in Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Very large Function: Stood on roof of the temple, meant to be seen from below Content: Apulu (Apollo), movement, Archaic smile Context:	33
3049133755	Name: Head of Roman Partrician Date: 50 BCE (Republic) Medium: Marble Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic - realistic Function: To display class, wealth, and lineage Content: Roman Patrician Context: Old = wisdom and knowledge	34
3049133756	Name: House of the Vettii Date: 100 BCE - 100CE (Republic & Empire) Medium: Stone and fresco Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Large reception area (atrium), open to the sky (impluvium) cubicula around atrium, axial symmetry - you can see all the way through Function: A home for living Content: Paintings/Murals on walls, Shop in front, house behind it Context: Two merchant brothers owned the house	35
3049133757	Name: Augustus of Primaporta Date: 20 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Idealistic, Polykleitos canon, Contrapposto, orator pose, back is uncarved Function: To showcase Augustus' power and divinity for propaganda Content: Augustus standing in orator pose barefoot (because he's walking on holy ground) with Cupid riding a dolphin next to him. Context: Emperors were believed to be divine, which is why Augustus portrayed himself as god like.	36
3049133759	Name: Treasury and Great Temple Date: 100 CE (Empire) Medium: Cut rock Location: Petra, Jordan Artist: Nabataeans - nomadic group Form: Broken pediment, Tholos - treasury, Corinthian columns; Greek, Egyptian, and Assyrian gods on façade. Function: Tombs Content: 500 royal tombs Context: Burial practices are still unknown because no human remains have been found	37
3049133760	Name: Pont du Gard Date: 16 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete? Location: Nimes, France Artist: Unknown Form: Two layers of arches, 30 miles long Function: To carry water, Aqueduct Content: Can carry 100 gallons of water/day Context: Water comes from springs and aquifers	38
3049133761	Name: The Colosseum Date: 80 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown but the Flavian Empire financed it Form: Barrel vaults, groin vaults, arches, façade has engaged columns: 1st level - Tuscan, 2nd level - Ionic, 3rd level - Corinthian. Retractable roof Function: Entertainment Content: 76 entrances and exists, different tiers, could hold 50,000 people, giant arena in middle Context: The different tiers are meant for different social classes	39
3049133762	Name: Ves Pasian Date: 75 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Bust Function: Veristic to show that the emperor is a normal citizen too Content: Flavian Emperor Context: He built the Colosseum	40
3049133763	Name: Arch of Titus Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: One passageway, Composite capital - both Corinthian and Ionic, Spandrels - Nike Function: Triumphal/Victory arch Content: Two relief sculptures on the inside detailing specific triumphs of Titus, inscription on top of the arch Context: In honor of Titus, who took over the Middle East and had many other military victories.	41
3049133764	Name: The Spoils of Jerusalem Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Narrative, high relief panels Function: To showcase Titus' power and victories Content: Roman soldiers carrying spoils (a menorah) from the Temple of Jerusalem Context: Titus took over Jerusalem	42
3049135209	Name: Forum of Trajan Date: 112 CE (Empire) Medium: Brick and concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Apollodonus of Damascus Form: Triumphal Arch, stoas on each side of the plaza Function: To showcase Trajan's power Content: Large, central plaza, Equestrian statue in center court Context: Glorified the victory against the Dacians (Romanians)	43
3049135210	Name: Arch of Trajan Date: 115 CE (Empire) Medium: Stone and concrete Location: Benevento, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Relief panels, top is called the attic Function: Propoganda for Trajan's achievements Content: Trajan's successful military campaigns, Trajan working with the poor, he is displayed as a guarantor of peace and security Context: Divinity of the ruler	44
3049135211	Name: Pantheon Date: 120 CE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Hemispherical dome with 20 ft diameter oculus, 20 ft thick walls in order to support the roof, convex floor for rainwater drainage, coffered ceiling - sunken decorative panels Function: Temple for Roman gods, then later church for Christians Content: 7 niches for statues of gods Context: Marcus Agrippa funded it	45
3049135212	Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius Date: 175 CE (Empire) Medium: Bronze Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Un proportional - the emperor is much larger than the horse Function: To showcase the power of the Emperor Content: Emperor has majesty and authority, his right arm is in an authoritative gesture, right Context: He's divine because he's emperor	46
3049139361	Name: Painted Portrait of Septimius Severus and His Family Date: 200 CE (Empire) Medium: Tempera on wood Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Painted family portrait Function: To have a family portrait?? Content: Septimius Severus and his family, Septimius has long, grey hair and a beard, Greta's face is scratched out Context: Septimius Severus was an African general, he left the empire to Greta, his other son Caracalla got mad and had Greta killed and scratched his face out of every family portrait	47
3056091804	Name: Portrait of Caracalla Date: 215 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic, physical likeness as well as a character portrayal Function: IDK Content: Caracalla is scowling: hard nose, suspicious and stern Context: He was a harsh ruler.	48
3064486463	Name: Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Date: 250 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Rectangular, completely covered in relief, rejection of classical traditions Function: To bury the dead in Content: Chaotic battle scene between Romans and a northern enemy, extremely crowded scene, hard to tell who is who, Fearless commander in center who is assured of victory Context: Rejection of Greek ideals	49
3064542172	Name: Arch of Constantine Date: 315 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Triple passageway arch, rejection of classical traditions (except what was stolen), mechanical rigidity, stocky figures Function: To show that Constantine was a benevolent ruler Content: Decorations stolen from other monuments Context: Most of the decoration was taken from earlier monuments because Constantine was worried about being assassinated and didn't have time to build it any other way.	50
3064560440	Name: Constantine Date: 310 CE (Empire) Medium: Wood and bronze Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Huge, 30' sitting down, 8'6" head Function: Focal point of Basilica Nova Content: Idealized portrait of Constantine Context: Meant to be an eternal reminder of Constantine in the Basilica Nova	51
3064589664	Name: Basilica Nova Date: 310 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble and stucco Location: Rome Artist: Unknown Form: 300 ft long, 215 ft wide, 20 ft thick concrete walls, outside was stucco with a little bit of marble overlay, columns were marble Function: Constantine conducted his business here Content: Fenestrated groin vaults, giant statue of Constantine as focal point Context: Eventually becomes a floor plan for Christian churches	52

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AP Art History: Greek and Roman Art Flashcards

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3044074780	Name: Kouros Date: 600 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6'6", arms conjoined to thighs Function: Funerary purpose, votive offerings, grave markers Content: Stance is similar to Egyptian canon, rigidly frontal, left foot forward, generic idealistic, nude male Context: Daedalic style	0
3044076206	Name: Kroisos Date: 530 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6' tall Function: Funerary purpose, grave markers, votive offerings Content: Rounded face and cheeks, hair falls naturally, round hips, abs, flesh stayed color of stone while everything else was painted Context: Compared to Kouros: more natural and proportionate	1
3044084536	Name: Lady of Auxerre Date: 650 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Daedalic Style - mainly decorative, realism Function: Decoration Content: Broad head, hair is in layered wigs, clothes do not have folds, geometric/oriental patterns, used to be painted, hand on chest is not proportional because hands are hard to create Context: N/A	2
3044104795	Name: Peplos Kore Date: 530 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece, found in the grounds of the Acropolis Artist: Unknown Form: Full body of woman, 4' tall Function: Votive statue Content: Wearing Peplose - simple, long woolen, belted garments; round, natural face, hair falls naturally Context: Offering to Athena	3
3044104796	Name: Kore Date: 520 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 1'9.5" Function: Votive offerings Content: Clothes - Chiton and Himation; folds in garments, patterns, lifting chiton off the ground with her left hand, left foot forward Context: Compared to the Peplos Kore	4
3044104797	Name: Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice Date: 530 BCE Medium: Black figure amphora Location: Greece Artist: Exekias Form: Krater, linear - one story/one register Function: To hold water or wine Content: Shape of men mimics amphora, subdued emotions, legs in reflective pose, Context: Achilles and Ajax are very concentrated, and in Greek culture, concentration is valued, Achilles rolls 4, Ajax rolls 3 and Achilles wins. This is ironic because Achilles ends up losing the war by dying.	5
3044104798	Name: Niobides Krater Date: 450 BCE Medium: Clay, red figure with white highlights Location: Greece Artist: Niobid Painter Form: Krater, severe style, not linear, no ground line, 3D space and depth Function: Unknown (maybe to hold stuff) Content: Two sides: Relaxed and Murder Context: The Relaxed side: Heracles and Athena, Descent into Hades to rescue Theseus. The Murder side: complex, Niobe bragged superiority because she had 14 kids and the goddess Leto only had two (Artemis and Apollo), Niobe guilty of hubris (extreme pride)	6
3044104799	Name: Kritios Boy Date: 480 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Contrapposto (relaxed stance, shoulders back, hip out) Function: To display a more realistic portrayal of a human body Content: Shift in weight - more weight placed on hips Context:	7
3044105936	Name: Doryphorus Date: 480 BCE Medium: marble Location: Greece Artist: Polykleitos Form: 2'10", canon for perfection, symmetry to all body parts Function: To display the ideal male figure Content: Broad shoulders, thick torso, muscular, warrior/athlete, looking away = thinking, dynamic of movement Context: Polykleitos made two statues: one according to his canon (Doryphorus) and another based on the people's wants, Doryphorus looked better and more natural.	8
3044105937	Name: Parthenon Date: Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Iktinos and Kallikrates Form: Doric columns outside, Ionic columns in the cella Function: To house a massive statue of Athena Content: X=2Y+1 [17 columns on side (x) and 8 columns on the front (y)]; 2 windows in cella Context: Greeks had just won the Persian War and wanted to show off	9
3044105938	Name: Athenos Parthenos Date: 438 BCE Medium: Wood, covered in gold and ivory Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Phidias Form: 38' tall Function: To celebrate and show off the Greek's power Content: The Goddess Athena Context: The Greeks had just won the Persian War	10
3044105939	Name: Helios, Horses, and Dionysus Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: East pediment sculpture, triangular shape Function: Content: Birth of Athena from the head of Zeus. Demeter and Persephone are seated and watching Context: Part of Lord Elgin's Marbles	11
3044108751	Name: Plaque of the Ergastines Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Form: Panatheraic Frieze; 3D so that viewers could see it from below; high relief Function: Content: Six Ergastines who were responsible for weaving the peplos Context: Every four years Athenians would hold a procession for Athena where they would place a new peplos on the Athena statue.	12
3044108752	Name: Propylaia Date: 437 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Mnesilkes Form: Doric Exterior, Ionic Interior Function: Entrance to the Acropolis, Athenians walked through it during the Panathenaic Festival Content: Unfinished Context: Unfinished because of the Peloponnesian War	13
3044108753	Name: The Erecthion Date: 410 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Carytids - female shaped columns, Ionic Temple Function: Tombs and shrines Content: Carytids, Ionic columns, tombs, and shrines Context: Marks the spot where Athena beat Poseidon to become patron of Athens	14
3044108754	Name: Temple of Athena Nike Date: 420 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Ionic style, Amphiprostyle - 4 columns in the front and 4 in the back Function: Content: Context: Celebrates the Victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon	15
3044108755	Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso Date: 410 BCE Medium: Painted marble Location: Greece Artist: Kallimachos Form: Relief sculpture Function: To mark a grave Content: Woman examining jewelry from a jewelry box handed to her by a servant, could be a dowry Context: Commemorates the death of Hegeso, the inscription identifies her and her father.	16
3044109868	Name: Scraper (Apoxymenos) Date: 330 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: 6'9", head 1/8 of body Function: Content: Thin form, small head, elongated body, eyes closely set, far away look on face Context: Scrapers scraped off the oil, sweat, and dirt from athletes	17
3044109869	Name: Weary Herakles Date: 320 BCE (Classical) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: Complete sculpture 360 degrees (freestanding figure) Function: Placed in the Baths of Caracalla in Rome for body inspiration(?) Content: Muscular Herakles, tired, holding an apple behind his back Context: IDK	18
3044109870	Name: Stoa of Attalos II Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: IDK Location: The Agora in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Tholos - round temple; stoas, covered colonnades, porticos, doric ground level, ionic second floor Function: Commercial, religious, civic and social buildings, part of the marketplace of the Acropolis - the Agora Content: 2 stories, 21 shops Context: For common people	19
3044109871	Name: Alter of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Date: 175 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Unknown Form: Elevated platform, dramatic stairs, 7'6" frieze over 400 ft long wraps around monument, Ionic columns, high relief Function: Altar dedicated to Zeus Content: Gigantomachy Context: Nike crowns Athena, Gaia looks up in honor and pleads for her sons (the giants)	20
3044109872	Name: Gaic Chiefton Killing Himself and His Wife Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Look at title Context:	21
3044109873	Name: Dying Gual Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Context:	22
3044110985	Name: Nike of Samothrace Date: 190 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Found in situ in Samothrace, Contropposto Function: Meant to stand in/above fountain Content: Wet drapery, invisible wind, goddess Nike Context: Celebrates a naval victory	23
3044110986	Name: Aphrodite (Venus de Milo) Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander Form: Contrapposto Function: Content: Elegant pose, S curve, hands are holding apple and robe Context:	24
3044110987	Name: Seated Boxer Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Bronze Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Emotional, compassionate Function: People would rub its toes for good luck Content: Boxer after a defeat, old man Context: Toes worn away, good luck	25
3049126249	Name: Old Market Woman Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Function: Content: Old woman carrying baskets from the market Context: Hellenistic art deviated from the usual perfect canon of Classical art, so more veristic art like this was made.	26
3049129765	Name: Laocoon and His Sons Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Form: Function: Content: Context:	27
3049132314	Name: Tumuli in the Banditaccia Necropolis Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Corveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: 200 acres, in situ Function: Tombs Content: Arranged into streets, orderly necropolis Context: bigger structure = wealthier family	28
3049132315	Name: Tomb of the Seats and Shields Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Cerveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Tombs for the dead Content: 6 beds, 2 high backed chairs with foot stools, door frames, ceiling beams, windows and other furniture, 14 shields on the wall Context:	29
3049132316	Name: Tomb of the Triclinium Date: 480 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: fresco Location: Tarquinia, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Tomb with frescos on every wall Function: Tomb Content: Banquet of some sort, women, men, trees, shrubbery, checkerboard pattern Context:	30
3049132317	Name: Sarcophagus of a Reclining Couple Date: 520 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Terra cotta Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Sarcophagus with sculpture on top, separate pieces joined together Function: To hold the dead Content: Full length portraits of a married couple, Hands holding food - maybe as an offering to the gods, Upper body is detailed, lower body isn't, awkward positioning of bodies Context:	31
3049132318	Name: Temple of Minerva Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: mud brick/ tufa and wood Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Content: Context:	32
3049132319	Name: Apulu from Veii Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Painted terra-cotta Location: The Temple of Minerva in Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Very large Function: Stood on roof of the temple, meant to be seen from below Content: Apulu (Apollo), movement, Archaic smile Context:	33
3049133755	Name: Head of Roman Partrician Date: 50 BCE (Republic) Medium: Marble Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic - realistic Function: To display class, wealth, and lineage Content: Roman Patrician Context: Old = wisdom and knowledge	34
3049133756	Name: House of the Vettii Date: 100 BCE - 100CE (Republic & Empire) Medium: Stone and fresco Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Large reception area (atrium), open to the sky (impluvium) cubicula around atrium, axial symmetry - you can see all the way through Function: A home for living Content: Paintings/Murals on walls, Shop in front, house behind it Context: Two merchant brothers owned the house	35
3049133757	Name: Augustus of Primaporta Date: 20 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Idealistic, Polykleitos canon, Contrapposto, orator pose, back is uncarved Function: To showcase Augustus' power and divinity for propaganda Content: Augustus standing in orator pose barefoot (because he's walking on holy ground) with Cupid riding a dolphin next to him. Context: Emperors were believed to be divine, which is why Augustus portrayed himself as god like.	36
3049133759	Name: Treasury and Great Temple Date: 100 CE (Empire) Medium: Cut rock Location: Petra, Jordan Artist: Nabataeans - nomadic group Form: Broken pediment, Tholos - treasury, Corinthian columns; Greek, Egyptian, and Assyrian gods on façade. Function: Tombs Content: 500 royal tombs Context: Burial practices are still unknown because no human remains have been found	37
3049133760	Name: Pont du Gard Date: 16 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete? Location: Nimes, France Artist: Unknown Form: Two layers of arches, 30 miles long Function: To carry water, Aqueduct Content: Can carry 100 gallons of water/day Context: Water comes from springs and aquifers	38
3049133761	Name: The Colosseum Date: 80 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown but the Flavian Empire financed it Form: Barrel vaults, groin vaults, arches, façade has engaged columns: 1st level - Tuscan, 2nd level - Ionic, 3rd level - Corinthian. Retractable roof Function: Entertainment Content: 76 entrances and exists, different tiers, could hold 50,000 people, giant arena in middle Context: The different tiers are meant for different social classes	39
3049133762	Name: Ves Pasian Date: 75 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Bust Function: Veristic to show that the emperor is a normal citizen too Content: Flavian Emperor Context: He built the Colosseum	40
3049133763	Name: Arch of Titus Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: One passageway, Composite capital - both Corinthian and Ionic, Spandrels - Nike Function: Triumphal/Victory arch Content: Two relief sculptures on the inside detailing specific triumphs of Titus, inscription on top of the arch Context: In honor of Titus, who took over the Middle East and had many other military victories.	41
3049133764	Name: The Spoils of Jerusalem Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Narrative, high relief panels Function: To showcase Titus' power and victories Content: Roman soldiers carrying spoils (a menorah) from the Temple of Jerusalem Context: Titus took over Jerusalem	42
3049135209	Name: Forum of Trajan Date: 112 CE (Empire) Medium: Brick and concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Apollodonus of Damascus Form: Triumphal Arch, stoas on each side of the plaza Function: To showcase Trajan's power Content: Large, central plaza, Equestrian statue in center court Context: Glorified the victory against the Dacians (Romanians)	43
3049135210	Name: Arch of Trajan Date: 115 CE (Empire) Medium: Stone and concrete Location: Benevento, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Relief panels, top is called the attic Function: Propoganda for Trajan's achievements Content: Trajan's successful military campaigns, Trajan working with the poor, he is displayed as a guarantor of peace and security Context: Divinity of the ruler	44
3049135211	Name: Pantheon Date: 120 CE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Hemispherical dome with 20 ft diameter oculus, 20 ft thick walls in order to support the roof, convex floor for rainwater drainage, coffered ceiling - sunken decorative panels Function: Temple for Roman gods, then later church for Christians Content: 7 niches for statues of gods Context: Marcus Agrippa funded it	45
3049135212	Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius Date: 175 CE (Empire) Medium: Bronze Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Un proportional - the emperor is much larger than the horse Function: To showcase the power of the Emperor Content: Emperor has majesty and authority, his right arm is in an authoritative gesture, right Context: He's divine because he's emperor	46
3049139361	Name: Painted Portrait of Septimius Severus and His Family Date: 200 CE (Empire) Medium: Tempera on wood Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Painted family portrait Function: To have a family portrait?? Content: Septimius Severus and his family, Septimius has long, grey hair and a beard, Greta's face is scratched out Context: Septimius Severus was an African general, he left the empire to Greta, his other son Caracalla got mad and had Greta killed and scratched his face out of every family portrait	47
3056091804	Name: Portrait of Caracalla Date: 215 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic, physical likeness as well as a character portrayal Function: IDK Content: Caracalla is scowling: hard nose, suspicious and stern Context: He was a harsh ruler.	48
3064486463	Name: Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Date: 250 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Rectangular, completely covered in relief, rejection of classical traditions Function: To bury the dead in Content: Chaotic battle scene between Romans and a northern enemy, extremely crowded scene, hard to tell who is who, Fearless commander in center who is assured of victory Context: Rejection of Greek ideals	49
3064542172	Name: Arch of Constantine Date: 315 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Triple passageway arch, rejection of classical traditions (except what was stolen), mechanical rigidity, stocky figures Function: To show that Constantine was a benevolent ruler Content: Decorations stolen from other monuments Context: Most of the decoration was taken from earlier monuments because Constantine was worried about being assassinated and didn't have time to build it any other way.	50
3064560440	Name: Constantine Date: 310 CE (Empire) Medium: Wood and bronze Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Huge, 30' sitting down, 8'6" head Function: Focal point of Basilica Nova Content: Idealized portrait of Constantine Context: Meant to be an eternal reminder of Constantine in the Basilica Nova	51
3064589664	Name: Basilica Nova Date: 310 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble and stucco Location: Rome Artist: Unknown Form: 300 ft long, 215 ft wide, 20 ft thick concrete walls, outside was stucco with a little bit of marble overlay, columns were marble Function: Constantine conducted his business here Content: Fenestrated groin vaults, giant statue of Constantine as focal point Context: Eventually becomes a floor plan for Christian churches	52

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Everything about the American Revolution Flashcards

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330844125	Abigail Adams	John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women. a member of the Daughters of Liberty	0
330844126	Articles of confederation	the first plan of government for the United States. It created a very weak national government. The states had all the power. Each state had only 1 vote. 9/13 had to pass any law, congress could not control trade, make taxes, or have an army	1
330844089	Benedict Arnold	continental army officer who later became a traitor and worked for the British during the Revolutionary War	2
330844091	Benjamin Franklin	American patriot, writer, printer, and inventor. During the Revolutionary War he persuaded the French to help the colonists.	3
330844122	common sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the colonists that it was time to become independent.	4
330844114	continental army	the American army during the American Revolution	5
330844104	Cowpens	in south carolina, proved the Americans could defeat the British in the South	6
330844131	deborah sampson	pretended to be a man and dressed in men's clothes so that she could fight in the American Revolition	7
330844123	Declaration of Independence	This document was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.	8
330844102	Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben	german soldier who came to Valley Forge, he was a well trained soldier and helped better train the Americans	9
330844081	george washington	Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.	10
330844105	Guilford Courthouse	the British won but were severely weakened, showed the british could not win the war because no one city or town was the heart of America	11
330844136	Hessians	mercenaries(hired soldiers) from Germany who fought for the British during the American Revolution	12
330844134	James Armistead	a slave from Virginia who was a spy for General Washington	13
330844097	John Adams	Massachusetts leader who was the lawyer for the defense of the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, suggested Washington lead the Continental Army, wanted independence, helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris ending the war.	14
330844084	King George III	king of england at the time of the American Revolution	15
330844132	Margaret Corbin	took her husband's place in battle when he was wounded. she was also wounded in the battle, was the first woman veteran recognized by congress	16
330844088	loyalists	colonists who wanted to stay with Britian and not declare independence	17
330844101	Marquis de Lafayette	a french man came to Valley Forge to help the Americans, he spent his own money to buy supplies for the American troops at valley forge the french agreed to help the colonists officially after the battle of saratoga.	18
330844129	martha washington	George Washington's wife	19
330844133	Mercy Otis Warren	american woman who wrote poems and stories supporting the cause of independence. she later wrote the first history of the American REvolution written by a woman.	20
330844096	minutemen	soldiers in the militia who were expected to be ready to fight with only one minutes notice	21
330844118	the olive branch petition	request sent to king george III to stop the fighting, the Americans hoped the British would see how determined the colonists were after Bunker Hill and would make peace with the colonists	22
330844093	Patrick Henry	Virginian leader known as a great speaker who spoke out against Britian.	23
330844087	patriots	colonists who supported the cause of independence	24
330844095	Paul Revere	a silversmith who popularized the bloody image of the Boston Massacre, rode from Boston to Lexington to warn people "the British are Coming!"	25
330844135	Peter Salem	one of 5 African-Americans who fought at the battle of Concord, also fought at Bunker Hill	26
330844120	Phillis Wheatley	A former slave who wrote poems and plays supporting American independence was the first African American in the colonies to be a published writer	27
330844083	redcoats	British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniforms.	28
330844108	revolution	a sudden complete change of government	29
330844094	Samuel Adams	a revolutionary leader, created committee of correspondence, and helped form the sons of liberty	30
330844112	the second continental congress	after lexington and concord met in Philadelphia, formed an army, made George Washington commander in chief, created money called continentals, sent olive branch petition, declared independence,	31
330844130	Sybil Ludington	rode more than 40 miles to warn Americans of a British Attack	32
330844117	Thomas Gage	british general during the revolution	33
330844086	Thomas Jefferson	He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.	34
330844085	Thomas Paine	wrote common sense	35
330844106	Lexington and Concord	the British were marching to Concord to sieze colonists weapons and arrest their leaders. a warning went out and warned colonists that the British were coming. minutemen gathered in Lexington to slow the British down and allow the weapons to be moved. no one knows who fired first several colonists were killed. british then marched to concord but the weapons had been moved. colonists continued to fire on the redcoats all the way back to Boston	36
330844098	the battle of bunker hill	The first major battle of the American Revolution took place in 1775.The British eventually won beacause the colonist ran out of bullets. Really occured at Breed's Hill, showed the Americans were determined and would not be easily defeated	37
330844099	the battle of saratoga	really 2 battles that happened over 3 weeks, first major battle the British lost, was a turning point in the war, because it finally looked like the Americans could win. Helped convince France to support the American cause.	38
330844103	The Battle for Savannah	Savannah was Britian's first target in the south. The British won the battle	39
330844109	Battle of Trenton	Washington led the army in a sneak attack on Christmas night. The Continental Army attacked the Hession Mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey. The fighting lasted only an hour before the Hessians surrendered. Gave the Americans hope they could win.	40
330844107	the shot heard round the world	first shot fired in the American revolution refers to the battles at Lexington and Concord is called this because it shocked the world that the colonies were fighting the British	41
330844110	Battle of Yorktown	The leader of the British troops, General Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia. The bay there made it easy for British ships to bring supplies, but allowed the Americans and French to circle around and surround it. The French Navy blocked the bay, trapping Cornwallis. He was attacked from all sides, land and sea. Until at last, on Oct. 19, 1781, Cornwallis had to surrender. This was the last major battle of the American Revolution. It forced the British to meet the Americans in Paris, France to negotiate a peace treaty. This is the victory that finally ended the war.	42
330844111	Battle of Kettle Creek	This battle was fought in Georgia. At the beginning of the war, the British believed most Americans were still loyal to Britian. Over time, the fighting in the New England and Middle colonies convinced them that the northern colonies were mostly patriots with only a few loyalists. The British still thought most colonists in the southern colonies were still loyal. The British asked loyalist, James Boyd, to go to Savannah and recruit loyalists to fight for the British. Boyd gathered the loyalists and fight several battles against Patriots in the south. He wound up camped at Kettle Creek in Georgia on Feb. 14, 1779. A local Patriot commander, Andrew Pickens, heard about the loyalist camp and decided to teach the loyalists a lesson. He gathered about 340 Patriots and snuck up on the Kettle Creek camp. Boyd was shot during the battle and the loyalists panicked and ran. Although this was only a small battle, it finally convinced the British that nowhere in the colonies were a majority of the people loyalists.	43
330844137	Battle of Long Island	an attack by british troops that caused great losses for the Americans	44
330844138	crossing the delaware river	in the middle of winter when most soldiers were freezing and many had abandoned the american army and gone home, Washington planned a surprise attack on the Hessians in Trenton, New Jersey. On Christmas night patriot soldiers left their camp and attacked the Hessians, after only an hour the Hessians surrendered. This kept more soldiers from abandoning the Army and gave them hope the war could be won	45
330844139	the battle of saratoga	really 2 battle that happened over 3 weeks, first major battle the British lost was a turning point in the war, because it finally looked like the Americans could win.	46
330844100	Valley Forge	a winter camp used by the continental army during the winter of 1777, because of the Articles of Confederation congress did not have the money to send supplies for the army, conditions were very harsh, there was not enough food, clothing, and shoes. Important because Lafeyette came from France to help and von Steuben taught the Americans how to be a better army.	47
330844144	Bernardo de Galvez	governor of spanish louisiana, helped the Americans during the revolution by protecting New Orleans from the British and allowed the Americans to use the Mississippi river to ship supplies, once spain declared war on Britian, he helped capture a number of british towns	48
330844145	Nathan Hale	a teacher who was an American spy during the revolution, was captured and hanged by the British, said "I regret that I have but 1 life to lose for my country."	49
330844146	Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley	was called Molly Pitcher because she carried fresh water to the soldiers, when her husband was injured she took his place loading the cannons	50
330844147	Tadeusz Kosciuszko	traveled from the country of Poland to fight with the Americans during the revolution he designed the American Fort at West Point	51
330844149	Nathanael Greene	led the continental army in the south	52
330844154	The French and Indian War	war between the French, Indians, British and colonists. fought over the ohio river valley. french lost all of their land in North America. started the events leading to the American Revolution. caused the British government to begin taxing the colonists.	53
330844155	Proclamation of 1763	said that all colonists must stay east of the appalachian mountains. made to keep control of the colonists.	54
330844156	Sugar Act	taxed sugar and molasses. made to help pay for French and Indian War. 1st of the British taxes on the colonists.	55
330844157	The Stamp Act	Tax on paper products such as newspapers, legal documents and playing cards. british hoped this would mean more taxes would be paid. 2nd of the British taxes on the colonists.	56
330844158	No taxation without representation	colonists will not pay taxes if they do not have a say in government	57
330844159	stamp act congress	meeting of representatives from 9 colonies in New York to discuss the stamp act created the saying no taxation without representation	58
330844161	boycott	when a group of people refuse to buy goods. the colonists did this to all British and goods to get Britian to repeal the unfair taxes.	59
330844162	Sons of Liberty	a group of male colonists who spoke out against British Control and taxes with rallies, speeches, etc.	60
330844163	daughters of liberty	a group of female colonists who supported the American cause and helped with the boycott by making goods themselves that were previously purchases from England.	61
330844164	repeal	to take back, the colonists' protests caused the British government to do this to many of its taxes.	62
330844165	Committees of Correspondence	a group formed by Sam Adams to share news quickly among all the colonies.	63
330844167	townshend acts	taxed imports such as glass, tea, paint, and paper, showed that British government still believed it had the right to tax the colonists	64
330844168	the boston massacre	began with colonists throwing snowballs at British colonists eventually British soldiers fired into the crowd killing colonists	65
330844169	Crispus Attucks	an African-American sailor killed in the Boston Massacre	66
330844171	monopoly	when one person or company is given complete control of a product or good and is the only one allowed to sell that good. The British East India Company had this on Tea.	67
330844172	british east india company	british company given a monopoly on the tea trade with the colonies	68
330844173	tea act	law giving the British East India Company a monopoly on tea trade with the colonies. colonists had to pay the tax or do without tea	69
330844174	the boston tea party	sons of liberty dressed as mohawk indians threw British tea into Boston harbor was caused by the tax on tea	70
330844175	coercive/intolerable acts	a series of laws designed to punish the citizens of Boston after the Boston tea party. included a blockade of boston harbor, stopped the legislature from meeting, made it illegal for groups to meet without permission from the royal governor, also included the quartering act which forced colonists to allow soldiers to live in their houses	71
330844176	blockade	when warships stop all ships entering or leaving a harbor. British warships closed the port of Boston	72
330844177	the first continental congress	a meeting of colonial leaders in Philadelphia to discuss the intolerable acts sent a petition to king reminding him of the colonists rights as British citizens asked colonies to stop all trade with England and encouraged them to form militias	73
330844178	minutemen	soldiers in the militia who were expected to be ready to fight with only one minutes notice	74
330844182	john hancock	President of the Second Continental Congress which wrote the Declaration of Independence. First signer of the declaration of independence, he signed his name "big enough so that George III could read it without his glasses."	75

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The American Revolution 1775-1783 Flashcards

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3120165555	Declaration of Independence	-On July 4, 1776, it formally declares a revolutionary war of independence from England.	0
3121751919	American Revolutionary War	-From 1775-1783 -8 years of war with Great Britain for Independence. http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history video review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCj1xALT9aw	1
3121772760	Britain's Strengths (+)	-Strongest Army and Navy in the world at the time. -Experienced and well trained troops. -As the wealthiest nation in the world, Britain could buy what it needed. -Ships could bring troops and supplies from place to place.	2
3121800160	Britain's Weaknesses (-)	-The distance was 3,000 miles from America. -It took 2 weeks by ship to get to America -Commanders got orders from Britain which took a long time and were often out of date. -Fighting in America was difficult because it was 600 miles wide and 1,000 miles long. -The British did not have enough troops, so they had to hire 30, 000 Hessians (Germans) to fight for them, who did not always speak English.	3
3121833899	American Colonists Strengths (+)	-Strong Leaders, such as General George Washington. -Courageous fighters with experience fighting against French and Indians. -They knew the land and how to survive in the woods. -They believed in their cause.	4
3121841208	American Colonists Weaknesses (-)	-Not everybody wanted independence; about 1/3 of the people were against the war. -Congress had little power over 13 colonies, it could not tax them. -Therefore, they did not have enough money, weapons, food, clothing, ammunition, ships, etc. -The Continental Army was small, and relied on volunteers who did not get paid to fight. They often refused to fight for more than a year, and went home. -They were not well disciplined, and would not always follow orders they didn't agree with. -The US had a very small Navy.	5
3121863136	Hessians	German troops who fought in the Revolutionary war on the side of Great Britain; Hessian troops were almost all paid mercenaries.	6
3121864343	Patriots	American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won	7
3121865728	Loyalists	Also known as Tories, the term refers to those Americans who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution.	8
3121923227	Redcoats	British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniforms.	9
3122007143	General George Washington	-Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. Brilliantly led America to victory and freedom in the American Revolution. Became 1st US president. http://www.biography.com/people/george-washington-9524786#winning-independence	10
3122008656	John Hancock	Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.	11
3122008657	Samuel Adams	American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence	12
3122009553	Thomas Jefferson	He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.	13
3122013053	Benjamin Franklin	American patriot, writer, printer, and inventor. During the Revolutionary War he persuaded the French to help the colonists.	14
3122013054	Patrick Henry	"I know not what courses others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death" From a speech to the Virginia House of Delegates to convince them to support the fight for independence.	15
3122017788	Benedict Arnold	American General who was labeled a traitor, but at first was a key leader who led victories early in the war. http://www.biography.com/people/benedict-arnold-9189320	16
3122017789	John Paul Jones	"I have not yet begun to fight" Patriot naval leader who commanded the American ship "Bonhomme Richard", which defeated the British ship "Sarapis" in 1779	17
3122056620	Abigail Adams	John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women	18
3122056621	Nathan Hale	a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British, famous quote:, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country"	19
3122060217	Marquis de Lafayette	French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.	20
3122063563	Molly Pitcher	Heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers and took over her husband's gun when he was wounded.	21
3122066293	Sybil Ludington	A young American patriot was like a female Paul Revere. At the age of 16, she rode to warn of the British approach.	22
3122067182	Salem Poor	A free black man who was honored for his bravery during the Revolution	23
3122070742	Deborah Sampson	was a woman who disguised herself as a man in order to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War	24
3122073726	General William Howe	He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778.	25
3122075401	General John Burgoyne	British General who surrendered at Saratoga	26
3122078423	Baron Von Stueben	Prussian officer who trained Washington's army at Valley Forge.	27
3122080102	Alliance	An agreement between nations to work together for common interests	28
3122081284	Bunker Hill	-June 17, 1775. -Also known as Breed's Hill. -British victory outside of Boston, but with heavy losses 1,054 troops killed or wounded. -Colonists ran out of ammunition but fought bravely. -The British left Boston after heavy losses. http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battle-of-bunker-hill https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHkQCfu2cwc http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/british-account-of-bunker-hill/	29
3122082678	Trenton, N.J.	On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware River to attack the Hessians.	30
3122082679	Saratoga	-October 1777, American victory at battle of Saratoga, New York. -It was the turning point of the war because it showed the French that the Americans could fight the British. France officially supports America after this battle. -American General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold defeat British General Burgoyne. http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battle-of-saratoga	31
3122085136	Philadelphia	A city in Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. Established as a Quaker colony by William Penn and others in 1681, it was the site of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. First capital of the U.S.	32
3122086845	Fort Ticonderoga	Situated on Lake Champlain and had many cannons and was captured by the Green Mountain Boys and Benedict Arnold. The cannons were moved to Boston where newly appointed general Washington set them upon Dorchester Heights and forced the British to retreat out of Boston.	33
3122088746	Valley Forge	-Place where Washington's Army spent the winter of 1777-1778, 1/4th of troops died here from disease and harsh winter conditions, Baron Von Steuben comes and trains troops.	34
3122088747	General Henry Clinton	He replaced General William Howe as Commander-in-Chief of British forces in the American Revolution. He shifted the focus of the war to the southern colonies.	35
3122090969	General Charles Cornwallis	British general who fought the Patriots in the south at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington. Surrendered on October 18, 1781.	36
3122094936	Yorktown	-American victory in 1781 -General Washington's men and the French Army and Navy worked together to trap British General Cornwallis and defeat him. The British surrendered and negotiated for peace. http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/siege-of-yorktown/videos/yorktown	37
3122103655	Treaty of Paris	In 1783, The British sign a peace treaty ending the Revolutionary War and the 13 Colonies become independent. -America gains independence, the Great Lakes, and territory all the way from the Atlantic ocean to the Mississippi river. Spain gets back Florida. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCDcveZ2dBQ	38
3122103656	General Horatio Gates	Patriot general who defeated Burgoyne at Saratoga and made Burgoyne surrender his entire army; general of the Southern Campaign.	39
3122116714	Thomas Paine	-Wrote a pamphlet called THE CRISIS, "THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman." He did it to help American morale and keep up the spirit to fight for the causes they believe in.	40

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The American Revolution - The Battles Flashcards

Explain the issues surrounding important events of the American Revolution, including declaring independence, writing the Articles of Confederation, fighting the battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown; enduring the winter at Valley Forge, and signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783

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1011334998	What is mercantalism?	An economic doctrine that a nation benefits through trade.	0
1011334999	What battle is associated with the famous "shot heard round the world"?	Lexington	1
1011335000	The first battle of the revolution is?	Lexington	2
1011335001	Who won the battle of Lexington?	Britain	3
1011335002	At which battle were the patriots trying to prevent the british from finding their stored ammunition?	Concord	4
1011335003	At which battle were the British soldiers turned back at the north bridge?	Concord	5
1011335004	Who won the battle of Concord?	The British	6
1011335005	Which patriot group played a huge role in progressing the revolution?	The Sons of Liberty	7
1011335006	Who gave a famous midnight ride to warn the British were advancing?	Paul Revere	8
1011335007	At which battle did the patriots seize a valuable fort?	Ft. Ticonderoga	9
1011335008	This battle is a symbol of patriot determination.	Battle of Bunker Hill	10
1011335009	What General had the lead command of the Colonial Army?	George Washington	11
1011335010	After this battle was over Washington felt defeated that the revolution may be over for the patriots.	Battle of Long Island	12
1011335011	This battle is sometimes called the Battle of Brooklyn.	Battle of Long Island	13
1011335012	These two battles were a positive turning point for the patriots.	Battles of Trenton and Princeton	14
1011335013	Washington crossed this river in the early hours of the morning to surprise the Hessian army?	Delaware River	15
1011335014	Which battle is associated with Washington's famous crossing of the Delaware River?	Trenton	16
1011335015	After which two battles does Washington retreat to Valley Forge?	The Battles of Brandywine and Germantown	17
1011335016	What is a mercanary	People primarily concerned with making money at the expense of ethics.	18
1011335017	Who are the Hessians?	German mercanaries	19
1011335018	Where were the Hessians from?	Germany	20
1011335019	Who did the Hessians support during the revolution?	British	21
1011335020	Was the Hessian army a strength or a weakness for the British?	weakness	22
1011335021	Where did Washington's troops spend the harsh winter of 1777?	Valley Forge	23
1011335022	Did many men die at Valley Forge?	yes	24
1011335023	What were 2 major causes of death among the colonial troops at Valley Forge?	sickness and starvation	25
1011335024	What was the capital of the colonies?	Philadelphia	26
1011335025	At what battle do the British seize the colonial capital of Philadelphia?	Battle of Brandywine	27
1011335026	A British battle strategy was to separate the New England colonies from the _______ colonies?	middle colonies	28
1011335027	After this American victory the Spanish and French join the patriot cause?	Saratoga	29
1011335028	This battle ends the war in the New England colonies?	Saratoga	30
1011335029	This battle ends the war in the southern colonies?	Cowpens	31
1011335030	The British General that surrenders to Washington ending the American Revolution?	Lord Cornwallis	32
1011335031	This battle ends the American revolution?	Yorktown	33
1011335032	Who wins the American Revolution?	The patriots	34
1011335033	Did America officially have its independence when they declared it July 4, 1776?	No	35
1011335034	What was signed to officially end the American Revolution?	Treaty of Paris	36
1011335035	When was the Treaty of Paris signed?	September of 1783	37

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