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APUSH Chapter 15 Flashcards

APUSH Chapter 15

1080741152	Thomas Paine/The Age of Reason	book written by Thomas Paine, stated that "All churches were set up to terrify and enslave mankind and monopolize power. In the Age of Reason, the authority of religion was denounced, rationale was valued over spiritualism	0
1080741153	Deism	relied on rationale and freethinking over religious doctrines mostly, however, did not stop believing in a Supreme Being. Whoever that being is, he created Man to be able to think for himself	1
1080741155	Unitarian	did not believe in the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit), but rather just one God. Even though Jesus was not deified, believed human nature is good, freewill is a good thing, and salvation was possible through charity	2
1080785361	the Second Great Awakening	religious movement that started in the southwestern frontier, people thought that religion was dying out, no one cared anymore so religious fervor spread all throughout the United States in varying intensities. Reformed churches fought for issues such as women's rights, temperance, prison reform, education reform, and the abolition of slavery. Preaching gospel was a way for women to eventually climb up the social ladder. Did not hit Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states as hard because valued rationalism there.	3
1080785362	revivals/camp meetings/saved	frontier gatherings where thousands of people attended to listen to preachers. religious ecstasy, barking, convulsing, jerking, "saved"	4
1080785363	Methodists & Baptists	two most powerful movements, stressed personal conversion, democratic control of church affairs	5
1080785364	Peter Cartwright/circuit riders	Methodist frontier preacher, went around from state to state for 50 years converting souls to the Lord. Garnered attention for Methodists that made them one of the most powerful movements in the 2nd Great Awakening	6
1080785365	Charles Grandison Finney/anxious bench	preached a form of evangelism that was more conservative and reminiscent of Calvinist beliefs, worked in Rochester and New York, "anxious bench" where sinners were prostrated before the congregation and women were encouraged to pray aloud. Denounced alcohol--->Oberlin College president	7
1080785366	Burned-Over District	Western portion of New York (Rochester) was especially known as a hotbed of religious activity. preached damnation and hellfire (strongly connected to Calvinism)	8
1080785367	Millerites/Adventists	one religious movement that believed Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1844, used this date to gain followers. Christ never showed up on the aforementioned date.	9
1080785368	Joseph Smith/Mormons	wrestler who claimed that an angel gave him plates that translated into the Book of Mormons. Established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Received criticism for voting as a unit and raising a small army. Smith was beaten to death in Carthage Il, but Brigham Young led his followers to Utah, created a theocracy, people lived in a compound, austere society based on peer pressure.	10
1080785369	polygamy	marriage to multiple people. Tradition for men in Mormon communities to marry more than one wife, 1862 anti-polygamy laws, 1896 Utah was finally granted statehood (did not become one originally because of polygamy).	11
1080785370	Brigham Young/Utah	young, talented leader that took over the Mormon cause after Joseph Smith was killed in Carthage. Led thousands of Mormons to Utah and established a prosperous community (in a very unforgiving land, but this same area provided religious freedom, Promise Land).	12
1080785371	ragged schools/the Three Rs	primitive one-room schoolhouses established to teach only "readin', ritin', rithmetic". Americans were suspicious of public education, thought it allowed too many people to become dependent on the government/rich for help. Ill qualified teachers, more discipline than learning.	13
1080785372	Horace Mann	on Massachusetts Board of Education, wanted better schoolhouses, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. Even though these reforms were implemented, only very few schools were lucky to have them.	14
1080785373	Noah Webster	Yale/Connecticut, "Schoolmaster of the Republic". gave reading lessons that promoted patriotism, published a dictionary (Hence Merriam Webster) to standardize American language	15
1080785374	William H. McGuffey/McGuffey's Readers	Ohioan teacher preacher, published magazines to promote lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism	16
1080785375	Emma Willard/Troy Female Seminary	established Troy Female Seminary, higher education was frowned upon, so this was a milestone	17
1080785376	Oberlin College	admitted black students, and in 1837, opened its doors to women. Pioneering the idea that everyone has a right to a proper secondary schooling (education is the great equalizer).	18
1080785377	Mary Lyon/Mount Holyoke Seminary	one of the first women's colleges, established in Massachusetts, built despite the looming stigma of the "cult of domesticity"	19
1080785378	lyceums	traveling lecturers who facilitated learning to many commoners. it was a way to become knowledgeable (also a form of entertainment) for those who did not attend formal schooling. covered areas such as science, literature, and moral philosophy	20
1080785379	North American review/Godey's Lady's Book	magazines, immensely popular form of entertainment, advertisement, and easy way to learn	21
1080785380	reformatories/penitentiaries	new concept that prisons are not meant to cage people up, but to discipline and reform their behavior. people should learn from their mistakes	22
1080785381	Dorothea Dix	teacher/author who campaigned for the rights of the mentally ill, petitioned first hand accounts (from observation) of the terrible conditions the mentally ill were forced to live in. idea that the mentally ill are sick, not evil	23
1080785382	American Peace Society	advocated for peace, war is wrong, sensing the tensions among the industrializing world, almost a preventative measure	24
1080785383	William Ladd	leader of the American Peace Society, wanted to influence both Americans and Europeans to go on a crusade for peace, set back by Civil War and Crimean war	25
1080785384	American Temperance Society	drinking got out of hand, social gatherings and eventually the workplace were jeopardized as a result of the heavy consumption of alcohol; it was a part of American culture. The American Temperance society was founded at Boston in 1826, utilized pamphlets, lecturers, propaganda to discourage drinking, some people wanted to straight up outlaw it (Dow and Maine Law).	26
1080785385	Maine Law	1851, from Dow's home state of Maine, prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. a dozen states followed suit, but within 10, most repealed and declared it unconstitutional	27
1080803550	Neal S. Dow	Portland's mayor who had firsthand account of how alcoholism demoralized Americans in the workplace.	28
1080803551	spinsters	women who refused to marry because they wanted to retain their rights, once they married, they become their husband's property. @ time of civil war, 10% of women were spinsters	29
1080803552	cult of domesticity	belief that women should stay in the house; they shouldn't be educated, and are weak and inferior but they also serve to keep their strong, crass husbands in check.	30
1080803553	Catharine Beecher	urged women to go on to becoming teachers, yet, still celebrated the role of the housewife (in contrast to some who saw this archetype as confining)	31
1080803554	Lucretia Mott	women's rights movement, she and her friend would not be recognized in the London antislavery convention of 1840	32
1080803555	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	left the word "obey" out of her marriage ceremony. eventually advocated for women's suffrage	33
1080803556	Susan B. Anthony	one of the most iconic fighters for women's suffrage. had the guts to face up to invectives.	34
1080803557	Elizabeth Blackwell	first female graduate of a medical college	35
1080803558	Margaret Fuller/The Dial	edited a transcendentalist magazine, The Dial	36
1080803559	Sarah and Angelina Grimke	abolitionists	37
1080803560	Lucy Stone	retained her maiden name, today, women who keep their names are called "Lucy Stoners"	38
1080803561	Amelia Bloomer	abandoned long, constricting, street sweeping	39
1080803562	Seneca Falls Convention 1848	Women's Rights Convention 1848, demanded ballot for females	40
1080803563	Robert Owen/New Harmony, Indiana	Scottish textile manufacturer (AP Euro), founded a community based on cooperation and human betterment. People were too lazy (or too good) to work and either radical or straight up criminals. Failed.	41
1080803564	Brook Farm	Brook Farm, Massachusetts, 20 men and women transcendentalists, prospered until a fire destroyed their main building	42
1080803565	Oneida Community	radical experiment, free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents. lasted for three decades.	43
1080803566	Shakers/Mother Ann Lee	began in the 1770s, practiced celibacy, monasteries, collapsed in 1940	44
1080803567	Benjamin Silliman	(1779-1864) professor of chemistry and geology at Yale for more than 50 years	45
1080803568	Louis Agassiz	(1807-1873) 25 years at Harvard college as a professor of biology, original research, didn't think memory was all that when it came to science.	46
1080803569	Asa Gray	(1810-1888) Botanist, 350 books, monographs, papers, new standard for scientific writing. more careful	47
1080803570	John J. Audubon	ornithologist, Birds of America, founded the Audobon society for the protection of birds (conservation)	48
1080803571	Sylvester Graham	proponent of a fad diet based on wheat bread and crackers	49
1080803572	Oliver Wendell Holmes	1860, pointed out that people were better off without medical treatment. Shows how much America lacked proper medical care. lagging behind the Europeans	50
1080803573	Greek Revival/Gothic	architectural movement that was inspired by the Greeks' defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism spread even here!	51
1080803574	Gilbert Stuart	one of America's most gifted painters (1755-1828), painted idealized portraits of George Washington (form of propaganda).	52
1080803575	Charles Willson Peale	Painter from Maryland who also produced portraits of Washington	53
1080803576	John Trumball	served in the Revolutionary war and survived to depict war scenes on canvas	54
1080803577	Hudson River School	first American art school. depicted local American landscapes instead of human landscapes	55
1080803578	daguerreotype	crude photograph, 1839, perfected by Louis Daguerre	56
1080803579	minstrel shows (Dixie)	Dixie was the Confederates' battle hymn, written by Foster (who was from the Union). Whites appeared in blackface, form of entertainment	57
1080803580	Stephen Foster	the first "American" folk musician, captured the lives of slaves, widely popular	58
1080803581	Knickerbocker Group	group of writers (Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, first distinctly American writers, wrote about patriotic themes/the republican experiment (general literature, novels, poetry, respectively).	59
1080803582	Washington Irving	(general literature) first American literary figure, wrote Knickerbocker's History of New York, caricaturing the Dutch, wrote with charm and quiet humor, Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The Sketch Book mediated between English and American themes, nicknamed a literary diplomat	60
1080803583	James Fenimore Cooper	the first American novelist, made New World themes respectable. Wrote The Spy, the Leatherstocking Tales, The Last of the Mohicans, explored viability and destiny of America's republican experiment, foiled it against natives' lives, discussed modern civilization	61
1080803584	William Cullen Byrant	Puritan belief, when he was 16, wrote "Thanatopsis", one of the first respectable poems to come out of the US (1817). Did not make a career out of poetry, was a journalist, set dignified, liberal, and conscientious standards for journalistic writing.	62
1080803585	transcendentalism	literary/social movement, stressed that knowledge is to be obtained through the senses and not by observation alone. highly individualistic, self reliance, self culture, self discipline, equality.	63
1080803586	Ralph Waldo Emerson	the most famous transcendentalist, poet, philosopher, critic of slavery, lyceum lecturer. In "The American Scholar", urged American writers to find inspiration within their own country, not overseas	64
1080803587	Henry David Thoreau	transcendentalist, essayist, influenced by Emerson, spent two years living in a hut and wrote about his experience, wrote an essay "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" (social contract, limited gov. interference). completely immersed himself to find an ultimate truth	65
1080803588	Walt Whitman	transcendentalist, "Leaves of Grass" (1855), romantic, experimental titles, stanzas, rhymes, and meter, dealt frankly with controversial topics (e.g. sex), received only posthumous success, patriotic	66
1080803589	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	one (1807-882) One of America's most popular poets, less cultured people enjoyed his poetry even though it was written for the gentry. Drew influences from American culture and European literature (Harvard prof.).	67
1080803590	John Greenleaf Whittier	a poet, wrote against social injustices, especially slavery. he was less talented of a writer than Longfellow, but his writings helped keep the debate of slavery alive. human freedom	68
1080803591	James Russell Lowell	essayist, literary critic, editor, diplomat, political satirist who wrote the Biglow Papers, condemned slavery expansion.	69
1080803592	Louisa May Alcott	had to write to support her family, wrote Little Women, grew up alongside transcendentalism	70
1080803593	Emily Dickinson	lived as a recluse, simple languages/rhyme/meter, explored themes of love, death, and immortality. Two thousand of her poems were published posthumously	71
1080803594	William Gilmore Simms	most noteworthy author from the South, talked about colonial frontier life, 82 books, but largely ignored by the South.	72
1080803595	Edgar Allan Poe	Dark Romanticist, best known for his short stories, explored macabre and dark themes, going against optimism generally found in literature at this time, was a drunkard and died in a gutter	73
1080803596	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Dark Romanticist, wrote about the neverending struggle between good and evil, strongly influenced by Puritan ancestors, lived on Brook Farm, famous for The Scarlet Letter. Look to the past for answers top the present	74
1080803597	Herman Melville	Dark Romanticist, lived an adventurous life in the South Seas, magnum opus was Moby Dick, god vs evil, whale vs Ahab. Public not accustomed to his language, preferred straightforward prose, book was ignored but gained posthumous acclaim	75
1080803598	George Bancroft	secretary of the navy, published 6 volumes of American history in 1789, looked through archives, Father of American history	76
1080803599	William H Prescott	detailed the conquest of Mexico and Peru, better received than Bancroft was	77
1080803600	Francis Parkman	in 1851, detailed the struggle between France and Britain for control of North America.	78

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Chapter 55: Community Ecology Flashcards

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3445886365	community	All of the species that interact in a certain area.	0
3445886366	fitness	Ability to survive and produce viable, fertile offspring.	1
3445886367	commensalism	A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed	2
3445886368	competition	In ecology, the interaction of two species or two individuals trying to use the same limited resource. May occur between individuals of the same species.	3
3445886369	mutualism	A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that benefits both.	4
3445886370	coevolution	A pattern of evolution where two species influence each other's adaptations over time.	5
3445886371	coevolutionary arms race	A repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation.	6
3445886372	intraspecific competition	Competition that occurs between members of the same species.	7
3445886373	interspecific competition	Individuals from different species use the same limiting resources.	8
3445886374	niche	The range of resources that the species is able to use, or the range of conditions it can tolerate.	9
3445886375	symmetric competition	Ecological competition between two species in which both suffer similar declines in fitness.	10
3445886376	asymmetric competition	Ecological competition between two species in which one species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other.	11
3445886377	competitive exclusion principle	Two species that occupy the same niche cannot coexist.	12
3445886378	fundamental niche	The total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate.	13
3445886379	niche differentiation	An evolutionary change in resource use, caused by competition over generations.	14
3445886380	character displacement	The evolutionary change that occurs in species' traits, and that enables species to exploit different resources.	15
3445886381	herbivory	The practice of eating plant tissues.	16
3445886382	herbivores	An animal that eats primarily plants and rarely or never eats meat.	17
3445886383	parasitism	A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to one organism but detrimental to the other.	18
3445886384	parasite	An organism that lives on a host species or in a host species and that damages its host.	19
3445886385	host	An individual that has been invaded by an organism such as a parasite or a virus, or that provides habitat or resources to a commensal organism.	20
3445886386	predation	The killing and eating of one organism by another.	21
3445886387	carnivores	An animal whose diet consists predominantly of meat, or other animals.	22
3445886388	standing or constitutive defenses	A defensive trait that is always manifested even in the absence of a predator or pathogen.	23
3445886389	mimicry	Pattern of one spieces resembling another.	24
3445886390	Batesian mimicry	A type of mimicry in which a harmless or palatable species resembles a dangerous or poisonous species.	25
3445886391	Mullerian mimicry	A type of mimicry in which two harmful species resemble each other.	26
3445886392	inducible defenses	Physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are induced in the prey in response to the presence of a predator.	27
3445886393	meta-analysis	A study of studies, meaning an analysis of a large number of data sets on a particular question.	28
3445886394	integrated pest management	Strategies to maximize crop and forest productivity while using a minimum of insecticides or other types of potentially harmful compounds.	29
3445886395	climax community	The stable, final community that develops from ecological succession.	30
3445886396	plankton	Drifting organisms in aquatic environments.	31
3445886397	keystone species	A species that has an exceptionally great impact on the other species in its ecosystem relative to its abundance.	32
3445886398	food web	The network of exchanges of energy and nutrients among producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem.	33
3445886399	disturbance	Any strong, short-lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living and/or nonliving resources.	34
3445886400	disturbance regime	The characteristic disturbances that affect a given ecological community.	35
3445886401	succession	In ecology, the gradual colonization of a habitat after an environmental disturbance, usually by a series of species.	36
3445886402	primary succession	The gradual colonization of a habitat of bare rock or gravel, usually after an environmental disturbance that removes all soil and previous organisms.	37
3445886403	secondary succession	Gradual colonization of a habitat after an environmental disturbance that removes some or all previous organisms but leaves the soil intact.	38
3445886404	pioneering species	Those species that appear first in recently disturbed areas.	39
3445886405	weed	A plant that is adapted for growth in disturbed soils.	40
3445886406	facilitation	In ecological succession, the phenomenon in which early-arriving species make conditions more favorable for later-arriving species.	41
3445886407	tolerance	In ecological succession, the phenomenon in which early-arriving species do not affect the probability that subsequent species will become established.	42
3445886408	inhibition	In ecological succession, the phenomenon in which early-arriving species make conditions less favorable for the establishment of certain later-arriving species.	43
3445886409	species richness	A simple count of how many species are present in a given community.	44
3445886410	species diversity	A weighted measure that incorporates the species' relative abundance.	45
3445886411	Explain why niche differentiation does not involve a conscious choice by the individuals involved.	The individuals do not choose or try to have traits that reduce competition--they simply have those traits (or not). Resource partitioning just happens, because individuals with traits that allow them to exploit different resources produce more offspring, which also have those traits.	46
3445886412	Explain what a coevolutionary arms race is and give an example.	When species interact via consumption, a trait that gives one species an advantage will exert natural selection on individuals of other species who have traits that reduce that advantage. This reciprocal adaptation will continue indefinitely. An example is the interaction of Plasmodium with the human immune system: The human immune system has evolved the ability to detect proteins from the Plasmodium and kill infected cells; in response, Plasmodium has evolved different proteins that the immune system does not detect.	47
3445886413	Explain how early successional species after the environment in ways that make growing conditions more difficult for themselves.	The shade provided by early successional species increases humidity, and decomposition of their tissues adds nutrients and organic material to the soil. These conditions favor growth by later successional species, which can outcompete the early successional species.	48
3445886414	Explain how the presence or absence of a species like alder, where nitrogen fixation occurs, might alter the course of succession.	The presence of absence of a plant species where nitrogen fization occurs would dramatically alter nutrient conditions, and thus the speed of succession and the types of species that could become established. For example, species that require high nitrogen would be favored on sites where alder grew, and species that can tolerate low nitrogen would thrive on sites where alder is absent.	49
3445886415	You should be able to give an example of how mutualistic relationship can evolve into a parasitic one.	A mutualistic relationship becomes a parasitic one if one of the species stops receiving a benefit. The treehopper-ant mutualism becomes parasitic in years when spiders are rare, because the treehoppers no longer derive a benefit but pay a fitness cost.	50
3445886416	You should be able to predict the effects of an invasive species on community structure.	An invasive species could have a large impact on community structure by replacing the dominant plant species that creates physical structure, which in turn affects other members of the community; by replacing a keystone species that has an indirect effect on many other species; or by outcompeting many species, causing a direct reduction in species richness.	51
3445886417	You should be able to explain why climate makes the three successional pathways documented in Glacier Bay similar, and why chance historical events make them different.	All species at Glacier Bay must be able to survive cold climate with the local amount of precipitation. The species earliest in the successsion must also be able to grow in rock exposed as the glacier melts. But change, historical differences in seed sources, and presence or absence of alder created differences in the species present.	52
3445886418	You should be able to propose how the theory of island biogeography could be applied by conservation biologists to species richness in a national park.	Many national parks are surrounded by altered habitats, so they are functionally similar to islands. Species richness in the park is more likely to be preserved if it is large and located nearby other wilderness areas.	53
3445886419	True or False? Species act as agents of natural selection when they interact.	True	54
3445886420	What is a niche differentiation?	the evolution of traits that reduce niche overlap and competition	55
3445886421	The relationship between ants and treehoppers in the presence of spider is an example of	mutualism	56
3445886422	What is one advantage of inducible defenses?	They make efficient use of resources, because they are produced only when needed.	57
3445886423	Pioneer species tend to have high ____ and lower survivorship.	fecundity	58
3445886424	Which of these factors is not generally correlated with species diversity?	longitude	59
3445886425	The text claims that species interactions are conditional and dynamic. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? Cite species examples to support your answer.	Yes-- the treehopper-ant mutualism is parasitic or mutualistic, depending on conditions; competition can evolve into no competition over time if niche differentiation occurs; arms races mean that the outcome of host-parasite interactions can change over time, and so forth.	60
3445886426	Why does the phrase "coevolutionary arms race" appropriately characterize the long-term effects of species interactions?	Adaptations that give one species a fitness advantage in an interaction are likely to be countered by adaptations in the other species that eliminate this advantage.	61
3445886427	Biologists have tested the hypotheses that communities are highly predictable versus highly unpredictable. State the predictions that these hypotheses make with respect to (a) changes in the distribution of the species in a particular community over time and (b) the communities that should develop at sites where abiotic conditions are identical. Which hypothesis appears to be more accurate?	(a) If a community composition is predictable, then the species present should not change over time. But if composition is not predictable, then species should undergo significant changes over time. (b) If community composition is predicatble, then the two sites with identical abiotic factors should develop identical communities. If community composition is not predictable, then sites with identical abiotic factors should develop variable communities. In most tests, the data best match the predictions of the "not predictable" hypothesis, though communities show elements of both.	62
3445886428	What is a disturbance? Consider the role of fire in a forest. Compare and contrast the consequences of high-frequency versus low-frequency fire, and high versus low severity fire.	Disturbance is any short-lived event that changes the distribution of resources. Compared to low-frequency fires, high-frequency fires would tend to be less severe and would tend to exert more intense natural selection for adaptations to resist the effects of fire. Compared to low-severity fires, high severity fires would open up more space of pioneering species and would tend to exert more intense natural selection for adaptations to resits the effects of fires.	63
3445886429	Summarize the life-history attributes of early successional species. Why are these attributes considered adaptations?	Early successional species are adapted to disperse to new environments (small seeds) and grow and reproduce quickly (reproduce at an early age, grow quickly). they can tolerate severe abiotic conditions (high temperature, low humidity, low nutrient availability) but have little competitive ability. These species are able to enter a new environment (with no competitors) and thrive. These attributes are considered adaptations because they increase the fitness of these species.	64
3445886430	Explain why high productivity should lead to increased species richness in habitats such as tropical rain forests and coral reefs.	The idea is that high productivity will lead to high population density of consumers, leading to competition and intense natural selection favoring niche differentiation that leads to speciation.	65
3445886431	Some insects harvest nectar by chewing through the wall of the structure that holds the nectar. As a result, they obtain a nectar reward, but pollination does not occur. Suppose that you observed a certain bee species obtaining nectar in this way from a particular orchid species. Over time, how might you expect the characteristics of the orchid population to change in response to this bee behavior?	Natural selection will favor orchid individuals that have traits that resist bee attack: thicker flower walls, nectar storage in a different position, a toxin in the flower walls, and so on. Individuals coud also be favored if their anthers were in a position that acoomplished pollination even if bees eat through the walls of the nectar-storage structure.	66
3445886432	You are walking, talking community that includes trillions of bacterial and archeal cells. Your gut, in particular, contains a complex microbial community. In some circumstances, the use of probiotics, which stimulate the rapid growth of bacteria that are mutualistic or commensal with humans, can eliminate the need to use antibiotics, which can wipe out helpful bacteria along with harmful bacteria. The use of probiotics is an example of which process?	competitive exclusion	67
3445886433	Suppose that a two-acre lawn on your college's campus is allowed to undergo succession. Describe how species traits, species interactions, and the site's history might affect the community that develops.	The exact answer will depend on the location of the campus. The first species to appear must posses good dispersal ability, rapid growth, quick reproductive periods, and tolerance for very harsh and sever conditions. The two-acre plot is likely to be colonized first by pioneer species that have very "weedy" characteristics. But once colonization is under way, the course of succession will depend more on how the various species interact with each other. The presence of one species can inhibit of facilitate the arrival and establishment of another. For example, an early-arriving species might provide the shade and nutrients required by a late-arriving species. The site's history and nearby ecosystems may influence which species appear at each stage; for instance, an undisturbed ecosystem nearby could be a source for native species. The pattern and rate of this succession is also influenced by the overall environmental conditions affecting it. Only species with traits appropriate to the local climate are likely to colonize the site.	68
3445886434	Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that increasing species richness increases a community's productivity.	One reasonable experiment would involve constructing artificial ponds and introducing different numbers of plankton species to different ponds, but the same total number of individuals. (Any natural immigration to the ponds would have to be prevented.) After a period of time, remove all of the plankton and measure the biomass present. Make a graph with number of species on the x-axis and total biomass on the y-axis. If the hypothesis is correct, the line of best fit through the data should have a positive slope.	69

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AP world chapter 13 notecards Flashcards

Chapter 13 Chinese influence:Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

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1109474853	Ly Van Phuc	Vietnamese official who wrote an essay to the emperor of China addressing his treatment in the capital. -Shows how the Vietnamese revered the Chinese -reflects underlying wariness of Chinese domination	0
1109474854	Fugiwara	Strong family whom packed the upper class administration with family members and shaped imperial policy -worked with buddhists to whittle down imperial control and increase their own.	1
1109474855	Bushi	Warrior leaders within the mini states -administered law, supervised public works, and collected revenue for themselves, not the court -created most effective military forces/armies composed of samurai	2
1109474856	Samurai	Mounted troops under the Bushi lords -Although they were only loyal to the lords, they were still called to defend the capital -As crime grew, they were hired along with their lords as mercenaries and body guards	3
1110368344	Taira	One of the two most powerful feuding families which fought for power in the early 1180's -controlled emperor and court -eventually turned to all out warfare as they participated in the Gempei Wars	4
1110368345	Minamoto	One of the two most powerful families which fought with the Taira in the early 1180's -Held powerful network of provincial allies superior to Taira -in 1185, Minamoto destroyed Taira and set up bakufu(military government)	5
1110368346	yoritomo	Leader off the Victorious Minamoto -Paranoid about his family conspiring against him -To settle his paranoia, he killed his family, resulting in no heir to the throne and allowed Bushi lords to gain power	6
1110368347	Yoshitsune	Courages Military general and brother to Yoritomo -Military genius, as he helped Minamoto win Gempei Wars -Murdered by brother out of thought of conspiracy	7
1110368348	Shogun	Military leaders of the Bakufu -Not only military commanders, but political ones too -Also felt paranoia of spying programs	8
1110368349	Hojo	Warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto -dominated Kamakura regime -left Minamoto as the official leaders though	9
1110368350	Ashikaga Takuaj	Led a revolt against Bushi and overthrew Kamkura regime -established Ashikaga shogunate in it's place -exiled to Yoshino, where he fought back the imperial authority	10
1110368351	daimyos	"little kingdoms" that Japan was divided up into -over 300 of them -each had their own warlord ruler	11
1110368352	Choson	Earliest Korean kingdom -Conquered by Han emperor Wudi -Korea was then forever influenced by China	12
1110368353	Koguryo	Korean state in north which resisted Chinese rule -warred with two rivals, Silla and Paekche -First result of Chinese sinification in Koreaa	13
1110368354	Khmer	The modern day Cambodians -intermarriage with Viets shows how people were before Chinese influence -Language wasn't related to Chinese and they had a strong tradition of village authority	14
1110368355	Trung Sisters	Daughters of deposed local ruler whom led a rebellion in 39 C.E. against the Chinese. -Did not like how Confucianism portrayed women -Many of these rebellions were a large part of the reason why many Chinese couldn't convert the Vietnamese	15
1110368356	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south. -Although they warred with the Vietnamese they also traded with them for resources.	16
1110368357	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi. -Centered on the narrow plains that connected the two great rice bowels of present day Vietnam -Centered at the Capital, Hue	17
1110368358	Trinh	Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 -rivals of Nguyen to south -Series of rulers who controlled power called Trinh lords	18
1110368359	Heian	The later capital of Japan arranged by emperor Kammu -Changed to escape growing force of Buddhism -Later called Kyoto	19
1110368360	Honshu	Japan's largest island -Most populous -Home to Japan's great port system	20
1110368361	Kamakura	military government founded under Minamoto Yoritomo to create a more centralized government to strengthen the state of Japan -Established in 1192 CE and ended in 1333 CE -Known for introduction of feudalism and samurai	21
1110368362	Silla	One of the three warring provinces in ancient Japan -Allied with Chinese to take over all three provinces -Gained independence but had to pay tribute to China	22
1110368363	Paekche	One of the three warring provinces in ancient Japan -Grew weak from endless war with neighbors -Eventually taken over by Silla and their Chinese alliance	23
1110368364	Taika reforms	Reforms by emperor to revamp imperial administration -Wanted to make the administration more Chinese -Mastered Chinese court and calligraphy but was unsuccessful in the long run	24
1110368365	Kami	Spirits of Phenomena worshipped in Shintoism -animals, creationary forces, and deceased ancestors -shows Chinese influence in Japanese religion	25
1110368366	Shintoism	Religion of Japan -Founded in 660 BCE -Combines ideas of ancestor veneration and influence from Chinese ideas	26
1110368367	Aristocracy	Form of government where power is put into the privileged ruling class -Contrasted favorably with japan's monarchy Contributed to Japan's feuding families	27
1110368368	Lady Muraki's The Tale of Genji	Literary work famous for capturing the charm and underlying tone of court life -First real social commentary on world -Shows flourishing of literature with the adaption of multi-layer stories	28
1110368369	Seppuku	Japanese Samurai suicide ritual -used instead of running from battle to restore honor -also called "kara-kiri" or belly splitting	29
1110368370	Disinheritance	limiting of inheritance to the eldest son -created a big blow to women as they were left with little to no income -women were also put lower on the social structure and hierarchy	30

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AP world chapter 13 notecards Flashcards

Chapter 13 Chinese influence:Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

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1109474853	Ly Van Phuc	Vietnamese official who wrote an essay to the emperor of China addressing his treatment in the capital. -Shows how the Vietnamese revered the Chinese -reflects underlying wariness of Chinese domination	0
1109474854	Fugiwara	Strong family whom packed the upper class administration with family members and shaped imperial policy -worked with buddhists to whittle down imperial control and increase their own.	1
1109474855	Bushi	Warrior leaders within the mini states -administered law, supervised public works, and collected revenue for themselves, not the court -created most effective military forces/armies composed of samurai	2
1109474856	Samurai	Mounted troops under the Bushi lords -Although they were only loyal to the lords, they were still called to defend the capital -As crime grew, they were hired along with their lords as mercenaries and body guards	3
1110368344	Taira	One of the two most powerful feuding families which fought for power in the early 1180's -controlled emperor and court -eventually turned to all out warfare as they participated in the Gempei Wars	4
1110368345	Minamoto	One of the two most powerful families which fought with the Taira in the early 1180's -Held powerful network of provincial allies superior to Taira -in 1185, Minamoto destroyed Taira and set up bakufu(military government)	5
1110368346	yoritomo	Leader off the Victorious Minamoto -Paranoid about his family conspiring against him -To settle his paranoia, he killed his family, resulting in no heir to the throne and allowed Bushi lords to gain power	6
1110368347	Yoshitsune	Courages Military general and brother to Yoritomo -Military genius, as he helped Minamoto win Gempei Wars -Murdered by brother out of thought of conspiracy	7
1110368348	Shogun	Military leaders of the Bakufu -Not only military commanders, but political ones too -Also felt paranoia of spying programs	8
1110368349	Hojo	Warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto -dominated Kamakura regime -left Minamoto as the official leaders though	9
1110368350	Ashikaga Takuaj	Led a revolt against Bushi and overthrew Kamkura regime -established Ashikaga shogunate in it's place -exiled to Yoshino, where he fought back the imperial authority	10
1110368351	daimyos	"little kingdoms" that Japan was divided up into -over 300 of them -each had their own warlord ruler	11
1110368352	Choson	Earliest Korean kingdom -Conquered by Han emperor Wudi -Korea was then forever influenced by China	12
1110368353	Koguryo	Korean state in north which resisted Chinese rule -warred with two rivals, Silla and Paekche -First result of Chinese sinification in Koreaa	13
1110368354	Khmer	The modern day Cambodians -intermarriage with Viets shows how people were before Chinese influence -Language wasn't related to Chinese and they had a strong tradition of village authority	14
1110368355	Trung Sisters	Daughters of deposed local ruler whom led a rebellion in 39 C.E. against the Chinese. -Did not like how Confucianism portrayed women -Many of these rebellions were a large part of the reason why many Chinese couldn't convert the Vietnamese	15
1110368356	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south. -Although they warred with the Vietnamese they also traded with them for resources.	16
1110368357	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi. -Centered on the narrow plains that connected the two great rice bowels of present day Vietnam -Centered at the Capital, Hue	17
1110368358	Trinh	Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 -rivals of Nguyen to south -Series of rulers who controlled power called Trinh lords	18
1110368359	Heian	The later capital of Japan arranged by emperor Kammu -Changed to escape growing force of Buddhism -Later called Kyoto	19
1110368360	Honshu	Japan's largest island -Most populous -Home to Japan's great port system	20
1110368361	Kamakura	military government founded under Minamoto Yoritomo to create a more centralized government to strengthen the state of Japan -Established in 1192 CE and ended in 1333 CE -Known for introduction of feudalism and samurai	21
1110368362	Silla	One of the three warring provinces in ancient Japan -Allied with Chinese to take over all three provinces -Gained independence but had to pay tribute to China	22
1110368363	Paekche	One of the three warring provinces in ancient Japan -Grew weak from endless war with neighbors -Eventually taken over by Silla and their Chinese alliance	23
1110368364	Taika reforms	Reforms by emperor to revamp imperial administration -Wanted to make the administration more Chinese -Mastered Chinese court and calligraphy but was unsuccessful in the long run	24
1110368365	Kami	Spirits of Phenomena worshipped in Shintoism -animals, creationary forces, and deceased ancestors -shows Chinese influence in Japanese religion	25
1110368366	Shintoism	Religion of Japan -Founded in 660 BCE -Combines ideas of ancestor veneration and influence from Chinese ideas	26
1110368367	Aristocracy	Form of government where power is put into the privileged ruling class -Contrasted favorably with japan's monarchy Contributed to Japan's feuding families	27
1110368368	Lady Muraki's The Tale of Genji	Literary work famous for capturing the charm and underlying tone of court life -First real social commentary on world -Shows flourishing of literature with the adaption of multi-layer stories	28
1110368369	Seppuku	Japanese Samurai suicide ritual -used instead of running from battle to restore honor -also called "kara-kiri" or belly splitting	29
1110368370	Disinheritance	limiting of inheritance to the eldest son -created a big blow to women as they were left with little to no income -women were also put lower on the social structure and hierarchy	30

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Chapter 8: African Civilization and the Spread of Islam Flashcards

Vocab for chapter 8

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516440056	Stateless Societies	Societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states.	0
516440057	Maghrib	Arabic term for western North Africa.	1
516440058	Almoravids	A puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain.	2
516440059	Almohads	A later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain.	3
516440060	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa.	4
516440061	Lalibela	Thirteenth century Ethiopian ruler; built great rock churches.	5
516440062	Sahel	The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; an exchange region between the forests to the south and North Africa.	6
516440063	Sudanic States	States trading to North Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways.	7
516440064	Mali	State of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers.	8
516440065	Juula	Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali empire and West Africa.	9
516440066	Mansa	Title of the ruler of Mali.	10
516440067	Kankan Musa	Made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the 14th century that became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way.	11
516440068	Ishak al-Sahili	An architect who returned with Kankan Musa to Mali; created a distinctive Sudanic architecture utilizing beaten clay.	12
516440069	Sundiata	Created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260.	13
516440070	Griots	Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings.	14
516440071	Timbuktu	Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university.	15
516440072	Songhay	Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao.	16
516440073	Askia Muhammad	Extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century.	17
516440074	Hausa States	States, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs.	18
516440075	Zanj	Arabic term for the people and coast of East Africa.	19
516440076	East African trading ports	Urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar.	20
516440077	Ibn Batuta	Muslim traveler who described African societies and cultures.	21
516440078	Demographic Transition	The change from slow to rapid population growth; often associated with industrialization; occurred first in Europe and is more characteristic of the "developed world".	22
516440079	Nok	Central Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style flourishing between 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E.	23
516440080	Yoruba	Highly urbanized Nigerian agriculturalists organized into small city-states, as Oyo, under the authority of regional divine kings presiding over elaborate courts.	24
516440081	Ile-Ife	The holiest Yoruba city; created terra-cotta and bronze portrait heads that rank among the greatest achievements of African art.	25
516440082	Benin	Nigerian city-state formed by the Edo people during the fourteenth century; famous for its bronze art work.	26
516440083	Luba	Peoples, in Katanga; created a form of divine kingship where the ruler had powers ensuring fertility of people and crops.	27
516440084	Kongo Kingdom	Large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo.	28
516440085	Zimbabwe	Central African royal stone courts.	29
516440086	Great Zimbabwe	With massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa.	30
516440087	Mwene Mutapa	Ruler of Great Zimbabwe; controlled a large territory reaching to the Indian Ocean.	31

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ap world chapter 16 master list (early modern period) Flashcards

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2108271485	western europe became	most dynamic region	0
2108273363	contacts between civilizations	intensified	1
2108274278	new empires formed based on	gunpowder weapons	2
2108275602	gunpowder weapons examples	canons muskets guns	3
2108276250	gunpowder weapons helped europe	replace muslims as world trade capital	4
2108278224	arab empire	deteriorated	5
2108278225	netherlands aka	holland	6
2108280563	spain portugal england france netherlands had emphasis on	science	7
2108281257	spain portugal england france netherlands	set up lots of colonies	8
2108282091	global economy expanded to include	ALL continents	9
2108283205	nomadic people lost all	influence	10
2108283206	why did mongols and nomadic people die out	gunpowder weapons	11
2108284134	did slavery expand	yes	12
2108285001	world trade was based on	slavery	13
2108285736	atlantic slave trade aka	triangular trade	14
2108285737	atlantic slave trade aka triangular trade aka	columbian exchange	15
2108287018	was there environmental change	yes	16
2108288805	columbian exchange depended on	slave plantations	17
2108290090	in triangular trade...	african slaves to american slave plantations, cash crops to europe	18
2108292124	italian renaissance brought resurrection of	science and reason	19
2108292125	humanism	humans are center of art and intellectual life	20
2108293936	renaissance spread from italy to	england france holland germany	21
2108296508	who created an advanced printing press	gutenberg	22
2108297519	gutenberg's printing press allowed for	mass production of books	23
2108298218	gutenberg's printing press upped the	literacy rate	24
2108299263	people in europe started to	marry later	25
2108300057	people in europe started to live in	nuclear families	26
2108300058	nuclear families in europe were	really big	27
2108301043	why did nuclear families have so many kids	no birth control and low infant mortality rate	28
2108303245	why did europe's population boom	low infant mortality rate	29
2108304480	martin luther work	95 theses	30
2108305098	95 theses	ideas for improving church	31
2108306227	martin luther and 95 theses	attacked indulgences and catholic corruption	32
2108307330	martin luther was originally	protestant	33
2108308106	martin luther created	lutheran church	34
2108309607	protestant reformation	lots of people rejected pope and made new religions	35
2108310920	henry VIII	started anglican church	36
2108310930	anglican church aka	church of england	37
2108311693	anglican church aka in america	apiscapalian	38
2108316218	john calvin supported	predestination	39
2108316219	who created predestination	john calvin	40
2108316873	predestination	everyone fated to be saved or damned	41
2108319181	catholic reformation	hated protestant changes	42
2108320736	catholics accused all protestants of	heresy	43
2108320737	who founded jesuits	saint ignatius loyola	44
2108322458	jesuits short for	society of jesus	45
2108322459	jesuits	order of catholic monks dedicated to spreading catholicism overseas	46
2108323593	jesuits especially converted	natives in americas	47
2108325888	christians ended up disunited because of	religious wars	48
2108326668	did christianity end up disunited	yes	49
2108612898	30 years war was	german protestants vs holy roman emperor	50
2108612899	in 30 years war, the holy roman emperor was supported by	spain and austria	51
2108612900	what ended the 30 years war in 1648	treaty of westphalia	52
2108612901	treaty of westphalia	ruler chooses religion	53
2108612902	1640s	english civil war	54
2108612903	english civil war was a	power struggle between king and parliament	55
2108612904	english king charles i was angry that his	power was limited	56
2108612905	parliament beheaded	charles i	57
2108612906	literacy in europe got	super high	58
2108612907	literacy rate in europe got super high thanks to	printing press	59
2108612908	what became common currency	spanish silver	60
2108612909	where did the spanish get their silver from	mexico and peru	61
2108612910	dutch east india company	one of first trading corporations	62
2108612911	the dutch east india company dominated	java and spice coffee tea trade	63
2108612912	western europe became very	prosporous	64
2108612913	mid-1600s lots of people were accused of	witchcraft	65
2108612914	during witch trials, majority of people	were acquitted	66
2108612915	early astronomers	copernicus kepler galileo	67
2108612916	copernicus kepler and galileo developed	telescopes	68
2108612917	who invented the scientific research method	francis bacon	69
2108612918	francis bacon invented the	scientific research method	70
2108612919	1687 newton developed _______________ in england	principia mathematica	71
2108612920	principia mathematica	physics and natural laws	72
2108612921	emphasis on religion in europe switched to	scientific theory of natural processes	73
2108612922	absolute monarchs	kings with absolute power	74
2108612923	prussia aka	germany	75
2108612924	absolute monarchs gain control of nobles with help of	army and bureaucracy	76
2108612925	countries with absolute monarchs	austria spain prussia russia france	77
2108612926	louis 14th was a very famous	absolute monarch	78
2108612927	who built versailles palace	louis 14	79
2108612928	louis 14 built	versailles palace	80
2108612929	versailles palace	massive royal palace louis 14 made	81
2108612930	hapsburg royal family	ruled austria spain and all colonies	82
2108612931	which nations were not absolute monarchies	england and holland	83
2108612932	england and holland established	parliaments and limited monarchies	84
2108612933	mercantilist economic policy	must be self-sufficient and get products you don't have by colonizing	85
2108612934	mercantilist enconomic policy wanted to	reduce imports	86
2108612935	1688 glorius revolution	england becomes constitutional monarchy	87
2108612936	constitutional monarchy	king agrees to be equal with legislature	88
2108612937	nation-states based on	language and ethnicity	89
2108612938	nationstates examples	spain portugal england france denmark sweden	90
2108612939	frederick the great cultivated	potato cultivation in prussia	91
2108612940	potato cultivation helps to	increase population	92
2108612941	frederick the great also	built up german military power	93
2108612942	French and Indian war was who vs who	england vs france	94
2108612943	french and indian war was fought to see	who would be the best colonial power	95
2108612944	french and indian war date	1756	96
2108612945	french and indian war fought over	canada and india	97
2108612946	who won french and indian war	england	98
2108612947	enlightenment	apply reason to politics and human equality	99
2108612948	enlightenment person	john locke	100
2108612949	effects of enlightenment	lots of people demanded democracy	101
2108612950	enlightment led to	american and french revolutions	102
2108612951	adam smith believed	competition is good	103
2108612952	adam smith supported	capitalism	104
2108612953	who wrote the first encyclopedia	denis diderot	105
2108612954	who declared equality for women	mary wollstonecraft	106
2108612955	europe moved away from	arranged marriage	107
2108612956	marriages started to be based on	love	108
2108612957	kids began going to	primary school	109
2108612958	colonies exported	sugar tea tobacco coffee	110
2108612959	colonies goods were	super desirable in europe	111
2108612960	europe grew colonies goods in	carribean and southeast asia	112
2108612961	as capitalism developed, what spread?	mass entertainment and consumerism	113
2108612962	europe had a lot of	domestic manufacturing	114
2108612963	because the population in europe got so huge,	people had to move overseas	115
2108612964	europeans moved to	americas new zealand australia	116
2112486682	who started anglican church	henry VIII	117
2112503971	frederick the great was from	germany	118
2112503972	henry i was from	england	119
2112518819	who ruled spain austria and all their colonies?	hapsburg royal family	120
2120618799	who led parliament against henry i?	cromwell	121

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Traditions and Encounters Ch. 31 Flashcards

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1229306208	a village fish peddler in China who moved to San Francisco to get gold and eventually opened a restaurant	Fatt Hing Chin was?	0
1229306209	1820s	most property qualifications for voting in the United States had disappeared by the late?	1
1229306210	the United States	the term "manifest destiny" is associated with what country?	2
1229306211	France	in 1803, the United States doubled in size after the Louisiana territory was purchased from?	3
1229306212	Cherokees	the Indians who relocated from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma on the Trail of tears were the?	4
1229306213	Little Big Horn	the last major Indian victory against the United States armed forces came in 1876 at the Battle of..?	5
1229306214	Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota	the last major Indian resistance was defeated in 1890 at the Battle of...?	6
1229306215	an expression of religious beliefs that included a vision of an afterlife in which all white peoples disappeared	the Ghost Dance movement related to?	7
1229306216	Texas	the main spark for the outbreak of the Mexican American War in 1845 was the United States acceptance of the new state of?	8
1229306217	Guadalupe Hidalgo	the United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million for Texas, California, and New Mexico as part of the Treaty of..?	9
1229306218	Louisiana territory DIDNT	Which future state did not pass from Mexico to the United States as part of the 1848 Treat of Guadalupe Hidalgo?	10
1229306219	recognized the sanctity of private property, including slaves	one of the chief reasons that the framers of the US Constitution were opposed to abolishing slavery was?	11
1229306220	cotton	slavery was reinvigorated in the United States after the rise of what cash crop?	12
1229306221	Abraham Lincoln	the words "a house divided against itself cannot stand" were first spoken by?	13
1229306222	slavery, and the cultivation of cotton as a cash crop, isolated south from economic development. Northerners viewed succession as an act of betrayal	what were the chief factors for the outbreak of the American Civil War?	14
1229306223	Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, making the abolition of slavery an explicit goal of the war	the US Civil War changed character on 1 January 1863, after..?	15
1229306224	emancipation , north brought considerable resources to the war effort- 90% of the country's industrial capacity and 2/3 of its railroad lines	what are the reasons for the victory of the northern states in the US Civil War?	16
1229306225	slavery would end in the US, the US would remain politically united, and it enhanced the authority of the federal government in the American republic	the victory of the northern states in the US Civil War meant that?	17
1229306226	the British victory in the Seven Years' War	New France passed into British control after?	18
1229306227	stimulated a sense of unity against an external threat	the War of 1812?	19
1229306228	were repelled by Canadians which promoted sense of Canadian pride, and anti-US sentiments became a means for covering differences among French/British canadians	the US invasion of Canada in the War of 1812?	20
1229306229	in the British North America Act of 1867- each province had its own seat of government, provincial legislature, and lieutenant government representing the British crown	Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were joined together as the Dominion of Canada in which they..?	21
1229306230	John A. Macdonald	the first prime minister of Canada was?	22
1229306231	"I fear peace more than war"	Simon Bolivar succinctly summed up the developing political situation in Latin America when he said?	23
1229306232	They exported raw materials and were dependent on countries that industrialized	in the new Latin American countries..?	24
1229306233	regional military leaders	Caudillos were?	25
1229306234	Juan Manuel de Rosas	the "Machiavelli of the pampas" was?	26
1229306235	President of Mexico, led La Reform which aimed to limit the power of the military the RC church in Mexican society	Benito Juarez was?	27
1229306236	land reform	the Mexican politician Ponciano Arriaga called for?	28
1229306237	a revolutionary leader"tierra y libertad" (land and liberty)	Emiliano Zapata was?	29
1229306238	"Swallows"- Italian workers who traveled back and forth annually between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons	the golondrinas were?	30
1229306239	Britain ?	the early stages of industrial development in the United States depended in large part on investment capital from which of the following nations?	31
1229306240	the construction of railroad lines that linked all US regions and helped create an integrated national economy	in terms of the industrial development of the United States in the late 19th century, the most important economic development was?	32
1229306241	created some violent altercations with indigenous peoples...center of transportation network was the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railroad	the National Policy, which was designed to attract migrants, protect nascent industries through tariffs, and build national transportation systems was a policy in that it?	33
1229306242	argentina	by the late 1860s, Britain's leading supplier of beef was?	34
1229306243	a US poet	Walt Whitman was?	35
1229306244	underwent a program of social and political Reconstruction - extended civil rights to freed slaves and provided black men with voting rights. had not received land grants so many had to work as sharecroppers for former slave owners	after the conclusion of the American Civil War, freed blacks?	36
1229306245	fashioned a rigidly segregated society that deprived blacks of educational, economic, and political opportunities	After the American Civil War, the southern states?	37
1229306246	Declaration of sentiments	the lines "we hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal" are from the...?	38
1229306247	Japan	in 1908, the United States government ordered a complete halt to migration from..?	39
1229306248	metis and indigenous people of western Canada	Louis Riel was the leader of the?	40
1229306249	Louis Riel	the Northwest Rebellion was led by?	41
1229306250	it was necessary for Buenos Aires to bring discipline to the disorderly Argentine countryside	Argentine president Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, in his book "Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism", proposed that?	42
1229306251	the Gaucho Martin Fierro	the great epic poem that expressed the life of the gaucho and lamented its decline was?	43
1229306252	Jose Hernandez	the great epic poem, "the Gaucho Martin Fierro" was written by?	44
1229306253	a Bolivian poet who lamented bitterly that talented women couldnt vote	Adela Zamudio was?	45

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Traditions and Encounters Ch. 31 Flashcards

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664040238	a village fish peddler in China who moved to San Francisco to get gold and eventually opened a restaurant	Fatt Hing Chin was?	0
664040239	1820s	most property qualifications for voting in the United States had disappeared by the late?	1
664040240	the United States	the term "manifest destiny" is associated with what country?	2
664040241	France	in 1803, the United States doubled in size after the Louisiana territory was purchased from?	3
664040242	Cherokees	the Indians who relocated from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma on the Trail of tears were the?	4
664040243	Little Big Horn	the last major Indian victory against the United States armed forces came in 1876 at the Battle of..?	5
664040244	Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota	the last major Indian resistance was defeated in 1890 at the Battle of...?	6
664040245	an expression of religious beliefs that included a vision of an afterlife in which all white peoples disappeared	the Ghost Dance movement related to?	7
664040246	Texas	the main spark for the outbreak of the Mexican American War in 1845 was the United States acceptance of the new state of?	8
664040247	Guadalupe Hidalgo	the United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million for Texas, California, and New Mexico as part of the Treaty of..?	9
664040248	Louisiana territory DIDNT	Which future state did not pass from Mexico to the United States as part of the 1848 Treat of Guadalupe Hidalgo?	10
664040249	recognized the sanctity of private property, including slaves	one of the chief reasons that the framers of the US Constitution were opposed to abolishing slavery was?	11
664040250	cotton	slavery was reinvigorated in the United States after the rise of what cash crop?	12
664040251	Abraham Lincoln	the words "a house divided against itself cannot stand" were first spoken by?	13
664040252	WAS: slavery and the cultivation of cotton as a cash crop-isolated south from economic development. Northerners viewed succession as an act of betrayal	which of the following was not one of the chief factors for the outbreak of the American Civil War?	14
664040253	Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, making the abolition of slavery an explicit goal of the war	the US Civil War changed character on 1 January 1863, after..?	15
664040254	was: emancipation struck at heart of the southern war effort since slaves made up a huge portion of the region's labor force, north brought considerable resources to the war effort- 90% of the country's industrial capacity and 2/3 of its railroad lines	which of the following is not one of the reasons for the victory of the northern states in the US Civil War?	16
664040255	slavery would end in the US, the US would remain politically united, and it enhanced the authority of the federal government in the American republic	the victory of the northern states in the US Civil War meant that?	17
664040256	the British victory in the Seven Years' War	New France passed into British control after?	18
664040257	stimulated a sense of unity against an external threat	the War of 1812?	19
664040258	were repelled by Canadians which promoted sense of Canadian pride, and anti-US sentiments became a means for covering differences among French/British canadians	the US invasion of Canada in the War of 1812?	20
664040259	in the British North America Act of 1867- each province had its own seat of government, provincial legislature, and lieutenant government representing the British crown	Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were joined together as the Dominion of Canada..?	21
664040260	John A. Macdonald	the first prime minister of Canada was?	22
664040261	"I fear peace more than war"	Simon Bolivar succinctly summed up the developing political situation in Latin America when he said?	23
664040262	They exported raw materials and were dependent on countries that industrialized	in the new Latin American countries..?	24
664040263	regional military leaders	Cuadillos were?	25
664040264	Juan Manuel de Rosas	the "Machiavelli of the pampas" was?	26
664040265	the President of Mexico who led La Reform which aimed to limit the power of the military the ROman Catholic church in Mexican society	Benito Juarez was?	27
664040266	land reform	the Mexican politician Ponciano Arriaga called for?	28
664040267	a revolutionary leader who organied massive armies fighting for "tierra y libertad" (land and liberty)	Emiliano Zapata was?	29
664040268	"Swallows"- Italian workers who traveled back and forth annually between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons	the golondrinas were?	30
664040269	Britain ?	the early stages of industrial development in the United States depended in large part on investment capital from which of the following nations?	31
664040270	the construction of railroad lines that linked all US regions and helped create an integrated national economy	in terms of the industrial development of the United States in the late 19th century, the most important economic development was?	32
664040271	created some violent altercations with indigenous peoples...center of transportation network was the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railroad	the National Policy, which was designed to attract migrants, protect nascent industries through tariffs, and build national transportation systems was a policy in that it?	33
664040272	argentina	by the late 1860s, Britain's leading supplier of beef was?	34
664040273	a US poet	Walt Whitman was?	35
664040274	underwent a program of social and political Reconstruction - extended civil rights to freed slaves and provided black men with voting rights. had not received land grants so many had to work as sharecroppers for former slave owners	after the conclusion of the American Civil War, freed blacks?	36
664040275	fashioned a rigidly segregated society that deprived blacks of educational, economic, and political opportunities	After the American Civil War, the southern states?	37
664040276	Declaration of sentiments	the lines "we hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal" are from the...?	38
664040277	Japan	in 1908, the United States government ordered a complete halt to migration from..?	39
664040278	metis and indigenous people of western Canada	Louis Riel was the leader of the?	40
664040279	Louis Riel	the Northwest Rebellion was led by?	41
664040280	it was necessary for Buenos Aires to bring discipline to the disorderly Argentine countryside	Argentine president Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, in his book "Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism", proposed that?	42
664040281	the Gaucho Martin Fierro	the great epic poem that expressed the life of the gaucho and lamented its decline was?	43
664040282	Jose Hernandez	the great epic poem, "the Gaucho Martin Fierro" was written by?	44
664040283	a Bolivian poet who lamented bitterly that talented women couldnt vote	Adela Zamudio was?	45

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Chapter 15; AP US History Vocab Flashcards

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1151571997	William Seward	Lincoln's Secretary of State, one of the best. Was the leader of the Republican Party.	0
1151571998	Salmon Chase	Secretary of the Treasury- leading abolitionist and out-spoken critic of Lincoln. Later becomes the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Taney dies.	1
1151571999	Edwin Stanton	Opposed Lincoln- A war democrat and was in favor of war and union. Was the Secretary of War.	2
1151572000	Fort Sumner	Confederate attacked the Union at their fort in South Carolina. This was the first actual battle & marked the start of the Civil War. --- General Andersen sends Lincoln a letter claiming that they needed supplies- 1) If he doesn't supply the he would be seen as weak and incapable of following through with his fight for the South. 2) If he sent reinforcements, he would threaten a battle. 3) He openly lets the South know that he is sending humanitarian aid on a ship, without weapons. -this made it so the South would make the decision of attacking.	3
1151572001	Robert E. Lee	He did more with less that any other General in American History. Commander in Chief of all southern forces. Great militarily leader-was war hero against John Brown, a Virginia native, was loyal to the Union, but was loyal to Virginia.	4
1151572002	Stonewall Jackson	Was Robert's right-hand man... General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall.	5
1151572003	Jefferson Davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history.	6
1151572004	Trent Affair (1861)	Occured when a U.S. naval vessel intercepted a British mailing ship and removed two Confederate envoys, John Slidell and James Mason; a clear violation of international law; British objected and threatened war, but the crisis passed when Lincoln released the two Confederates	7
1151572005	C.S.S Alabama	One of the most famous British/Southern commerce raiders -- never laid in at a Southern port. Sunk by the USS Kearsarge off the coast of France.	8
1151572006	Charles Francis Adams	Union diplomat in England, constantly bringing complaints to the British government that they needed to pay for their damages and they needed to stop their impressments. -This helped Britain ultimately apologize and lose hope in helping the Southerners.	9
1151572007	New York Draft Riot	500 people were killed as lower-class men rioted in the North in response to the wealthy-favored conscription bill. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs	10
1151572008	Morrill Tariff Act (1861)	Raised the tariff about 10% and set it to 25% to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; high protective tarrifs to project industrialists.	11
1151572009	Greenbacks	Currency that the Union issued to replace $450 million of gold with $450 million worth of paper money.	12
1151572010	National Banking System	Designed to stabilize the $50 million of currency and control/sell bonds so there would not be inflation. It stayed in place for 50 years until the Federal Reserve.	13
1151572011	Homestead Act (1862)	The Northern Congress gave 160 free acres to families who would move out west- all they had to do was promise that they would stay on the land and improve the land for an amount of time.	14
1151572012	Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)	The government gave 30,000 acres of public lands to each state for the each congressman and each senator. They were required to sell that land to private individuals- the state would take that money and would build agricultural and mechanical colleges in each state. Hugely successful.	15
1151572013	Pacific Railway Act (1863)	Established the trans-continental railroad, connecting the railroad in the north to California.	16
1151572014	Ex Parte Merriman (1861)	Taney (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court) declared that Lincoln's action with Habeas Corpus was unconstitutional and illegal. Lincoln ignored it and contemplating arresting Taney himself.	17
1151572015	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott of a blockade; to strangle the south like a constrictor snake.	18
1151572016	Antietam	It was the bloodiest single day of the war. 23,000 men in one day. One of the most decisive battles in world history. Northern victory. Significance: 1) The south was never again so close to victory. They never had the chance they had. Since they lost, they did not put a dent in the border south. 2) Because the South lost, foreign powers did not want to intervene. 3) This was a victory that Lincoln needed to tag to Emancipation Proclamation onto.	19
1151572017	Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by Lincoln within weeks of Antietam. It became official on January 1, 1863. It freed all of the slaves in the southern states that were still in rebellion. It did not end slavery in the border states. It didn't end slavery in areas in the south that that the north had occupied. Is goal was to strengthen the moral cause of the union- not just for union but for equality. He knew he couldn't end slavery by just saying it- He had to win the war. It never really freed a single slave.	20
1151572018	Gettysburg	Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000... the war's most famous battle- 53,000 men were killed or wounded. The union now controlled the Mississippi in another battle during this time. Now, the South was hopeless as it lost Gettysburg and the Mississippi.	21
1151572019	Gettysburg Address	One of the greatest speeches in all of history. 1) It establishes that the Declaration if Independence is the founding document of America's law. 2) Equality becomes a supreme commitment of the Federal Government. 3) It established the idea of nation (more of a cohesive mindset) over union (merging of people but still independent in thought). The United States is a free country rather than the United States are a free country.	22
1151572020	Copperheads	Slang term for a democratic faction in the North who preached defeatism or a "peace at any price" strategy. Some of these men were the men that Lincoln that were held without trial...they struck them without warning, like the snake in the South.	23
1151572021	Union Party	Consisted of the war democrats and the republicans who decided to dissolve their political ties and create this party- with the main focus to pursue the war and rejoin the union, instead of politics.	24
1151572022	Lincoln's Second Inaugural Speech	"with malice towards none, with charity for all..." Lincoln makes it clear that he is going to be charitable towards the south.	25
1151572023	Appomattox	Lee and Grant meet for 30 minutes and negotiate a compromise. Lee surrendered his army and would his army would be paroled and allowed to go home as long as they would not take up arms against the union again. Grant allowed for all the officers to keep their side arms.	26
1151572024	John Wilkes Booth	Assassinated Lincoln. A very famous actor and a rabid confederate southerner. He was a leader of a group of rabid southern rebels.	27

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World History- Chapter 16, Exploration and Expansion Flashcards

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2040983714	caravel	a light, fast sailing ship with a rudder and lateen (long, triangular) sails	0
2040983715	Henry the Navigator	son of King John I of Portugal, patron and supporter of explorers	1
2040983716	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer who traveled to Calicut, India in 1497	2
2040983717	Christopher Columbus	Italian sailor who traveled west to reach China but discovered the islands of the Caribbean instead	3
2040983719	circumnavigate	travel completely around the world	4
2040983718	Ferdinand Magellan	first explorer to attempt to circumnavigate the globe; he was killed on the way, but some of his sailors completed the journey	5
2040983720	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer and second person to circumnavigate the globe	6
2040983721	Henry Hudson	Dutch sailor who looked unsuccessfully for the Northwest Passage and explored the river that is now named after him (in New York state)	7
2040983722	encomienda	Spanish system in which a colonist received land and Native American workers, to whom they were required to teach Christianity	8
2040983723	Hernán Cortés	Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec empire (in what is now, Mexico)	9
2040983724	conquistador	Spanish word for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native people of the Americas	10
2040983725	Moctezuma II	Aztec emperor at the time of Cortes's conquest	11
2040983726	Francisco Pizarro	conqueror of Inca Empire in Peru, for the Spanish	12
2040983727	Atahualpa	ruler of Inca Empire, killed by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro	13
2040983728	viceroys	officials who ruled large areas of Spain's American colonies in the king's name	14
2040983729	Bartolomé de Las Casas	Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans, and suggested that slaves from Africa be used as laborers instead	15
2040983730	Treaty of Tordesillas	treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal, along an imaginary line	16
2040983731	Columbian Exchange	the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the people of Europe and the Americas because of contact brought by explorati	17
2040983732	mercantilism	the European economic policy that called for nations to gain wealth in order to build a strong military and expand influence	18
2040983733	balance of trade	the amount of goods sold by a country compared to those bought from other countries; a favorable balance of trade meant selling more goods than were bought	19
2040983734	subsidies	grants of money given by governments for purposes such as helping people start new businesses	20
2040983735	capitalism	economic system in which private individuals rather than governments perform most of the economic activity, with the goal of making a profit	21
2040983736	joint-stock company	a company in which investors buy shares of stock, receiving a portion of the profits, but only risk losing the amount of their investment if it failed	22
2041094416	plantation	estates in the Americas where cash crops were grown on a large scale	23
2041094417	triangular trade	trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, took slaves from Africa to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe	24
2041094418	Middle Passage	name for the second leg of the triangular trade route, bringing captive Africans to the Americas, where they were sold as slaves	25
2041094419	Olaudah Equiano	African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passages voyages	26
2041094420	African Diaspora	the spread of people of African descent through the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout the Western world	27