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APWH Unit 1 flashcards Flashcards

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61010814	agricultural village	small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Started 10,000 years ago	0
61010815	Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent	first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture	1
61010816	Sumer	An ancient region of southern Mesopotamia which rose around 3300 B.C. The first empire that ruled in Mesopotamia and is credited with inventing writing.	2
61010817	Sargon of Akkad	A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire.	3
61010818	Gilgamesh	the epic story of the king, Gilgamesh, who searched for immortality/ a Sumerian legend	4
61010819	ziggurat	a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians	5
61010820	pictograms	the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas	6
61010821	cuneiform	Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets	7
61010822	ideograms	A writting method used by the Chinese that represent ideas and concepts rather than specific prenunciations	8
61010823	Code of Hammurabi	the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to 1790 BCE, the earliest legal code known in its entirety	9
61010824	Shang Dynasty	Considered to be the first Dynasty in China; Famous for oracle bones, Anyang was the last capital, first form of Chinese writing appeared	10
61010825	Ma'at	the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head	11
61010826	pyramid	Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom	12
61010827	Old Kingdom	2700 BC - 2200 BC. Upper and Lower Egypt kept separate kingdoms, but later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization. built Pyramids!	13
61010828	Middle Kingdom	2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between NIle and Red Sea so Egytian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria.	14
61010829	Aryans	Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society. Established caste system in Indus valley	15
61010830	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society	16
61010831	Babylonians	an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 B.C. and fell to the Persians in 539.	17
61010832	Hittites	Indo-Europeans who settled in highlands of Anatolia in 2000 BC, first Indo-Europeans to make use of iron	18
61010833	Zhou Dynasty	the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Daoism;	19
61010834	oracle bones	one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods	20
61010835	sage kings	Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians.	21
61010836	Anyang	the ancient Chinese capital of the Shang Dynasty; changed constantly	22
61010837	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.	23
61010838	Nubia	an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile	24
61010839	Olmecs	(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization, lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups. Famous for giant stone heads	25
61010840	Teotihuacan	A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B.C.-750 A.D.). It's population was 150,000 in its peak in 600 CE; largest city in the Americas; remembered for giant Pyramid of the Sun	26
61010841	Maya	ancient people of the Yucatan peninsula who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture, pottery and astronomy	27
61010842	Moche	Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	28
61010843	Chimu	Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465.	29
61155441	Chavin	the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.	30
61155442	Nok Culture	earliest known West African culture; consisted of farmers, first to smelt iron weapons and tools; traded; Settled in Jenne-Jenno near Niger river, also located on important trade routes	31
61155443	Zapotecs	Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600)	32
61155444	hegemony	the consistent dominance of one state or ideology over others	33
61155445	republic	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	34
61155446	oligarch	one of several people who rule a country or empire together, sharing the power	35
61155447	Indo-European	People from around the the Black Sea and the Caspian sea; Between 2500 and 2000 BC, they migrated all over Eurasia; known as Hittites or Aryans, became ancestors of Romans and Greeks	36
61155448	Assyrians	known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire	37
61155449	Hatshepsut	Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.); expanded Egypt throught trade; adopted all pharaonic customs, including wearing the false beard	38
61155450	triumvirate	In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government	39
61155451	Julius Caesar	58 BC became governor and military commander of the Roman province of Gaul; part of the first Triumvirate; first emperor of Rome	40
61155452	satrapy	the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor	41
61155453	Zoroastrianism	system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; cosmic struggle over good and bad; influenced by Judaism and Christianity	42
61155454	Minoans	earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C.	43
61155455	Mycenaeans	an Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; conquered the Minoans in Crete in about 1400 B.C.	44
61155456	Polis	A city-state in ancient Greece	45
61155457	dominance	the state that exists when one person or group has power over another	46
61155458	Athens	the capital and largest city of Greece	47
61155459	Democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them; put into place by the Athenians of Greece	48
61155460	Solon	Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt; citizens gained more power	49
61155461	hoplite	a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece; moved around in groups called phalanxes	50
61155462	Peloponnesian War	a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC	51
61155463	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism was his greatest achievement	52
61155464	Hellenistic	a word meaning to "imitate Greeks"; Greek-speaking civilization which spread through many lands of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond following the conquests of Alex the Great	53
61155465	Cyrus the Great	managed to reunite Persian Empire into a powerful kingdom; began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world	54
61155466	Hyksos	the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes; 1640 to 1570 B.C.	55
61155467	New Kingdom	the period of ancient Egyptian history that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers, lasting from about1570 to 1075 B.C.; the time period when they reached their apex	56
61155468	Akhenaten	early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC); monotheism	57

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Biology FINAL EXAM PRACTICE Flashcards

BIOLOGY SCA STEVENS

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587576294	COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB	used with the low power objective	0
587576295	CONDENSER	controls the amount of light	1
587576296	FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB	used with the high power objective	2
587576297	OCULAR LENS	eyepiece	3
587576298	TUBE	holds the nosepiece	4
587576299	mass	amount of matter in an object	5
587576300	volume	amount of space an object takes up	6
587576301	water displacement	used to measure the volume of an irregular object	7
587576302	length	distance traveled by light	8
587576303	meniscus	curve used to measure volume	9
587576304	interphase	normal cell activity	10
587576305	cell cycle	regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division	11
587576306	cytokinesis	cytoplasmic division	12
587576307	haploid	having one chromosome from every pair	13
587576308	diploid	two homologous pairs of chromosomes	14
587576309	electron	negatively charged	15
587576310	element	made up of atoms	16
587576311	neutron	neutral charge	17
587576312	nucleus	the center of the atom	18
587576313	proton	positively charged	19
587576314	genetics	study of biological inheritance patterns	20
587576315	gene	a piece of DNA that directs a cell	21
587576316	allele	alternate form of a gene	22
587576317	locus	a specific position on a pair of chromosomes	23
587576318	genome	an organism's genetic material	24
587576319	true breeding	two alleles that are at the same location	25
587576320	cross breeding	two alleles that are at different locations	26
587576321	heterozygous	cross plants with opposing characteristics	27
587576322	homozygous	cross plants with same characteristics	28
587576323	recessive allele	only expressed when both genes are present	29
587576324	fermentation	a type of anaerobic respiration	30
587576325	alcoholic fermentation	produces alcohol	31
587576326	aerobic	uses oxygen to produce lots of energy	32
587576327	anaerobic	no oxygen required resulting in little energy produced	33
587576328	Lactic Acid fermentation	breakdown of food without oxygen	34
587576329	DNA	Double stranded helix that contains the genetic code	35
587576330	RNA	Ribose nucleic acid	36
587576331	Mitosis	Somatic cell division	37
587576332	Meiosis	Division of gametes	38
587576333	Telomere	repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA	39
587576334	Sex-linked traits	genes on sex-chromosomes	40
587576335	autosomal gene	traits found on chromosomes 1-22 (i.e. hair texture)	41
587576336	male	XY	42
587576337	female	XX	43
587576338	probability	The likelihood that something will happen	44
587576339	Golgi apparatus	processes, packages, and delivers proteins	45
587576340	lysosomes	filled with enzymes	46
587576341	mitochondria	converts chemical energy into usable cell energy	47
587576342	ribosomes	site of protein synthesis	48
587576343	vesicles	for transport	49
587576344	compound	combination of different elements	50
587576345	covalent bonding	sharing electrons	51
587576346	ionic bonding	losing or gaining electrons	52
587576347	atom	basic unit of matter	53
587576348	solution	formed when one substance dissolves in another	54
587576349	control group	conditions remain the same	55
587576350	dependent variable	variable that depends on the independent variable	56
587576351	experimental group	group exposed to the experimental variable	57
587576352	hypothesis	prediction	58
587576353	independent variable	experimenter manipulates this variable	59
587576354	centromere	the point of attachment for spindle fibers	60
587576355	chromatin	present during interphase	61
587576356	histone	protein that organized chromosomes around which DNA wraps	62
587576357	chromatid	one of the replicated chromosomes	63
587576358	chromosome	what genetic material that condenses into	64
587576359	biosphere	everywhere life exists	65
587576360	biodiversity	variety of life	66
587576361	species	one particular type of living thing	67
587576362	organism	an individual living thing	68
587576363	system	organized group of interacting parts	69
587576364	codominant alleles	Beta fish color is an example	70
587576365	epistatic gene	interferes with other genes	71
587576366	incomplete dominance	eye color is an example	72
587576367	polygenic traits	blood type is an example	73
587576368	pedigree	used for tracing genes in a family	74
587576369	homeostasis	set point	75
587576370	negative feedback	maintenace of constant internal conditions	76
587576371	biotechnology	use and application of living things and biological processes	77
587576372	exothermic reaction	absorb more energy than they release	78
587576373	endothermic reaction	release more energy than they absorb	79
587576374	crossing over	occurs when homologous chromosomes line up in pairs	80
587576375	tetrad	exchange of genetic material	81
587576376	synapsis	formed when homologous chromosomes pair up	82
587576377	cell plate	eventually becomes the cell wall when plant cells matures	83
587576378	equatorial plane	imaginary line in the middle of the spindle	84
587576379	nuclear envelope	protects the genetic material	85
587576380	nuclear pores	allow ribosomes to exit	86
587576381	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis	87
587576382	flagella	beat in a wave like motion	88
587576383	cilia	beat in a whip like motion	89
587576384	eukaryotic cell	bacteria	90
587576385	prokaryotic cell	animal cell	91
587576386	chromatin	genetic material	92
587576387	centrioles	assist with cell division	93
587576388	phospholipid bilayer	outermost boundary of the cell	94
587576389	cytology	study of cells	95
587576390	central vacuole	membrane sac that contains water	96
587576391	chlorophyll	provides the pigment of a plant	97
587576392	chloroplast	provides energy for a plant cell	98
587576393	cell wall	gives plant cell support and protection	99
587576394	When using the low power objective, use the _______ adjustment knob.	Coarse	100
587576395	The source of all energy that living things need	SUNLIGHT	101
587576396	Two new daughter cells are haploid and not genetically identical	Telophase & Cytokinesis I	102
587576397	Daughter cells are not genetically identical to mother cell	Meiosis	103
587576398	Four new daughter cells are haploid and not genetically identical	Metaphase II	104
587576399	Without this process we would ultimately have no food to eat or oxygen to breathe	Photosynthesis	105
587576400	Which food product is not made by fermentation?	ice cream	106
587576401	Carefully read most instructions before beginning lab activity. True or False	False	107
587576402	Always put one hand on the ______ and one hand on the ____ when carrying the microscope.	Arm, base	108
587576403	What happens to a catalyst during a chemical reaction?	it combines with the product	109
587576404	Eating or drinking is permitted in lab when no chemicals are being used. True or False	False	110
587576405	Each group of cells performs only a few processes	Division of labor	111
587576406	Has ribosomes attached	Rough ER	112
587576407	A hypertonic solution would cause this to occur in an animal cell a. shrinking b. swelling c. no change would occur d. none	NO CHANGE WOULD OCCUR	113
587576408	What is true about sex-linked traits?	they are more common in males	114
587576409	How are incomplete dominance and codominance similar?	neither allele is complexly dominant or recessive	115
587576410	What term describes the interference of gene expression by another gene?	epistasis	116
587576411	The outermost boundary of the cell a. cell nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell membrane d. none of the above	NONE OF THE ABOVE	117
587576412	Diffusion of water molecules	Facilitated diffusion	118
587576413	Why is Earth's biodiversity greatest near the equator?	more species can live in warm climates than in cold climates	119
587576414	Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things? a. the ability to reproduce b. a body made of cells c. the ability to use energy from sunlight d. the ability to respond to the environment	The ability to use energy from sunlight	120
587576415	Which of the following is NOT a biological system? a. molecules that make up a muscle b. mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines that digest food c. 2 cells in the body that function independently d. single-celled organisms that libe in a puddle.	2 cells in the body that function independently	121
587576416	Daughter cells are genetically identical to mother cell	Mitosis	122
587576417	Allows particles that are too large to enter the cell with added force.	Receptor mediated Endocytosis	123
587576418	What provides the channel for molecules to pass through during facilitated diffusion?	Proteins	124
587576419	Only found in animal cells	Ribosomes	125
587576420	Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles separate and spindle forms	Prophase	126
587576421	This type of division occurs in oogenesis	symmetrical	127
587576422	Why are there so many phenotypes in polygenic inheritance?	many genes for the same trait interact to produce one trait	128
587576423	Environment does not play a role in which genes are expressed. True or False	FALSE	129
587576424	Which is Mendel's law of segregation?	Allele pairs separate independently during meiosis	130
587576425	Bacteria cultures would most likely be grown in these.	Petri dishes	131
587576426	While working in the laboratory lab coats and goggles must be worn and hair must be tied back. True or False	TRUE	132
587576427	What can you say about two genes that are linked during crossing over?	they will be inherited independently	133
587576428	Chromosomes, not genes, assort independently during meiosis. True or False	FALSE	134
587576429	Why are sex-linked genes expressed differently in different cells of a female?	one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated in females	135
587576430	How is an ionic bond formed between two atoms?	an electrical force forms between oppositely charged ions	136
587576431	A nerve cell will be the same shape and perform the same function as a muscle cell True or False	FALSE	137
587576432	What term describes a substance that is made when two or more different atoms bond together?	Covalent substance	138
587576433	Autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce glucose.	cellular respiration	139
587576434	Reaction of photosynthesis that uses light and water to produce oxygen in the chlorophyll	glycolysis	140
587576435	Not a factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis. a. heat b. light c. water d. all of the above affect the rate of photosynthesis	a. heat b. light c. water d. all of the above affect the rate of photosynthesis	141
587576436	What is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons?	an ion	142
587576437	Organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy storing carbon based molecules	chemosynthesis	143
587576438	cell process where chromosome number is halved	Meiosis	144
587576439	Two parts of the chloroplasts that photosynthesis takes place in	Grana and cytoplasm	145
587576440	When using a microscope always bring the object into focus using the _____ power objective.	LOW	146
587576441	Used for measuring mass	triple beam balance	147
587576442	Achieved by an organism, not done to an organism	growth	148
587576443	Some examples are hair and nails	organic dead	149
587576444	Which is an example of homeostasis	a snake's blood is the same temperature in hot weather and in cold weather	150
587576445	Which term describes an organism that contains genes from more than one species?	transgenic	151
587576446	What is the pH of a neutral solution?	7	152
587576447	How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?	exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb	153
587576448	The characteristic of the cell membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell	selectively permeable	154
587576449	Energy is released by the breaking of phosphate bonds in ATP. True or False	True	155
587576450	Contains all the genetic material in the cell a. cell nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell membrane d. none of the above	none	156
587576451	Which of the following is a characteristic of passive transport?	requires energy	157
587576452	Where most cell activities occur.	cytoplasm	158
587576453	The difference in concentration	osmotic pressure	159
587576454	Which of the following is found in plant cells?	central vacuole	160
587576455	First person to use the word cell	Robert Hooke	161
587576456	Which of the following is not a characteristic of active transport? a. moves from high to low b. does not achieve equilibrium c. requires energy d. none of the above	NONE	162
587576457	A hypotonic solution would cause this to occur in an animal cell.	shrinking	163
587576458	Identified the cell nucleus	Robert Brown	164
587576459	This organelle produces vesicles	endoplasmic reticulum	165
587576460	Two heterozygous dominant parents can have a homozygous recessive offspring. True or False	TRUE	166
587576461	Transports very specific molecules	receptor mediated endocytosis	167
587576462	Cells come from preexisting cells	Ruldof Virchow	168
587576463	A positive ionic bond has more	Protons	169
587576464	The _______ is the basic unit of life	Cell	170
587576465	A cross conducted between 2 pea plants that are homozygous recessive for a particular trait. What percentage of offspring from the cross would you expect to express the recessive phenotype?	100%	171
587576466	Which of the following statements is true regarding codominance?	Both alleles rae expressed completely and separately	172
587576467	The human chromosome number	46	173
587576468	An enzyme is a catalyst in a living thing. What function do enzymes carry out?	increase the activation energy needed to start a reation	174
587576469	Reaction of photosynthesis that uses carbon dioxide to produce high-energy sugar in the chlorophyll	Glycolysis	175
587576470	How are cellular respiration and glycolysis related?	Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form the reactants of cellular respiration	176
587576471	This process occurs in yeast and other microorganisms. a. Lactic acid fermentation b. Alcoholic fermentation C. Photosynthesis D. none of the above	NONE	177
587576472	The gas produced in cellular respiration	Carbon dioxide	178
587576473	Cell plate forms in plant cell	Metaphase	179
587576474	The location of cellular respiration a. Mitochondria b. Cytoplasm c. Chlorophyll d. A and B	a. Mitochondria b. Cytoplasm	180
587576475	The common first step to anaerobic and aerobic respiration	Kreb's cycle	181
587576476	This process causes the burning sensation in muscle cells when performing strenuous physical activity	Lactic acid fermentation	182
587576477	The last step in aerobic respiration	e-transport chain	183
587576478	What can you say about two genes that are linked during crossing over?	they are at opposite ends of the same chromosome	184
587576479	Chromosomes, not genes, assort independently during meiosis? True or False	FALSE	185
587576480	Why are sex-linked genes expressed differently in different cells of a female?	males have no functioning X chromosome after it is inactivated	186
587576481	This process occurs in yeast and other microorganisms a. Lactic acid fermentation b. Alcoholic fermentation c. Photosynthesis d. NONE	NONE	187
587576482	Energy is released by the breaking of phosphate bonds in ATP true or false	TRUE	188
587576483	Breakdown of food into usable cell energy.	Cellular respiration	189
587576484	Geneticists use karyotypes to determine possible genetic abnormalities in humans True or False	TRUE	190
587576485	Cytokinesis begins	Telophase	191
587576486	The number of functional sperm cells produced in spermatogenesis.	ONE	192
587576487	The type of division occurs in spermatogenesis	symmetrical	193
587576488	A pair of genes with specific positions on the chromosome	Locus	194
587576489	Any cell or organism that has two or more traits a. epistatic b. polygenic c. codominant d. none of the above	a. epistatic b. polygenic c. codominant d. none of the above	195
587576490	What term describes the amount of energy that must be absorbed before a chemical reaction can start?	activation energy	196
587576491	Transports liquid into the cell	cytolysis	197
587576492	A cross that deals with only one specific trait.	monohybrid	198
587576493	Crossing a homozygous recessive organism with a homozygous dominant organism.	100% heterozygous dominant.	199

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Chapter 15: The West and the Changing World Balance; Chapter 16: The World Economy; Chapter Review Flashcards

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1187947111	Which of the following was not a symptom of decline in the Arabic Caliphate by 1300?	The decline of the Sufis	0
1187947112	What was the political state of the Middle East following the fall of the Abbasid Empire and the withdrawal of the Mongols?	The emerging Ottoman Empire soon mastered most of the lands of the old caliphate plus the Byzantine corner.	1
1187947113	What Chinese dynasty was associated briefly with the establishment of state-sponsored international commerce?	Ming	2
1187947114	For how long did the Chinese government sponsor international commercial voyages in the fifteenth century?	28 years	3
1187947115	Which of the following statements concerning the cessation of state-sponsored trade in China is most accurate?	In Chinese terms, it was the brief trading flurry that was unusual, not its cessation.	4
1187947116	Which of the following was not a drawback to the West's emergence as a global power?	Failure to establish key commercial and maritime links until after 1600	5
1187947117	What was the disease that accounted for the enormous loss of life in the fourteenth century?	Bubonic Plague	6
1187947118	Which of the following is correctly associated with the Renaissance?	Greater interest in nature and things of this world	7
1187947119	Which of the following features allowed Italy to emerge as the center of the early Renaissance?	Italy had closer contacts with foreign scholars, particularly those in late Byzantium.	8
1187947120	Where were the two major regional monarchies that were established soon after 1400?	Castile and Aragon	9
1187947121	Why did the West begin the exploration of new trade routes ca. 1400?	Technological barriers that had been a problem previously were overcome.	10
1187947122	Which of the following is a common element of the Polynesian societies of Hawaii and New Zealand?	lack of metallurgy	11
1187947123	After 1400 the Aztec and Inca empires	ran into difficulties as a result of internal problems related to control of their dominions.	12
1187947124	Which of the following dates did the Americas and Polynesia still remain unaffected by the international exchange?	1400	13
1187947125	After 1450 the West	controlled a growing volume of international trade.	14
1187947126	The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of	Portugal.	15
1187947127	The Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator	directed a series of expeditions along the African coast and also outward to the Azores.	16
1187947128	Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and eventually sailed to India	Vasco da Gama	17
1187947129	The first Portuguese fleet to reach India sailed there in	1498.	18
1187947130	The Portuguese trading port and fortress established in India was	Goa.	19
1187947131	Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century?	The Dutch and British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals.	20
1187947132	The chief positive European contribution to the Americas as part of the "Colombian Exchange" was	large domesticated animals.	21
1187947133	Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of European conquest on the population of Native Americans?	Native American population was devastated by the introduction of previously unknown European diseases.	22
1187947134	Whom did the Spanish defeat at the battle of Lepanto?	the Ottoman Empire	23
1187947135	Which of the following statements accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade?	Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world, and the Iberian nation lacked significant manufacturing capability.	24
1187947136	Where were the nations of the core region of the global trade network located?	Western Europe	25
1187947137	Which of the following areas did not have a predominantly coercive labor system?	Northwestern Europe	26
1187947138	Which statement concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate?	China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports.	27
1187947139	Which statement most accurately describes Japanese participation in the global trade network?	The Japanese did display some openness to Christian missions and they were also fascinated by Western advances in gunnery and shipping.	28
1187947140	Who established the first Spanish colony on the American mainland?	Vasco de Balboa	29
1187947141	Why was the Portuguese colony of Angola exceptional?	The Portuguese pressed inland in Angola instead of simply establishing coastal fortresses.	30
1187947142	What impact did the Seven Years' War have on French colonial possessions?	The French lost their colonies in India to the British.	31
1188046759	What was the mail purpose of the Ming maritime expeditions in the 15th century	To demonstrate China's power so as to more easily maintain its tributary empire along the Indian Ocean	32

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WHAP - Chapter 14: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur Flashcards

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547177628	Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.	khanates	0
547177629	Capital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan.	Karakorum	1
547177630	Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present-day Beijing.	Tatu	2
547177631	- Also known as Tamerlane; leader of Turkic nomads. - Beginning in 1360s from base at Samarakand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia. - Empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.	Timur-i Lang	3
547177632	- One of the four subdivisions at the Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan's death, originally ruled by his grandson, Batu. - Territory covered much of what is today south-central Russia.	Golden Horde	4
547177633	- Grandson of Chinggis Khan. - Commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China. - Became khagan in 1260. - Established Sincized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271.	Kubilai Khan	5
547177634	- Chinese peasant who led succesful revolt against Yuan Dynasty in 14th century - Founded Ming Dynasty.	Ju (Zhu) Yuanzhang	6
547177635	- Name given to a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom had been supposedly been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests. - Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this mythical ruler.	Prester John	7
547177636	- A ruler of the Golden Horde. - Converted to Islam. - His threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East.	Berke	8
547177637	Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.	khagan (khan)	9
547177638	- Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde. - Helped break Mongol stronghold over Russia.	Battle of Kulikova	10
547177639	- Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut. - Originally ensalved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.	Baibars	11
547177640	Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tributes was selected.	kuriltai	12
547177641	- Influential wife of Kubilai Khan. - Promoted interests of Buddhists in China. - Indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese.	Chabi	13
547177642	- Ruler of Golden Horde. - One of Chinggis Khan's grandsons. - Responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.	Batu	14
547177643	- Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China. - Typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule.	White Lotus Society	15
547177644	- Succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368. - Lasted until 1644. - Intially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development with China.	Ming dynasty	16
547177645	- Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces. - Consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen. - Each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10.	tumens	17
547177646	- Third son of Chinggis Khan. - Succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan (khan) of the Mongols following his father's death.	Ogedei	18
547177647	- Turkic ruler of Muslim Khwarazm kingdom. - Attempted to resisted Mongol conquest. - Conquered in 1220.	Muhammad Shah II	19
547177648	During what period did the nomads of Central Asia impact the other global civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere in the postclassical era?	1200 - 1400	20
547177649	Is this statement concerning the nomadic society of the Mongols prior to the establishment of the empire true or false: Mongols were primarily herders and raised horses.	False	21
547177650	Who was the great leader of the Mongols prior to Chinggis Khan?	Kabul Khan	22
547177651	In 1206, Chinggis Khan was elected what?	Khagan (supreme ruler) of the Mongol tribes.	23
547177652	What favorite tactic on the field of battle was frequently employed by Chinggis Khan's troops? A. Frontal assault by massed cavalary. B. Massed artillery barrage followed by infantry attacks on the flanks. C. Trench warfare. D. Pretended flight to draw the enemy out followed by heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks.	D (pretended to flight to draw the enemy out followed by heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks)	24
547177653	What was the new capital constructed by Chinggis Khan for his empire?	Karakorum	25
547177655	Following the death of Chinggis Khan, who succeeded him as Khagan of the Mongols?	Ogedei	26
547177656	At the time of the Mongol invasion, Russia - A. Was divded into numerous petty kingdoms centered on trading cities. B. Was part of the Byzantine Empire. C. Was united under the kings of Kiev. D. Had launched a series of successful assaults on the Islamic territories of the Abbasid dynasty.	A (Was divded into numerous petty kingdoms centered on trading cities.)	27
547177657	Which Russian city was not destroyed in the Mongol invasions in 1236 and 1240?	Novgorod	28
547177658	As a result of the Mongol invasion, which city was able to use its position as collector of tribute for the Mongols and the seat of Russian Orthodoxy to emerge as the political leader of Russia?	Moscow	29
547177659	In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid's political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland? A. The destruction of the cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization. B. Shi'ism was eliminted as a major factor within Islam. C. The successful assault on the East African city-states weakened the international trading system. D. Much of the population of the Islamic heartland was converted to the animistic religion common among the Mongol nomads.	A (The destruction of the cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devstated the focal points of Islamic civilization.)	30
547177660	Which of the following reforms was not established by the Yuan to maintain the separation of Mongols and Chinese? A. A script was devised for the Mongolian language to facilitate keeping records. B. A legal code was promulgated to prevent fueds between Mongol clans. C. Chinese and Islamic bureaucrats were strictly banned from service at any level of the Mongol administration. D. Farmers were taxed to support the Mongol courts and military expeditions.	C (Chinese and Islamic bureaucrats were strictly banned from service at any level of the Mongol administration.)	31
547183846	In order to reduce the power of the scholar-genetry in China, the Yuan - A. Confiscated all land belongings to members of the intellectual elite. B. Ordered the burning of all Confucian books. C. Refused to reinstate the examinatinon system for civil service. D. Recognized Daoism as the state religion of China.	C (Refused to reinstate the examinatinon system for civil service.)	32
547183847	The Turkic expansion under Timur-i Lang disrupted all of the following regions except - A. Persia. B. India. C. China. D. southern Russia.	C (China)	33

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APWH U3: Chapter 13: The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam Flashcards

These cards are a compilation of various chapters from Unit Three of the AP World History curriculum. The time range of the entire collection of cards range from 600 c. CE - 1450 CE. This set specifically follows the Spread of Chinese Civilization in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Concepts covered include:
-Influence of China on early Japan, including the Taika Reforms
-Japanese feudalism, including the differences between bushi and daimyo, the role of the emperor, and the founding efforts of the Minamoto
-Status of the economy and women during the era of daimyo (Sengoku Period)
-Sinification of Korea; focusing specifically on socio-political characteristics borrowed, shared, forced, independent
-Sinification and independence in Vietnam

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547215908	What best spread culture throughout Japan, Korea, and Vietnam?	Buddhism.	0
547215909	What were the three cities of the Imperial Age?	Taika, Nara, and Heian.	1
547215910	What did the three cities of the Imperial Age do?	They attempted to borrow from China at its height.	2
547215911	What aspects did Taika, Nara, and Heian attempt to borrow from China?	The idea of a sheltered emperor, army tactics, and art and literature.	3
547215912	Taika and Nara both what?	Have their governments try to copy the government system of the Tang. They also adopt Chinese characters with the use of a spoken Japanese language.	4
547215913	What was the court life at Heian like?	It was luxurious, and strictly based on social appearance and court etiquette. Women were dressed in such ways that they looked almost artificial, and were "used" merely for decoration in the courts.	5
547215914	What government did the Taika reforms implant?	A centralized bureaucracy.	6
547215915	What began the Heian court period?	An attempt to get away from the Buddhist monks.	7
547215916	What was the impact of the Heian period?	The power was turned over to aristocratic families, and small armies eventually lead to feudalism.	8
547215917	Who were the Fujiwara?	An aristocratic clan that used intermarriages to reaffirm its power and keep family members in high governmental positions.	9
547215918	What was the role of women like in the court life at Heian?	The status of women rose as they were responsible for not only housework and child-bearing, but also for creative use; in paintings, poetry, and other literature.	10
547215919	The Decline in Imperial Power is caused by what?	The Fujiwara rise in power, the regional lords (bushi) and the samurai they control, and the warrior class begins to emerge.	11
547215920	What happened to the status of peasants at the end of the Imperial Age in Japan?	Their status was reduced to that of a serf in Europe.	12
547215921	During the Era of Warrior Dominance, what is unique?	Chinese influence starts to decline. Ceramics, Landscape, and Poetry. The Emperor's position becomes nominal while the feudal, aristocratic families have the real power.	13
547215922	What do the administrators of the Warrior Period do?	They refuse to send embassies to China, and refuse to pay tribute.	14
547215923	What were the Gempei Wars?	Wars between the peasants and the samurai.	15
547215924	In the Taira vs. Minamoto battle, who wins, and what do they establish?	The Minamoto win and establish the bakufu as their first action.	16
547215925	Who were the warlords?	Also called shoguns, these were the military leaders.	17
547215926	What does the Minamoto family do in order to get to the emperor?	They start to manipulate the shoguns.	18
547215927	What happens to the samurai when the Ashikaga arise?	They become landowners and leaders, rather than members of the bureaucracy.	19
547215928	How many mini-kingdoms did the differend daimyo rulers rule?	Over three hundred mini-kingdoms.	20
547215929	The Age of the Warlords divided Japan into three-hundred separate states; who were these ruled by?	Each was ruled by a different warlord. This caused the emperor to lose control to the shoguns, or military leaders.	21
547215930	As time went on, the era of the warlords began to take a turn towards what?	Barbarism.	22
547215931	Although Korea was separate from China and Japan, it was greatly influenced; True or False.	True.	23
547215932	Although many Koreans resist the reforms, what happens to them in their society between the two world powers?	They are unsuccessful and are sinified.	24
547215933	What were the two main Korean kingdoms that acted as the basis for Korean culture?	Silla and Paekche.	25
547215934	What happens during the Silla and Paekche dynasties?	The peak of Chinese influence; along with the kingdom of silla becoming politically independent.	26
547215935	What was the Koryo collapse caused by?	Peasant revolts, labor and tax burdens, weakening of the government, Mongol invasions, and failure to take over the Yi dynasty, the succeeding dynasty in line for China.	27
547215936	What did the Yi dynasty do that was significant and how long did they rule?	They restored the aristocratic dominance over the people, and ruled for almost 600 years.	28
547215937	In Vietnam, what was the role of women like?	They had much greater freedom and differed from Chinese women in fashion, attitude, and personality.	29
547215938	Although some Chinese aspects of society were accepted, the Vietnamese were resistant to sinification; True or False.	True.	30
547215939	What was the major crop of Vietnam that was traded with China and the rest of Asia that cut down on poverty?	Champa rice.	31
547215940	Where were the Vietnamese pushed by the Chinese, where they prospered?	The Red River Valley.	32
547215941	Who were the roots of resistance in Vietnamese society, and what did they cause?	The roots of resistance in Vietnamese society were the peasants, and caused the Trung Sisters to revolt in order to maintain social status and push the Chinese out to prevent Confucian ideas coming in as influences from China.	33
547215942	What do the Vietnamese do in order to gain their independence from China?	They wait until China had reached a period of political turmoil, of which they took great advantage of and gained their independence from the great world power.	34

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Reunification and Renaissance: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Flashcards

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3265256583	What was the impact on Confucianism of the Tang repression of the Buddhists?	Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese civilization until the twentieth century.	0
3265263267	Which of the following statements most accurately describes the position of the scholar-gentry under the Song-dynasty?	The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully secured in the Song era.	1
3265268989	What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from their capital in northern China?	The invasions of the Jurchens who had formed the Qin kingdom.	2
3265276007	What group was responsible for the fall of the southern Song dynasty 1279?	Mongols	3
3265279389	The dynasty that ended the period of political chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the	Sui	4
3265284967	Wang Anshi, a prime minister in the 1070 1080s attempted to reform Song government on the basis of what Confucian school of thought?	Legalism	5
3265286708	The period of political disorder and chaos warfare that followed the qin-Han era is referred to as the	Era of Division	6
3265289882	What led to the downfall of the Sui dynasty?	excessive expensive associated with grandiose building projects and military campaigns	7
3265296549	Which of the following was NOT a technological innovation of the Tang-Song era?	paper	8
3265297701	Which of the following statements concerning urbanization in China during the Tan-Song era is most accurate	Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the population living in cities than that found in any other contemporary civilization.	9
3265317489	Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in the Tang-Song era is most accurate?	The assertion of male dominance within the family and beyond was especially pronounced in the thinking of the Neo-Confucian philosophers.	10
3265320285	How did the Song empire compare to the Tang?	The Song empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang empire.	11
3265325172	What was the primary reform enacted during the reign of the 1st Sui emperor?	The creation of granaries to relieve the threat of famine.	12
3265331937	Which of the following was NOT an economic development during the period of commercial expansion during the Tang and Song dynasties?	military domination of the seas	13
3265335814	Which of the following was NOT one of the reforms introduced by Wang Anshin in the face of conservative opposition?	the end of tribute payments to nomadic dynasties on the northern border	14
3265340014	In what way did foot binding serve to diminish the independence of Chinese women by the end of the Song era?	Foot binding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household.	15
3265343559	What was the attitude of the Tang emperors toward the Confucian scholar-gentry?	The tang supported the resuscitation of the Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of the aristocracy.	16
3265350267	Which of the following was NOT an eventual impact of the development of neo-Confucian schools of thought?	destruction of the mandarins	17
3265352341	Why was the construction of the Grand Canal necessary?	The Yangtze River valley was becoming the major food-producing region of China by the late Tang era.	18
3265358028	What was a primary difference between marriages, families, and households of the upper and lower classes in Tang-Song China?	extended family households were more common in upper class households than in lower class ones.	19

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WHAP Ch. 11 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Flashcards

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238758967	What were societies like in the Americas during the post classical period?	remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.	0
238758968	Which of the following statements concerning the population of the Americas is most true?	The population of the Americas was probably close to contemporary Europe's excluding Russia.	1
238758969	Who were the Toltecs? Where did they come from?	the northern nomadic peoples who entered central mexico following the decline of teotihuacan	2
238758970	What is Tula?	The capital city of the Toltec; when it was destroyed, the civilization ended	3
238758971	What was the relationship between the Toltec and their predecessors in central Mexico?	the Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strongly military ethic and human sacrifice	4
238758972	How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs?	as the givers of civilization	5
238758973	How long did the Toltec empire last?	influenced large territory after 1,000 C.E.; declined after 1,200 C.E.	6
238758974	Where did the center of population and political power in Mexico shift after the sack of Tula?	the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin.	7
238758975	Who were the northern nomadic people who entered central Mex. following the decline of Teotihuacan?	Aztecs	8
238758976	Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the central valley of Mexico?	1325	9
238758977	What form of government was the basis for the imperial structure of the Aztecs during their first settlement in the valley of Mexico?	city-states	10
238758978	What city was not one of the cities fighting for control of the lakes at the time of the Aztec arrival in the valley of Mexico?	...	11
238758979	What city did the Aztecs establish ca. 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco?	Tenochtitlan	12
238758980	In what year did Tenochtitlan emerge as the dominant force in the central plateau?	1434	13
238758981	Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the aztec rise to power?	the abandonment of human sacrifice	14
238758982	What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system?	From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a stratified society	15
238758983	Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion is most accurate?	aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or manifestation somewhat like the avatars of the hindu deities	16
238758984	Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion?	deities devoted to contemplation and salvation	17
238758985	The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was...	Huitzilopochli	18
238758986	What was the Aztec view of history?	like other mesoamerican peoples, believed in a cyclical pattern of repetititive destructions of the world.	19
238758987	Describe Tenochtitlan.	Founded circa 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of the central plateau of Mesoamerica.	20
238758988	What are chinampas?	Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create 'floating island'; system of irrigated agricultural utilized by Aztecs.	21
238758989	What was the nature of the Aztec economy?	the aztec state redistrubuted many goods recieved as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class	22
238758990	What are calpullis?	clans in Aztec society that divided and distributed the land and provided labor and warriors	23
238758991	Which of the following was NOT a function of Aztec kinship groups?	assignments of people to cult groups	24
238758992	How did the Aztecs view marriage and the family?	Marriages arranged between lineages, virginity important before marriage, nobles polygamous, peasants monogamous; older women train girls to be ready for marriage, weaving skills important, work in the fields and household, could inherit property and pass it on, political and social life subordinate to men	25
238758993	What was the significant difference between the lives of women in Mesoamerica and the Mediterranean world?	aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food	26
238758994	What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject territories?	They recognized there power, fufilled obligations of labor, and paid taxes	27
238758995	The most poweful of the Andean states between 900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco and Huari was	Chimor	28
238758996	What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states?	Med. small states had power in Andean zone large states continued to be important.	29
238758997	What was Cuzco?	The city served as a stronghold of the empire as well as an important trading hub	30
238758998	The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca Empire in 1438 was...	Pachacuti	31
238758999	What was the principal reason for Inca conquest and expansion?	the practice of split inheritance	32
238759000	What was the Inca practice of split inheritance?	Incan practice of passing down power and titles to one successor, but dividing land among all male descendants in order that they support his mummy	33
238759001	What was the cult of the sun?	Aztecs and Incas held the sun to be the highest deity and considered the Inca to be the sun's representative on earth.	34
238759002	What was utilized in the Inca Empire, but NOT by the Aztecs?	extensive use of colonization	35
238759003	What were Tambos?	Way station used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages.	36
238759004	What was the Andean principle of inheritance?	Property rights within ayullus and among nobility passed in both male and female lines; women pass to daughters, men pass to sons	37
238759005	Where were the Inca nobility drawn from?	Artistic traditions of Andean predecessors and skills of subject peoples	38
238759006	What existed in the Aztec empire, but NOT in the Inca Empire?	an extensive merchant class	39
238759007	The image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized sysem in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distributions of the resources on the basis of need is referred to as..	Inca Socialism	40
238759008	Why did Marvin Harris call the Aztecs a "cannibal kingdom", in other words why did the cannibalism start?	Old World human sacrifice replaced by animal sacrifice but they never did change over	41
238759009	Who had a writing system: the Incas or the Aztecs?	Aztecs	42
238759010	How did the Incas and Aztecs compare in terms of integration of a centralized empire?	the Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard.	43
238759011	What are some differences between the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?	climate and geography	44
238759012	which of the following statements about the population of the americas is most true	the population estimates of the americas continuest o be revised upward	45
238759013	By 1500, what was the agriculture like in Americas?	Adaption to different ecological situation	46
238759014	Wealth was the bias of social ranking in most Indian societies other than the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?	basic similarities underlying the variation can be seen in social structure.	47

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Chapter 18, Regulation of Gene Expression, Campbell 8e Flashcards

Ch. 18 Key Concepts: - Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription. - Eukaryotic gene expression can be regulated at any stage. - Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression. - A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism. - Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control.

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2778270825	Feedback Inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.	0
2778270826	Operator	In bacterial DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach; the binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon	1
2843571251	Operon	A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions.	2
2843571874	Repressor	A protein that inhibits gene transcription; in prokaryotes, repressors bind to the DNA in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, repressors may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA	3
2843571875	Regulatory Gene	A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.	4
2843572819	Corepressor	a small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes its shape, allowing it to switch an operon off.	5
2843572820	Inducer	A specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.	6
2843573529	Cyclic AMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.	7
2843573530	Activator	A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. In prokaryotes, activators bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, activators generally bind to control elements in enhancers	8
2843574398	Differential Gene Expression	The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome.	9
2843575267	Histone Acetylation	The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.	10
2843575268	Genomic Imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.	11
2843576802	Epigenetic Inheritance	Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.	12
2843576803	Control Elements	A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription factor. Multiple control elements are present in a eukaryotic gene's enhancer.	13
2843577637	Enhancers	A segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates	14
2843577638	Alternative RNA Splicing	A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.	15
2843579094	Proteasomes	A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.	16
2843579095	microRNAs	A small, single-stranded RNA molecule that associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence.	17
2843580042	RNA Interference	A technique used to silence the expression of selected genes. RNAi uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.	18
2843581923	Small Interfering RNAs	affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied	19
2843581924	Cell Differentiation	The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development. Cell differentiation depends on the control of gene expression.	20
2843582775	Morphogenesis	The development of body shape and organization.	21
2843583583	Cytoplasmic Determinants	The maternal substances in the egg that influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.	22
2843583584	Induction	The process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression.	23
2843583585	Determination	The progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate on each cell becomes more limited as an embryo developes. At the end of determination, a cell is committed to its fate.	24
2843584762	Tissue-Specific Proteins	Proteins are found only in a specific cell type and give the cell its characteristic structure and function; first evidence of differentiation is the appearance of mRNAs for these proteins.	25
2843584763	Pattern Formation	The development of a multicellular organism's spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space.	26
2843585856	Positional Information	Molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell's location relative to the organism's body axes. These cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development.	27
2843585857	Homeotic Genes	A master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.	28
2843586784	Embryonic Lethals	Mutations with phenotypes leading to death at the embryo or larval stage.	29
2843587645	Maternal Effect Gene	A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring's genotype; maternal effect genes, also called egg-polarity genes, were first identified in Drosophila melanogaster	30
2843589107	Egg-Polarity Genes	A gene that helps control the orientation (polarity) of the egg. (Also known as the maternal affect gene).	31
2843589108	Bicoid	A maternal effect gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in Drosophila melanogaster	32
2843589109	Morphogens	A substance that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis.	33
2843590206	Oncogenes	A gene found in viral or cellualar genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer	34
2843590207	Proto-Oncogenes	A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer.	35
2843590945	Tumor-Suppressor Genes	A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer	36
2843590946	Ras Gene	A gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle	37
2843592790	P53 Gene	A tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle	38

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Chromosomes Flashcards

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1183907228	what are chromosomes composed of?	DNA and protein (histones)	0
1183907229	loci	location of a gene within a chromosome	1
1184566818	homologous chromosomes	genetically similar chromosomes (when talking about chromosomes obtained from mother and father side - one of each)	2
1184566819	How is DNA expressed in viruses?	RNA	3
1184566820	What other types of DNA exists?	nuclear and chloroplast DNA	4
1184566821	DNA + Proteins = ?	chromatin	5
1184566822	what are nucleosomes and their function	nucleosomes form from the unison of coiled DNA around histones.	6
1184566823	What are the different "types" in which chromosomes can be expressed? (ei: location of centromere)	Metacentric, Subcentric, Acrocentric, Telocentric, Acentric	7
1184566824	what are the steps in the cell cycle?	M phase - G1 phase - S phase - G2 phase	8
1184566825	what is M phase? (Mitosis)	shortest in the cell cycle. composed of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (cytokenesis)	9
1184566826	what is G1 phase of the cell cycle?	during this phase the cell grows in preparation for S phase.	10
1184566827	what is S-phase of the cell cycle?	DNA replication step of cell cycle	11
1184566828	what is G2 phase of cell cycle?	post DNA synthesis. also serves as a checkpoint to ensure the 'quality' of DNA	12
1184566829	what is colchicine and its effects?	chemical that when applied to a cell undergoing mitosis it arrests it due to the fact that it interferes with the spindle formation	13
1185341346	what kind of division is meiosis I and what does it produce?	reductional division that produces 2 haploid cells from a single diploid cell	14
1186816337	what kind of division is meiosis II and what does it produce?	equational division and produces the separation of the sister chromatids into haploid cells	15
1186816338	what are the 5 stages in prophase?	leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakenesis	16
1186816339	what goes on in leptotene stage?	called the thin thread stage, the long and thin chromosomes start to condense	17
1186816340	what goes on in Zygotene stage?	joined thread stage. Homologous chromosomes are held together by the synaptonemal complex. This is the beginning of synapsis	18
1186816341	what goes on in Pachytene stage?	thick thread stage. synapsis is complete. recombination nodules form. non sister chromatids of tetrads cross over, trading DNA strands and reuniting, resulting in exchange of genetic material. point of exchange is called chiasma	19
1186816342	what goes on in Diplotene stage?	double thread stage. the synaptonemal complex begins to disappear. chromosomes and chiasmata are visible	20
1186816343	what goes on in diakenesis?	double movement stage. Chromosomes reach most condensed form. Nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear and spindle apparatus begins to form.	21
1186816344	interkenesis	period between 1st and 2nd meiotic divisions	22
1186816345	meiosis II	just as mitosis, but rather than replicating chromosomes in prophase, the end result is genetically different haploid cells (n+n+n+n)	23
1186816346	law of independent assortment	segregation or separation of a gene is independent of any other gene. this is true for unlinked genes on non homologous chromosomes	24
1186816347	law of segregation	one parent contains 2 unidentical copies of each gene. when mitosis occurs either of those 2 genes may be inherited	25
1186816348	gametogenesis	formation/creation of gametes	26
1186816349	spermatogenesis	male gametogenesis in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules	27
1186816350	oogenesis	epethilial germ line of the female ovaries is where the ovums originate from	28
1186930552	g1 phase	growth and preparation of the chromosomes for replication	29
1186930553	s phase	synthesis of DNA (DNA replication and duplication of the centrosome)	30
1186930554	g2 phase	preparation for mitosis	31
1186930555	m phase	mitosis and cytokenesis	32
1186930556	stages of mitosis	prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenesis	33
1186930557	prophase	chromatin condenses into chromosomes. the nuclear envelope breakdown. centrioles begin to move towards opposite sides of the cell	34
1186930558	metaphase	spindles align the chromosomes at the center of the cell, forming metaphase plate	35
1186930559	anaphase	paired chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate at kinetochore and are pulled towards opposite sides of the cell	36
1186930560	telophase	chromatids arrive at opposite poles of the cell. new nuclei are formed, cell burrow initiates	37
1186930561	cytokenesis	in animal cells actin forms a ring around the cell and splits it in half. in plant cells a cell plate is formed in the middle	38
1186930562	meiosis I	reductional division	39
1186930563	prophase I	longest stage in meiosis. chromosomes coil. homologous chromosomes pair along their lengths, forming bivalent/tetrad structures (4 chromatids) . non sister chromatids break and rejoin during crossing over	40
1186930564	metaphase I	homologous chromosomes (bivalent/tetrad) allign in the equator forming metaphase plate. spindle is attached @ kinetochore.	41
1186930565	anaphase I	chromosomes start to move towards opposite poles. Disjunction occurs here, providing genetic variation. sister chromatids remain attached at centromere, moving towards same pole. 2 cells are begin to form 2n+2n	42
1186930566	telophase I and cytokenesis	2 new cells are formed, each with daughter cell having half the # of chromosomes but still consisting of 2 sister chromatids	43
1186930567	meiosis II	equational division	44
1186930568	prophase II	there s no chromosome replication. chromosomes condense , nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles replicate and move towards the poles	45
1186930569	metaphase II	centromeres contain 2 kinetochores that attach to spindle from the centrosomes. single chromosomes align @ metaphase plate.	46
1186930570	anaphase II	centromeres separate. chromosomes move towards opposite sides of the cell	47
1186930571	telophase II	nuclear envelopes form around each new set of haploid chromosomes	48
1186930572	cytokenesis II	takes place after telophase and 4 new haploid cells form. all genetically different	49
1187216767	Sister Chromatids	Sister chromatids are generated when a single chromosome is replicated into two copies of itself	50

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Biology Final Exam Vocab Review Flashcards

biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
Links to individual sets:
http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/

Terms : Hide Images

2596683855	biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	0
2596683856	species	group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring	1
2596683857	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	2
2596683858	community	assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area	3
2596683859	ecosystem	collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment	4
2596683860	biome	group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities	5
2596683861	autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer	6
2596683863	photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	7
2596683864	chemosythesis	process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates	8
2596683865	heterotroph	organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer	9
2596683867	herbivore	organism that obtains energy by eating only plants	10
2596683868	carnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating animals	11
2596683869	omnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals	12
2596683871	decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter	13
2596683872	food chain	series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	14
2596683873	food web	network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem	15
2596683874	trophic level	step in a food chain or food web	16
2596683875	ecological pyramid	diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web	17
2596683876	biomass	total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level	18
2596683877	biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another	19
2596683879	transpiration	loss of water from a plant through its leaves	20
2596683880	nutrient	chemical substance that an organism requires to live	21
2596683881	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	22
2596683884	limiting nutrient	single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem	23
2596683889	phytoplankton	population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton	24
2596683896	protist	any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus	25
2596683900	cilia	short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells	26
2596683916	prokaryote	unicellular organism lacking a nucleus	27
2596683927	binary fission	type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells	28
2596683931	pathogen	disease-causing agent	29
2596683932	vaccine	a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens	30
2596683933	antibiotic	compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria	31
2596683936	virus	a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells	32
2596683943	gene pool	combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	33
2596683953	genetic equilibrium	situation in which allele frequencies remain constant	34
2596683954	speciation	formation of new species	35
2596683959	evolution	change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms	36
2596683960	theory	well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations	37
2596683965	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	38
2596683967	natural selection	process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	39
2596683970	homologous structures	structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues	40
2596683971	vestigial organ	organ that serves no useful function in an organism	41
2596683974	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)	42
2596683978	replication	(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division	43
2596683980	gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait	44
2596683981	mRNA (messenger RNA)	RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	45
2596683982	rRNA (ribosomal RNA)	type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes	46
2596683983	tRNA (transfer RNA)	type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis	47
2596683984	transcription	process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA	48
2596683990	translation	decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain	49
2596683992	mutation	a change or alteration in form or qualities	50
2596684003	crossing-over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis	51
2596684004	cell division	process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	52
2596684005	mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	53
2596684006	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm during cell division	54
2596684009	interphase	period of the cell cycle between cell divisions	55
2596684010	cell cycle	series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide	56
2596684018	cancer	disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth; uncontrolled cell division	57
2602815353	xylem	the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants	58
2602819240	prokaryote	cells that do NOT contain nuclei	59
2602826955	eukaryote	organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles	60
2602829307	Allele	one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color	61
2602838981	Cell	The most basic unit of life, the smallest living thing.	62
2602842530	tissue	Two or more cells working together.	63
2602844360	Nucleus	Controls the cell - the "brain"	64
2602846862	passive transport	Particles move across the cell membrane without the use of energy	65
2602849156	diffusion	Particles move from high concentration to low	66
2602849157	osmosis	The movement of WATER particles across a semi-permeable membrane	67
2602859968	Integumentary	Body system that provides sense of touch, protects body, and regulates temperature	68
2602861680	Lymphatic (Immune)	body systme that makes white blood cells and protects body against foreign invaders	69
2602865684	stimulus	a change in the environment that causes a response	70
2602866745	tropism	behavior caused by growth of a plant towards or away from a stimulus	71
2602879353	mutualism	Relationship in which both organisms benefit.	72
2602881569	commensalism	Relationship in which one organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped.	73
2602882956	symbiosis	Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association.	74

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