| CourseNotes

Hole's Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 5: Tissues Flashcards

2858086869	tissues	Similar cells with a common function are called _____	0
2858088587	blood	Some tissues have cells separated by fluid-filled spaces _____	1
2858091534	tightly packed together	Most tissues are ____	2
2858092292	histology	The study of tissues is called _____	3
2858094943	There are four primary or major tissue types	-epithelial tissue -connective tissue -muscle tissue -nervous tissue	4
2858097402	Intercellular junctions	structures that connect the cell membrane	5
2858098350	Tight junction	-close space between cells -located among cells that form linings	6
2858109059	Desomosomes	-form "spot welds" between the cells -located among outer skin cells	7
2858111229	Gap junction	-tubular channels between cells -located in cardiac muscle cells	8
2858114192	Blood-brain barrier	shields brain tissue from toxins and biochemical flucations	9
2858118569	selective drug delivery	Blood brain allows _____	10
2858120867	therapeutic medications	Blood brain prevents passage of many ______	11
2858147397	Nanatechnology	delivery system masks the part of the drug that cannot cross the barrier.	12
2858151147	Examples of nanotechnlogy	anesthetics or chemotherapeutics loaded into liposomes that and place into nanoparticles	13
2858156661	Epithelial tissues	-cover organs and body surface/lines cavities and hollow organs -have a free surface on one side and basement membrane on other -usually lack blood vessels -cells readily divide -cells are tightly packed	14
2858164634	Epithelial tissues are classified according	to cell shape and number of cell layers	15
2858166492	Epithelial tissue shapes	-squamous (flat) -cuboidal (cube shaped) -columnar (tall)	16
2858170775	Epithelial tissue layers	-simple (one layer of cells) -stratified (more than one layer of cells)	17
2858173270	Simple squamous	single layer of flat cells	18
2858174227	Simple squamous	-substances pass easily through -lines air sacs -lines blood vessels -lines lymphatic vessels	19
2858177097	Simple cuboidal	single layer of cube-shaped cells	20
2858178807	Simple cuboidal	-lines kidney tubules -covers the ovaries -lines ducts of some glands -secretes, absorbs	21
2858183214	Simple columnar	single layer of elongated cells	22
2858184730	Simple columnar	-nuclei usually near the basement -membrane at same level -sometimes possesses cilia -sometime possesses microvilli -often has goblet cells (secrete mucus) -lines uterus, stomach, intestines	23
2858287091	Pseudostratified columnar	-single layer of elongated cells -nuclei at two or more levels giving the appearance of being stratified -often has cilia -often has goblet cells -lines respiratory passageways	24
2858302547	Stratified squamous	-many cell layers -top cells are flat -can accumulate keratin -outer layer of skin -lines the oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal	25
2858307342	Stratified cuboidal	-2-3 layers -cube-shaped cells -lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas	26
2858310369	Stratified columnar	-top layer of elongated cells -cube-shape cells in deeper layer -lines part of male urethra and part of pharynx	27
2858316480	Transitional	-many cell layers -cube-shaped and elongated cells -lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra	28
2858322041	Glandular epithelium	compose of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances	29
2858325393	There are two types of glandular epithelium	-endocrine glands -exocrine glands	30
2858326524	Endocrine glands	secrete into tissue fluid or blood	31
2858327583	Exocrine glands	secrete into ducts	32
2858329902	Unicellular	-composed of one cell -goblet cell	33
2858331674	Multicellular	-composed of many cells (sweat glands, salivary glands) -simple and compound	34
2858335651	Types of glandular secretions	-merocrine glands -apocrine glands -holocrine glands	35
2858337890	Merocrine glands	-fluid product -salivary glands -pancreas gland -sweat gland	36
2858340216	Apocrine glands	-cellular product -portions of cells -mammary glands -ceruminous glands	37
2858342303	Holocrine glands	-secretory products -whole cells -sebaceous glands	38
2858346617	Connective tissues most abundant tissue type functions	-bind structures -provide support and protection -serve as frameworks -fill space -store fat -produce blood cells -protect against infections -help repair tissue damage	39
2858353211	protein fibers and ground substance	Connective tissue have and extracellular matrix made of ______	40
2858355993	Connective tissues have	-varying degrees of vascularity -cells that usually divide	41
2858357587	Fibroblasts	-fixed cell -most common cell -large, star-shaped -produce fibers	42
2858360312	Mast cells	-fixed cell -release heparin -release histamine	43
2858361580	Macrophages	-wandering cell -phagocytic -important in immunity and prevention of infection	44
2858364889	Connective tissue fibers	-collagenous fibers -reticular fibers -elastic fibers	45
2858368010	Collagenous fibers	-thick -composed of collagen -great tensile strength -abundant in dense Connective Tissue -hold structures together -appear white in appearance/abundance	46
2858371646	Reticular fibers	-very thin collagenous fibers -highly branched -form delicate supportive networks	47
2858375042	Elastic fibers	-Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin -fibers branch -elastic -appear yellow in appearance/abundance	48
2858382715	Chondrodyspalsia	stunted growth, deformed joints	49
2858385630	Marfan syndrome	long limbs, sunken chest, spindly fingers, weakened aorta	50
2858387705	Stickler syndrome	joint pain, degeneration of retina	51
2858390655	Connective tissue proper two types	-loose connective tissue -dense connective tissue	52
2858391381	Loose connective tissue	-areolar -adipose -reticular	53
2858392645	Dense connective tissue	-dense regular -dense irregular -elastic	54
2858395540	Specialized connective tissue	-cartilage -bone -blood	55
2858397578	Areolar connective tissue	-mainly fibroblast -gel-like ground substance -elastic fibers	56
2858401565	Areolar connective tissue	-binds skin to structures -beneath most epithelia (contains blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells)	57
2858407657	Adipose connective tissue functions	-adipocytes -cushions -insulates -stores fat	58
2858410338	Adipose connective tissue	-beneath skin -behind eyeballs -around kidneys and heart -between muscles	59
2858413475	Reticular connective tissue	-composed of reticular fibers -provides the framework of the lymphatic tissues (spleen, liver, and lymph nodes)	60
2858416743	Dense regular connective tissues	-closely packed collagenous fibers (elastic fibers, fibroblasts) -very strong -binds body parts together -tendons, ligament, dermis -poor blood supply, slow to heal	61
2858425265	Dense irregular connective tissues	-randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers -dermis of skin -around skeletal muscles	62
2858427638	Elastic connective tissue	-abundant in elastic fibers -some collagernous fibers -fibroblasts -attachments between bones -walls of large arteries, airways, heart	63
2858433944	Cartliage	-rigid matrix containing gel-like ground substance -chodrocytes in lacunae -poor blood supply -covered by perichondrium	64
2858439172	Three types of cartilage	-hyaline cartilage -elastic cartilage -fribrocartilage	65
2858442815	Hyaline cartilage	-most common cartilage -very fine collagenous fibers in the extracelluar matrix -ends of bones in many joints -soft part of the nose -supporting rings of respiratory passages -"growth plate" of bones -embryonic skeletone	66
2858453526	fibers not visible matrix appears like glass	In hyaline cartilage	67
2858454600	Fibrocartilage	-very tough -many collagenous fibers -shock absorber for structures subjected to pressure (intervertebral disc) (cushions bones in the knees and pelvic girdle)	68
2858461286	Elastic cartilage	-dense network of elastic fibers in the matrix (very flexible) -external ears (pinna) -larynx (epiglottis)	69
2858466690	Bone (osseous tissue)	-solid matrix -supports -protects -forms blood cells -attachment for muscles -skeleton -osteocytes in lacunae	70
2858472402	Blood transport	gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones	71
2858474929	Blood defense	-WBC's -foreign pathogens -Platelets- bleeding (clotting)	72
2858476691	Blood	-fluid matrix called plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets	73
2858479047	Types of membrane	-serous membrane -mucous membrane -cutaneous membrane -synovial membrane	74
2858481695	Serous membrane	-lines body cavities that do not open to the outside -reduce friction (inner lining of thorax and abdomen) (cover organs of thorax and abdomen) -secrete serous fluid	75
2858486633	Mucous membranes	-line tubes and organs that open to outside of body (lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reporductive tracts)	76
2858491094	Cutaneous membranes	-cover body -skin	77
2858492397	Synovial membranes	-compose entirely of connective tissue -lines joints	78
2858506745	Muscle tissue	-also called muscle fibers -contactile	79
2858510172	Three types of muscle tissue	-skeletal muscle -smooth muscle -cardiac muscle	80
2858512327	Skeletal muscle	-attached to bones -striated -voluntary	81
2858513506	Smooth muscle	-involuntary -non-striated -walls of organs -skin -walls of blood vessels	82
2858518353	Cardiac muscle tissue	-heart wall -involuntary -striated -intercalated disc (gap junctions)	83
2858521412	Nervous tissue	found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves -(sensory reception) -(conduction of nerve impulses)	84
2858527852	nerons	functional cells of nervous tissue	85
2858529814	Neuroglial cells	support and bind nervous tissue components	86

Powered by Quizlet.com

Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3 Flashcards

Cell Structures and Their Functions

Terms : Hide Images

226452257	Cell	Basic living units of all organisms	0
226452258	Light Microscope(s)	Allows us to visualize the general features of a cell	1
226452259	Electron Microscope(s)	Used to study the fine structures of a cell Higher magnification than an light microscope	2
226452260	Scanning Electron Microscope(s)	Microscope that allows us to see the features of a cell's surface as well as the surfaces of internal structures	3
226452261	Transmission Electron Microscope(s)	Microscope that allows us to see "through" parts of a cell to help determine cell structure	4
226452262	Plasma Membrane	Forms the outer boundary of a cell Also called the cell membrane	5
226452263	Organelle(s)	Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions	6
226452264	Nucleus	Contains the genetic material of a cell Directs cell activity Centrally located	7
226452265	Cytoplasm	Located between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Contains many organelles	8
226452266	Structure and Function	The number and type of organelles within each cell type determines the cells specific _____ and _____	9
226531349	Cell Metabolism	The chemical reactions that occur within cells are referred to collectively as?	10
226531350	Heat	This by-product produced during cell metabolism helps to maintain body temperature	11
226531351	Communicate	Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals which allow them to?	12
226531352	Gamete(s)	Specialized cells of the body responsible for transmitting genetic information to the next generation	13
226531353	Main Functions of a Cell	Cell metabolism and energy use Synthesis of molecules Communication Reproduction and inheritance	14
226531354	Intracellular Substance(s)	Substances inside of the cell	15
226531355	Extracellular Substance(s)	Substances outside of the cell	16
226531356	Intercellular	Another name for extracellular substances Meaning "between cells"	17
226531357	Phospholipid(s) Cholesterol	Predominant lipids of the plasma membrane	18
226531358	Lipid Bilayer	Double layer of phospholipid molecules Forms a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell	19
226531359	Hydrophilic	Polar, phosphate-containing ends ("heads) of the phospholipid bilayer	20
226531360	Hydrophobic	Nonpolar, fatty acid ends ("tails") of the phospholipid bilayer	21
226531361	Fluid-Mosaic Model	Modern concept of the plasma membrane suggesting it is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time	22
226531362	Marker Molecules	Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules Allow immune cells to distinguish between self-cells and foreign cells	23
226531363	Glycoprotein(s)	Proteins with attached carbohydrates	24
226531364	Glycolipid(s)	Lipids with attached carbohydrates	25
226531365	Attachment Protein(s)	Allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules Can also attach to intracellular molecules	26
226531366	Cadherin(s)	Proteins that attach cells to other cells	27
226531367	Integrin(s)	Proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules Also function in cellular communication	28
226531368	Transport Protein(s)	Extend from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other and move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane Include: Channel Proteins, Carrier Proteins, ATP-Powered Pumps	29
226531369	Membrane Channel(s)	Channel proteins form these, which are like small pores extending from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other	30
226531370	Receptor Protein(s)	Proteins or glycoproteins in the plasma membrane with an exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface which can attach to specific chemical signals	31
226531371	Enzymes	Protein catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane	32
229176095	Selectively Permeable	Plasma membranes are this... allowing some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of a cell	33
229176096	Enzymes Glycogen Potassium Ions	3 Substances found at higher concentrations INTRACELLULARLY	34
229176097	Sodium Calcium Chlorine	3 Substances found at higher concentrations EXTRACELLULARLY	35
229176098	Diffusion Osmosis Mediated Transport Vesicular Transport	4 Methods ions and molecules use to cross the plasma membrane	36
229176099	Diffusion	The tendency for ions and molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution	37
229176100	Solution	Any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundaries between the substances	38
229176101	Solute	In a solution, it is the substance that is dissolved	39
229176102	Solvent	In a solution, it is the substances that is doing the dissolving	40
229176103	Concentration Gradient	The concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between the two points	41
229176104	Down (or with)	Molecules are said to move this way with their concentration gradient	42
229176105	Equilibrium	Diffusion stops when molecules are uniformly distributed throughout a solution. This means that the solution has achieved what?	43
229176106	Rate of Diffusion	As the concentration gradient increases, so does this	44
229176107	Osmosis	The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane	45
229176108	Aquaporin(s)	Another name for water channels	46
229176109	Water Channel(s)	In some cells, rapid movement of water occurs through these	47
229176110	Osmotic Pressure	The force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane	48
229176111	Hydrostatic Pressure	Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid	49
229176112	Isosmotic	Solutions having the same concentration of solute particles and the same osmotic pressure	50
229176113	Hyperosmotic	A solution having a greater concentration of solute particles and osmotic pressure than another solution	51
229176114	Hyposmotic	A solution having a lower concentration of solute particles and osmotic pressure than another solution	52
229176115	Hypotonic	When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water Cell will SWELL in this solution	53
229176116	Hypertonic	When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water Cell will SHRINK in this solution	54
229176117	Lysis	Process in which a cell ruptures	55
229176118	Isotonic	When comparing two solutions, the solutions have the same concentration of solutes and the same concentration of water Cell will REMAIN UNCHANGED in this solution	56
229176119	Mediated Transport	The process by which transport proteins assist in the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane	57
229176120	Specificity	This means that each transport protein moves only particular ions or molecules, but not others Example: Transport protein moves glucose, but not amino acids	58
229176121	Competition	This occurs when similar molecules or ions can be moved by a transport protein. The ion or molecule in the greater concentration, or for which the transport protein is MORE specific would be moved first	59
229176122	Saturation	The rate of movement across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins Once the concentration of the substance is increased so that all transport proteins are in use, the rate of movement remains constant, even if the concentration continues to increase This means that the cell has reached this level	60
229176123	Channel Protein(s)	These proteins form membrane channels	61
229176124	Ion Channel(s)	Membrane channels that transport ions	62
229176125	Carrier Protein(s)	Membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other They have specific binding sites They change shape to move bound ions or molecules, then resume their original shape	63
229176126	Transporter(s)	Another name for carrier proteins	64
229176127	Uniport	Movement of ONE specific ion or molecule across the membrane	65
229176128	Symport	Movement of TWO or MORE different ions or molecules, in the SAME direction, across the plasma membrane	66
229176129	Antiport	Movement of TWO or MORE different ions or molecules, in DIFFERENT directions, across the plasma membrane	67
229176130	Facilitated Diffusion	When carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across the plasma membrane No ATP is used	68
229176131	ATP-Powered Pump(s)	Transport proteins that use energy derived from the breakdown of ATP to move specific ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other	69
229176132	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate	70
229176133	Active Transport	The movement of ions or molecules by an ATP-powered pump	71
229176134	ADP	ATP breaks down to this substance	72
229176135	Sodium-Potassium Pump(s)	Pump that moves Na out of a cell and K into a cell Requires ATP	73
229176136	Secondary Active Transport	The concentration gradient established by active transport can provide enough energy to move a second substance by this method	74
229176137	Vesicular Transport	The movement of materials by vesicles into, out of, or within cells	75
229176138	Endocytosis	Vesicular transport INTO a cell	76
229176139	Exocytosis	Vesicular transport OUT of a cell	77
229176140	Phagocytosis	"Cell-eating" The elimination of harmful substances by macrophages	78
229176141	Pinocytosis	"Cell-drinking" The uptake of small droplets of extracellular fluid by the formation of small endocytic vesicles	79
229176142	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis	When a specific molecule binds to its specific receptor BOTH the molecule and receptor are transported into the cell by this process	80
229176143	Hypercholesterolemia	Common genetic disorder Reduction or absence of LDL receptors on cell surfaces resulting in inadequate uptake of cholesterol Excess cholesterol accumulates in blood vessels, resulting in heart attack or stroke	81
229176144	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid Mostly found within the nucleus (small amounts can also be found in the mitochondria)	82
229176145	Chromosome(s)	Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next	83
229176146	Histone(s)	Protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin	84
229176147	Chromatin(s)	Long strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes	85
229176148	Chromatid(s)	Each chromosome consists of two of these	86
229176149	Centromere(s)	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached	87
229176150	Kinetochore(s)	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle	88
229176151	RNA	Ribonucleic Acid	89
229176152	Nucleoli	1 to 4 per nucleus Rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membrane	90
229176153	Cisternae	Interior spaces of sacs and tubules in the Endoplasmic Reticulum	91
229176154	Cristae	Inner membrane (folded) of the Mitochondria	92
229176155	Matrix	The space between the cristae of the Mitochondria	93
229176156	Spindle Fiber(s)	Microtubules that extend out in all directions fro the centrosome	94
229193331	Nucleotide(s)	DNA and RNA are made of these	95
229193332	Double-Stranded	DNA is this shape (resembles ladder)	96
229193333	Single-Stranded	RNA is this shape	97
229193334	Gene	All the "triplets" necessary to make a functional RNA molecule or protein	98
229193335	Messenger RNA	mRNA	99
229193336	Ribosomal RNA	rRNA	100
229193337	Transfer RNA	tRNA	101
229193338	mRNA	Copy of DNA sequence used to make proteins by means of translation	102
229193339	tRNA	Carries amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins by means of translation	103
229193340	Transcription	The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	104
229193341	RNA Polymerase	Enzyme used to make mRNA	105
229193342	Posttranscriptional Processing	Process that modifies mRNA before it leaves the nucleus in the form of mRNA Removes introns Splices exons together	106
229193343	Exon(s)	Sequence of nucleotides on a gene that gets transcribed and translated	107
229193344	Intron(s)	Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein	108
229193345	Alternative Splicing	Process combining exons into mRNA Allows single gene to produce more than one specific protein	109
229193346	Genetic Code	Total information contained in mRNA	110
229193347	Codon(s)	Set of 3-nucleotide sequence found in mRNA	111
229193348	Start Codon	Specific codon that codes for the beginning of a protein Signals the beginning of translation AUG - Methionine	112
229193349	Stop Codon(s)	Specific codon that codes for the end of a protein Signals the end of translation UAA, UGA, or UAG	113
229193350	Translation	The synthesis of proteins in response to the codons of mRNA	114
229193351	Anticodon(s)	Set of 3-nucleotide sequence found in tRNA Complementary to mRNA	115
229193352	Polyribosome	Cluster of ribosomes attached to the mRNA	116
229193353	Posttranslational Processing	Process where modifications are made to proteins after they are produced	117
229193354	Ribosome(s)	Consist of rRNA and proteins Align the codons of mRNA and the anticodons of tRNA	118
229193355	Proprotein(s)	Longer proteins Before extra pieces of the molecule are cleaved off	119
229193356	Cell Division	The formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell	120
229193357	Gamete(s)	Sex cells	121
229193358	Egg Cell(s)	Female gamete	122
229193359	Sperm Cell(s)	Male gamete	123
229193360	Diploid Number	The normal number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is called its?	124
229193361	Haploid Number	The normal number of chromosomes in a gamete is called its?	125
229193362	Somatic Cell(s)	All cells of the body except sex cells are called these	126
229193363	46	Number of diploid chromosomes in a human	127
229193364	23	Number of haploid chromosomes in a human	128
229193365	XX (Chromosomes)	Female sex chromosomes	129
229193366	XY (Chromosomes)	Male sex chromosomes	130
229193367	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	131
229193368	Mitosis	Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes	132
229193369	Interphase	The period between cell divisions	133
229193370	Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	4 Phases of Mitosis	134
229193371	Prophase	1st phase of mitosis (longest phase) Chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	135
229193372	Metaphase	2nd phase of mitosis Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	136
229193373	Anaphase	3rd phase of mitosis Chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle	137
229193374	Telophase	4th phase of mitosis Nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes	138
229193375	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division	139
229193376	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cytokinesis	140
229193377	Differentiation	Process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions	141

Powered by Quizlet.com

Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flash Cards

Terms : Hide Images

1676622345	PROTON	POSITIVE CHARGED PARTICLE IN THE NUCLEUS	0
1676622346	ELECTRON	NEGATIVE CHARGED PARTICLE OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS	1
1676622347	NEUTRON	NEUTRAL PARTICLE IN THE NUCLEUS	2
1676622348	O	OXYGEN	3
1676622349	C	CARBON	4
1676622350	POTASSIUM	K	5
1676622351	IODINE	I	6
1676622352	HYDROGEN	H	7
1676622353	NITROGEN	N	8
1676622354	CALCIUM	Ca	9
1676622355	SODIUM	Na	10
1676622356	ION	AN ELECTRICALLY CHARGED ATOM OR GROUP OF ATOMS	11
1676622357	MATTER	ANYTHING TAKING UP SPACE AND HAS MASS	12
1676622358	ATOM	SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT	13
1676622359	ELEMENT	A UNIQUE SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF ATOMS HAVING THE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER	14
1676622360	ENERGY	THE ABILITY TO DO WORK	15
1676622361	SYNTHESIS	A + B ---> AB	16
1676622362	AB + CD ---> AD + BC	EXCHANGE	17
1676622363	DECOMPOSITION	XY ---> X + Y	18
1676622364	COVALENT BOND	SHARING OF ELECTRONS	19
1676622365	POLAR COVALENT	EXAMPLE IS WATER	20
1676622366	NONPOLAR COVALENT	EXAMPLE IS CARBON DIOXIDE	21
1676622367	ACID	MEASURE OF H+ IONS IN SOLUTION	22
1676622368	BASE	MEASURE OF OH- IONS IN SOLUTION	23
1676622369	BUFFER	PREVENTS RAPID/LARGE SWINGS IN pH	24
1676622370	SALTS	FORMED WHEN AND ACID AND BASE ARE COMBINED	25
1676622371	ORGANIC	CONTAINS CARBON	26
1676622372	INORGANIC	SALTS, ACIDS, OR BASES	27
1676622373	AMINO ACIDS	BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS	28
1676622374	CARBOHYDRATES	CONTAIN C, H AND O IN A 1:2:1 RATIO	29
1676622375	LIPIDS	COMPOSED OF FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL	30
1676622376	FATTY ACID	BUILDING BLOCK OF FATS	31
1676622377	GLYCEROL	BUILDING BLOCK OF FATS	32
1676622378	NUCLEOTIDES	BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS	33
1676622379	PROTEINS	COMPOSED OF AMINO ACIDS	34
1676622380	STEROID	A CHOLESTEROL	35
1676622381	CHOLESTEROL	A STEROID	36
1676622382	ENZYME	BIOLOGICAL CATALYST	37
1676622383	LACTOSE	DOUBLE SUGARS OR DISACCHARIDES	38
1676622384	DNA	THE "STUFF" OF THE GENES	39
1676622385	ANIMAL STORAGE CARBOHYDRATE	GLYCOGEN	40
1676622386	POLYMER	MADE UP OF MONOMERS	41
1676622387	MONOMER	SINGLE UNIT THAT MAKES UP POLYMERS	42
1676622388	CATION	POSITIVE CHARGED SUBSTANCE	43
1676622389	ANION	NEGATIVE CHARGED SUBSTANCE	44
1676622390	KINETIC ENERGY	ENERGY OF MOTION	45
1676622391	POTENTIAL ENERGY	STORED ENERGY	46
1676622392	ELECTRICAL ENERGY	MOVEMENT OF CHARGED PARTICLES	47
1676622393	ATP	ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE	48
1676622394	RADIOISOTOPE	ISOTOPES UNSTABLE DECOMPOSE TO BECOME STABLE	49
1676622395	COMPOUND	TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ATOMS BINDING TOGETHER TO FORM A MOLECULE	50
1676622396	REACTANTS	TAKING PART OF THE REACTION	51
1676622397	PRODUCTS	THE MOLECULE FORMED	52
1676622398	MOLECULAR FORMULA	SHOWING ATOMIC MAKE UP	53
1676622399	MOLECULE	TWO OR MORE ATOMS COMBINE CHEMICALLY	54
1676622400	CHEMICAL EQUATION	SHOWS A CHEMICAL REACTION	55
1676622401	IONIC BOND	ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE AT ATOM TO ANOTHER	56
1676622402	BASES	CONCENTRATION OF OH- IONS IN SOLUTION	57
1676622403	SALT	COMBINATION OF AN ACID AND A BASE	58
1676622404	HYDROLYSIS	POLYMERS BROKEN DOWN TO MONOMERS	59
1676622405	GLUCOSE	MONOSACCHARIDE	60
1676622406	DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS	LINKING MONOMERS AND FORMING WATER	61
1676622407	POLYSACCHARIDE	EXAMPLE: STARCH-- A POLYMER OF MONOSACCHARIDES	62
1676622408	LIPID	COMPOSED OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS	63
1676622409	TRIGLYCERIDES	COMPOSED OF FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL	64
1676622410	SATURATED FATS	AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ARE SOLIDS	65
1676622411	UNSATURATED FATS	AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ARE LIQUIDS	66
1676622412	CATALYSTS	INCREASES THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION	67
1676622413	ACTIVE SITE	COLLECTION OF ATOMS THAT FIT AND INTERACT CHEMICALLY WITH OTHER MOLECULES	68
1676622414	ASE	SUFFIX FOR ENZYMES	69
1676622415	ANATOMY	STRUCTURE	70
1676622416	PHYSIOLOGY	FUNCTION	71

Powered by Quizlet.com

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2478309301	anatomy	science that studies the structure of the body	0
2478310579	physiology	study of how the body functions	1
2478313999	cells	the basic unit of life	2
2478317883	tissue	a group of cells that perform the same function	3
2478324356	organ	group of tissues with the same function	4
2478325365	organ system	group of organs with the same function	5
2478327412	total organism	group of organ systems working together to maintain life	6
2478340345	how many organ systems in the human body?	12	7
2478341060	integumentary system	skin and related structures such as hair and nails	8
2478364423	skeletal system	provides framework and protects organs	9
2478367650	muscular system (skeletal)	movement of the skeleton and maintenance of posture	10
2478374861	muscular system (smooth and cardiac)	involuntary muscles that help organs work	11
2478380275	nervous system	brain, spinal chord, sense organs	12
2478384087	endocrine system	glands that produce hormones that regulate body activities	13
2478392024	circulatory system	heart, blood, vessels - oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste from cells	14
2478397123	lymphatic system	lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and lymph, and lymphoid organs -- defends body against pathogens and other foreign material	15
2478404926	immune system	protects the body from disease, allergens, and our own cells (cancer)	16
2478408730	respiratory system	lungs and other structures -- delivers oxygen to the blood	17
2478411143	digestive system	breaks down food into substances that can be absorbed by the body	18
2478415862	urinary system	kidneys and other structures that help excrete waste products from the body	19
2478419715	reproductive system	organs and structures that enable human beings to reproduce	20
2478422388	homeostasis	"staying the same" maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment (influenced by a negative feedback mechanism)	21
2478434062	anatomical position	the body standing erect with the face forward, the arms at the sides, and the toes and palms directed forward	22
2478438439	superior	above another part or closer to the head	23
2478439773	inferior	below another part or closer to the feet	24
2478442629	anterior	toward the front surface (belly surface), ventral	25
2478445350	posterior	toward the back surface, dorsal	26
2478460273	medial	toward the midline of the body	27
2478463324	lateral	away from the midline of the body	28
2478464358	proximal	nearer to the point of attachment	29
2478465390	distal	farther from the point of attachment	30
2478468714	superficial	located on or near the surface of the body	31
2478470959	deep	located away from the surface of the body	32
2478473159	central	located in the center	33
2478474013	peripheral	away from the center	34
2478477098	sagittal plane	divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions	35
2478485393	frontal plane	divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) planes (also known as "coronal" (crown) plane)	36
2478495302	transverse plane	divides the body horizontally - upper (superior) and lower (inferior) body (cross section)	37
2478509245	abdominal (region)	anterior trunk below the ribs	38
2478511004	antecubital (region)	area in front of the elbow	39
2478511954	axillary (region)	armpit	40
2478511955	brachial (region)	arm	41
2478517188	buccal (region)	gum and cheek, cheek area	42
2478519841	cephalic (region)	head	43
2478519842	cervical (region)	neck	44
2478520830	cranial (region)	nearer to the head	45
2478523446	digital (region)	fingers and toes	46
2478524308	femoral (region)	thigh area	47
2478526227	flank (region)	fleshy area between lower ribs and hip bone	48
2478529499	inguinal (region)	where the thigh meets the body (groin)	49
2478530353	oral (region)	mouth	50
2478531355	orbital (region)	area around the eye	51
2478533381	patellar (region)	area around the knee over the kneecap	52
2478537080	pedal (region)	foot	53
2478539146	plantar (region)	sole of foot	54
2478541276	pubic (region)	genital area	55
2478541976	sternal (region)	middle of chest (over the breastbone)	56
2478542875	umbilical (region)	navel	57
2478545288	caudal (region)	lower spinal column or tailbone	58
2478546760	deltoid (region)	rounded area of shoulder near upper arm	59
2478547844	gluteal (region)	buttocks	60
2478550257	lumbar (region)	area of the back between the ribs and the hips	61
2478553052	occipital (region)	back of the head	62
2478553920	popliteal (region)	back of the knee	63
2478556470	scapular (region)	shoulder blades	64
2478560502	cavity	large internal spaces that hold organs (viscera)	65
2478562024	viscera	organs	66
2478585961	dorsal cavity	large cavity toward the back of the body two divisions: cranial and spinal cavities	67
2478588935	ventral cavity	large cavity toward the front of the body two divisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities	68
2478604897	thoracic cavity	cavity above the diaphragm surrounded by the ribcage	69
2478612279	pericardial cavity	contains the heart	70
2478621184	mediastinum	contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland and large blood vessels for the heart	71
2478622956	pleural cavities	contain the lungs	72
2478628692	abdominopelvic cavity	located below the diaphragm, split into abdominal and pelvic cavities, these spaces contains the stomach, intestines, gal bladder, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of internal reproductive system divided into four quadrants; nine regions	73
2482669133	supine	lying on back face up	74
2482670310	prone	lying on stomach head sideways	75
2482678495	right upper quadrant	holds: liver, gal bladder, kidney	76
2482689818	right lower quadrant		77
2482690393	left upper quadrant	holds: stomach and spleen	78
2482692685	left lower quadrant	holds: intestines	79
2482699041	right hypochondriac region	lower right ribs	80
2482712910	right lumbar region	inferior to right hypochondriac region	81
2482720290	right iliac (inguinal) region	inferior to right lumbar region and right of hypogastric region	82
2482730103	epigastric region	superior to the umbilical region	83
2482732346	umbilical region	inferior to the epigastric region	84
2482734275	hypogastric region	inferior to the umbilical region	85
2482736881	left hypochondriac region	superior to left lumbar region	86
2482738330	left lumbar region	inferior to the left hypochondriac region	87
2482746290	left iliac (inguinal) region	inferior to the left lumbar region	88
2482750098	dorsum	top of foot	89
2482751189	plantar	bottom of foot	90
2483219691	median plane (midsagittal plane)	divides body into two equal parts (right and left)	91

Powered by Quizlet.com

VHS Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 (the rest) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2913168650	superior	above	0
2913168651	Inferior	below	1
2913170390	Anterior	front	2
2913172053	Posterior	behind	3
2913172064	medial	middle	4
2913173485	lateral	to the side	5
2913174696	proximal	near	6
2913174697	distal	far	7
2913176109	superficial	surface	8
2913176110	deep	below the surface	9
2913261644	saggital	divides laterally	10
2913271347	transverse	divides superior/inferior	11
2913272735	coronal	divides anterior/posterior	12
2913283045	exo-	out	13
2913284319	inter-	between	14
2913289354	intra-	inside	15
2913289355	-ology	study of	16
2913292216	para-	beside	17
2913292217	peri-	around	18
2913314919	Ventr-	belly or stomach	19
2913316490	Cytology	study of cells	20
2913317735	Histology	study of tissues	21
2913317736	Oncology	study of cancer	22
2913319313	pathology	study of disease	23

Powered by Quizlet.com

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 quiz review Flashcards

This is a review of the study guide for Ms. Browns anatomy quiz 1

Terms : Hide Images

56049666	What is homeostasis?	ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite changes	0
56049667	Name some ways the body uses homeostasis?	Positive and negative feedback mechanisms	1
56049668	What is a positive feedback mechanism?	the response to stimuli does not stop but rather keeps the sequence of events going. (requires an external brake) EX: cervical stretching during childbirth	2
56049669	What is a negative feedback mechanism?	bodys response to stimuli reverses the stimulus in effect turning it off for a while and keeps the body within normal range	3
56049671	What are the two main body cavities and what is contained in them?	1. The dorsal cavity which contains the spinal and cranial cavity 2. The ventral cavity which contains the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities	4
56049766	What is contained in the cranial cavity?	Contains skull and brain (CNS)	5
56049768	What is contained in the spinal cavity?	Spinal vertebre	6
56049769	What is contained in the thoracic cavity?	Heart and lungs	7
56049770	What is contained in the abdominal cavity?	liver, stomach and intestines	8
56049771	What is contained in the pelvic cavity?	urinary bladder and reproductive organs	9
56049772	What is the anatomical position of the body?	Standing with legs shoulder width apart, arms down by side with palms forward	10
56049852	What are the 3 most popular body planes?	1. Sagittal plane which divides left from right (cut down the middle would be mid-sagittal) 2. Frontal plane which divides the body front to back (Coronal) 3. Transverse plane which is a horizontal plane that separates the body into upper and lower portions (cuts you at belly button into upper body and lower body)	11
56049853	What are the different kinds of bonding atoms?	1. Chemical bonds 2. Ionic bonds 3. Covalent bonds 4. Disulfide and Hydrogen bonds	12
56049855	Describe a chemical bond?	Force or attraction between positive and negative charges that keeps atoms closely together	13
56049856	Describe an ionic bond?	Involves loss of electron of one atom and the gaining of an electron on another atom (ex: NaCl or salt)	14
56049857	Describe a covalent bond?	Covalent bonds share electrons between atoms (ex: H20 or water)	15
56049858	Describe a disulfide bond?	covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur (ex: strand of hair maintains its shape)	16
56049859	Describe a Hydrogen bond?	does not involve the sharing of electrons but results in hydrogen atoms (ex: water molecules are attracted to nearby water molecules to form surface tension)	17
56049860	What are the types of chemical reactions in the body?	synthesis reactions: bonds are formed to join two or more atoms to make a new compound (ex: proteins are sythesized by the bonding of many amino acids) decomposition reactions: bonds are broken and a large molecule is changed to two or more smaller ones (ex: digestion of starch into many smaller glucose molecules)	18
56049861	What is cellular respiration?	name for energy production within cells and involves the respiratory gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide (ex: glucose and oxygen combine to make carbon dioxide, water, ATP and heat)	19
56049862	What is the formula for glucose?	C6H12O6	20
56049865	What is an enzyme and what does it do?	Catalyst: speed up reactions without the use of external energy or heat	21
56049866	What is a buffer and what does it do?	A buffer system is a chemical or pair of chemicals that minimizes changes in pH by reacting with strong acids or strong bases (ex: buffer bonds to H+ ions when body fluid is becoming too acidic or release H+ ions when fluid becomes too alkaline)	22
56049867	What is a hormone and what does it do?	secretion of an endocrine gland that has effects on target organs (ex: Insulin - enables cells to take in glucose and lowers glucose levels. Growth hormone - increases protein synthesis and cell division)	23
56049868	What are the major parts of a cell?	- cell membrane - nucleus - cytoplasm and organelles	24
56049869	What is the cell membrane made up of and what is its function?	outer boundary of a cell made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. its main job is to protect the cell and acts as a barrier for communication and assists in transport	25
56049870	What is the cell nucleus and what is its function?	Nucleus is within the cytoplasm and has a nuclear membrane with nucleoli and chromosomes of the cell. Nucleolus is where DNA and all genetic info for human traits lies.	26
56049871	What is cytoplasm?	a watery solution (cytosol) of minerals, gases, organic molecules and cell organelles are found. it gives the cell its shape	27
56049872	What are the cell organelles and what do they do?	ER or endoplasmic reticulum- are tubules that transport materials necessary for cell function within the cell. Ribosomes- are very small structures made of protein and ribosomal RNA and are found on the surface of rough ER. Proteasome- is a barrel shaped organelle made of enzymes that cut protein molecules apart. Golgi apparatus- are flat, membranous sacs where carbohydrates are synthesized and are packed with other materials for cellular secretion. Mitochondria- are oval organelles bound by a double membrane where cell respiration takes place and site of ATP production. Lysosomes- are single membrane structures that contain digestive enzymes and eat dead cells and bacteria . Centrioles- are a pair of rod shaped structures outside the nucleus that spindle fibers during cell division. Cilia and Flagella- are thread-like projections through the cell membrane that can sweep materials across cell surface and flagellum provide mobility of the cell. Microvilli- are folds of the cell membrane that increase surface area of membrane when needed. They are good for absorption of nutrients as well. Cytoskeleton- are the framework and support of the cell. Made of microfiliaments.	28
56049873	Point out cell organelles and name		29
56049874	What is diffusion and how does it work?	movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration along the concentration gradient. Very slow process. FOR MOLECULES (Example: exchange of gases in lungs or body tissues)	30
56049875	What is osmosis and how does it work?	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. water will move from an area with more present to an area with less water present. takes place in the kidneys which reabsorb large amounts of water. FOR WATER	31
56049876	What is facilitated diffusion and how does it work?	molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration with the help of a carrier enzyme (Example: intake of glucose by most cells)	32
56049877	What is active transport and how does it work?	requires ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser to an area of greater concentration. (Example: sodium pumps to move Na+ out of the cells)	33
56049878	What is filtration and how does it work?	Requires energy of mechanical pressure. Water and dissolved materials are FORCED through a membrane from an area of higher PRESSURE to an area of lower PRESSURE (Example: formation of tissue fluid and the first step in the formation of urine)	34
56049879	What is hypotonic?	A solution with lower salt concentration than in the cells (cells burst) MORE WATER THAN IN CELL	35
56049880	What is hypertonic?	A solution with a higher salt concentration than in the cells (cells shrink) LESS WATER THAN IN CELL	36
56049881	What is isotonic?	A solution with the same salt concentration as in cells	37
56049882	Where is genetic coding found?	In the DNA of our chromosomes or our genome. It is found in the cell nucleus.	38
56049883	What is a gene?	A genetic code for protein	39
56049884	What is mitosis?	Cell division involving one cell with the diploid number of chromosomes dividing into two identical cells. (used for repair of tissues and growth of the organism)	40
56049885	What is meiosis?`	process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes which are egg and sperm cells. (used for creating human life)	41
56049886	What are the 6 types of epithelial tissue?	1. Simple squamous -one layer of flat cells (alveoli of lungs, permits diffusion of gases) 2. Stratified squamous- many layers of cells (epidermis, lining of esophagus and vagina) 3. Transitional- many layers of cells (lining of bladder, permits expansion) 4. Cuboidal- one layer of cube shaped cells (thyroid gland, salivary gland, kidney tubules) excretory 5. Columnar- One layer of column shaped cells (lining of stomach, lining of small intestine and absorbs products in digestion) 6. Ciliated- one lay of columnar cells with cilia on free surfaces (lining of trachea to sweep mucus and dust pharynx and lining of fallopian tube to sweep ovum toward uterus)	42
56049887	Review the types of cells by shape		43
56049888	Identify the layers of epithelium		44
56049890	What are the 7 types of connective tissue?	1. Blood- plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets 2. Areolar- Subcutaneous. Connects skin to muscles. Mucous membranes 3. Adipose- Subcutaneous. Sores excess energy in fat. (insulation) 4. Fibrous- Tendons and ligaments and dermis of skin (strong) 5. Elastic- Walls of large arteries and alveoli in lungs (promotes normal exhalation and helps maintain blood pressure) 6. Bone- Support the body, protect internal organs, store calcium and contain and protect red bone marrow 7. Cartilage- Wall of trachea to keep airway open, on joint surfaces to prevent friction, tips of nose and outer ears. Absorbs shock between vertebrae	45
56049919	What are the 2 major types of membranes found in the body?	1. Epithelial membranes 2. Connective Tissue membranes	46
56049920	What are the two types of epithelial membranes?	Serous membranes: line some closed body cavities and cover the organs in those cavities (thoracic and abdominal cavities) CAVITIES THAT AREN'T OPEN TO AIR Mucous Membranes: line the body tracts that have openings to the environment and have a mucous membrane to keep the lining of the cells wet (vagina, trachea, esophagus and stomach)	47
56049921	What are the serous membranes and where they are located?	Serous membranes are in closed body cavities where the serous fluid prevents friction between the two layers of the serous membrane. ---Thoracic cavity: partial pleura lines chest wall and cisceral pleura covers the lungs. ---Pericardial sac: parietal pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium and the visceral pericardium covers the heart muscle. ---Abdominal cavity: peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and mesentary covers the abdominal organs	48
56049922	What are the mucous membranes and where are they located?	Line the body tracts open to the environment ---respiratory , digestive, urinary and reproductive ---mucus keeps the living epithelium we and provides lubrication in the digestive tract ---traps dust and bacteria in the respiratory tract	49
185399283	What areas do connective tissue membranes cover?	meninges line the cranial and spinal cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord. They "line" and "cover".	50

Powered by Quizlet.com

anatomy and Physiology chapter 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

883975590	chemistry	considers composition of substances and how they change; study of matter	0
883975591	biochemistry	branch of science dealing with chemistry of living organisms	1
883975592	matter	anything that has weight and takes up space; solid, liquid, gas	2
883975593	elements	fundamental substance made of atoms that are chemically identical; type of matter made of one type of atom	3
883975594	number of elements, natural, manmade	116 elements, 92 natural, 24 manmade	4
883975595	compounds	substances composed of 2 or more different atoms chemically bonded together	5
883975596	bulk atoms	basic atoms the human body needs in abundance	6
883975597	trace elements	basic elements the human body needs in small amounts	7
883975598	ultratrace elements	basic elements the human body needs in very small amounts	8
883975599	atoms	smallest complete unit of elements that has properties of that element	9
883975600	chemical bond	an attraction that binds 2+ atoms	10
883975601	nucleus	central portion of an atom	11
883975602	electron	negative particle that circles the atoms in 'shell(s)', each atom has at least 1	12
883975603	protron	positive particle inside the nucleus, has at least one	13
883975604	neutron	neutral particle that is inside the nucleus, has at least one	14
883975605	atomic number	number of protons found in an atom	15
883975606	atomic weight	combined weight of protons and neutron; electrons hardly have any weight	16
883975607	isotopes	atoms that have same protrons but different number of neutrons; can be stable or unstable which then breakdown to a more stable atom	17
883975608	major elements in human body	O(~65%), C (20), H(10)	18
883975609	how many elements found in human body	60-70	19
883975610	how many elements are completely necessary	25 different elements	20
883975611	molecule	when 2+ atoms form a bond	21
883975612	molecular formula	shorthand used to depict the type and amount of each element in a molecule ie C6H12O6	22
883975613	chemical bond	energy that holds atoms together	23
883975614	electron shell	1+ shell or spehere regions that circle an atom and where electrons reside , each shell can only hold a certain amount of electrons (2,8,8,16 etc)	24
883975615	ion	atoms that gain/ lose an electron and become charged; gain become negative, lose become positive	25
883975616	anion	ion that gains an electron and becomes negatively charged	26
883975617	cation	ions that loses an electron and becomes positively charged	27
883975618	ionic bond	(electrocovalent bond)a chemical bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another so that one bears a negative and the other a positive charge, the attraction between these opposite charges forming the bond.	28
883975619	covalent bond	a chemical bond between two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond), two pairs (double bond), or three pairs of electrons (triple bond).	29
883975620	hydrogen bond	a weak, primarily electrostatic, bond between a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative element in a given molecule and a second highly electronegative atom in another molecule or elsewhere in the same molecule; it is usually represented by three dots, e.g., X—H···Y	30
883975621	ionic compound	ions held together by ionic bonding	31
883975622	polar	when atoms share electrons unevenly and develop charges at areas (water)	32
883975623	reactants	starting material in an reaction (atoms, ions, molecules)	33
883975624	products	atoms, ions, molecules at the end of an reactions	34
883975625	synthesis	when 2+ atoms, ions, molecules combine A + B -> AB	35
883975626	decomposition	when a molecules breaks down into 2+ atoms, ions, molecules AB -> A + B	36
883975627	exchange reactions	when two different molecules will exchange parts making new 2+ different molecules AB + CD -> AD + BC	37
883975628	reversible reaction	when a reaction can go both ways A + B <-> AB	38
883975629	catalyst	molecule that influences a reaction, not the direction, and are not consumed	39
883975630	electrolyte	substances that release ion in water	40
883975631	acid	electrolytes that release a positive hydrogen in water; strong ones give up their Hs easily weak does not	41
883975632	base	electrolytes that release a negative OH in water	42
883975633	salt	what forms when bases react with acids to form water and electrolytes; acids and bases neutralize each other	43
883975634	pH scale	measured by grams of hydrogen atoms per a liter 1x10(-7)g/L=pH 7	44
883975635	normal pH of blood	7.35-7.45	45
883975636	alkalosis	when the pH of blood is between 7.5-7.8; makes one feel agitated and dizzy; caused by breathing rapidly, too many antiacid, anxiety	46
883975637	acidosis	when the pH of blood is between 7.0-7.3; feels disoriented, fatigued, breathing becomes difficult; caused by severe vomiting, brain damage, lung/kidney disease, increased levels of CO2	47
883975638	metabolic acidosis	increase levels of positive hydrogens due to increase acid levels or decrease of bicarbonate	48
883975639	buffer	chemicals that resist pH changes; will ether take a hydrogen, donate a hydrogen bicarbonate, phosphate, amino acids	49
883975640	organic chemicals	contain C and H, many dissolve in organic solvents (alcohol) but not water	50
883975641	inorganic chemicals	molecules that don't have C and H joined together, usually dissolve in water, simple molecules; water, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts,	51
883975642	nonelectrolytes	molecules that dissolve in water but don't release ions	52
883975643	the 4 organic substances	Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acid	53
883975644	carbohydrate	organic cmpd consisting of c,h,o is 3% of molecular weight made of sugar	54
896503824	monosaccharide	simple single sugar such as fructose, glucose, galactose containing 3-7 C	55
896503825	disaccharide	any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis double simple sugar has 12 C	56
896503826	polysaccharides	complex sugar, built from simple sugar	57
896503827	carbohydrate	used for cell structure, energy, reserved energy	58
896503828	Lipid	insoluble in water 40% of molecular weight made up of fatty acid	59
896503829	fatty acid	has carboxyl group chain of C atoms saturated and unsaturated	60
896503830	unsaturated fatty acid	fatty acid chain that has at least one double bonded carbon atom; causes kink in chain	61
896503831	saturated fatty acid	fatty acid chain that has no double bonded carbon atoms in its chain	62
896503832	triglyceride	when glycerol combines with three fatty acid chains each chain can be different number of atoms long with saturated and/or unsaturated bonds	63
896503833	phospholipid	glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group used in cell structures	64
896503834	steriods	complex lipid structure with 4 connected rings of carbon atoms used to make other chemicals, hormones	65
896503835	Proteins	any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells contains: C,H,O,N some S variety of fcts: structural, energy, enzymes, chemical messenger	66
896503836	amino acids	what are proteins made of (not elements)	67
896503837	the four levels of structure of proteins	primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary	68
896503838	primary structure of protein	sequence and number of amino acid	69
896731689	alkalosis	condition which one feels dizzy, agitated	70
896731690	acidosis	condition which one feels fatigued and breathing may become difficult	71
1094183948	monounsaturated fatty acid	chain of carbons that has one double bonded carbon atoms	72
1094183949	polyunsaturated fatty acid	chain of carbon atoms that has two or more double bonded carbon atoms	73
1094183950	secondary structure of protein	hydrogen bonds form coils, folds, or other shapes hyodrgoen bonds to oxygen or nitrogen	74
1094183951	tertiary structure of protein	hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds; attachments points farther apart than secondary	75
1094183952	the structures that determine a protein's function	primary, secondary, tertiary structure	76
1094183953	quaternary structure of protein	several proteins combine together	77
1094183954	essential amino acids we need in diet	isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threosine, tryptophon, valine	78
1094183955	nucleic acids	atoms include: C,H,O,N,P function: carry instructions in form of genes for cell	79
1094183956	nucleotides	building blocks for nucleic acids	80
1094183957	major types of nucleic acids	RNA and DNA	81
1094183958	nucleotide structure	5 carbon sugar ring, phosphate group, one of several nitrogen containing organic base	82
1094183959	RNA	ribose surage, one stranded nitrogen base	83
1094183960	DNA	deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, regulates cell activities	84

Powered by Quizlet.com

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Quiz Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2046491267	compound	a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight	0
2046491941	atom	Smallest particle of an element	1
2046492247	matter	Anything that has mass and occupies space.	2
2046493505	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	3
2046503768	energy	Is the ability to do work	4
2046504270	neutron	A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom	5
2046504847	proton	A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom	6
2046505314	electron	A subatomic particle that has a negative charge	7
2046505795	molecule	the simplest structural unit of an element or compound	8
2046506499	organic compound	Compounds that contain carbon	9
2046509757	inorganic compound	Compounds that do not contain carbon	10
2046511990	carbohydrates	Broken down to simple sugars	11
2046513117	lipids	Fats	12
2046514675	proteins	an organic compound containing the elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and most times, phosphorus and sulphur	13
2046516081	intracellular	Within a cell or cells.	14
2046520730	subatomic particles	Particles found within the atom, mainly protons, neutrons, and electrons.	15
2046541739	extracellular	The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells	16
2046651039	Calcium	Ca	17
2046654457	Carbon	C	18
2046655432	Chlorine	Cl	19
2046658044	Hydrogen	H	20
2046659206	Iodine	I	21
2046660619	Iron	Fe	22
2046664510	Magnesium	Mg	23
2046666026	Nitrogen	N	24
2046667287	Oxygen	O	25
2046669285	Phosphorus	P	26
2046671385	Potassium	K	27
2046672647	Sodium	Na	28
2046673480	Zinc	Zn	29
2046702827	electrolytes	electrically charged particles that help determine the fluid and acid base balance	30
2046708940	DNA	A,T,G,C	31
2046711896	RNA	A,U,G,C	32
2046714047	isotopes	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.	33
2046715544	ion	A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)	34
2046717061	hydrogen bond	explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another through negative oxygen atoms and positive hydrogen atoms	35
2046739338	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	36
2046743449	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	37
2046748255	pH scale	measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14	38
2046795391	acids	compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water ionize into positive charged hydrogen (H1) and negatively charged ions of some element; yields hydrogen	39
2046812336	base	compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution and positively charged ions of metal when dissolved in water; bitter taste; Litmus paper testing	40
2047599514	mitosis	cells dividing into two new cells; the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues.	41
2047599515	meiosis	cell division of gametes or cells; reduces the number of chromosomes; growth and maintenance	42
2052136958	osmosis	passage of fluid through a membrane	43
2052152905	filtration	movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure	44

Powered by Quizlet.com

Anatomy and physiology chapter 2 quiz 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2858758174	synthesis	2 or more molecules are combines to form a larger molecule	0
2858761822	anabolic	building; bonds are formed	1
2858762712	endergonic	more energy is required or absorbed in the reaction then is govern off	2
2858765201	negative	the net energy balance is_____.(endergonic)	3
2858768963	decomposition	1 larger molecule is broken down into 2 or more smaller molecules	4
2858778780	exergonic	the energy released by the reaction is more than the energy required or absorbed by the reaction	5
2858781405	positive	the net energy balance is_____. (exergonic)	6
2858791594	factors that affect the rate of reactions	1. concentration of reactants 2. temperature 3.surface area 4. particle size	7
2858793925	enzymes	or catalysts of the body, increase the rate of reactions by lowering activation energy	8
2858808453	inorganic	does not contain carbon	9
2858836521	water	is the most abundant compound in the body- 60-80% of living cells	10
2858838836	high specific heat (property of water)	is responsible for efficient temp regulation.	11
2858843020	(property of water)	surface tension	12
2858843021	(property of water)	most common solvent in the body	13
2858847707	polarity	uneven sharing of electrons in the covalent bonds between H and O this creates positive charger on H atoms and negative charge on O	14
2858851627	polarity causes	the dissociation of ionic compounds	15
2858853428	polarity allows	water to transport molecules through the body due to polar attractions	16
2858855689	cushioning	protects organs from collisions	17
2858856773	reactivity	necessary component of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis decomposition	18
2858870623	organic compounds	contain carbon (exception CO2 and CO)	19
2858871967	carbohydrates	contain C H and O like (CH2O)n	20
2858874755	monosaccharides	glucose, fructose, galactose are used for fuel	21
2858884125	nucleic acids	deoxyribose(DNA) and ribose (RNA) are used for the structure of______.	22
2858887278	disaccharides	2 monosaccharide that are joined by dehydration synths sucrose maltose and lactose	23
2858891905	polysaccharides	a chain of many monosaccharides	24
2858894243	lipids	contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	25
2858895572	triglycerides	functions include energy storage, insulation, and protection. made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone	26
2858902030	saturated	all available bonds on the fatty acid carbon backbone are taken by H atoms	27
2858904472	unsaturated	some carbon bonds are double bonds, thus there are not as many H.	28
2858908362	phospholipids	2 fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphorus containing head.	29
2858912761	polar, nonpolar	___head (hydrophilic) and ____polar tail (hydrophobic) polar head can attract h2o molecules and ions. major function is the structure of cellular membranes	30
2858927511	steroids	cholesterol and sex hormones	31
2858928438	lipoproteins	HDL (good) and LDL (bad) transport cholesterol and triglycerides throughout the body	32
2858935884	proteins	polymers of amino acids 20 different types of aa's give an almost infinite combos of polymers(polypeptides)	33
2858952618	proteins contain	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen all amino acids have the same backbone structure	34
2858957652	R	the______groups gives each amino acid unique bonding capabilities	35
2859454080	primary structure	simply gives the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide	36
2859459591	secondary structure	alpha helix or bet pleated sheet created by hydrogen bonds between R groups	37
2859461906	tertiary structure	alpha helixes or beta pleated sheets are folded on each other	38
2859467464	quaternary	multiple polypeptides are linked together	39
2859472065	structure	fibrous (strand like) proteins; keratin, elastin, actin, myosin, collagen	40
2859475629	globular	proteins have several different functions catalyze(enzyme) 1.lower the activation energy by placing the substrates in proper position to react with each other 2.enzymes are not changed or used up during the reaction	41
2859587331	functions (globular- proteins have several different functions)	transport molecules (hemoglobin) metabolism regulation (hormones) body defense (antibodies)	42
2859596023	nucleic acids made of...	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus	43
2859601035	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	function- provides instructions for synthesis of all proteins in the body has 4 bases thymine and adenine, and guanine and cytosine	44
2859613892	RNA (ribonucleic acid)	3 types- messenger, transfer, and ribosomal function- carry out the interactions of the DNA has 4 bases adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine	45
2859624970	ATP adenosine triphosphate	1. structure-adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups 2. phosphate bonds contain large amounts of energy	46
2859630509	functions of ATP	active transport in cells, muscular contraction, provides energy for chemical reactions	47
2859636788	(salts) ionic	_____compounds that dissolve in water and become electrolytes	48
2859640928	bases	form hydroxide ions when placed in water (H+ or H3O+)	49
2859644559	proton acceptors	are bases	50
2859645693	pH scale	0-6.99 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 7.01-14 is basic	51
2859653430	pH is calculated	by using the negative logarithm of the hydronium conc [H+]	52
2859657818	pH is 3	[H+] is 1 x 10^-3	53
2859662818	denaturation	slight chnages in pH can cause ______of proteins (enzymes) and reduce the speed and efficiency of vital chemical reactions	54
2859668047	buffers	are chemical compounds that have the ability to maintain the pH of a solution	55

Powered by Quizlet.com

anatomy and physiology chapter 2 quiz 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1535434119	Matter	Is composed of atoms containing protons, neutrons, and electrons	0
1535434120	Atomic number	Number of protons	1
1535434121	Atomic mass	Number of protons plus neutrons	2
1535434122	Protons	Positively charged	3
1535434123	Neutrons	No electrical charge	4
1535434124	Electrons	Negatively charged	5
1535434125	Isotopes	Atoms with additional or missing neutrons	6
1535434126	Covalent bond	Atoms share electrons	7
1535434127	Ionic bond	Atoms give up and receive electrons	8
1535434128	Ions	Charged atoms	9
1535434129	Electrolytes	Ions in solution	10
1535434130	Water	Carries out 5 vital functions: ions in a solution, lubricant, chemical reactions, transportation, and regulation	11
1535434131	Solution	Composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent	12
1535434132	Concentration	The amount of solute to solvent	13
1535434133	Hypertonic	More concentrated	14
1535434134	Isotonic	Same concentration	15
1535434135	Hypotonic	Less concentrated	16
1535434136	Acids	Donors	17
1535434137	Bases	Accept ions	18
1535434138	pH scale	Measure acidity and alkalinity	19
1535434139	Organic molecules	Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	20
1535434140	Carbohydrates	Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen	21
1535434141	Primary source	Nutrient energy	22
1535586800	Monosaccharides	Simple sugars	23
1535586801	Disaccharides	Chemically combining 2 or more Monosaccharides	24
1535586802	Polysaccharides	Chemically combining many Monosaccharides	25
1535586803	Glycogen	Animal carbohydrate storage	26
1535586804	Starch	Plant carbohydrate storage	27
1535586805	Lipids	Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	28
1535586806	C atoms	Backbone	29
1535586807	Building blocks	Often glycerol and fatty acids	30
1535586808	Amino acids	Building units	31
1535586809	Polypeptides	Long strings of amino acids	32
1535586810	Functional proteins	Polypeptides folding	33
1535586811	Nucleic acids	Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)	34
1535586812	Nucleotides	Building blocks	35
1535586813	Triplets	Nucleotides arranged in three-letter sequences	36
1535586814	Genetic code	Determined by triplets	37
1535586815	Gene code	Instructions	38
1535586816	Molecules	Must come together to react	39
1535586817	Metabolism	Total of chemical reactions	40
1535586818	Reactions happens faster	Catalyst or increased speed or concentration	41
1535586819	Cellular respiration	One of the most important chemical reactions in the body	42
1535586820	Atp	Usable form of energy	43
1535586821	Organelles	Suspended within the cell in a fluid called cytoplasm	44
1535586822	Cell membrane	Organelle that Gives structure to the cell and regulates what may come or go	45
1535586823	Nucleus	Organelle that Houses dna	46
1535586824	Mitochondria	Organelles that perform Cellular respiration and process the energy to atp	47
1535586825	Ribosomes	Organelles that assemble proteins	48
1535586826	Endoplasmic reticulum	An extension of the nuclear membrane	49
1535586827	Rough ER	Site of protein synthesis	50
1535586828	Smooth ER	Lipid synthesis	51
1535586829	Golgi complexes	Packaging Center	52
1535586830	Secretory vesicles	Carries materials from the golgi complex to the cell membrane	53
1535586831	Lysosomes	Membrane-bound packages of digestive enzymes	54
1535586832	Bilayer, cholesterol, proteins	Cell membrane	55
1535586833	Where are proteins found	Attached to or embedded in the phospholipid layers	56
1535586834	Channels	Passageways for transport in and out of the cell	57
1535586835	Receptors	Enzymes and hormones	58
1535586836	Functions of cell membrane	Structure, define and regulate	59
1535586837	Passive transport	Moves from high to low with no energy	60
1535586838	Methods of passive transport	Filtration, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis	61
1535586839	Filtration	Forces smaller molecules in a solution due to greater hydrostatic pressure on one side	62
1536205398	Simple diffusion	Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration	63
1536205399	Facilitated	Special type of diffusion for molecules that cannot diffuse directly through cell membrane	64
1536205400	Osmosis	Diffusion of water	65
1536205401	Active transport	Moves material requires energy, and performs as sodium potassium pump	66
1536205402	Bulk transport	Moves large quantities	67
1536205403	Endocytosis	Into the cell	68
1536205404	Exocytosis	Out of cell	69
1536205405	Protein synthesis	Transcription and translation	70
1536205406	Transcription	In nucleus and produce mRNA	71
1536205407	Translation	In ribosome, tRNA	72
1536205408	Golgi complex	Packaging center	73
1536205409	Mitosis	Prophase,metaphase, anaphase, and telophase	74
1536205410	Mutation	Changing the dna	75
1536205411	Telomeres	Noncoding strings of nucleotides at the end of Nucleotides	76

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

Hole's Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 5: Tissues Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3 Flashcards

Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

VHS Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 (the rest) Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 quiz review Flashcards

anatomy and Physiology chapter 2 Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Quiz Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology chapter 2 quiz 2 Flashcards

anatomy and physiology chapter 2 quiz 1 Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org