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B12 deficient anemia Flashcards

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3580880764How does gastric acid affect B12Suppressing Gastric acid can increase the risk of B12 anemia by inhibiting cobalamin release from food0
35808813253 causes of B12 deficiency anemiainadequate intake malabsorption syndromes inadequate utilization1
3580882863Pernicious anemialoss of intrinsic factor2
3580883201Why does intrinsic factor domoves cobalamin around the body3
3580883588PathophysiologyB12 is a building block of DNA and RNA Maintains integrity of the neurologic system plays a role in fatty acid biosynthesis and energy production4
3580884721Symptoms of B12 deficiencybilateral paraesthesia in extremities deficits in proprioception and vibration can progress to ataxia, dementia-like symptoms, psychosis, and vision loss5
3580888500Lab findingsMCV >100 Serum B12 <150 Low reticulocyte count low hematocrit elevation in MMA elevation in homocysteine6
3580892466Treatment of pernicious1000-2000mcg B12 orally can be used for pernicious anemia for life7
3580893729Treatment of symptomatic1000mcg cyanocobalamin IM daily for one week to resolve clinical manifestations then give weekly for one month and monthly after that8
3580894640SEhyperuricemia, hypokalemia9
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B12 deficient anemia Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3580880764How does gastric acid affect B12Suppressing Gastric acid can increase the risk of B12 anemia by inhibiting cobalamin release from food0
35808813253 causes of B12 deficiency anemiainadequate intake malabsorption syndromes inadequate utilization1
3580882863Pernicious anemialoss of intrinsic factor2
3580883201Why does intrinsic factor domoves cobalamin around the body3
3580883588PathophysiologyB12 is a building block of DNA and RNA Maintains integrity of the neurologic system plays a role in fatty acid biosynthesis and energy production4
3580884721Symptoms of B12 deficiencybilateral paraesthesia in extremities deficits in proprioception and vibration can progress to ataxia, dementia-like symptoms, psychosis, and vision loss5
3580888500Lab findingsMCV >100 Serum B12 <150 Low reticulocyte count low hematocrit elevation in MMA elevation in homocysteine6
3580892466Treatment of pernicious1000-2000mcg B12 orally can be used for pernicious anemia for life7
3580893729Treatment of symptomatic1000mcg cyanocobalamin IM daily for one week to resolve clinical manifestations then give weekly for one month and monthly after that8
3580894640SEhyperuricemia, hypokalemia9
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APUSH Chapter 29-30 Flashcards

SJV Mr Shepard's APUSH Chapter 29-30

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1245114815Election of 1912Woodrow Wilson (Democrats) vs. Roosevelt (Progressive Republican) vs. Taft (Republican) Wilson won because of the split Republican party and people favored progressivism; Roosevelt came in second) Election about political and economic philosophies0
1245114816Jane AddamsReplaced Roosevelt's name for nomination symbolized the rise of political status of women, as well as Progressive support for the cause of social justice,1
1245114817New FreedomWilson's democratic platform called for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reforms, and tariff reduction favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Shunned social welfare proposals and pinned their economic faith on competition. Not regulation but fragmentation of the big industrial combines2
1245114818New NationalismRoosevelt's platform favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. campaigned for woman suffrage and social welfare Herbert Croley's The Promise of American Life3
1245114819Triple Wall of PrivilegeThe Tariffs, The Banks, and the Trusts Wilson wanted to destroy all three4
1245114820Underwood Tariff Billprovided for substantial reduction of rates by reducing import fees To get Senate's support, Wilson went to the people Wilson appeared before the court delivering the bill in person Triple Wall Privilege- attacked tariffs5
124511482116th amendmentenacted a graduated income tax6
1245114822WilsonStubborn and inflexible eloquently appealed to the people, but looked down upon the lesser minded. Admired the mass as a whole disliked imperialism and dollar diplomacy moral leader of the Allied cause7
1245114823Louis D Brandeis"Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It" further fanned the flames of reform first Jew to be named to the Supreme Court8
1245114824Federal Reserve Act1913 Wilson most important economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal.9
1245114825Federal Reserve BoardCreated by the Federal Reserve Act oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional districts each with its own central bank guarantied a substantial measure of public control and issued paper money known as "Federal Reserve Notes", raising amt of money in circulation Triple Wall Privilege- attacked banks10
1245114826Federal Trade Commission Act1914 empowered commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce rooted out unfair trade practices including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.11
1245114827Clayton Anti-Trust Actlengthened the shop worn Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable including price discrimination and interlocking directorates. granted benefits on labor exempted labor and agricultural organizations from anti trust prosecution, legalizing strikes and picketing Magna Carta of Labor12
1245114828Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest, wanted by the Populists13
1245114829Warehouse Act of 1916authorized loans on the security of staple crops populist idea14
1245114830La Follete Seamen's Act of 1915required decent treatment and living wage on American merchant ships caused freight rates to spiral upwards with the crew's wages15
1245114831Working Men's Compensation Act1916 granted assistance to federal civil service employees during periods of disability16
1245114832Adamson Act1916 established 8 hour work days for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime17
1245114833Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1812Wilson repealed this in 1914 it exempted American coast wise shipping from tolls an provoked Britian18
1245114834Jones Act1916 granted the Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established.19
1245114835US Marines in Haiti1915 Wilson dispatched marines to save American economic interests. Went against Wilson's anti imperialistic ideals20
1245114836Wilson purchased theVirgin Islands from Denmark tightened America's grip on the West Indies21
1245114837General Victoriano HeurtaIndian was put in charge of the Mexican revolution in 1913 refused to recognize officially the murderous government of Huerta.22
1245114838ABC PowerArgentina, Brazil, and Chile23
1245114839Pancho Villarival of President Carranza that tried to incite war between Mexico and America.24
1245114840John J Pershingordered to capture Pancho Villa and wont he clash with the Villista and Carranza forces25
1245114841Central PowerGermany, Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria26
1245114842AlliesFrance, Britian, and later Japan and Italy27
1245114843Kaiser Wilhem IILeader of Germany during World War I28
1245114844TradeAmerica traded heavily with the British and the Allies while the British navy blocked any German trade29
1245114845German submarinesdire threat to America Berlin agreed to not attack neutral American ships, but claimed mistakes could happen Wilson kept neutrality but warned Germany it would be held to "Strict accountability" for any attacks on American vessels or citizens"30
1245114846LusitaniaBritish passenger liner carrying ammunition was torpedoed killing 1,198 people with 128 Americans. Angered and shocked America of Germany's "mass murder East wanted war, but rest of the country did not want to get involved31
1245114847ArabicBritish liner sunk in Aug 1915 killing 2 Americans Berlin promised to not sink unarmed and unresistant passenger ships without warning.32
1245114848SussexFrench passenger steamer that Germany sunk without warning. Led to Wilson threatening war if they did not stop.33
1245114849Sussex PledgeGermany agreed that they would not sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without warning so long as the US would persuade the Allies to modify their "illegal blockade"34
1245114850Election of 1916Charles Evans Hughes (Republican) vs. Wilson (Democrat) Progressive Republicans died after TR's refusal to rerun. Republican Platform- condemned Democratic tariff, assaults on trusts, and Wilson's uncertainty in Mexico and Germany "He Kept Us Out of the War" Wilson's slogan Many people voted for Wilson (esp Mid western) to keep us out of the War35
1245114851"Peace without victory"Wilson's final attempt at peace Germany responded saying that all ships in the war zone, including America, would be sunk36
1245114852Zimmerman noteGerman Arthur Zimmerman proposed German-Mexican alliance with promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona that angered Americans37
1245114853Fourteen Points Addressinspired all to make mightier efforts and demoralized the enemy governments by holding out alluring promises to their dissatisfied minorities Included abolish secret treaties; freedom of seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of armament; self-determination Foreshadowed league of nations38
1245114854George CreelHead of the Committee on Public Information who's job was to promote war efforts, but got the world to expect too much.39
1245114855Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917Reflected fear about German immigrants Censored and punished criticism of government and was declared constitutional in Schneck vs. the US40
1245114856War Industries BoardMeant to order the economic confusion but only had feeble powers41
1245114857Industrial Workers of the WorldLed by William D Haywood Violently protested the war efforts and harsh working conditions42
1245114858RiotsAfrican American strikebreakers jobs opened up and more all white societies were being filled with more African Americans. This led to radical riots like in the North where 9 white men and 40 black men were killed.43
1245114859National Women's PartyLed by Alice Paul who opposed the war with hunger strikes and marches.44
1245114860National American Women Suffrage AssociationSupported the war fighting for democracy everywhere else in hopes of getting suffrage in the USA45
1245114861New YorkFirst state to allow woman suffrage followed by Michigan, Oklahoma, South Dakota46
124511486219th AmendmentWoman Suffrage was allowed47
1245114863Sheppard Towner Maternity Act1921 provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care48
1245114864Herbert C HoverHead of the Food Administration Relied on volunteers to help the War effort by donating food to be sent over seas49
124511486518th Amendment1919 Prohibition of all alcoholic drinks50
1245114866Conscriptiondrafting act that got the US Army to over 4 million men and allowed for the first time for woman to be in the army.51
1245114867Bolshevikscommunist group which seized power in late 191752
1245114868Second Battle of MarneMarked the beginning of German withdrawal53
1245114869FochFrench Supreme commander of the united Allies nation54
1245114870Meuse-Argonnethe last Allies assault involving several million men and lasting 47 days; Allies sought to cut the German railroad lines feeding the western front55
1245114871Henry Cabot LodgeRepublican chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Wanted to Americanize the Treaty of Versailles56
1245114872Big FourWilson (US) Orlando (Italy) George (Britain) Clemenceau (France)57
1245114873League of NationsWilson's ultimate goal58
1245114874irreconcilablesRepublican senators and militant isolationists who opposed the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles59
1245114875Article X (League of Nations)was not liked because it morally bound the United States to aid any member victimized by external aggression60
1245114876Election of 1920Warren Harding (Republican) vs. James Cox (Democrat) Harding's victory ended the League61
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Campbell Biology, Chapter 34: Vertebrates Flashcards

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3174045309ChordatesBilaterian animals; belong to clade Deuterostomia; have muscular, post-anal tail, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, mouth, anus, and muscular segments0
3174045310NotochordLongitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. Composed of large fluid-filled cells encased in fairly stiff fibrous tissue. Provides fibrous support body. Reduced in humans.1
3174045311Dorsal, hollow nerve cordNerve cord dorsal to notochord. Hollow. Unique to chordates, other animal phyla have ventrally-located solid cords. Develops into central nervous system.2
3174045312Pharyngeal slits/cleftsDevelop from grooves along the sides of the pharynx. Function as suspension feeding devices in many invertebrates. In vertebrates, have been modified for gas exchange and are known as gill slits. In tetrapods, do not develop into slits, but help develop ear structures and head/neck.3
3174045313Post-anal tailGreatly reduced during embryonic development. Nonchordates have a digestive tract that extends nearly the whole length of the body.4
3174045314LanceletsPart of cephalochordata. The most basal group of living chordates. Eat via cilia trappings. Have chevron-like muscle arrangement. Relatively rare in global environment.5
3174045315TunicatesPart of urochordata. Most closely related to other chordates than our lancelets. Most apparent during larval stage. Adult stage draws water through incurrent siphon-->atrium-->excurrent siphon. Mucus net captures food then transported by cilia to esophagus. Anus empties into excurrent siphon.6
3174045316CraniatesChordates w/ head-- brain @ anterior end of dorsal nerve. Has eyes and other sensory organs, as well as skull. Have a heart with at least 2 chambers, blood with hemoglobin, kidneys that remove waste products in blood.7
3174045317Neural crestCollection of cells appearing near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in an embryo. Disperse throughout body to give rise to teeth, bone and cartilage, inner layer of facial skin.8
3174045318HagfishesMost basal groups of craniates. Part of myxini Have skull made of cartilage. Lack jaws and vertebrae. Have segmented muscles, flex against notochord (which is retained in adulthood). Small brain, eyes, and ears. Their mouth has tube-like formations made of keratin. Most are bottom-dwelling scavengers. Emit slime.9
3174045319VertebratesCraniates with backbone (composed of vertebrae, enclose spinal chord and have mechanical role of notochord). During Cambrian period, lineage of craniates gave rise to vertebrates w/ more complex nervous system and better skeleton. More efficient gas exchange system in gills.10
3174045320LampreysPetromyzontida-- most basal lineage of vertebrates. Marine and freshwater, most are parasitic. Use tongue to drink fish blood. Skeleton made of cartilage w/ no collagen. Have sheath over notochord w/ cartilage projections similar to vertebrae. Have partially enclosed nerve cord.11
3174045321ConodontsSlender, soft-bodied vertebrates w/ prominent eyes. Lived from late Cambrian until late Triassic. Had mineralized mouthparts, which was used for either predation or scavenging.12
3174045322GnasthosomesJawed vertebrates. Includees sharks and their relatives, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals.13
3174045323Lateral line systemOrgans in aquatic gnasthosomes that are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water.14
3174045324PlacodermsArmored vertebrates. Appeared roughly 450 million years ago.15
3174045325AcanthodiansGroups of jawed vertebrates emerged around 450 million years ago, radiated 450-420 million years ago. Diverged into chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins.16
3174045326ChondrichthyansInclude sharks, rays, and their relatives. Skeleton made up primarily of cartilage, although often impregnated with calcium.17
3174045327OviparousSome species of sharks lay eggs that hatch outside of the mother's body. Eggs released after being encased in protective coats.18
3174045328OvovivparousRetention of the fertilized eggs in the oviduct in some species of shark. Nourished by egg yolk. Embryos develop into young that are born after hatching w/in the uterus.19
3174045329ViviparousYoung develop w/in uterus, obtain nourishment from mother's blood from yolk sac placenta, absorb nutritious fluid produced by uterus, or eat other eggs.20
3174045330CloacaReproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into this. Has single opening to outside.21
3174045331OstheichthyansHave ossified (bony) endoskeleton with hard matrix of calcium phosphate.22
3174045332OperculumProtective bony flap covering 4 or 5 pairs of fish gills.23
3174045333Swim bladderAir sac; the way fishes can control their buoyancy. Mvmt of gases from the blood to swim bladder increases buoyancy, transfer back to blood causes sinking.24
3174045334Ray-finned fishesHave bony rays that support fins. Originated 444-416 million years ago. Major source of protein for humans.25
3174045335Lobe-finsHave rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in pectoral and pelvic fins. Includes coelacanths, lungfishes, and another lineage that gave rise to tetrapods.26
3174045336TetrapodsGnasthosomes with limbs. Have 4 limbs with digits. Originated ~365 million years ago when fins of lobe-fins evolved limbs with digits. Also have a neck, a pelvic girdle, and a lack of gill slits.27
3174045337Tiktaalik"Fishapod"-- had full sets of ribs (breathing and body support), neck and shoulders, and basic bone pattern of all limbed animals in front fin. Stands as the vertebrate transition from water to land.28
3174045338AmphibiansIncludes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians. Some live both a terrestrial and aquatic life. External fertilization occurs in most, and eggs are laid in moist environments.29
3174045339PaedomorphismRetaining juvenile features in its adult stage. Common amongst salamanders.30
3174045340AmniotesGroup of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles (including birds) and mammals. Have egg with amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.31
3174045341Amniotic EggHas 4 specialized membranes: the amnion (protects embryo in a fluid-filled cavity), the chorion (exchange gas between the embryo and air), the yolk sac (contains nutrients, which are transported by blood vessels), and the allantois (disposal sac and respiratory organ). Has calcareous shell.32
3174045342ReptileClade including Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. Have scales made of keratin. Fertilization is internal. Often ectothermic.33
3174045343EctothermicAbsorbing external heat as the main source of body heat in the organism. Excludes birds.34
3174045344EndothermicCapable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity.35
3174045345ParareptilesLarge, stock, quadrupedal herbivores. Some had plated skin. Arose during the late Carboniferous and died out by the end of Triassic (~200 million years ago).36
3174045346DiapsidsHave a pair of holes on each sides of the skull, behind the eye socket. Muscles pass through these holes to control jaw movement. Composed of 2 main lineages: lepidosaurs and archosaurs.37
3174045347LepidosaursIncludes tuataras, lizards, and snakes, and marine reptiles.38
3174045348ArchosaursCrocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs.39
3174045349PterosaursFirst tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight. Different wing than that of birds and bat. Fossil evidence suggests they had adjustable membranes to assist in flight.40
3174045350DinosaursCould be bipedal or quadrapedal. Included herbivorous ornithischians, long-necked saurischians, and theropods (bipedal carnivores).41
3174045351TheropodsBipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Included Tyrannosaurus rex and the ancestor of birds.42
3174045352TurtlesReptiles with a boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields fused to vertebrae, have clavicles (collarbones), and ribs.43
3174045353RatitesFlightless birds, includes strich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu. Have relatively small pectoral muscles (which is why penguins are not included).44
3174045354MammalsOther amniote lineage that is not repitles. More than 5000 species. Have mammary glands, which produce milk for offspring. Have hair, fat layer under the skin, and are endothermic. Have a high metabolic rate. Belong to a group of amniotes called synapsids.45
3174045355SynapsidsHave single temporal fenestra= hole behind behind eye socket on each side of skull, where jaw muscles pass through and anchor on the temple.46
3174045356MonotremesFound only in Australia and New Guinea, represented by one species of platypus and four species of echidnas (spiny anteaters). Lay eggs.47
3174045357MarsupialsOpossums, kangaroos, and koalas. Higher metabolic rates and nipples that provide milk. Give birth to live young nourished by placenta. Babies are born very early in development; complete while nursing in marsupium (pouch).48
3174045358PlacentaStructure made by lining of uterus and extraembryonic membranes. Provides nourishment for growing embryos.49
3174045359EutheriansPlacental mammals-- placenta more complex than those of marsupials. Have longer pregnancy than marsupials. Includes primates (3 main groups).50
3174045360Opposable thumbThumb that is relatively movable and separate from the fingers, can touch the fingerprint side of all four fingers in same hand.51
3174045361AnthropoidsMonkeys and apes found worldwide.52
3174045362Homo sapiensHuman species, arose ~200,000 years ago. New in evolutionary history. Have much larger brains than apes, stand upright and are bipedal, capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, and using tools.53
3174045363PaleoanthropologyStudy of human origins54
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Chapter 33 Campbell Biology Flashcards

Invertebrates Chapter 33 Campbell Biology Ninth Edition
Biology 162 Exam 3

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1901928391Invertebrates account for what percent of animals95%0
1901928392basal animals that lack true tissues and organssponges, phylum Porifera1
1901928393flagellated collar cells, generate water current through the spongeChoanocytes2
1901928394Water is drawn through pores into a cavity calledspongocoel and out through osculum3
1901928395Sponges consits of a noncellular layer between two cell layers calledmesohyl, either spicules of silica or flexible fibers called spongin4
1901928396Why do sponges represent a separate lineage distinct from all other animal phyla?They lack true tissues.5
1901928397animals with true tissuesclade Eumetazoa6
1901928398Radiataradial symmetry, two phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora.7
1901928399one of the oldest groups in eumetazoaphylum Cnidaria, jellies, corals and hydras. Simple diploblastic radial body.8
1901928400Cnidaria10000+ species, sac w/ central digestive compartment, gastrovascular cavity. (medusa and polyp)9
1901928401Cnidarians arecarnivors, tenticals armed with cnidocytes.10
1901928402specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging head.Nematocysts11
1901928403Cnidaria includes groups with a variety of body forms, but all share which common feature?All have a gastrovascular cavity and tentacles.12
1901928404Phylum Cnidaria divided into four major groupsHydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa13
1901928405Hydrozoaboth polyp and medusa forms, often colonial polyp stage.14
1901928406Scyphozoa (true jellies)All marine, polyp stage reduced or gone.15
1901928407CubozoaAll marine, box shaped complex eyes, potent venom16
1901928408AnthozoaAll marine, medusa stage gone, sessile many colonial17
1901928409Phylum CtenophoraComb jellies, all marine, 2 retractable tentacles armed with sticky colloblasts.18
1901928410clade Bilateria contains three clades and are triploblasticLophotrochozoans, ecdysozoa, deuterostoma19
1901928411Lophotrochozoansflatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids20
1901928412Bilateria containt two main phylumsPlatyhelminthes (flatworms), Rotifera (rotifers).21
1901928413Phylum PlatyhelminthesBilateral, complex organs, true muscle tissues. Many parasitic species (flukes, tapeworms)22
1901928414Flatworms divided into 4 classesTurbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda23
1901928415Turbellaria (planarians)marine, freshwater, terrestrial, predators and scavengers, body surface ciliated, lack coelom, gastrovascular cavity (one opening)24
1901928416MonogeneaMarine and freshwater parasites, infect external surface of fish, ciliated larva starts infection on host, alternating sexual and asexual statges.25
1901928417Trematoda (flukes)parasites, most on vertebrates, 2 suckers ATTACH to host, alternating sexual and asexual statges.26
1901928418Cestoda (tapeworms)parasitic, segmented, suckers hooks on scolex, absorb food particles from host.27
1901928419Planarianslight sensitive eyespots, complex nervous sytem, hermaphrodites, reproduce sexually or asexually through fission.28
1901928420Among flatworms that are internal parasites which of the following would be expected?suckers and piercing mouthparts29
1901928421Phylum RotifersTiny, mostly freshwater, complete digestive tract, separate mouth and anus, multicellular, specialized organs.30
1901928422Lophophorates include two phylaEctoprocta and Brachiopoda, characterized by horseshoe-shape supension feeding organ.31
1901928423Ectoprocts (byrozoans)colonial, exoskeleton encases colony, reef builders.32
1901928424Brachiopodsresemble clams, two halves are dorsal and ventral33
1901928425Phylum Molluscasnails, slugs, oysters, octopuses and squids, some shelled some reduced or missing shell.34
1901928426Mollusk body planmuscular foot, mantle which secretes shell water filled chamber with organs. Some have heads.35
1901928427Three major classes of Phylum MoluscaGastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda36
1901928428Gastropoda (snails, slugs)head, symmetrical, undergo torsion, anus and mantle cavity above head, radula37
1901928429Bivalvia (clams, oysters, scallops)shell with two halves, reduced head, no radula. Suspension feeders, trapping particles in mucus coating gills.38
1901928430straplike rasping organ that mollusks use to scrape up foodradula39
1901928431Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuddlefish)predators, mantle covers visceral mass, missing or greatly reduced shell, closed circulatory system, complex brain and well-developed sense organs.40
1901928432Nautilusessmall group of shelled cephalopod.41
1901928433The clam, snail and octopus are all molluscs. The muscular foot of a snail is homologous to which of these?head of the octopus42
1901928434Phylum Annelida"little rings" segmented bodies, bilateral, coelomate and protostomes.43
1901928435Two main classes of AnnelidaOligochaeta (segmented worms), Polychaeta (marine segmented worms), Hirudinea44
1901928436Oligochaetesreduced head, no parapodia, chaetae present. Complex digestive system, closed circulatory system, segmented, ventral nervous system.45
1901928437Oligochaetes reproduce bycross-fertilizing hermaphrodites, exchange sperm and separate, clitellum slides off in soil. Some asexual by fragmentation.46
1901928438Class Polychaetamarine, benthic, carnivores/scavengers/planktivores, parapodia, rich blood vessels.47
1901928439Class Hirudineafresh water, feed on other invertebrates, secretes hirudin and anesthetics into wound.48
1901928440Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)sexual reproduction, major players in decomposition and nutrient recycling. Some parasitic, plant roots and humans (raw pork).49
1901928441Free-living flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms share all of the following traits exceptdigestive tract with mouth and anus.50
1901928442Phylum Arthropods2/3 animals, all habitats, segmented body, jointed appendages, Cambrian explosion.51
1901928443Arthropod evolution characterized bydecrease in number of segments, increase in appendage specialization. (HOX gene?), open circulatory system, complex organs.52
1901928444Arthropod bodycovered by cuticle, exoskeleton of protein and chitin.53
1901928445The evolutionary origin of extensive complexity in arthropod body plans is throught to be associeated with which of these morphological changes?the specialization of diverse body segments.54
1901928446Four subphylums of ArthropodaCheliceriformes, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Crustacae55
1901928447Cheliceriformes (horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions)clawlike feeding appendage, marine versions extinct except horseshoe crabs.56
1901928448Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes)terrestrial, jaw like mandibles, many legs.57
1901928449Hexapoda (insect)most species, complex organ systems, exoskeleton led to success. Flight another success, sexual reproduction, 30 orders.58
1901928450All of the following were important contributions to the large adaptive diversity of insects except?multiple origins of wings in different insect groups.59
1901928451Crustacea (crabs, shrimp...)marine and freshwater, branched appendages.60
1901928452Four types of CrustaceaIsopods and Decapods, Copepods, Barnacles (hardened cuticle)61
1901928453Echinoderms (sea-stars)slow moving, thin epidermis, water vascular system, tube feet, sexual internal reproduction.62
1901928454Six classes of Phylum EchinodermsAsteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echionoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, Concentricycloidea63
1901928455Asteroidea (sea stars)multiple arms radiating central disk, tube feet, regrow lost arms.64
1901928456Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)distinct central disk, long flexible arms for movement.65
1901928457Echinoidea (sea urchins)no arms, five rows of tube feet.66
1901928458Crinoidea (sea lillies and feather stars)Sea lillies attached to substrate by stalk, feather stars crawl67
1901928459Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)lack spines, reduced exoskeleton, five rows of tube feet.68
1901928460Concentricycloidea (Sea daisies)only three species known.69
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Biology Chapter 23: Invertebrate Diversity Flashcards

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2436565487blastulaEmbryonic stage in most animals consisting of a single layer of cells surrounding a hollow cavity0
2436565488gastrulaEmbryonic stage following the blastula that has an inner and outer cell layer1
2436565489larvaImmature form of an animal that looks different from the adult form2
2436565490metamorphosisComplete change of body form in some animals from a larva to an adult3
2436565491invertebrateMember of a group of animals without a backbone4
2436565492vertebrateAnimal with a backbone5
2436565493spongeMember of a group of animals that lack true tissues and organs6
2436565494collar cellFlagellated cell in a sponge's inner layer7
2436565495amoebocyteCell found in sponges and other animals that may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, and change into other cell types8
2436565496sessileAnchored in place9
2436565497cnidarianMember of a group of invertebrates with radial symmetry and tentacles with stinging cells10
2436565498radial symmetryBody plan in which an organism can be divided into equal parts around a central axis11
2436565499cnidocyteSpecialized cell in cnidarians that functions in defense and capturing prey12
2436565500nematocystStinging capsule found in a cnidocyte13
2436565501gastrovascular cavityDigestive sac14
2436565502polypCnidarian body form consisting of a cylindrical body with tentacles radiating from one end15
2436565503medusaCnidarian body form that is umbrella-shaped with fringes of tentacles16
2436565504flatwormMember of a group of small, leaflike or ribbonlike invertebrates that includes planarians17
2436565505bilateral symmetryBody plan in which an animal can be divided into two equal sides18
2436565506roundwormMember of a group of cylindrical invertebrates with pointed heads and tapered tails19
2436565507complete digestive tractContinuous digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus20
2436565508rotiferMember of a group of invertebrates with a complete digestive tract and a crown of rotating cilia21
2436565509annelidSegmented worm22
2436565510closed circulatory systemBlood transport system in which blood remains enclosed in vessels, and nutrients, oxygen, and wastes diffuse through vessel walls23
2436565511acoelomateAnimal lacking a body cavity24
2436565512pseudocoelomFluid-filled internal space that is in direct contact with the wall of the digestive tract25
2436565513coelomFluid-filled body cavity completely lined by a layer of mesoderm cells26
2436565514molluskMember of a group of invertebrates characterized by a muscular foot and a mantle27
2436565515mantleBody surface outgrowth that drapes over a mollusk28
2436565516radulaScraping organ characteristic of mollusks29
2436565517open circulatory systemBlood transport system in which blood is pumped into chambers where it comes in direct contact with tissues and organs30
2436565518gastropodMember of a group of mollusks that includes snails and slugs31
2436565519bivalveMember of a group of mollusks with hinged shells, such as clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters32
2436565520cephalopodMember of a group of mollusks that includes squids and octopuses33
2436565521echinodermMember of a group of marine invertebrates that includes sea urchins and sea stars34
2436565522endoskeletonSkeleton located inside the body; characteristic of all vertebrates and some invertebrates35
2436565523water vascular systemIn echinoderms, a network of water-filled canals that function in movement, food gathering, and as a basic circulatory system36
2436565524tube feetIn echinoderms, structures that are part of the water vascular system and function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange37
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American Pageant Chapter 17 Flashcards

The American Pageant Chp #17 (15th Edition)

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1054227682Tariff of 1842A protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to the pre-Compromise of 1833 rates0
1054227683CarolineAn American steamer attacked and set on fire by the British force while bringing supplies to Canadian insurgents in 1837. It caused a diplomatic row between the United States and Britain.1
1054227684CreoleAn American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves in 1841. They successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas.2
1054227685Aroostook WarA series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine. It began in 1839 and was resolved in 1842 when a permanent boundary was agreed upon.3
1054227686Manifest DestinyThe belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its empire of liberty across North America. It served as a justification for mid-nineteenth century expansionism.4
1054227687"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"A slogan adopted by mid-nineteenth century expansionists who advocated the occupation of the Oregon territory.5
1054227688Liberty PartyAn antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Its supporters sought the eventual abolition of slavery, seeking to halt the expansion of slavery in the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.6
1054227689Walker TariffA revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels. It fueled trade and increased Treasury receipts.7
1054227690Spot ResolutionsMeasures introduced by Abraham Lincoln questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. He requested for Polk to clarify precisely where the Mexican forces had attacked American troops.8
1054227691California Bear Flag RepublicA short-lived California republic established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.9
1054227692Battle of Buena VistaA key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. It elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped to secure his success in the 1848 election.10
1054227693Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoEnded the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.11
1054227694Conscience WhigsNorthern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. They sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state.12
1054227695Wilmot ProvisoAn amendment introduced by David Wilmot that sought to prohibit slavery from the territories acquired from Mexico.13
1054227696John TylerThe President of the United States from 1790-1862. He was often called "The president without a party" because of his hostility toward his own Whig party's doctrine.14
1054227697James K. PolkThe President of the United States from 1795-1849. He was a democrat and was was often referred to as "Young Hickory" or the "Dark Horse" president.15
1054227698Steven W. KearnyThe United States general who led seventeen hundred troops over Santa Fe Trail.16
1054227699John C. FremontA captain and explorer who happened to be in the California area with armed men. He helped overthrow Mexican rule in 1846 by collaborating with American naval officers and local Americans.17
1054227700Winfield ScottA United States general who was nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers." He held command of the main expedition of capturing Mexico City.18
1054227701Nicholas P. TristThe chief clerk of the State Department. Together with General Scott, he arranged for a armistice with Santa Anna at the cost of $10,000.19
1054227702David WilmotThe Pennsylvania representative of Congress who introduced the Wilmot Proviso.20
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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 16 Flashcards

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3285860967Harriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.0
3285860968William Lloyd Garrison1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.1
3285862571Denmark VeseyA mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.2
3285862572David WalkerHe was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.3
3285865109Nat TurnerLeader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives4
3285865110Sojourner TruthUnited States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)5
3285867214Theodore Dwight WeldAmerican abolitionist whose pamphlet "Slavery As It Is" (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.6
3285867215Frederick Douglass(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published a biography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.7
3285868678Elijah P. LovejoyHead of the anti-slavery pamphlet, "The Observer", which printed anti-slavery pamphlets and distributing them for fee in pro-slavery states. To stop him, they broke his hand, threw his press in the lake, destroyed another one, then shot him. Never gave up and became an anti-slavery martyr.8
3285871254John Quincy AdamsHelped overrule to gag rule.9
3285871255oligarchyA government ruled by a few powerful people10
3285871256abolitionismMilitant effort to do away with slavery; began in the N in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces11
3285875289"positive good"Term coined by the republican aristocracy in favor of slavery, it allowed for a civilized lifestyle for whites and provided structure for genetically inferior Africans12
3285875290plantation systemA system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor13
3285875291monopolistica market structure in which many companies sell products that are similar but not identical14
3285877025mulatto populationThese people owned significant property in New Orleans. In addition, white masters all too frequently would force their attentions on female slaves, which increased this population15
3285878497Cotton KingdomAreas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton16
3285878498The LiberatorAnti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.17
3285879902American Anti-Slavery SocietyAbolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.18
3285879903peculiar institutionA euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.19
3285881586Liberty partyA former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 184820
3285881587Lane rebelsIn 1832 Theodore Dwight Weld went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Seminary was presided over by Lyman Beecher. Weld and some of his comrades were kicked out for their actions of anti-slavery. The young men were known as the "Lane Rebels." They helped lead and continue the preaching of anti-slavery ideas.21
3285881588Gag ResolutionProhibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.22
3285883275American Colonization SocietyA Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.23
3285883276Uncle Tom's Cabinwritten by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.24
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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 15 Flashcards

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3236384785Dorothea DixA reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.0
3236388365Stephen FosterMade a valuable contribution to American folk music by capturing the plaintive spirit of the slaves. "Camptown Races"1
3236388366James Russell LowellHe was an American poet, essayist, diplomat, editor, and literary critic. He is remembered for his political satire, especially in the Billow Papers ( which condemned president Polk's policy for expanding slavery). He succeeded professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as teacher of modern languages at Harvard.2
3236388367William MillerA self-educated farmer from New York. Convinced from his studies that Christ will return in 1843, from his studies of the Scriptures.3
3236389997Washington IrvingAmerican writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).4
3236389998Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.An anatomy teacher at Harvard Medical school who was regarded as a prominent poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer and wit from 1809-1894. Poem " the Last Leaf" in honor of the last "white Indian" at the Boston Tea Party, which really applied to himself.5
3236389999Lucretia MottA Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 18486
3236392432James Fenimore CooperAmerican novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).7
3236392433Elizabeth BlackwellFirst woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.8
3236392434Horace MannSecretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers9
3236394117Peter CartwrightBest known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.10
3236394118Noah WebsterAmerican writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education; wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.11
3236395780Elizabeth Cady Stanton(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.12
3236395781Sylvester GrahamThought meat made you horny, notable for his emphasis on vegetarianism, and the temperance movement, as well as sexual and dietary habits; father of graham crackers13
3236395782Edgar Allan PoeAmerican writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).14
3236397096Susan B. Anthonysocial reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation15
3236397097Ralph Waldo EmersonAmerican transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.16
3236397098Nathaniel HawthorneOriginally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. He wrote "The Scarlet Letter".17
3236398635Robert OwenBritish cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed18
3236398636Henry David ThoreauAmerican transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.19
3236398637Herman MelvilleAmerican writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels20
3236400061Charles G. FinneyThis Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God.21
3236400062William H. McGuffeycreated the nations first and most widely used series of textbooks22
3236400063Joseph SmithFounded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.23
3236401704Emma WillardEarly supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.24
3236401705Walt WhitmanAmerican poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. Wrote "O Captain! My Captain!".25
3236401706John J. AudubonNaturalist who painted wild fowl in their natural habitat. Birds of America received considerable popularity.26
3236404129Henry Wadsworth LongfellowAmerican poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.27
3236404130Louisa May AlcottAmerican writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868-1869).28
3236404131Gilbert StuartA painter from Rhode Island who painted several portraits of Washington, creating a sort of idealized image of Washington.29
3236405819Margaret FullerSocial reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".30
3236405820Francis ParkmanHistorian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between France and England in colonial times for mastery of North America31
3236405821Brigham YoungA Mormon leader who urged the Mormons to move farther west. They settled at the edge of the lonely desert near the Great Salt Lake.32
3236407941Phineas T. Barnuman American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus33
3236407942Thomas PaineAuthor of Common Sense34
3236407943American Temperance SocietyAn organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.35
3236409933Shakers1840s; one of the first religious communal movements; kept men and women separate; failed due to lack of recruits36
3236409934Maine LawPassed in 1851 - first big step in the Temperance Movement - outlawed sale of alcohol except for medical purposes37
3236409935UnitarianismLate-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.38
3236410185Second Great AwakeningA series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.39
3236411682Hudson River SchoolFounded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River40
3236411683Women's Rights Convention1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting, they met at seneca falls NY.41
3236411684Knickerbocker Groupgroup in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes42
3236413286Burned-Over DistrictPopular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening43
3236413287Declaration of SentimentsRevision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.44
3236413288transcendentalismA philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.45
3236415550MilleritesSeventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end.46
3236415551Oneida CommunityA group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.47
3236415552MormonsChurch founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT48
3236562163DeismA popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.49
3236564883lyceumAristotle's school of philosophy.50
3236565000New HarmonyA utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.51
3236567065Brook FarmA transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.52
3236567066Federal StyleEarly national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint.53
3236569187Greek RevivalInspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.54
3236569188minstrel showsConsisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos.55
3236569235romanticisima literary and artistic movement in the 18th and 19th centuries. emphasized imagination, fancy, freedom, emotion, wildness, the beauty of the untamed natural work, the rights of the individual, the common man, and the attractiveness of pastoral life.56
3236570617The American Scholar(Ralph Waldo Emerson) talks about how america needs a scholar all other countries have one but the US. we need our own voice. he believes that anyone can be a scholar. doesn't like old books57
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Ch. 24 Industry Comes of Age (1865-1900) Flashcards

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975235473IndustrializationProcess of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.0
975235474Federal Land Grants to RailroadsFederal gov't provided railroad companies with huge subsidies of loans and land grants recognizing that western railroads would lead the way to settlement. The gov't expected that the railroad would make every effort to sell the land to new settlers to finance construction. The gov't hoped that the railroad would benefit gov't land value and preferred rates for carrying the mail and transporting troops. These grants promoted hasty and poor construction which led to widespread corruption in the gov't. As a result, railroads controlled more than half of the land in some western states. The first continental railroad was a result of a federal grant from Omaha to Sacramento.1
975235475Grover Cleveland22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes.2
975235476Central Pacific RailroadA railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promontory Point, Utah.3
975235477Union Pacific RailroadA railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promontory Point, Utah.4
975235478Northern Pacific RailroadRailroad from Lake Superior to Puget Sound.5
975235479Southern Pacific RailroadRailroad that went from New Orleans to San Francisco.6
975235480Promontory Point, Utah..., Place where Union Pacific Railroad tracks connected to the Central Pacific tracks.7
975235481Mechanization..., Use of automatic machinery to increase production.8
975235482Pullman Cars..., Railroad passenger cars with furnishings for day and night travel, designed by George M. Pullman.9
975235483Robber Barons..., Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.10
975235484Jay Gould..., American financier and railroad developer who, along with James Fisk, attempted to corner the gold market in 186911
975235485Cornelius Vanderbilt..., A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.12
975235486William H. Vanderbilt..., Son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, a railroad baron who, when asked about the discontinuance of a fast mail train, reportedly said, "the public be damned."13
975235487Pool..., An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.14
975235488Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illnois..., (1886) The Supreme Court of the United States held the Illinois statute to be invalid and that the power to regulate interstate railroad rates is a federal power which belongs exclusively to Congress and, therefore, cannot be exercised by individual states.15
975235489Grange (Patrons of Husbandry)..., A fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being. Founded in 1867 after the Civil War, it is the oldest surviving agricultural organization in America16
975235490Interstate Commerce Act..., Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices.17
975235491Vertical IntegrationIt was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie. It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production.18
975235492Horizontal Inegration..., When a company gains control over other companies that produces the same product. Rockefeller has the oil business by buying out competition.19
975235493Interlocking directorates..., The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.20
975235494Alexander Graham Bell..., He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country., (1847-1922) American inventor and educator; his interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid the hearing-impaired led to the development and patent of the telephone.21
975235495Thomas Alva Edison..., (1847-1931) This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.22
975235496Andrew Carnegie..., A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.23
975235497Trust..., A group of corporations that unite in order to reduce competition and control prices in a business or an industry.24
975235498John D. Rockefeller..., An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. Often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire.25
975235499J.P. Morgan..., Was an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.26
975235500William Kelly..., Inventor of the Bessemer Process, which converted iron ore into steel.27
975235501Bessemer Process..., A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.28
975235502Standard Oil Company..., Formed in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller in Ohio. The Company grew through horizontal and vertical integration. By the 1880's Standard Oil was the largest and most powerful monopoly in the United States controlling access to 90% of the refined oil in the US.29
975235503Russell Sage...As a financier, railroad executive and Whig politician from New York, United States. As a frequent partner of Jay Gould in various transactions, he amassed a fortune.30
975235504Cyrus Field..., American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.31
975235505American Beauty RoseJohn D. Rockefeller; supported Laissez-Faire politics, In order to grow the most beautiful rose, you need to cut all of the others. In another way, if you want to own a best company, you need to "cut" other companies.32
975235506Gospel of Wealth..., This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.33
975235507Social Darwinism..., 19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.34
975235508Sherman Anti-Trust Act..., 1890 - A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.35
975235509Gibson Girl..., Named after the illustrator, Charles Dana Gibson. This was a sophisticated, young working woman look with hair piled softly on top of her head.36
975235510National Labor Union1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8 hour work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers.37
975235511Breaker Boys..., Young boys as young as seven years old worked in the coal mines. Their work was very dangerous and difficult. There were more than 10 thousand children employed illegally in the Pennsylvania coal fields.Many developed lung diseases.38
975235512Lockout..., When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached.39
975235513Yellow-Dog Contracts..., A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.40
975235514Company Town..., A town built and owned by a single company; its residents depend on the company not only for jobs but for stores, schools, and housing as well.41
975235515Knights of Labor..., One of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories; replaced by AF of L after botched Haymarket protest.42
975235516Haymarket Square Riot..., 100,000 members of the Knights of Labor rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.43
975235517Scabs..., Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike44
975235518American Federation of Labor1886 founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions; comprised of skilled laborers, willing to let unskilled fend for themselves.45
975235519Closed Shop..., A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.46
975235520Samuel Gompers..., He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.47
975235521United States Steel Corporation..., The first billion dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel).48
975467465Captains of IndustryEntrepreneurs like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Morgan, who helped create the modern industrial economy.49
975467466James FiskAmerican stock broker and corporate executive and, along with Jay Gould, attempted to corner the gold market in 1869.50
975467467StrikeAn organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands.51
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