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history Flashcards

china and india

2071363067	What geographical feature separates India in the north from the rest of Asia	The Himalayas	0
2071363068	What is the name of the river valley that provided for India's first civilization	Indus	1
2071363069	What is the name of the the first Indian civilization	Harsappan	2
2071363070	Name the two large cities in that civilization	Harsappa and Mojenho Daro	3
2071363071	What is the name of the collection of writings that gave us much information about the Aryan Civilization	Vedas	4
2071363072	From the Vedas, there are four main varnas,or social divisions of Aryan Society. Name two of them	Vaisyas and Sudras	5
2071363073	What was the term for people who didn't belong to any caste, usually resulting in their holding the most unpleasant jobs, if any	Untouchables	6
2071363074	The collection of the sacred hymns, poems, and texts of the Aryan religion were called what	Vedas	7
2071363075	What carried the offerings up to the gods	Smoke from fire	8
2071363076	Who are three major gods of hinuism	Indra, Siva, Vishnu	9
2071363077	What is the term for the process of rebirth	Reincarnation	10
2071363078	What beliefs are based on the teachings of Mahavira	Janism	11
2071363079	What are the four basics principles emphasized in Mahaviras teachings	Nonviolence, tell the truth, do not steal, own no property	12
2071363080	What belief is based on the teachings of Guru Nanak	Sikhism	13
2071363081	From Sanskrit, guru means what	Teacher	14
2071363082	The term Buddha means what	The enlightened one	15
2071363083	What was the given name of the who came to be known as, the buddha	Siddartha Guatama	16
2071363084	The buddha realized that human suffering comes from three things. Name one of them.	Wanting what we like but don not have	17
2071363085	There are four guiding principles at the heart of Buddhism. What are these four principles.	Suffering and happiness Suffering comes from our desires People can overcome desire and ignorance by the eight fold path people can over come desire and ignorance and reach nirvana	18
2071363086	Name one of the beliefs of buddhism that is contradictory to the beliefs of hinduism	Animal sacrifice	19
2071363087	In Buddhism there is the eightfold path. Name two of them	Right thought and right intent	20
2078911985	What is name for a temple with a domed roof	Stupa	21
2078911986	What was the main language of the ancient aryans	Sanscrit	22
2078911987	Two great works of Indian literature were religious epics and are still popular today. Name two	Mahabharata (ramayana)	23
2078911988	What was the name of a book of stories, written to teach lessons	Panchatanta	24
2078911989	What is the scientific term for working with metals	Metallurgy	25
2078911990	What is the scientific term for a mixture of two or more metals	Alloy	26
2078911991	What is the term for injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him build up his immune system	Inoculation	27
2079113362	In the 320's BC, who seized control of the entire northern part of India and began the Mauryan Empire	Candragupta Maurya	28
2079113363	Around 270 BC, who expanded the Mauryan rule over most of India, making the empire both stronger and richer	Asoka	29
2079113364	To what religion did Asoka convert both himself and much of his empire	Buddhism	30
2079113365	Which dynasty controlled India beginning about 320 AD	Gupta	31
2079113366	What religion did the Gupta support and make Indias major religion, even though they allowed other religions to exist	Hinduism	32
2079113367	What group of people led armies into India in the late 400's AD, dividing India into smaller kingdoms more	The huns	33
2079113368	China is about the same size as what country	USA	34
2079113369	What desert separates China from its neighbors to the north	Gobi	35
2079113370	The two great rivers of China that flow west to east are these	Huang He and Chang Jiang	36
2079113371	What areas have provided much information about early Chinese culture	Burial sites	37
2079113372	Yu the great is said to have founded what dynasty	Xia	38
2079113373	What is the name of the first Chinese dynasty for which we have clear evidence, dating from about 1500 BC	Shang	39
2079113374	Priests used carved bones that they heated and read when they cracked. The bones were called oracle bones because an oracle is a what	A prediction	40
2079113375	What is the mandate of heaven	Heaven gives permission to a king or leader. no one rules without heavens permission	41
2079113376	What caused the the Zhou dynasty to fall in to a state of disorder	The breakdown of family structure	42
2079113377	What is the name for the book that was a collection of the ideas of Confucius	The analects	43
2079113378	What is the the Dao	The guiding force of all reality	44
2079113379	Who was the most famous Daoist teacher	Laozi	45
2079113380	What was the belief that people were bad by nature, and needed to be controlled by strict laws and punishments	Legalism	46
2079113381	What name did the Qin King Ying Zheng give to himself, and what did this name mean	Shi huang di	47
2079382945	What political belief system did Qins follow	Legalism	48
2079382946	What is true about wins readings	They had all writing against their beliefs burned	49
2079382947	Name one policy that the qin promoted or standardized that helped people within china to the same thing	Language	50
2079382948	What barrier did the qin build and expand upon earlier work to prevent invasions from the north	Great wall	51
2079382949	When the first qin emperor died, what unusual things was he buried with	Terra cotta warriors	52
2079382950	What is the name of the most famous trade route from china to the mediterranean sea	Silkroad	53
2079382951	What is the term for the spread of ideas goods and technology from one culture to another	Diffusion	54
2087598421	What occupation did Liu Bang have before he became the first emperor of the Han dynasty	Peasant	55
2087598422	When Emperor Wudi took control, what became Chinas official government philosophy	Confucianism	56
2087598423	there were four social classes under Wudi. two were artisans and merchants what were the other two	Emperor and peasant	57
2087598424	Why were merchants relegated to the lowest class	Didn't produce anything	58
2087598425	What was the name for the poets who combined prose and poetry to create ling works of literature	Fu	59
2087598426	What was the name for the poets who wrote short lines of verse that could be sung	Shi	60
2087598427	What was an early type of clock developed by the han	Sundial	61
2087598428	What aspect of medicine did the han improve	Acupuncture	62
2087598429	What item that we use every day did the Han invent	Paper	63

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Private Equity - Fundamentals Flashcards

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3179843938	What are angel funds?	Provides financing to companies in earliest stages of development	0
3179850078	Mezzanine funds	Provides funding to more established firms	1
3179851316	Funds of funds structure	Fund invests in other private equity funds	2
3179853108	Private equity structure - principal	partners of the GP of fund & the management company GP makes the investment decisions for the fund entitled to a distributive share but generally doesn't pay fees	3
3179861830	GP - allocation	Generally receives a preferential profit allocation from the LPs "Carry Allocation" Management company receives a fee but generally not a partner	4
3179867646	Potentail reason for the development or creation of AIV or alternative investment fund	special purpose partnership - make investments separate from the primary fund - investments in an operating partnership	5
3179870508	What are parallel funds	Serves to meet special tax objectives of the tax exempt or foreign investors Vehicle for the aforementioned investors make their investment (Cayman islands) Invest in the primary fund or co-invest directly in the portfolio company with the primary fund	6
3179879352	Reasons for the use of blocker corporations	Often used to minimize the unrelated business income and effectively connected income -Usually required in the partnership agreement -Placed between the foreign tax exempt investor and the Fund -Foreign investor doesn't realize ECI or state source income and will avoid federal & state tax filing requirements No UBTI for the tax-exempt investors	7
3179891201	Basic private equity structure	Principals \ GP Entity - Management company \ Fund Limited partners - directly into the fund	8
3179895353	Typical features of the general partner in a basic private equity structure	Usually a US or flow through entity in which the participants include - Principals - Can be an investment bank or other financial institution (provide services as employees)	9
3179900589	Features of the management company	a US or flow through entity Participants - Active in the managing the fund (principals) - Investment banks	10
3179903098	LPs	passive participants - furnish most of the investment capital - US tax-exempts (Portfolio income is generally tax-exempt for dividends, interest, capital gain - special rules for debt financed income or gain) ERISA considerations - Venture capital operating company qualification - taxable us investors - foreign institutional investors	11
3179920832	Venture capital operating company qualification	two primary requirements (1) >= 50% of the entity's assets (valued at cost) must be invested in venture capital investments (2) Obtain and exercise management rights in connection with one or more of its operating company investments Exception for the initial investment "	12
3179927953	VOCC - exception for the initial investment	"that the funds received as initial capital contribution from employee benefit plans by such entity for investment in short-term investments would constitute plan assets during the period preceding the entity's first long-term investment unless the entity qualifies for one of the other exceptions contained in the plan asset regulation" -DOL	13
3179930274	Regulation definition of venture capital investment	an investment in an operating company but not another venture capital operating company -Has or obtains management rights	14
3179931636	When does a company have management rights?	Direct contractual rights to "substantially participate in or influence the conduct of the management of the operating company " -No other investor can qualify as having management right thus disqualified as a venture capital investment	15
3179936717	Requirements for real estate operating company	(1) Entity must have at least 50% of its assets invested in real estate which is managed or developed & with respect to which such entity has the right to substantially participate directly in the management or the development activities (2) Directly engaged in real estate management or development activities *Short term investments pending long term commitment are disregarded -	16
3179945161	Reg 2510.3-101(d)(2)	Qualifications for real estate operating company 50% rule Short term investments pending long term commitment are disregarded - Initial capital contributions don't need to be invested immediately Annual valuation date & 90-day grace period	17
3179952511	General rule for significant plan investments - Equity participation by benefit plan investors	As long as they meet the criteria for significant investments in an entity, the underlying assets of the entity are deemed to be plan assets Definition (Significant): - participation is significant if immediately after the acquisition any equity interest - 25% or more of the value of any class equity interests	18
3179957694	Benefit Plan Investors - Significant investment test Calculation	disregard any interests held by a person who has discretionary authority or control over the assets of the entity (such as the GP of the partnership) OR Renders investment advice for a fee with respect to such assets ONLY USE THE CONTROLLING PERSONS (disregard GP or principals )	19
3179965710	Definition of benefit plan investor	an employee benefit plan subject to the fiduciary rules ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act)	20
3179971189	Potential phantom income	Section 305 taxable stock distributions 702(a) partnership allocations Section 951 subpart F income section 956 investment in US property section 1291 excess distributions section 1293 qualified election fund inclusions	21
3179981131	General rules for non-US investors in the fund	Gains generally not subject to FIRPTA	22
3179990295	Impact of effectively connected income - Non -US investors	subject to net basis taxation	23
3179992137	Tests for determining effectively connected income	(1) Level of engagement in the business or trade (2) Source and character of the income (3) Effectively connected to a US trade or business ECI - can be either US or foreign base income (source of the income depends on the character of the income)	24
3179999737	Categories of US source income - ECI	(1) fixed or determinable income or periodical FDAP income, 871(a) & 881(a) or gain from sale of a capital asset (2) All Us source income not in category (1) 864(c)(2) -Trading in stock, securities, or commodities through an independent agent is not considered an active trade or business within the US as long as the investor doesn't have an office or other fixed place of the business in the United States that directs or effects the transactions (trading safe harbor) - NO CONCERN FOR THE VOLUME OF TRADING	25
3180016713	Exception for 864(b)	The nonresident alien will not be considered to be engaged in a trade or business if the personal services are performed for a foreign employer by a nonresident alien individual who is not present in the US for more than a total of 90 days Day = calendar day in which any portion of the day for which the nonresident alien is physically present in the United States	26
3180025965	Non-US investors in the private equity fund - periodical income & dividends	subject to gross basis withholding Exclusion for most interest treaty eligbility	27
3180027025	Section 892	Sovereign investors -Generally sovereign wealth funds (State owned investment fund investing globally in real and financial assets) -Generally not taxable on various types of passive income unless: (1) Commercial activity income (2) Controlled commercial entity	28
3180030908	Private Equity Fund - Capital contributions	Made when called by the GP 3-5 yr commitment period for investments and expenses -Made pro rata by all partners in proportion to their capital commitments	29
3180033704	Private Equity Fund - Distributions	Typically distributed 80% to all partners based on their respective capital contributions & 20% carried interest to the GP -Preferred return on their capital (8%) - LPs entitled to a preferred yield -GP receives a catch up distributions (20% of the cumulative Fund profits)	30
3180037671	Priority of carry in waterfall distribution	Carry paid on investment by investment basis Full payout of all capital invested before carry paid Clawback - obligation by the GP to remit excess distributions to fund or its investors -may be net of taxes - preserves economic arrangement	31
3180041975	Carried interest	A profits interests entitling the GP to a percentage of aggregate net gains from investments -Carry generally on realized investments - Needs to be properly structure to avoid current taxation - 83(b) elections	32
3180045444	Special tax characteristics of carried interest	Preferential capital gains rates not subject to SE tax GP may be allocated income and this tax due before entitled to any cash	33
3180048070	Tax Distribution Provision Assumptions - Private Equity Fund	Each investor bears the marginal tax rate equal to the highest rate borne by a member of the GP Each investor resides in a jurisdiction of investor or member of GP that bears the highest tax rate (i.e., NY or CA) Each investor earns no external income	34
3180048802	Tax consequences of the management fees	(MANAGMENT COMPANY) - Ordinary income (FUND) management fee is treated as an investment expense - deduction subject to 2% limitation LPs - will not receive tax benefit from the management fee because of the portfolio deduction subject to 2%	35
3180052934	What is the management fee offset	A percentage of other fees received by the fund manager from third party - offset future management fees - Prevents UBTI or ECI (structure a reduction) - Can be re-casted by the IRS	36
3180061148	What is management fee waiver?	GP waives all or a portion of the management fee -Fund makes a new investment and capital call (LPs agree to contribute capital to Fund) GP is allocated income from the investment as if the GP made the deemed contribution (GP priority allocation of gain when that investment is sold) - results in potential deduction to the LPs Management fee turns into profit interest	37

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EVOLUTION Flashcards

SCIENCE VOCUBULARY WORDS

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1046308607	biological evolution	change over time in populations of related organisms	0
1046308608	cast	fossil copy ina organism in a rock	1
1046308609	extinction	when all individuals of a species have died	2
1046308610	fossil record	set of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth	3
1046308611	geologic time scale	chart that divides Earth's history into different time units	4
1046308612	isotopes	atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	5
1046308613	mold	impression of an organism in a rock	6
1046308614	tissue	similar cells that work together and perform a function	7
1046308615	trace fossil	preserved evidence of the activity of an organism	8

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GENETIC ENGINEERING VOCABULARY Flashcards

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2243784707	selective breeding	method that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to reproduce the next generation	0
2243839489	hybridization	Crossing different individuals to bring together the best of both organisms	1
2243850859	inbreeding	Continued mating of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a kind of organism	2
2243854493	mutations	Changes in DNA structure	3
2243917001	genetic engineering	A technology that includes the process of manipulating the DNA of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.	4
2243917743	Restriction enzyme	Cut DNA into shorter fragments in a predictable and controllable manner. Each recognizes a specific 4 to 6 base-pair nucleotide sequence	5
2243917744	gel electrophoresis	Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end and applying an electrical voltage	6
2243919893	recombinant DNA	DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources (or species)	7
2243919894	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	A method of producing copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase	8
2243921670	plasmid	A circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome	9
2243923565	transgenic	An organism that contains DNA from another species.	10
2243927859	clone	An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced.	11
2249594550	DNA fingerprinting	analysis of fragments of DNA as a form of identification	12
2249603139	Human Genome Project	A research project that has linked over 20 scientific laboratories in six countries in an effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells.	13
2249630905	gene therapy	The insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders	14
2251654779	selective breeding		15
2251656661	hybridization		16
2251658374	genetic engineering		17
2251664993	Restriction enzyme		18
2251669397	gel electrophoresis		19
2251671968	recombinant DNA		20
2251676820	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)		21
2251679021	plasmid		22
2251681258	transgenic		23
2251686412	clone		24
2251696120	DNA fingerprinting		25
2251701686	Human Genome Project		26

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Simple Harmonic Motion Flashcards

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4190423833	Frequency	0
4190423834	Angular Frequency	1
4190423835	Hooke's Law	2
4190423836	Position	3
4190423837	Velocity	4
4190423838	Acceleration	5
4190423839	Hooke's Acceleration	6
4190423840	Potential Energy Spring	7
4190423841	Kinetic Energy	8
4190423842	Pendulum Tangential Acceleration	9
4190423843	Pendulum Position	10
4190423844	Pendulum Angular Frequency	11
4190423845	Physical Pendulum Acceleration	12
4190423846	Physical Pend. Angular Frequency	13
4190485269	Max Velocity	14
4190485270	Max Acceleration	15

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Year 9 Geography Development Flashcards

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3327224214	Development	Making somebody's life better	0
3327225519	Education	school	1
3327225758	Justice	What is right and wrong	2
3327226501	Poverty	To have no money, food, home etc.	3
3327227085	Freedom	To do what you want	4
3327780553	Adult literacy rate	How many adults( big people) can read	5
3327787362	Agricultural Economy	Living and making money through farming	6
3327788922	Aid	Help	7
3327791261	Bilharzia	a disease ( sickness) from tiny worms in river water	8
3327795346	Cholera	a disease ( sickness) from dirty drinking water	9
3327819240	Colony / Colonise	one country is ruled by another	10
3327822299	Commodity Exchange	a place where products are bought and sold	11
3327831133	Debt	to owe (money) to someone	12
3327833794	Deforestation	when forests are cut down	13
3327836829	Desertification	Trees cut down- soil dries out- useless sand is formed	14
3327847678	Development compass rose	questions made from compass ( circle : North, South, West, East) to help you ask questions about other people	15
3327858036	Development indicators	information to show how well/ badly a country is doing	16
3327864913	Economic activity	work you are paid for	17
3327868521	Economic indicators of development	information to show how rich/ poor a country is	18
3327873065	Employment	work/jobs	19
3327873969	Employment structure	shows you the % of people in different kinds of jobs	20
3327881582	Exploit	e.g. to make someone work for you for little money	21
3327886337	Fair Trade	When people making and selling things get right money for them	22
3327892864	Free Trade	When countries can buy and sell as they want	23
3327896627	GDP	Gross Domestic Product : the value( money) of all the things made in a country in one year	24
3327909374	GDP per capita	The GDP divided by the population; tells you how rich the people are	25
3327913046	Globalisation	Ideas and people going all over the world	26
3327918465	GNI	Gross National Income; the amount of money made in a country in one year	27
3327923448	HDI	Human Development Index: shows how developed ( rich) a country is	28
3327931013	Heavily indebted countries	poor countries which must pas a lot of money to other countries	29
3327938030	IMF	International Monetary Fund: a bank made by many governments to lend money to and help poor countries	30
3327945731	Infant	Child	31
3327945753	Mortality	Death / to die	32
3327947564	Infant Mortality	Death of children	33
3327954482	Interdependence	countries need each other	34
3328005068	Interest	I lend you 5 Francs with 100% interest. You must give me back 10 Francs	35
3328012365	Irrigation	a way of bringing water to fields ( canals; very small rivers)	36
3328016893	Leakage	Tourists pay money to other countries	37
3328160581	LEDC	Less economically developed countries = poor countries	38
3328166359	Life Expectancy	How long you think a person will live	39
3328170048	Local actions	Things done near your home	40
3328174522	Global Effects	Things which change the world	41

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Theories - Strategies for Theory Construction Flashcards

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203243720	3 Basic Elements of Theories	1. Concepts 2. Statements 3. Theories	0
203243721	Concept	The basic building block of a theory	1
203243722	Statement	The result of expressing a relationship between two or more concepts	2
203243723	Relational Statements	Declares a relationship between two or more concepts	3
203243724	Positive Association	As one concept occurs or changes, the other concept changes in same direction (i.e. sweating & anxiety)	4
203243725	Negative Association	As a concept changes, the other concept changes in opposite direction (anxiety & ability to concentrate)	5
203243726	Non-relational Statement	May be either: 1. Existence Statement 2. Definition	6
203243727	Different phases in theory development	-Description -Explanation -Prediction -Prescription	7
203243728	Approaches to Theory Building	1. Derivation\ 2. Synthesis 3. Analysis	8
203243729	Derivation	-Use of analogy to transpose concept/statement/theory from one field to another -Relies on relation between one defined field and one undefined needing explanation	9
203243730	Synthesis	Information based on observation used to construct a new concept, statement, or theory	10
203243731	Analysis	Dissect a concept, statement, or theory into its component parts so they can be better understood	11
203243732	Where Concept Derivation is Useful	-Field where no concept has taken place -Field where existing concepts in need of new perspective	12
203243733	4 Basis Steps in Concept Derivation	1. Become familiar with existing literature in topic of interest 2. Examine other fields for new ways of viewing said topic 3. Choose parent concept (s) from another field 4. Redefine concept from parent field into the topic of interest	13
203243734	Limitations to Concept Derivation	1 - Concepts alone are limited in use; can't provide explanations, predictions, or control of phenomena 2- A concept derived from another field may not be equally useful in field of interest	14
203243735	Basis of Statement Derivation	-Identifying an analogy or likeness between phenomena in 2 different fields - May be either substantive or formal	15
203243736	Substantive Analogy	Likeness rests in the content or concepts between 2 fields	16
203243737	Formal Analogy	Likeness rests in logical structure by how concepts are linked	17
203243738	Purpose of Statement Derivation	To formulate one or more statements about a phenomena that is not well understood	18
203243739	Procedure for Statement Derivation	1. Become familiar with existing literature on topic of interest 2. Search other fields for new ways of viewing said topic 3. Select parent field, and identify structural/content features of parent statement to be used 4. Develop new statement about topic of interest using structure of parent statement 5. Redefine any new concepts/terms in derived statement to fit topic of interest	19
203243740	Basis for Theory Derivation	Using analogy to obtain explanations/predictions about a phenomena in one field, from the explanations/predictions in another field	20
203243741	Procedures for Theory Derivation	1. Be aware of level of theory development in field of interest (If no current theories suitable, then continue with derivation) 2. Read widely in related and unrelated fields 3. Choose parent theory (should be new and insightful view) 3. Identify what content/structure is to be used from parent 4. Develop/redefine any new from parent theory in terms of topic of interest	21

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Reading 1: Reading ESL as a Second Language Fall 2015 Flashcards

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2812190840	adrift	floating out of control	0
2823370421	converted	modified; altered; transformed	1
2823385165	dwellings	homes/residence	2
2823386390	fieldwork	research	3
2823387596	p0ignant	nostalgic; touching; emotional	4
2823388214	dismantle	take apart	5
2823389812	estates	mansions; properties	6
2823390839	intact	unchanged; whole; unbroken	7
2823392645	forays	attacks; trips	8
2823436911	grief	mental suffering; anguish; profound sadness	9
2823437547	mark	sign; symbol	10
2823450069	ferocity	intensity	11
2823450946	grime	dirt	12
2823452399	shelter	protection from the elements	13
2823462471	patch	small pieces	14
2823572545	predictability	expected	15
2823575696	rummage	search	16
2823578525	passing through	moving through	17
2823580847	lesson	diminish	18
2823585131	legacy	gift; heritage	19
2823593080	pertaining to	having precise or logical relevance to the matter at hand	20
2823643484	disenfranchised	stripped of power	21
2823648846	entitled	legal rights to something	22
2823652664	institutionalized	to incorporate into a structured and often highly formalized system	23
2823661246	marginalized	relegate to a lower or outer edge, as of specific groups of people	24
2823666078	remedies	cures	25
2823670192	grudgingly	unwillingly	26
2823671660	shift	change	27
2823674915	prosperity	wealth	28
2823678286	policy	a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group	29

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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

Vocab on abnormal behaviors, anxiety disorders, dissociative and somatoform disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders

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13767639	Hallucinations	perceptions experienced in the absence of external stimuli	0
13767640	Delusions	fixed but patently false beliefs, such as believing that one is being hounded by demons	1
13767641	Culture-bound syndromes	psychological disorders found in only one or a few cultures	2
13767642	Dhat syndrome	culture-bound syndrome found in India in which men develop intense fears about losing semen	3
13767643	Medical model	framework for understanding abnormal behavior patterns as symptoms of underlying physical disorders or diseases	4
13767644	Biopsychosocial model	integrative model for explaining abnormal behavior patterns in terms of the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors	5
13767645	Diathesis-stress model	type of biopsychosocial model that relates the development of disorders to the combination of a diathesis, or predisposition, usually genetic in origin, and exposure to stressful events or life circumstances	6
13767646	Diathesis	vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder	7
13767647	Psychological disorders	abnormal behavior patterns characterized by disturbances in behavior, thinking, perceptions, or emotions that are associated with significant personal distress or impaired functioning	8
13767648	Anxiety disorders	class of psychological disorders characterized by excessive or inappropriate anxiety reactions	9
13767649	Phobias	excessive fears of particular objects or situations	10
14218415	Social phobis	type of anxiety disorder involving excessive fear of social situations	11
14218416	Specific phobia	phobic reactions involving specific situations or objects	12
14218417	Acrophobia	excessive fear of heights	13
14218418	Claustrophobia	excessive fear of enclosed spaces	14
14218419	Agoraphobia	excessive, irrational fear of being in public spaces	15
14218420	Panic disorder	type of anxiety disorder involving repeated episodes of sheer terror called panic attacks	16
14218421	Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)	type of anxiety disorder involving persistent and generalized anxiety and worry	17
14218422	Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	type of anxiety disorder involving the repeated occurrence of obsessions and/or compulsions	18
14218423	Anxiety sensitivity	fear of fear, involving excessive concern that anxiety symptoms will spin out of control	19
14218424	Dissociative disorders	class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity	20
14218425	Somatoform disorders	class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments or complaints that cannot be explained by organic causes	21
14218426	Dissociative identity disorder (DID)	type of dissociative disorder characterized by the appearance of multiple personalities in the same individual	22
14218427	Conversion disorder	type of somatoform disorder characterized by change or loss of a physical function that cannot be explained by medical causes	23
14218428	Hypochondriasis	somatoform disorder in which there is excessive concern that one's physical complaints are signs of underlying serious illness	24
14218429	Secondary gain	reward value of having a psychological or physical symptom, such as release from ordinary responsibilities	25
14218430	Mood disorders	class of psychological disorders involving disturbances in mood states, such as major depression and bipolar disorder	26
14218431	Major depressive disorder	most common type of depressive disorder, characterized by periods of downcast mood, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in pleasurable activities	27
14218432	Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	type of major depression that involves a recurring pattern of winter depressions followed by elevations of mood in the spring and summer	28
14218433	Dysthymic disorder	type of psychological disorder characterized by mild but chronic depression	29
14218434	Bipolar disorder	type of mood disorder characterized by mood swings from extreme elation to severe depression	30
14218435	Manic episodes	periods of mania, or unusually elevated mood and extreme restlessness	31
14218436	Cyclothymic disorder	mood disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of relatively mild mood swings	32
14218437	Learned helplessness model	View that depression results from the perception of a lack of control over the reinforcements in one's life that may result from exposure to uncontrollable negative events	33
14218438	Attributional style	person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life	34
14218439	Depressive attributional style	characteristic way of explaining negative events in terms of internal, stable, and global causes	35
14218440	Disinhibition effect	removal of normal restraints or inhibitions that serve to keep impulsive behavior in check	36
14218441	Schizophrenia	severe and chronic psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior	37
14218442	Psychotic disorder	psychological disorder characterized by a 'break' with reality	38
14218443	Thought disorder	breakdown in the logical structure of thought and speech, revealed in the form of a loosening of associations	39
14218444	Positive symptoms	symptoms of schizophrenia involving behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions	40
14218445	Negative symptoms	behavioral deficits associated with schizophrenia, such as withdrawl and apathy	41
14218446	Disorganized type	subtype of schizophrenia characterized by confused behavior and disorganized delusions, among other features	42
14218447	Catatonic type	subtype of schizophrenia characterized by bizarre movements, postures, or grimaces	43
14218448	Waxy flexibility	feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others	44
14218449	Paranoid type	most common subtype of schizophrenia, characterized by the appearance of delusional thinking accompanied by frequent auditory hallucinations	45
14218450	Personality disorders	class of psychological disorders characterized by rigid personality traits that impair people's ability to adjust to the demands they face in the environment and that interfere with their relationships with others	46
14218451	Narcissistic personality disorder	type of personality disorder characterized by a grandiose sense of self	47
14218452	Paranoid personality disorder	type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others	48
14218453	Schizoid personality disorder	type of personality disorder characterized by social aloofness and limited range of emotional expression	49
14218454	Borderline personality disorder	type of personality disorder characterized by unstable emotions and self-image	50
14218455	Antisocial personality disorder (APD)	type of personality disorder characterized by callous attitudes toward others and by antisocial and irresponsible behavior	51
14218456	All-or-nothing thinking	viewing events in black or white terms, as either all good or all bad	52
14218457	All-or-nothing thinking example	Do you view an ended relationship as a total failure?	53
14218458	Misplaced blame	tedency to blame or criticize yourself for disappointments or setbacks while ignoring external circumstances	54
14218459	Misplaced blame example	Do you automatically assume when things don't go as planned it's your fault?	55
14218460	Misfortune telling	tendency to think that one disappointment will inevitably lead to another	56
14218461	Misfortune telling example	If you get a rejection letter from a job you applied for, do you assume that all the other applications you sent will meet a similar fate?	57
14218462	Negative focusing	focusng your attention only on the negative aspects of your experiences	58
14218463	Negative focusing example	When you get a job evaluation, do you overlook the praise and focus only on the criticism?	59
14218464	Dismissing the positives	snatchign defeat from the jaws of victory by trivializing or denying your accomplishments; minimizing your strengths or assets	60
14218465	Dismissing the positives example	When someone compliments you, do you find some way of dismissing it by saying something like 'It's no big deal' or 'Anyone could have done it'?	61
14218466	Jumping to conclusions	drawing a conclusion that isn't supported by the facts at hand	62
14218467	Jumping to conclusions example	Do you usually or always expect the worst to happen?	63
14218468	Catastrophizing	exaggerating the importance of negative events or personal flaws (making mountains of molehills)	64
14218469	Catastrophizing example	Do you react to a disappointing grade on a particular examination as though your whole life is ruined?	65
14218470	Emotion-based reasoning	reasoning based on your emotions rather than on a clear-headed evaluation of the available evidence	66
14218471	Emotion-based reasoning example	Do you think that things are really hopeless because it feels that way?	67
14218472	Shouldisms	placing unrealistic demands on yourself that you should or must accomplish certain tasks or reach certain goals	68
14218473	Shouldisms example	Do you feel you should be further along in life than you are?	69
14218474	Name calling	attaching negative labels to yourself or others as a way of explaining your own or others' behavior	70
14218475	Name calling example	Do you label yourself as lazy or stupid when you fall short of reaching your goals?	71
14218476	Mistaken responsibility	assuming that you're the cause of other people's problems	72
14218477	Mistaken responsibility example	Do you automatically assume that your partner is depressed or upset because of something you said or did?	73
14218478	Myth: people who threaten suicide are only seeking attention	Not so. Researchers report most people who commit suicide gave prior indications of their intentions or consulted a health provider beforehand	74
14218479	Myth: a person must be insane to attempt suicide	most people may feel hopeless or out of touch with reality, but they're not 'insane'	75
14218480	Myth: talking about suicide with a depressed person may prompt the person to attempt it	An open suicide discussion with a depressed person doesn't prompt the person to attempt it. In fact, extracting a promise that the person won't attempt suicide before calling or visiting a mental health worker may prevent suicide	76
14218481	Myth: people who attempt suicide and fail aren't serious about killing themselves	most people who commit suicide have made previous unsuccessful attempts	77
14218482	Myth: if someone threatens suicide, it's best to ignore it so as not to encourage repeated threats	though some people do manipulate others by making idle threats, it is prudent to treat every suicidal threat as genuine and to take appropriate action	78
14218483	Axis 1 - clinical disorders/other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention	mental disorders that impair functioning/problems that may warrant attenion but don't represent diagnosable mental disorders	79
14218484	Axis 2 - personality disorders/mental retardation	class of mental disorders characterized by ways of relating to others and adjusting to external demands/generalized delay or impairment in intellectual development	80
14218485	Axis 3 - general medical conditions	illnesses and other medical conditions that may be important to the understanding or treatment of the person's psychological disorder	81
14218486	Axis 4 - psychosocial and environmental problems	problems in the person's social or physical environment that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of mental disorders	82
14218487	Axis 5 - global assessment of functioning	overall judgement of the person's level of functioning in meeting the responsibilities of daily life	83
14218488	Medical model	biological underpinnings of abnormal behavior	84
14218489	Psychodynamic model	unconscious conflicts and motives underlying abnormal behavior	85
14218490	Behavioral model	learning experiences that shape the development of abnormal behavior	86
14218491	Humanistic model	roadblocks that hinder self-awareness and self-acceptance	87
14218492	Cognitive model	faulty thinking underlying abnormal behavior	88
14218493	Sociocultural model	social ills contributing to the development of abnormal behavior, such as poverty, racism, and prolonged unemployment; relationships between abnormal behavior and ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic level	89
14218494	Biopsychosocial model	interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in the development of abnormal behavior	90

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Bio Ch 19 Viruses Flashcards

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3413496231	Enveloped Virus	generally escape from the host cell by budding. Because of this, the viral envelope is often derived from the host cell's plasma membrane -phospholipid membrane outside the capsid	0
3413496232	Nonenveloped Virus	typically exit the host cell by bursting through the plasma membrane -lack phospholipid membrane	1
3413498261	HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that contains two copies of single-stranded RNA genome and two copies of reverse transcriptase. The HIV viral envelope facilitates binding to a white blood cell. After HIV enters the cell, the reverse transcriptase synthesizes viral DNA from viral RNA.	2
3413582580	Provirus	Viral DNA that has become part of the host's genome	3
3413610361	Vaccines	-most effective in treating infections -Function: stimulate the immune system to defend against the potential pathogen	4
3417162810	Who is susceptible to viral infections?	Anything that is capable of replicating itself aka EVERYTHING	5
3417175294	First virus ever discovered	tobacco mosaic virus -late 1800s - 1935 Stanley confirmed virus thru crystallization	6
3417180312	bacterophage	infect bacteria	7
3417188978	How are viruses classified?	capsid shape, envelope presence, nuceic acid (either RNA or DNA, double or single stranded), how they reproduce	8
3417356814	Capsid vs envelope	All viruses have capsid Not all have envelope envelope- outer most layer of protein	9
3417362436	Capsid	protective shell made of proteins (capsomeres) *determines shape of virus 3 types: helical > rod-shaped isosahedral > complex (doesn't fit other categories)	10
3417390459	Envelope	-not all viruses have this -composed of lipid (from prior host) and proteins	11
3435001212	What defines the virus in terms of the genome	only has genes that help invade and regulate metabolic activity of the host cells note: viruses can't generate their own energy	12
3435073831	Why do single stranded RNA viruses mutate easily?	There is nothing to check their replication so if theere is a mistake there is no way to check it	13
3435083149	Virus Replication Cycle	Absorption, Penetration, Uncoating (releases genome into cell), Synthesis , Assembly, Release	14
3435113621	Animal Replication Cycle	Absorption, Synthesis 1, Synthesis 2, Assembly &Release	15
3435125751	The host range of a virus is determined by:	the proteins on its surface and that of the host	16
3435151606	Animal Cell Retrovirus replication cycle		17
3435153039	Bacteriophages	Bacterial viruses	18
3435170079	Lytic Cycle (Virulent phage)	-DNA replicated and bacterium killed -single bacterial cell produces hundreds of viruses -	19
3435175014	Lysogenic Cycle (Prophage)	-Viral DNA inserted into host DNA -bacterium survives and viral DNA copied when bacterium divides -stress can change the cell into the lytic cycle	20
3435214421	What is the term of a bacteriophage that has become integrated into the host cell chromosome?	Prophage	21
3435224409	What is the biggest difference between enveloped and naked virus in the stages of replication in animals?	Release	22
3435244210	What stage of animal viral replication cycle differs the most between DNA and RNA viruses?	Synthesis	23
3435251802	Important Viral Diseases in Humans	AIDS/HIV, chickepox, influenza, meales, Hepatitis, Herpes, Mumps, Pneumonis, Rabies, Yellow Fever, Polio, Ebola, Small pox -when viruses infect the host cell their capsules may be poisonous to host	24
3435265615	What happened in 1918?	Pandemic influenza virus -deadliest in human history -40 million died worldwide -variablity and mutations make it difficult to treat -Hemagglutinin -Neuraminidase	25
3435296829	Emerging Virus	high rate of mutation previously nonpathogenic virus becomes bad HIV in 1980s West Nile 1999	26
3435314546	AIDS/HIV	-spread by fluids & intimate contact -targets immune system cells	27
3435332484	Prions	-protein particle with no nucleic acid or capsid - can be in body for a long time (long latency period)	28
3443748153	Virus Living or nonliving?	-infectious particle consisting of genes and protein coat -nonliving because cannot reproduce (more like "borrowed life")	29
3553942889	Viral envelopes	-derived from membrane of host cell	30
3553952187	host range of a virus	-limited number of host cells that a particular virus can infect	31
3553983592	virulent phage	phage that replicates only by lytic cycle	32
3553988845	restriction enzymes	-activity restricts phage from replicating within bacterium -marks the cell as foreign and cuts it up	33
3554012230	lysogenic cycle	-phage replicates inside the cell without destroying it -viral DNA incorporated into host DNA	34
3554024958	temperate phages	phages that use the lytic and lysogenic cycles for replication	35
3554041307	prophage	viral DNA that is integrated into host bacterium DNA & ejected from host DNA when enter lytic cycle	36
3554091460	retroviruses	-reverse transcriptase -HIV & AIDS	37
3554097039	reverse transcriptase	enzyme that transcribes RNA template into DNA	38
3554117382	HIV	-enveloped virus with single-stranded RNA and reverse transcriptase -viral DNA inserted into host cell	39
3554134036	provirus	-viral DNA integrated into host DNA that never leaves host genome	40
3554476188	epidemic	widespread outbreak	41
3554478006	pandemic	global epidemic	42
3554487492	viroids	-infectious nucleic acid -circular RNA strands that infect plants -do not encode proteins -affect plant growth (sx: stunted growth)	43
3554504333	prions	-infectious proteins with very long incubation period -infect animals -ex: scrapie, mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease	44

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