AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Nitrogen Cylce Flashcards

THE ACRONYM
FIXation Ammonia
Nitrification Nitrite/Nitrate
Assimilation Proteins
Ammonification Ammonium
Dentrification Nitrogen

Terms : Hide Images
1006586527Abiotic FixationN₂ → NO Nitrogen Gas → Nitrogen Monoxide NO₂ → HNO₃ Nitrite → Nitric Acid Lightning and Cosmic Radiation0
1006586528Biotic FixationN₂ → NH₃ Nitrogen Gas → Ammonia Soil Micro-organisms- Rhizobium bacteria and Legumes1
1006586529NitrificationNH₃ → NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻ Ammonia → Nitrite → Nitrate Micro-organisms- Nitrosomas (NO₂⁻) and Nitrobacter (NO₃⁻)2
1006586530AssimilationNitrates to plant roots and then to other plants Plants through root hairs3
1006586531AmmonificationNitrogenous waste and organic matter into inorganic ammonia Decomposing micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi4
1006586532DentrificationNitrates to gaseous nitrogen and lost to atmosphere Facultative anaerobes5
Powered by Quizlet.com

Unit 1 - The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Beginning Study of Chemistry - chemical reactions, bonding, and water

Terms : Hide Images
1625821744isotopeatoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons0
1625821745ionic bondbonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another1
1625821746covalent bondbonds formed when electrons are shared between atoms2
1625821747polara molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed3
1625821748cohesionan attraction between molecules of the same substance4
1625821749adhesionan attraction between molecules of different substances5
1625821750mixturea material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined6
1625821751solutesubstances that are dissolved7
1625821752solutiona mixture of two or more substances in which all of the components are evenly distributed8
1625821753solventthe substance in which the solute dissolves9
1625821754suspensionmixture of water and non-dissolved materials10
1625821755acidany compound that forms H+ ions in solution11
1625821756base (alkaline)compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution12
1625821757pH scaleindicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution13
1625821758buffersweak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH14
1625821759ionsatom that has a positive or negative charge15
1625821760macromoleculeslarge molecules in cells made from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules16
1625821761monomerssmall unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers17
1625821762polymerslarge compound formed from combinations of many smaller monomers18
1625821763carbohydratescompounds made up from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.; used a s main source of energy19
1625821764monosaccharideanother name for simple sugars20
1625821765polysaccharideslarge macromolecules formed from monosaccharide21
1625821766lipidslarge and varied group of biological molecules that is generally not soluble in water. Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and used to store energy.22
1625821767saturatedthe fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms - no double bonds23
1625821768unsaturatedthe fatty acids dont contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms - at least one double bond24
1625821769nucleotidesIndividual monomers that make up nucleic acids. Consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base25
1625821770nucleic acidsMacromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.26
1625821771proteinsMacromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, some are used to form bones and muscles, others transport substances into and out of the cells or help to fight disease27
1625821772amino acidsmonomers of molecules that make proteins28
1625821773enzymesProteins that are biological catalysts that speed up reactions and drive all of life's functions29
1625821774activation energyEnergy needed to get a reaction started30
1625821775catalystSubstance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction31
1625821776substratesThe reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions32
Powered by Quizlet.com

EHS AP Psychology Unit 14 - Social Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
863064215Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.0
863064216Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.1
877015005Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.2
877015006Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.3
877015007Central Route Persuasionattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.4
877015008Peripheral Route Persuasionattitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.5
877015009Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.6
877015010Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.7
877015011Cognitive Dissonance Theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.8
877015012Conformityadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.9
877015013Normative Social Influenceinfluence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.10
877015014Informational Social Influenceinfluence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.11
877015015Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.12
877015016Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.13
877015017Deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.14
877015018Group Polarizationthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.15
877015019Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.16
878990121Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next17
878990122Norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.18
878990123Personal Spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.19
878990124Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.20
878990125Stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.21
878990126Discrimination(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.22
878990127Ingroup"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.23
878990128Outgroup"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.24
878990129Ingroup Biasthe tendency to favor our own group.25
878990130Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.26
878990131Other-Race Effectthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias27
878990132Just-World Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.28
878990133Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.29
878990134Frustration-Aggression Principlethe principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.30
878990135Mere Exposure Effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.31
878990136Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.32
878990137Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.33
878990138Equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.34
878990139Self-Disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.35
878990140Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others.36
878990141Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.37
878990142Social Exchange Theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.38
878990143Reciprocity Norman expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.39
878990144Social-Responsibility Norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.40
878990145Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.41
878990146Social Trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.42
878990147Mirror-Image Perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.43
878990148Self Fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment44
878990149Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.45
878990150Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.46
2805090460Diffusion of Responsibilityreduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others47
2805091894Ethnocentricismevaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture48
2805093629ComplianceConforming to a request or demand49
Powered by Quizlet.com

American Pagent Chapter 30 Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3908578491"peace without victory"Wilson's appeal to all the belligerents in January 1917, just before the Germans resumed submarine warfare.0
3908585471Zimmerman voteMessage that contained a German proposal to Mexico for an anti-American alliance.1
3908592483Fourteen PointsWilson's idealistic statement of America war aims in January 1918 that inspired the Allies and demoralized their enemies.2
3908607083Committee of Public Information (CPI)American government propaganda agency that aroused zeal for Wilson's ideals and whipped up hatred for the kaiser.3
3908617062Industrial Workers of the World (IWWs)Radical antiwar labor union whose members were prosecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Act.4
3908625633War Industries BoardWeak federal agency designed to organize and coordinate U.S. industrial production for the war effort.5
3908638442Nineteenth AmendmentConstitutional provision endorsed by Wilson as a war measure whose ratification achieved a long-sought goal for American women.6
3908651025Liberty LoansTreasury Department bond-selling drives that raised about $21 billion to finance the American war effort.7
3908658610Big FourThe nations that dominated the Paris Peace Conference--namely, Britain, France, Italy, and the United States.8
3908665134League of NationsWilson's proposed international body that constituted the key provision of the Versailles treaty.9
3908674445Treaty of VersaillesControversial peace agreement that compromised many of Wilson's Fourteen Points but retained his League.10
3908693166Foreign Relations CommitteeSenatorial committee whose chairman used delaying tactics and hostile testimony to develop opposition to Wilson's treaty and League of Nations11
3908709002IrreconciablesA hard core of isolationist senators who bitterly opposed any sort of league; also called the "Battalion of Death".12
3908719753Lodge reservationsAmendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson's hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America's sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations.13
3908742322"Solemn Referendum"Wilson's belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations14
3908748546George CreelHead of the American propaganda agency that mobilized public opinion for World War I.15
3908755225Eugene V. DebsSocialist leader who won nearly a million votes as a presidential candidate while in federal prison for antiwar activities.16
3908763357Bernard BaruchHead of the War Industrial Board, which attempted to impose some order on U.S. war production.17
3908771545Herbert HooverHead of the Food Administration who pioneered successful voluntary mobilization methods.18
3908779406John J. PershingCommander of the overseas American Expeditionary Force in World War I.19
3908785535Alice PaulLeader of the pacifist National Women's Party who opposed U.S. involvement in World War I.20
3908792084Meuse-ArgonneClimactic final battle of World War I.21
3908797281Kaiser Wilhelm IIHated leader of America's enemy in World War I.22
3908801985Woodrow WilsonInspirational leader of the Western world in wartime who later stumbled as a peacemaker.23
3908806961Henry Cabot LodgeWilson's great senatorial antagonist who fought to keep America out of the League of Nations.24
3908816203Georges ClemenceauThe "tiger" of France, whose drive for security forced Wilson to compromise at Versailles.25
3908860720William BorahSenatorial leader of the isolationist "irreconcilables" who absolutely opposed all American involvement in Europe.26
3908869334James CoxDefeated Democratic presidential candidate in the election of 1920.27
3908880441Calvin CoolidgeMassachusetts governor and Warren G. Harding's vice presidential running mate in the election of 1920.28
3908890916Warren G. HardingFolksy OHIO senator whose 1920 presidential victory ended the last hopes for the U.S. participation in the League of Nations.29
Powered by Quizlet.com

Level 3 Restraining Order Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
973582283Protective OrderOrden de protección0
973582284proceedingdiligencia1
973582285criminal proceedingdiligencia penal2
973582286penal codecódigo penal3
973582287court orderorden judicial4
973582288restrained personpersona con restricción5
973582289case numbernúmero de causa6
973582290proceeding was heardla diligencia se celebró7
973582291proof of servicecomprobante de entrega8
973582292restraining orderorden de prohibición9
973582293pursuant tode conformidad con10
973582294sectionartículo11
973582295subsectioninciso12
973582296offensedelito13
973582297domestic violenceviolencia en el hogar14
973582298good cause appearingtras un motivo válido15
973582299annoyperturbar16
973582300harassacosar17
973582301stalkasechar18
973582302disturb the peacealterar la paz19
973582303third partyun tercero20
973582304attorney of recordabogado que consta en actas21
973582305relinquishentregar22
973582306carryportar23
973582307deadly weaponarma mortífera24
973582308concealable weaponarma ocultable25
Powered by Quizlet.com

Equilibrium Flashcards

Flashcards for the equilibrium unit.

Terms : Hide Images
1993182243Reversible reactions are those that occur ___. Some reactions can go to ___, which is when you use a one-way arrow. Most do not however, and require a ___.both forward & backwards; completion; two-way arrow0
1993190071Reactions that do not go to completion reach a ___ where reactants continually turn into products and vice-versa. Usually they are expressed in ___.dynamic state; closed systems1
1993195934___ describes the rates of reactions. While the ___ of chemical compounds doesn't become equal, the ___ do.Chemical kinetics; concentrations; rates2
1993200226With chemical kinetics, the reactants' rate of reaction ___ while the products ___. The products' rates begin low, but as more appear, their ___ increase, so the rate increases.decreases until equilibrium; increases until equilibrium; collisions3
1993219758Reactions ___ once equilibrium is reached. The ___ are just equal. ___ of species generally remains ___ after equilibrium, but rarely they are the same to one another.still occur; rates; concentrations; constant4
1993227440Writing Equilibrium Expressions• aA + bB ⇌ dD + eE • K(c) = ([D]^d∙[E]^e)/([A]^a∙[B]^b)5
1993235693The units for concentration in equilibrium expressions is ___. ___ represents concentrations, while ___ represents partial pressures.molar (mol/liter); square brackets; (P)6
1993243268Combustion reactions are always ___.exothermic7
1993245311___ is the generic equilibrium constant. All others are just more specific versions.K(eq)8
1993249403You leave ___ out of equilibrium expressions because the ___ won't change as they have same ___. You leave ___ out of equilibrium expressions because ___ does not affect the overall concentration of the solvent.solids; concentration; density; adding/removing small amounts of solute9
1993259329The ___ of a gas in a system is the pressure exerted by a specific gas. The sum of partial pressures is equal to ___ of the system. ___ will exert equal pressures under the same conditions of volume and temperature. Two moles of gas exerts ___ as much pressure.partial pressure; total pressure; Equal moles of different gases; twice10
1993267616Converting Between K(c) and K(p)• K(p) = K(c)(RT)^Δn • R = Ideal Gas Constant • T= Temperature in Kelvin • Δn = (moles of GASEOUS products)-(moles of GASEOUS reactants)11
1993282794What K(eq) Tell Us• K(eq) > 10 - Mostly products, equilibrium lies far to the right • K(eq) < 0.1 - Mostly reactants, equilibrium lies far to the left • K(eq) ≈ 1 - Equal amounts of each, equilibrium lies to the middle12
1993309926Whenever asked to find values of a system at equilibrium, you must use an ___. When ___, you can ignore subtracting the x-value from the reactants.Initial, Change, Equilibrium (ICE) Chart; K(eq) < 1 x 10^-413
1993323372ICE Chart Checks1) Compare the amount that should be subtracted from the reactants to the amount of reactants, if it is significantly less it will have no significant effect 2) Substitute x into the equilibrium expression (with reactants not subtracted by x), and see if the K(c) value is similar to the original one14
1993413457The ___ is calculated utilizing the same steps as the equilibrium expression, but show's the state of the system at a ___. Systems are at equilibrium when ___. Whether products/reactants are needed to achieve equilibrium will determine if the ___ is favored.reaction quotient (Q); particular time; Q = KQ; forward or reverse reaction15
1993433993Comparing the Reaction Quotient & K(eq)• Q > K(eq) - The reaction will proceed to the left, increasing the concentration of the reactants • Q < K (eq) - The reaction will proceed to the right, increasing the concentration of the products • Q = K(eq) - The system is at equilibrium16
1993448789___ states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a ___, the equilibrium will shift in order to ___ it.Le Châtelier's Principle; stress; reduce17
1993467674___ and ___ do not change K(eq), they just change the concentrations. ___ changes both.Pressure; concentrations; Temperature18
1993463269If a pressure on a system at equilibrium is increased, equilibrium shifts to the side with ___ and ___. If the volume is reduced by a factor of 2, the pressure ___ and the molar concentrations of all species ___.fewer moles of gas; more condensed states; doubles; double19
1993478653When the volume decreases of a system, the ___ between particles increases. This increases the rate of both ___ reactions. The rate of the reaction that brings the system to equilibrium ___ will be quicker.collision rate; forward and reverse; faster20
1993483878If pressure on a system at equilibrium is decreased, equilibrium shifts to the side with ___. If there is the same number of moles of gas on both sides, the ___ will change when the volume changes, but the ___.more moles of gas; pressure; equilibrium will not shift21
1993492595If the concentration of one of the species in an equilibrium system is increased, equilibrium shifts in the direction that ___. If the concentration of one species decreases, equilibrium shifts in the direction that ___.reduces the concentration of that species; increases the concentration of that species22
1993504877If a solvent is added to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts toward the side with ___ to reduce that stress. This increases the ___ and decreases the ___.more particles; volume; concentration23
1993517364If heat is changed, equilibrium shifts to reduce that stress. Adding heat causes an increase in the ___. It causes a decrease in the ___. Extra energy is stored in the ___.rate of an endothermic reaction; rate of an exothermic reaction; bonds of compounds24
1993523990K(eq) changes when heat is added because it ___. Removing heat favors production of compounds that possess ___.affects the concentration of compounds unevenly on one side; less energy in their bonds25
1993609957In the reciprocal rule, ___ stays the same, but the K(eq) value changes. Just take the ___ of a reaction's K(eq) value to find the reverse reaction.equilibrium; reciprocal26
1993617885When two or more reactions are combined, the ___ allows us to ___ the two K(eq) values to find the new one.multiple equilibria rule; multiply27
2028179225ΔG must be ___ for a reaction to proceed in a given direction. ΔG is the ___.less than zero; maximum amount of work that can be done by a system28
2028182460A system is at equilibrium when it is ___. Although forward and reverse reactions continue to take place at equilibrium, net changes in ___ are not possible. ___ is directly related to ΔG.no longer able to do any work (ΔG = 0); concentration; K(eq)29
2028204762When ΔG < 0, the process favors ___ at equilibrium and K(eq) is ___. The reaction will proceed to equilibrium in ___. The reaction is considered "___".products; > 1; either direction; exergonic30
2028221848When ΔG > 0, the process favors ___ at equilibrium and K(eq) is ___. The reaction will proceed to equilibrium in ___. The reaction is considered "___".reactants; < 1; either direction; endergonic31
2028228231A process that is non-thermodynamically favored will produce products if system initially contains only ___. If the products are removed, the equilibrium will shift in order to ___.reactants; produce more products32
2028257626ΔG° indicates ___. This means all species exist as ___, all gases have partial pressures of ___. All aqueous species have ___ concentrations. The temperature of the system is ___.standard state; pure substances; 1 atm; 1 M; 298.15K33
2028276483Different temperatures, but everything the else same as standard state for ΔG is indicated by ___. ___ is the maximum amount of work that can be done by a system as it moves ___. ΔG°T is the same, but at ___.ΔG°T; ΔG°; 100% reactants → 100% products at standard temperatures; non-standard temperatures34
2028289549Relating ΔG° to K(eq) with Equations• ΔG° = -RT∙ln(K(eq)) • K(eq) = e^(-ΔG°/RT) • ΔG° must be in J/mol • T must be in K • K(eq) must be calculated using partial pressures for gases and molar concentrations for aqueous species35
2028331544Estimations of Equilibrium Expressions• RT ≈ 2400 J/mol @ standard states • ΔG° >> 2400 J/mol, then K << 1 • 2400 J/mol > ΔG° > -2400 J/mol, then K≈1 • ΔG°<< -2400 J/mol, then K >> 136
2028376978Estimation of K(eq) Relating to ΔG°ΔG°> 0, K(eq) < 1 = Mostly reactants ΔG° > +20 kJ, K(eq) << 1 = Virtually all reactants ΔG° < 0, K(eq) > 1 = Mostly products ΔG° < -20 kJ, K(eq) >> 1 = Virtually all products37
2028616294To tell if a process is thermodynamically favorable, use the equation: ___. You can tell it is thermodynamically without the equation if: ___.ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°; ΔH° < 0 and ΔS° > 038
2035534772If water is added to a system, it will shift to ___.the side with more moles39
Powered by Quizlet.com

Equilibrium Flashcards

Flashcards for the equilibrium unit.

Terms : Hide Images
1993182243Reversible reactions are those that occur ___. Some reactions can go to ___, which is when you use a one-way arrow. Most do not however, and require a ___.both forward & backwards; completion; two-way arrow0
1993190071Reactions that do not go to completion reach a ___ where reactants continually turn into products and vice-versa. Usually they are expressed in ___.dynamic state; closed systems1
1993195934___ describes the rates of reactions. While the ___ of chemical compounds doesn't become equal, the ___ do.Chemical kinetics; concentrations; rates2
1993200226With chemical kinetics, the reactants' rate of reaction ___ while the products ___. The products' rates begin low, but as more appear, their ___ increase, so the rate increases.decreases until equilibrium; increases until equilibrium; collisions3
1993219758Reactions ___ once equilibrium is reached. The ___ are just equal. ___ of species generally remains ___ after equilibrium, but rarely they are the same to one another.still occur; rates; concentrations; constant4
1993227440Writing Equilibrium Expressions• aA + bB ⇌ dD + eE • K(c) = ([D]^d∙[E]^e)/([A]^a∙[B]^b)5
1993235693The units for concentration in equilibrium expressions is ___. ___ represents concentrations, while ___ represents partial pressures.molar (mol/liter); square brackets; (P)6
1993243268Combustion reactions are always ___.exothermic7
1993245311___ is the generic equilibrium constant. All others are just more specific versions.K(eq)8
1993249403You leave ___ out of equilibrium expressions because the ___ won't change as they have same ___. You leave ___ out of equilibrium expressions because ___ does not affect the overall concentration of the solvent.solids; concentration; density; adding/removing small amounts of solute9
1993259329The ___ of a gas in a system is the pressure exerted by a specific gas. The sum of partial pressures is equal to ___ of the system. ___ will exert equal pressures under the same conditions of volume and temperature. Two moles of gas exerts ___ as much pressure.partial pressure; total pressure; Equal moles of different gases; twice10
1993267616Converting Between K(c) and K(p)• K(p) = K(c)(RT)^Δn • R = Ideal Gas Constant • T= Temperature in Kelvin • Δn = (moles of GASEOUS products)-(moles of GASEOUS reactants)11
1993282794What K(eq) Tell Us• K(eq) > 10 - Mostly products, equilibrium lies far to the right • K(eq) < 0.1 - Mostly reactants, equilibrium lies far to the left • K(eq) ≈ 1 - Equal amounts of each, equilibrium lies to the middle12
1993309926Whenever asked to find values of a system at equilibrium, you must use an ___. When ___, you can ignore subtracting the x-value from the reactants.Initial, Change, Equilibrium (ICE) Chart; K(eq) < 1 x 10^-413
1993323372ICE Chart Checks1) Compare the amount that should be subtracted from the reactants to the amount of reactants, if it is significantly less it will have no significant effect 2) Substitute x into the equilibrium expression (with reactants not subtracted by x), and see if the K(c) value is similar to the original one14
1993413457The ___ is calculated utilizing the same steps as the equilibrium expression, but show's the state of the system at a ___. Systems are at equilibrium when ___. Whether products/reactants are needed to achieve equilibrium will determine if the ___ is favored.reaction quotient (Q); particular time; Q = KQ; forward or reverse reaction15
1993433993Comparing the Reaction Quotient & K(eq)• Q > K(eq) - The reaction will proceed to the left, increasing the concentration of the reactants • Q < K (eq) - The reaction will proceed to the right, increasing the concentration of the products • Q = K(eq) - The system is at equilibrium16
1993448789___ states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a ___, the equilibrium will shift in order to ___ it.Le Châtelier's Principle; stress; reduce17
1993467674___ and ___ do not change K(eq), they just change the concentrations. ___ changes both.Pressure; concentrations; Temperature18
1993463269If a pressure on a system at equilibrium is increased, equilibrium shifts to the side with ___ and ___. If the volume is reduced by a factor of 2, the pressure ___ and the molar concentrations of all species ___.fewer moles of gas; more condensed states; doubles; double19
1993478653When the volume decreases of a system, the ___ between particles increases. This increases the rate of both ___ reactions. The rate of the reaction that brings the system to equilibrium ___ will be quicker.collision rate; forward and reverse; faster20
1993483878If pressure on a system at equilibrium is decreased, equilibrium shifts to the side with ___. If there is the same number of moles of gas on both sides, the ___ will change when the volume changes, but the ___.more moles of gas; pressure; equilibrium will not shift21
1993492595If the concentration of one of the species in an equilibrium system is increased, equilibrium shifts in the direction that ___. If the concentration of one species decreases, equilibrium shifts in the direction that ___.reduces the concentration of that species; increases the concentration of that species22
1993504877If a solvent is added to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts toward the side with ___ to reduce that stress. This increases the ___ and decreases the ___.more particles; volume; concentration23
1993517364If heat is changed, equilibrium shifts to reduce that stress. Adding heat causes an increase in the ___. It causes a decrease in the ___. Extra energy is stored in the ___.rate of an endothermic reaction; rate of an exothermic reaction; bonds of compounds24
1993523990K(eq) changes when heat is added because it ___. Removing heat favors production of compounds that possess ___.affects the concentration of compounds unevenly on one side; less energy in their bonds25
1993609957In the reciprocal rule, ___ stays the same, but the K(eq) value changes. Just take the ___ of a reaction's K(eq) value to find the reverse reaction.equilibrium; reciprocal26
1993617885When two or more reactions are combined, the ___ allows us to ___ the two K(eq) values to find the new one.multiple equilibria rule; multiply27
2028179225ΔG must be ___ for a reaction to proceed in a given direction. ΔG is the ___.less than zero; maximum amount of work that can be done by a system28
2028182460A system is at equilibrium when it is ___. Although forward and reverse reactions continue to take place at equilibrium, net changes in ___ are not possible. ___ is directly related to ΔG.no longer able to do any work (ΔG = 0); concentration; K(eq)29
2028204762When ΔG < 0, the process favors ___ at equilibrium and K(eq) is ___. The reaction will proceed to equilibrium in ___. The reaction is considered "___".products; > 1; either direction; exergonic30
2028221848When ΔG > 0, the process favors ___ at equilibrium and K(eq) is ___. The reaction will proceed to equilibrium in ___. The reaction is considered "___".reactants; < 1; either direction; endergonic31
2028228231A process that is non-thermodynamically favored will produce products if system initially contains only ___. If the products are removed, the equilibrium will shift in order to ___.reactants; produce more products32
2028257626ΔG° indicates ___. This means all species exist as ___, all gases have partial pressures of ___. All aqueous species have ___ concentrations. The temperature of the system is ___.standard state; pure substances; 1 atm; 1 M; 298.15K33
2028276483Different temperatures, but everything the else same as standard state for ΔG is indicated by ___. ___ is the maximum amount of work that can be done by a system as it moves ___. ΔG°T is the same, but at ___.ΔG°T; ΔG°; 100% reactants → 100% products at standard temperatures; non-standard temperatures34
2028289549Relating ΔG° to K(eq) with Equations• ΔG° = -RT∙ln(K(eq)) • K(eq) = e^(-ΔG°/RT) • ΔG° must be in J/mol • T must be in K • K(eq) must be calculated using partial pressures for gases and molar concentrations for aqueous species35
2028331544Estimations of Equilibrium Expressions• RT ≈ 2400 J/mol @ standard states • ΔG° >> 2400 J/mol, then K << 1 • 2400 J/mol > ΔG° > -2400 J/mol, then K≈1 • ΔG°<< -2400 J/mol, then K >> 136
2028376978Estimation of K(eq) Relating to ΔG°ΔG°> 0, K(eq) < 1 = Mostly reactants ΔG° > +20 kJ, K(eq) << 1 = Virtually all reactants ΔG° < 0, K(eq) > 1 = Mostly products ΔG° < -20 kJ, K(eq) >> 1 = Virtually all products37
2028616294To tell if a process is thermodynamically favorable, use the equation: ___. You can tell it is thermodynamically without the equation if: ___.ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°; ΔH° < 0 and ΔS° > 038
2035534772If water is added to a system, it will shift to ___.the side with more moles39
Powered by Quizlet.com

APUSH American Pageant Chapter 37 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4007588094Betty Friedan1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".0
4007588095Billy GrahamAn Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.1
4007588096Oral RobertsThis American Pentecostal televangelist was famous for his healing ministry and the university he founded in Tulsa.2
4007588097Fulton J. SheenThe Roman Catholic bishop that became a TV personality with his program, "Life is Worth Living"3
4007589302Elvis PresleyUnited States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)4
4007589303Marilyn MonroeFemale icon of the 1950s and 60s, she could sing, dance, act, and was the most infamous Playboy Bunny5
4007589304David RiesmanWrote "The Lonely Crowd", a sociological study of modern conformity, which postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities. He argues that the character of post WWII American society impels individuals to "other-directedness", the preeminent example being modern suburbia, where individuals seek their neighbors' approval and fear being outcast from their community.6
4007589305John Kenneth GalbraithAn economist who attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth would solve America's chronic social problems. Encouraged the wealthy to spend more for the common good. He wrote "The Affluent Society".7
4007589306Dwight EisenhowerPresident at the time of Brown v Board, Montgomery Bus Boycotts, and Central HS Crisis. Not openly in favor of Civil Rights. Didn't act until forced to by the Little Rock Crisis. He approved government funding to build interstate highway system8
4007590734Adlai StevensonThe Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.9
4007590735Joseph McCarthy1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists10
4007590736Martin Luther King Jr.U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)11
4007591814Jackie RobinsonThe first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.12
4007592612Rosa ParksUnited States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama.13
4007592613Earl WarrenChief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.14
4007593666Oral FaubusGovernor of Arkansas, that ordered National Guard soldiers to block entrance of nine black students to Central High School15
4007593667Richard Nixon1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign16
4007593668John Foster DullesAs Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.17
4007593669Ho Chi Minh(1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation.18
4007595384Ngo Dinh DiemAmerican ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.19
4007595385Nikita KhrushchevRussian politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War and during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.20
4007595386Mohammed Reza Pahlevia Shah that was placed in Iran by the CIA in 1953 and he planned to westernize and secularize Iran. He was overthrown in January 1979 by Muslim Fundamentalists. When he was overthrown Iran was left in chaos and Iranian oil production was stopped which led to higher oil prices for Americans.21
4007595387Gamal Abdel NasserArab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against Israel, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies22
4007596294Fidel CastroCuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state23
4007596295John F. Kennedy35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 196324
4007598086Norman MailerChronicled the events from the Lincoln Memorial protests in his book "The Armies of the Night"25
4007598087John UpdikeThe master of describing, exploring, and analyzing white, middle-class American life. His religious faith plays an important role in his character's lives and novel's structure, as does his relationships with his own family. After graduating Harvard and studying art in England he took a job as a staff writer for The New Yorker, and went on to devote his life to full-time writing.26
4007598106Josephine BakerAfrican-American actress, singer, opera performer, first black women to star in major motion picture27
4007598865Paul RobesonAfrican American concert singer whose passport was revoked and was blacklisted from the stage, screen, radio and television under the McCarran Act of the red scare of the 1950s due to his public criticism of American racist tendencies.28
4007598866James BaldwinAfrican American who explored racial tensions and homosexuality in America.29
4007599985Flannery O'ConnorAn American writer and essayist. An important voice in American literature, she wrote two novels and 32 short stories, as well as a number of reviews and commentaries, wrote "A Good Man Is Hard to Find".30
4007599986Saul BellowAmerican Modernist/Naturalist; The Adventures of Augie March31
4007600024Sylvia PlathThe Bell Jar (1963); Autobiographical Novel, witty American coming of age story32
4007601672Ralph EllisonThe African American writer who explored the theme of social alienation in "Invisible Man"33
4007601673"cult of domesticity"idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands34
4007601674white collarpeople of high social position35
4007602548blue collarmember of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage36
4007602549McCarthyismThe term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.37
4007602550sit-insprotests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in these across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.38
4007604495"massive retaliation"The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.39
4007604496"spirit of Camp David"The idea of peaceful coexistence that the leaders of the Western Countries and the USSR held after leaving the Camp David peace talks. It had faded by 1960.40
4007604497"Rocket fever"After the USSR launched Sputnik into space in 1957, the race to put as many things in space as possible was on41
4007605863The Feminine Mystiquewritten by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities42
4007605864Playboy magazineStarted by Hugh Hefner in 1953, showed photos of nude/scantily clad women, challenged anti-sex attitudes43
4007607596The Lonely CrowdBook written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.44
4007607597The Affluent SocietyJohn Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance.45
4007607598"televangelists"term used to describe ministers who would spread their messages via television networks46
4007607599Checkers speechA speech made by vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1952 after he had been accused of improprieties regarding a fund established for him to reimburse him for his political expenses. In it, he said that he defended himself and said regardless of what everyone else thought, he would keep a dog that his kids had named checkers. It led to an outpouring of support for Nixon and it secured his place on the republican ticket for the 1952 election.47
4007609833Army-McCarthy hearings1954 televised hearings on charges that Senator Joseph McCarthy was unfairly tarnishing the United States Army with charges of communist infiltration into the armed forces; hearings were the beginning of the end for McCarthy, whose bullying tactics were repeatedly demonstrated48
4007609834Sweatt v. PainterA black man was denied admittance to Texas Law School because of his race. Result: SC ruled that the school had to let him in because the separate facility for negroes was not even close to equal. - 14th A.49
4007611092An American DilemmaGunnar Mydral published his landmark book, this exposed the scandalous contradictions between the American Creed, the allegiance to the values of "process, liberty, equality, and humanitarianism", and the nations shameful treatment of black citizens50
4007612658Brown v. Board of Education1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.51
4007612659Montgomery bus boycottIn 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.52
4007613955Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLS)An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.53
4007615540Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.54
4007616363Interstate Highway Act1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history55
4007616364Dien Bien PhuA town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.56
4007616365Suez crisisJuly 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power57
4007617200Eisenhower DoctrinePolicy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country58
4007617207Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.59
4007619762Landrum-Griffith ActWhen the United States was in desperate need of a labor reform, because many union leaders and big industries were involved in many scandals, Congress passed this act to prevent bullying tactics and make labor leaders keep accurate financial records.60
4007620750U-2 IncidentThe incident when an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.61
4007620751SputnikFirst artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.62
4007620752National Defense Education ActThe act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.63
4007622279St. Lawrence seawayWaterway to connect Great Lakes on the U.S./Canadian border to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River, it allowed better shipping and transportation, and improved international relations and trade.64
4007622280Twenty second amendmentPassed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.65
Powered by Quizlet.com

Hazardous Materials/ WMD OPS. ManualC Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3639295710California code requires the IC to........Assess all hazards If an inhalation hazard, ensure SCBA Limit the number of personnel in the exclusion Zone ensure back ups and standby EMS personnel Designate a safety officer implement decon procedures0
3639300919Training requirementsFRO - 16 hours of instruction Technician - 160 hours of instruction Specialist - 240 hours of instruction FRO refresher training - 8 hours of CE annualy1
3639304358The first responder to Hazmat or WMD shall establish......an initial isolation zone surrounding the incident2
3639306497UNITS TO RESPOND TO A CONFIRMED HAZMAT INCIDENT AS THE HAZMAT TASK FORCE:1 BC HAZMAT 24 ENGINE 19 (DESIGNATED HAZMAT ENGINE) RESCUE 18 (DESIGNATED HAZMAT RESCUE) TASK FORCE 5 (E5 AND MCI 5) OR TF 123
3639309255Hazmat task force should be dispatched whenHigh probability of an uncontrolled hazmat/ WMD release unexplained MCI at the request of the IC4
3639312119Strategy elementsAssess the incident / problem ID the product Isolate Deny entry Rescue - if possible evacuate - if necessary contain / control the release ID responsible party5
3639316648possible tasks for the Hazmat task force may includeIdentification of the substance Hazard assessment Entry into the hazardous environment containment of the hazard decon procedures6
3639320823Assistant Safety Officer Hazmatmust possess high level of expertise maybe a member assigned to Hazmat task force must be established on all hazmat incidents7
3639322654entry teamsMinimum of two Entry teams each team shall consist of two hazmat technicians Back up teams primary mission is rapid internvention for rescue of primary entry team8
3639328521Medical monitoring/ rehaba minimum of one PM rescue9
3639329670Safe refuge areaan area for the assembly of civilian personnel who were witnesses to the hazmat incident or who were on site at the time of the spill should be located inside the exclusion zone10
3639333193WHEN THE FIRST RESPONDER SHOULD CALL FOR THE HAZMAT TASK FORCEPRODUCTS CAN NOT BE IDENTIFIED PRODUCT PRESENTS A HIGH DEGREE OF HAZARD WHEN ENTRY TEAM IS NEEDED INTO A HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT WHEN SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT IS NEEDED WHEN THE INCIDENT COULD BE USED AS A TRAINING EXCERSIZE11
3639363696Hazmat/ WMD incident command expandedmust use monitoring equipment to scan every person exiting secondary decon, and people within the safe refuge area Pt's will move from Safe refuge area, to Gross decon, to secondary decon and then report to medical triage must decon prior to transport12
3639373894Once on scene, on of the initial considerations is to establish.....perimeters13
3639375802the initial isolation zone should be established using .......the recommendation from the ERG14
3639377648a safe refuge area should be established where....within the outer most perimeter of the isolation area to contain people who have been exposed15
3639384196Initial on scene size-upAddress of incident, approach instructions describe the incident consider requesting additional resources describe local terrain describe microclimate rescue problem ID the product Location of initial isolation zone and safe refuge area consider evacuation Decon16
3639392891Describing the incident entailsLeak, spill, vapor cloud quantity of product/ size of cloud container (size, shape, placards) rate of spill17
3639400057consider requesting additional resources entailsHazmat response health hazmat additional FD resources ALS, BLS PD / CHP Public works Caltrans Emergency light / air Foam USAR18
3639410861follow up size up to hazmat task forceconfirm the ID of the product using ERG, placards, 704, etc.. if unknown product, describe s/s actions you have taken notifications you have made responsible party on scene19
3647381271When approaching a hazmat incident, you want to ........approach from a safe route (upwind, uphill, upstream)20
3647383712What is decontaminationthe process of removing hazmat from personnel and equipment rendering them safe from additional exposure21
3647385837single most important action associated with decon isthe rapid removal of the contaminant from the victim using water stream (hand lines or master streams)22
3647388735Principles of deconrespiratory protection is last to be removed "dirty" stuff kept in the dirty area assistance is generally required monitor for contaminants after decon bulk of contaminants are removed with clothing (80%) test clean or repeat decon23
36473937023 DECON METHODSMASS DECON TECHNICAL DECON EMERGENCY DECON24
3647394500Mass deconaccommodates a large number of contaminated people establish mass decon corridors25
3647397528technical deconthe deliberate and precise cleansing using pools, special solutions, monitoring methods, and specially trained personnel intended for emergency responders may be used for civilians if they are grossly contaminated and resources are available26
3647403677technical decon team consists oftechnical decon manager handler rinser and bagger27
3647407309which level suit should the decon team be wearingone level below that worn by entry team28
3647410263when deconing entry team priority should be given to.....member who is in physical distress29
36474139833 pool system utilizes.......1ST POOL - RINSE , WASH, RINSE 2ND POOL - WASH, RINSE 3RD POOL - RINSE WATER ONLY30
3651758893SHOWER TIME SHOULD BE, HOW LONG?B/T 1-3 MINUTES PER PERSON31
3651771337RAPID EXTRACTION GUIDELINESESTABLISH THAT THERE ARE VIABLE VICTIMS AND A NEED FOR EXTRACTION UTILIZE THE EUROLITE SUITS WITH SCBA DECON MUST BE AVAILABLE PRIOR TO ENTRY (MINIMUM OF CHARGED HOSE LINE) ESTABLISH RIC (FOLLOW 2IN 2OUT RULE) ANNOUNCE YOUR INTENT FOR RAPID EXTRACTION TO IC OR INCOMING UNITS MAINTAIN CONTINUOUS COMMUNICATIONS DURING EXTRACTION EFFORTS32
36518054894 Types of extractionself rescue (low risk/ high gain) bystander rescue responder rescue technical rescue(high risk/ low gain)33
3652819624Toxic Inhalation hazards (TIH) are identified in the ERG by.......being highlighted in the yellow and blue bordered pages34
3652834840what do blue and yellow bordered pages indicatethat they are (TIH) or WMD chemicals immediately go to the green bordered pages for initial isolation and protective action distances35
3652861060All non-TIH materials will have a recommended isolation distance in what color pages of the ERG bookin guide pages the ORANGE bordered pages36
3652881912Product Identification, basic cluesOccupancy and location container shape and size obvious physical properties markings and colors placards and labels shipping papers /MSDS responsible party37
3652921074DOT systemPlacards are diamond shaped signs (10 3/4") that are required on each side and each end of vehicles carrying hazmat labels are 4" diamonds affixed to non bulk packages of hazmat38
3653205694What is the ALARA PrincipleAs low as Reasonably achievable39
3653217259Mini radiacs have a first alarm setting of .......50 microRem/hour40
3653227716Donning of the WMD PPE is initiated when anticipating exposure to areas above ........2 milliRem/hour (2 mR/hr) respiratory is the minimum requirement41
3653241776total dose limits5 REM - all activities 10 REM - protecting major property 25 REM - life saving for major population42
3653334128EXCLUSION ZONE (HOT ZONE)AREA OR SPACE CLOSEST TO THE SPILL OR RELEASE ALL ENTRY AND EGRESS ARE THROUGH ACCESS CONTROL POINTS43
3653344706CONTAMINATION REDUCTION ZONE ( WARM ZONE)AREA OR SPACE IMMEDIATELY OUTSIDE THE EXCLUSION ZONE THE LINE SURROUNDING THIS ZONE IS THE "PERIMETER CONTROL LINE" AND IS SET BY THE 1ST RESPONDERS44
3653375864THE CONTAMINATION REDUCTION ZONE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS......CONTAMINATION REDUCTION CORRIDORS PREPARATION AREAS FOR ENTRY TEAMS TECHNICAL SUPPORT FUNCTIONS ACCESS CONTROL POINTS DECON AREA FOR CIVILIANS (GROSS AND SECONDARY)45
3653399284MINIMUM DISTANCE OF WHAT SHOULD BE USED FOR THE DEPTH OF THE CONTAMINATION REDUCTION ZONE100'46
3653404970SUPPORT ZONE ( COLD ZONE)AREA OUTSIDE THE CONTAMINATION REDUCTION ZONE CONTROLS CIVILIAN TRAFFIC ALL SUPPORT FUNCTIONS NOT PART OF THE HAZMAT GROUP47
3653426033WHAT DOES CBRNE STAND FORC - CHEMICAL B - BIOLOGICAL R - RADIOLOGICAL N - NUCLEAR E - EXPLOSIVE48
3653803624Chemical warfare agentsCHEMICAL AGENTS HAVE RAPID ONSET OF S/S IF A BLAST EXPLOSION EVENT, ITS PROBABLY A CHEMICAL AGENT MARK 1 KITS (DUO DOTES) ARE FOR CHEMICAL AGENTS49
3653878962Biological warfare agents are produced by living organisms and are categorized byBacteria and rickettsia viruses toxins50
3653910433BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS HAVE A ......LONG INCUBATION PERIOD, S/S MAYNOT BE DETECTED UNTIL DAYS OR WEEKS LATER51
3653920624THE MINI RADIAC FUNCTIONS AS ASOURCE FINDER , RATE METER (SPEEDOMETER), AND DOSE MONITOR (ODOMETER)52
3653945436THE MINI RADIAC HAS 2 ALARM SETTINGS FOR EACH DISPLAY WHICH ARE....DOSE "LOW" - 5R "HIGH" - 10R RATE "LOW" - 2mR/hour "HIGH"- 10R/hour53
3653969289MINI RADIAC BACKGROUND IS10 - 20 uR/hr54
36539770688 STEP PROCESSSITE IDENTIFY HAZARD SELECT COORDINATION IMPLEMENT DECONTAMINATION TERMINATE THE INCIDENT55
3653990552SITE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROLESTABLISH COMMAND APPROACH AND POSITIONING STAGING AREA INITIAL ISOLATION PERIMETER CONTROL ZONES PUBLIC PROTECTIVE ACTIONS56
3653997901IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMSURVEY THE INCIDENT OCCUPANCY AND LOCATION CONTAINER SHIPS MARKING AND COLOR PLACARDS SHIPPING PAPERS, MSDS MONITORING EQUIPMENT VERIFY57
3654009041HAZARD AND RISK EVALUATIONHAZARDOUS NATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPILE INFORMATION UTILIZE AT LEAST 3 SOURCES58
3654053234SELECT PPELEVELS OF PROTECTION59
3654059060INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE COORDINATIONGATHER AS MUCH DATA AND FACTS UTILIZE RESOURCE EQUIPMENT60
3654063612IMPLEMENT RESPONSE OBJECTIVESSTRATEGY - RESCUE, PUBLIC PROTECTIVE ACTIONS, SPILL CONTROL, FIRE CONTROL TACTICS - BRANCH LEVEL TASK - COMPANY LEVEL61
3654072517DECONTAMINATIONSELECT A DECON LOCATION METHODS OF DECON62
3654076406TERMINATE THE INCIDENTEND OF EMERGENCY AND BEGINNING OF RESTORATION AND RECOVERY PHASE63
Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology Ch. 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2318364665Insects help angiosperms toreproduce sexually with physically distant members of their own species0
2318369410Many angiosperms lure insects withnectar; both plant and pollinator benefit1
2318371380Mutualistic symbioses are common betweenplants and other species2
2318373266Angiosperms are the mostimportant group of plants in terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture3
2318376918Plant life cycles are characterized byby the alternation between sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing) generations4
2318378937Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits arekey features of the angiosperm life cycle5
2318381545In angiosperms, the sporophyte isthe plant that we see; they are larger, more conspicuous and longer-lived than gametophytes6
2318382806The angiosperm life cycle is characterized by "three Fs":flowers, double fertilization, and fruits7
2318386583Flowers arethe reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; they attach to a part of the stem called the receptacle *Shortened stem with four whorls of modified leaves8
2318390234Flowers consist of four floral organs:carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals9
2318392102Stamens and carpels arereproductive organs; sepals and petals are sterile10
2318395539A carpel has a long ...style with a stigma on which pollen may land11
2318396671At the base of the style is anovary containing one or more ovules12
2318397836A single carpel or group of fused carpels is calleda pistil13
2318399348A stamen consists ofa filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen14
2318401412Complete flowers containall four floral organs15
2318402248Incomplete flowers lackone or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels16
2318403344Clusters of flowers are calledinflorescences17
2318717890Much of floral diversity representsadaptation to specific pollinators18
2318724671Name the Four general trends that can be seen in the evolution of flowers1.Bilateral symmetry 2.Reduction in the number of floral parts 3.Fusion of floral parts 4.Location of ovaries inside receptacles; inferior ovaries19
2318735747The angiosperm life cycle includes1.Gametophyte development 2.Pollination 3.Double fertilization 4.Seed development20
2318748238Female Gametophytes is also known as...(Embryo Sacs)21
2318751638The embryo sac, or female gametophyte, develops withinthe ovule22
2318753383Within an ovule, two integuments surround amegasporangium23
2318756242One cell in the megasporangium undergoesmeiosis, producing four megaspores, only one of which survives24
2318758288The megaspore divides withoutcytokinesis, producing one large cell with eight nuclei25
2318760301This cell is partitioned intoa multicellular female gametophyte (7 cells - one big cell with 2 polar nuclei), the embryo sac26
2318763220Pollen develops frommicrospores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs, of anthers27
2318765646Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two cells:the generative cell and the tube cell28
2318767611A pollen grain consists ofthe two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall29
2318771213In angiosperms, pollination isthe transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma30
2318772055After landing on a receptive stigma, a pollen grain produces apollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac31
2318774468Fertilization is...the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte32
2318776638Describe the function of the sperm in fertilizationOne sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei, giving rise to the triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)33
2318781518Double fertilization ensures thatendosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs34
2318794106What happens after double fertilization-Each ovule develops into a seed -The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed -When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a new sporophyte35
2318830589The transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma can be accomplished bywind, water, or animals36
2318831724Wind-pollinated species (what do they do?)(e.g., grasses and many trees (nontropical trees) release large amounts of pollen37
2318838386In apomixis, an embryo is created from-a diploid cell in the ovule. -Then the ovules mature into seeds. Ex. Dandelion38
2318850315Moth pollinated flowers are usually...sweetly fragrant, pale colored and open at night39
2318858202Some pollinators are...1. Bees 2. Moth 3.Hummingbirds 4.Blowfly 5. Bats40
2318865040Coevolution isthe joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other41
2318865984Many flowering plants have coevolved withspecific pollinators42
2318873290The development of a seed into a flowering plant includes several stages1.Endosperm development 2.Embryo development 3.Seed dormancy 4.Seed germination 5.Seedling development 6.Flowering43
2318876642Endosperm development usually precedesembryo development44
2318877945In most monocots and many eudicots, endosperm storesnutrients that can be used by the seedling45
2318880196In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm areexported to the cotyledons46
2318885510The first mitotic division of the zygote splits what?splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a terminal cell47
2318886931The basal cell producesa multicellular suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant48
2318889482The terminal cell gives rise tomost of the embryo49
2318893713The embryo and its food supply are enclosed bya hard, protective seed coat50
2318894592The seed enters a state ofdormancy51
2318896742A mature seed is only about what percent water?5-15% water52
2318898443In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean, the embryo consists ofthe embryonic axis attached to two fleshy cotyledons (seed leaves)53
2318900243Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis is calledthe hypocotyl and terminates in the radicle54
2318901434the radicleembryonic root55
2318902870above the cotyledons it is calledthe epicotyl56
2318903769The plumule comprisesthe epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem57
2318906912The seeds of some eudicots, such as castor beans, havethin cotyledons58
2318913282Name 2 toxins found in Castor Bean1.RCA Ricinus communis agglutinin -Agglutinates RBCs; does not penetrate intestinal wall 2.Ricin - 1 milligram enough to kill -Death often within 3-5 days; severe dehydration, decrease in urine; decrease in blood pressure -Inhibit protein synthesis by irreversibly inactivating ribosomes -RIPs ribosome inactivating proteins59
2318945926RTB portion of ricin-Binds to both glycoprotein and glycolipids. -106-108 ricin molecules may bind per cell. -A sing ricin molecule that enters the cytosol can inactivate 1500 ribosomes per minute and kill the cell.60
2318962139The ricin A portion of the heterodimer is the enzyme thatbinds and depurinates a specific adenine of the 28S rRNA61
2318966577A monocot embryo hasone cotyledon62
2318967791Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon calleda scutellum63
2318969350Two sheathes enclose the embryo ofa grass seed: a coleoptile covering the young shoot and a coleorhiza covering the young root64
2318973430Seed dormancy increasesthe chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling65
2318974400The breaking of seed dormancy often requiresenvironmental cues, such as temperature or lighting changes66
2318977183Most seeds remain viable after how long?a year or two of dormancy, but some last only days and others can remain viable for centuries67
2318979082Germination depends onon imbibition, the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed68
2318985826In Germination what emerges from the seed first?1. The radicle 2. Shoot tip69
2318993272In many eudicots, a hook forms in the What?, and growth pushes the hook above groundIn many eudicots, a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground70
2318994923What causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip upLight71
2319001234In other eudicots the an epicotyl hook forms and the cotyledons remain in the soilIn other eudicots the an epicotyl hook forms and the cotyledons remain in the soil72
2319005743the bean has a (family Fabaceae)hypocotyl hook73
2319006930the pea has an (family Fabaceae)epicotyl hook74
2319012552In maize and other grasses, which are monocots, the----pushes up through the soil creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow throughcoleoptile75
2319019927The flowers of a given plant species are synchronized to appearat a specific time of the year to promote outbreeding76
2319022193Flowering is triggered by a combination ofenvironmental cues and internal signals77
2319023349A fruit isthe mature ovary of a flower78
2319025488Function of fruitIt protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals79
2319033047Fruits are classified based on their developmental origin1.Simple fruits 2.Aggregate fruits 3.Multiple fruits80
2319035136Simple fruits develop froma single or several fused carpels81
2319036267Aggregate fruits result froma single flower with multiple separate carpels82
2319037058Multiple fruits develop froma group of flowers called an inflorescence83
2319044806An accessory fruit containsother floral parts in addition to ovaries84
2325766787Pomeincludes fleshy receptacle or hypanthium (fused bases of stamens, petals and sepals85
2325767290Fruit dispersal mechanisms include1.Water 2.Wind 3.Animals86
2325768441Asexual reproduction results ina clone of genetically identical organisms87
2325768736Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction1.Fragmentation 2.Apomixis88
2325768987Fragmentationseparation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants,89
2325770510Apomixisasexual production of seeds from a diploid cell90
2325771857Asexual reproduction is also calledcalled vegetative reproduction because progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments91
2325773454Asexual reproduction can be beneficial to a successful plant in-a stable environment But make plant vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change.92
2325776425Sexual reproduction generatesgenetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible93
2325777085many species have evolved mechanisms to preventselfing94
2325777896Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization1.Dioecious species 2. Others have stamens and carpels that mature at different times or are arranged to prevent selfing 3.self-incompatibility95
2325777897Dioecious specieshave staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants96
2325779551self-incompatibilitya plant's ability to reject its own pollen *Some plants reject pollen that has an S-gene matching an allele in the stigma cells97
2325782135Totipotent cellsthose that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism, are common in plants98
2325784292vegetative propagationVegetative reproduction that is facilitated or induced by humans99
2325784617A callus isa mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells can sprout shoots and roots in response to plant hormones100
2325786242Grafting-A twig or bud can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or variety *The stock provides the root system *The scion is grafted onto the stock101
2325789250Transgenic plants areare genetically modified (GM) to express a gene from another organism102
2325791195Plant tissue culture also facilitates the production ofof genetically modified (GM) plants103
2325792206Plants with beneficial mutations are used inbreeding experiments104
2325792536Desirable traits can be introduced fromdifferent species or genera105
2325793517biotechnologyThe manipulation of living organisms to produce goods and services106
2325794614the Bt toxinSome transgenic crops were developed to produce this toxin which is toxic to insect pests107
2325797684Bt toxin is fromBacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces a crystalline protein that harms the guts of some insect larvae108
2325802770Biofuels arefuels derived from living biomass, the total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms109
2325803220Most long term planners are backing away frombiofuels110
2325804123Worldwide use of herbicide resistant crops has led in a massive increasein herbicide use. -These chemicals are toxic to our primary producers.111
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!