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Chapter 40: basic principles of animal form and function Flashcards

2335661227	The biological form of an organism	Anatomy	0
2335661377	The biological functions an organism performs	Physiology	1
2335661706	4 physical laws that govern certain traits of animals	1. Strength 2. Diffusion rates 3. Movement 4. Heat exchange	2
2335662433	Skeletons in relation to animals growing larger	Thicker skeletons are required to support more mass	3
2335664790	2 things nutrients are required for as animals grow larger	1. More nutrients are needed to supply all tissues with proper levels 2. More nutrients are required to build the larger structures	4
2335665653	Similar adaptations result in diverse organisms facing the same challenge; 2 separate species evolve to have a similar feature that didn't come from a common ancestor	Convergent evolution	5
2335666915	What does an organism need to exchange with its environment?	Gases, nutrients, and waste products	6
2335667310	How are gases, nutrients, and waste products exchanged on the single cell level?	They have to cross the plasma membrane	7
2335667573	How fast can materials be exchanged?	Rate of exchange is proportional to the surface area of the cell; the amount of materials exchanged is proportional to the volume of the cell	8
2343859109	________ organisms have sufficient surface area to exchange materials with their environments	Single-celled	9
2343861920	Some multi-cellular organisms have ________ to facilitate diffusion of materials	Thin body walls	10
2343864803	Some organisms have most of their cells in ________ contact with the environment	Direct	11
2343866216	Are all the cells in larger organisms in contact with the environment?	No	12
2343867298	Larger organisms are composed of...	Compact masses of cells with complex internal organization	13
2343868348	How are nutrients distributed in humans? Goats? Frogs?	A circulatory system	14
2343869627	Adaptations allow of exchange of materials with the environment such as...	1. Extensive branching or folded structures 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Systems of distribution within the organism	15
2343870945	Fluid between cells allows of movement of materials into and out of cells	Interstitial fluid	16
2343872072	3 systems of distribution within the organism	1. Digestive system 2. Circulatory system 3. Respiratory system	17
2343874272	Job(s) of the digestive system	Food processing	18
2343876918	Job(s) of the circulatory system	Internal distribution of materials	19
2343877753	Job(s) of the respiratory system	Gas exchange	20
2343878743	Job(s) of the immune and lymphatic system	Body defense	21
2343879592	Job(s) of the excretory system	1. Disposal of metabolic waste 2. Regulation of osmotic balance of blood	22
2343881351	Job(s) of the endocrine system	1. Coordination of body activities 2. Transmits hormones throughout the body via blood	23
2343883284	Job(s) of the reproductive system	Reproduction/creating offspring	24
2343883296	Job(s) of the nervous system	1. Coordination of body activities 2. Detection of stimuli 3. Formulation of responses to stimuli	25
2343885288	Job(s) of the integumentary system	1. Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration 2. Thermoregulation	26
2343887286	Job(s) of the skeletal system	1. Body support 2. Protection of internal organs	27
2343888702	Job(s) of the muscular system	Locomotion and other movements	28
2343890434	4 main categories of tissues	1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous	29
2343893114	1. Covers the outside of the body 2. Lines the organs and cavities within the body 3. Contains cells that are closely joined, to provide protection so things don't just enter/exit	Epithelial tissue	30
2343894238	3 shapes of epithelial cells	1. Cubodial 2. Columnar 3. Squamous	31
2343897336	3 types of arrangement of epithelial cells	1. Simple (a single layer) 2. Stratified (multiple tiers of cells) 3. Pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying lengths)	32
2343901546	Side of epithelial tissue that faces the exterior	Apical surface	33
2343902375	Side of epithelial tissue that faces the interior	Basal surface	34
2343903767	The ________ side of epithelial cells either faces the air/your clothes or the inside of your digestive system	Apical	35
2343903774	The ________ side of epithelial cells faces your muscles or your organs	Basal	36
2343905934	Binds and supports other tissues	Connective tissue	37
2343907104	Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix	Connective tissue	38
2343908061	6 major types of connective tissue	1. Loose 2. Fibrous 3. Bone 4. Adipose 5. Blood 6. Cartilage	39
2343910497	1. Binds epithelia to the underlying tissues 2. Holds organs in place	Loose connective tissue	40
2343911985	In tendons, attaches muscles to bones; in ligaments, connects the bones together at your joints	Fibrous connective tissue	41
2343913150	Mineralized; forms skeleton	Bone	42
2343914067	1. Fat 2. Stores energy 3. Provides insulation	Adipose tissue	43
2343915247	1. Composed of blood cells, plasma, and cell fragments 2. Connects parts of the body with nutrients and oxygen 3. Removes waste 4. Transports hormones, etc.	Blood	44
2343916255	Strong and flexible support material; between bones	Cartilage	45
2343917338	3 types of connective tissue fibers	1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic	46
2343918873	Fibers that provide strength and flexibility	Collagenous	47
2343919883	Fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissue	Reticular	48
2343920648	Fibers that stretch and "snap" back to their original length	Elastic	49
2343922358	2 types of cells within connective tissue	1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages	50
2343923570	1. Secrete the proteins in the extracellular matrix 2. Make fiber	Fibroblasts	51
2343924334	Involved in the immune system	Macrophages	52
2343925501	Responsible for almost all types of body movement	Muscle tissue	53
2343926563	Filaments that enable the muscles to contract	Actin and myosin	54
2343927238	3 muscle types	1. Skeletal/striated 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac	55
2343928194	Muscle type responsible for voluntary movement	Skeletal/striated	56
2343929270	Muscle type responsible for involuntary movement	Smooth	57
2343930310	Muscle type responsible for contraction of the heart	Cardiac	58
2343931151	Tissue that receives, processes, and transmits information	Nervous tissue	59
2343932469	2 cell types found in nervous tissue	Neurons and glial cells	60
2343933735	Coordination and control depend on the ________ system and the ________ system	Endocrine; nervous	61
2343938436	Hormones are ________ but ________	Slow acting; long lasting	62
2343940331	Uses internal controls to change their internal environment when the external environment fluctuates; ex. warm blooded organism	Regulator	63
2343940343	Allows their internal environment to fluctuate with the external environment; ex. cold blooded organism	Conformer	64
2343943715	The steady state physical condition of the body; in humans: pH, temperature, glucose concentrations kept as constant levels	Homeostasis	65
2343944428	________ feedback helps return a variable back to normal/homeostatic range	Negative	66
2343944429	________ feedback would amplify the stimulus and therefore would not typically be able to restore homeostasis	Positive	67
2343946120	If a factor fluctuates above or below a ________, the body responds to return the factor to the set point	Set point	68
2343948548	1. Moving above or below a set point serves as a ________ 2. The stimulus is detected by a ________ 3. The sensor triggers a ________ 4. ________ is restored	Stimulus; sensor; response; homeostasis	69
2343950102	Set points can vary with...	Age or cyclic variation	70
2343952368	Physiological changes that occur ~24 hours even in the absence of external cues	Circadian rhythm	71
2343953658	Sometimes, homeostasis can adjust to changes in the external environment	Acclimatization	72
2343954530	Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range	Thermoregulation	73
2343955282	What does thermoregulation involve?	Form, function, and behavior	74
2343957110	1. Generate heat through metabolism 2. Maintain a stable body temperature even with drastic environmental changes 3. More energetically expensive than ectothermy 4. Birds and mammals	Endothermic animals	75
2343958186	1. Gain heat from external sources 2. Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature 3. Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptiles	Ectothermic animals	76
2343959302	Body temperature varies with its environment	Poikilotherm	77
2343959930	Body temperature is relatively constant	Homeotherm	78
2343961091	4 ways animals balance heat loss and gain	1. Radiation of heat 2. Evaporative cooling 3. Convection 4. Conduction	79
2343963085	Mammals often use the ________ system to regulate heat	Integumentary	80
2343963086	5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate	1. Insulation 2. Circulatory adaptations 3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. Behavioral responses 5. Adjusting metabolic heat production	81
2343966184	Blood flow increases, heat loss increases	Vasodilation	82
2343966958	Blood flow decreases, heat loss decreases	Vasoconstriction	83
2343968826	Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss	Countercurrent exchange	84
2343970586	Evaporation of water from the skin cools the skin; sweating or bathing moistens skin to allow for cooling; panting increases the cooling effect	Evaporative cooling	85
2343973548	Adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature; increased by muscle activity such as moving of shivering	Thermogenesis	86
2343974173	Hormones cause the mitochondria to increase metabolic activity	Nonshivering thermogenesis	87
2343976184	Birds and mammals can vary their ________ to adjust to seasonal temperatures	Insulation	88
2343978261	What brain region controls thermoregulation in mammals?	Hypothalamus	89
2343980138	3 things energy requirements are related to	1. Size 2. Activity level 3. Environment	90
2343981376	What do energy requirements determine?	How much food an animal needs relative to the animal's size, activity level, and environment	91
2343983459	Harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules	Autotrophs	92
2343984182	Harvest chemical energy from food	Heterotrophs	93
2343985470	Energy containing molecules from food are usually used to make ________	ATP	94
2343985471	Once an organism meets the needs it has to stay alive it can use the remaining energy from food molecules to do ________	Biosynthesis	95
2343988698	4 parts of biosynthesis	1. Body growth 2. Body repair 3. Synthesis of storage materials like fat 4. Production of gametes	96
2343990601	The amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of time	Metabolic rate	97
2343991715	3 ways metabolic rate be determined by	1. Heat loss 2. Amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide lost 3. Measuring amount of energy consumed through food and the energy lost in waste products	98
2343992996	The metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a "comfortable" temperature	Basal metabolic rate (BMR)	99
2343995019	The metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature	Standard metabolic rate (SMR)	100
2343996270	Ectotherms have much (lower/higher) metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size	Lower	101
2343997761	6 factors that can affect metabolic rate	1. Size 2. Age 3. Sex 4. Activity level 5. Temperature 6. Nutrition	102
2343998781	Metabolic rate is proportional to ________	Body mass	103
2344001525	An animal has the highest metabolic rate during peak activity	Maximum metabolic rate	104
2344003208	4 things that the portion of an animals energy that is devoted to activity depends on	1. Environment 2. Behavior 3. Size 4. Thermoregulation	105
2344004222	A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases	Torpor	106
2344004864	3 types of torpor	1. Hibernation 2. Estivation 3. Daily	107

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Glossary of Rhetorical Terms - AP English Language and Composition Test #1-2 Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

Terms : Hide Images

2405648456	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	0
2405648457	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
2405648458	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
2405648459	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
2405648460	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	4
2405648461	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
2405648462	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	6
2405648463	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	7
2405648464	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
2405648465	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point	9
2405648466	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos	10
2405648467	Asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
2405648468	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to this. Frequently it foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
2405648469	Chiasmus	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation based on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus if a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words. Ex. "The land was ours before we were the land's" - Robert Frost (N, V, Pro: Pro, V, N) "Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure" - Lord Byron	13
2405648470	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
2405648471	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect	15
2405648472	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. It displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	16
2405648473	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	17
2405648474	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	18
2405648475	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	19
2405648476	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	20
2405648477	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	21
2405648478	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	22
2405648479	Homily	This term usually means "sermon," but more informally, it can included an serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	23
2405648480	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	24
2405648481	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	25
2405648482	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	26
2405648483	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	27
2405648484	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	28
2405648485	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece or fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	29
2405648486	Juxtaposition	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	30
2405648487	Litotes	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	31
2405648488	Loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	32
2405648489	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	33
2405648490	Metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	34
2405648491	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eats with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. THe subjective mood is used to express conditions contrary to fact. The imperative mood is used for commands. The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	35
2405648492	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	36
2405648493	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	37
2405648494	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	38
2405648495	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	39
2405648496	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from the Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. The effects or parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	40
2405648497	Isocolon	Is a scheme of parallel structure that occurs when the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure but also in length ( number of words or even number of syllables. This is very effective, but al little goes a long way.	41
2405648498	Parenthesis	Insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interupts the nomal syntatical flow of the sentence, thereby sending the thought off on an important tangent that has a pronounced rhetorical effect. Often involves literal ( ), but not always, there are other ways to insert a comment into a sentence. One might use commas, dashes or for example. The paranthetical remark, however, is off on a tangent, cut off from the thrust of the sentence and grammatically unrelated to the sentence.	42
2405648499	Ellipsis	Deliberate omission of a word or of words that are readily implied by the context and must be supplied by the reader or listener.	43
2405648500	Polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions. Designed to speed up or add a frenetic quality to the rythem of the sentence.	44
2405648501	Epistrophe	Repetition of the sam eword or group of words at the ends of successive phrases. Like anaphora produces a strong rhthem and empahasis.	45
2405648502	Epanalepsis	Repetition of the same word or words at both beginning and ending of a phrase, clause, or sentence. Lkie other schemes of repetition, often produces or expresses strong emothion.	46
2405648503	Anadiplosis	Repetion of the las word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.	47
2405648504	Climax	Arrangement of words, phrases, clauses in an order of increasing importance.	48
2405648505	Antimetabole	Repetiton of words, in successive clauses , in revers grammatical order.	49
2405648506	Polyptoton	Repetion	50

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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4261710945	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent and abstraction in addition to literal meaning.	0
4261719177	Antecedent	Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	1
4261725422	Antithesis	Opposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism.	2
4261728507	Aphorism	Terse statement of unknown authorship which expresses a general truth or moral	3
4261732351	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	4
4261738541	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	5
4261743788	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	6
4261749836	Euphemism	Euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.	7
4261773135	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	8
4261776953	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	9
4261779880	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	10
4261786326	Anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.	11
4261790663	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	12
4261794416	Prose	one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.	13
4261798749	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	14
4261897568	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	15
4261907220	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.	16
4261910250	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.	17
4263090451	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	18
4263094148	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	19
4263100265	Digression	The use of material unrelated to the subject of a work.	20
4263105325	Ellipsis	the omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable.	21
4263114066	Ad Hominem	Directed to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellect or reason.	22
4263119930	Anachronism	A person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era.	23
4263128807	Didactic	Having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner.	24
4263140547	Fallacy	An incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information.	25
4263151420	Hubris	Excessive pride that often affects tone.	26
4263155965	Inductive Reasoning	A method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization.	27
4263161393	Litotes	A form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.	28
4263165855	Motif	A phrase, idea, or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse.	29
4263170558	Non Sequitur	A statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.	30
4263190349	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.	31
4263195904	Jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.	32
4263199949	Diatribe	A forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.	33
4263205039	Dogmatic	Inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.	34
4263210555	Pernicious	Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.	35
4263214685	Bellicose	Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.	36
4263218094	Voracious	Craving or consuming large quantities of food.	37
4263224749	Zealous	Having or showing zeal.	38
4263231310	Tacit	Understood or implied without being stated.	39
4263234218	Innuendo	An allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.	40
4263237234	Languid	Displaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed.	41
4263239862	Consecrate	Make or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose.	42
4263247269	Dyspeptic	Of or having indigestion or consequent irritability or depression.	43
4263250842	Doggerel	Comic verse composed in irregular rhythm.	44
4263256768	Petulant	Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.	45
4263261209	Infidel	A person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own.	46
4263266419	Exhort	Strongly encourage or urge someone to do something.	47
4263271261	Cloistered	Kept away from the outside world; sheltered.	48
4263281165	Vex	Make (someone) feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters.	49

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Lev's AP English Language and Composition Rhetorical Terms (Personification to Verbal Irony) Flashcards

Personification The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."
Antithesis the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."
Oxymoron From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."
Sarcasm from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.
Synecdoche . a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.
Hyperbole a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
Anaphora repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
Euphony the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.
Theme The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
Metonomy a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

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2690751648	Personification	Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."	0
2690751649	Antithesis	"To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."	1
2690751650	Anaphora	"We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.	2
2690751651	Metonomy	"The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"	3
2690751652	Euphemism	"He went to his final reward"	4
2690751653	Alliteration	"From forth the fatal loins of these two foes..." is an example of which poetic device?	5
2690751654	Ethos	As ambassador to Saudi Arabia, I have a unique understanding of Arab perceptions of America.	6
2690751655	Pathos	"He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." —Declaration of Independence	7
2690751656	Parallelism	"it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....")	8
2690751657	Analogy	"Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence."	9
2690751658	Chiasmus	Heaven is too great of humanity; humanity is too great for heaven	10
2690751659	Anadiplosis	Repetition of the last word of the preceding clause- Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate.	11
2690751660	Epistrophe	"I want to be the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best."	12
2690751661	allusion	A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.	13
2690751662	anachronism	An event or detail existing out of its proper time in history.	14
2690751663	apostrophe	O Earth, thou Grantest us the great resisting surge of new-won life! -- appeal to someone not present (a figure of speech)	15
2690751664	conceit	A fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor.	16
2690751665	ellipses	A deliberate omission of words	17
2690751666	epanalepsis	Device: This device repeats the opening word or phrase at the end of the sentence to emphasize a statement or idea	18
2690751667	foreshadowing	An event of statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later.	19
2690751668	imagery	Language that appeals to the senses	20
2690751669	logos	An appeal based on logic or reason	21
2690751670	pun	a play on words	22
2690751671	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.	23
2690751672	simile	something using like or as	24
2690751673	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	25

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Genetics Flashcards

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889575234	genetics	the study of heredity	0
889575235	heredity	the passing of traits from one generation to the next	1
889575236	trait	a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another	2
889575218	gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait	3
889575238	genome	the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism inherits	4
889575237	Gregor Mendel	father of genetics	5
889575239	allele	alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) located at a specific position on a specific chromosome (a letter)	6
889575240	dominant allele	an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different (capital letter)	7
889575241	recessive allele	an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical (lowercase letter)	8
889575242	genotype	the combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait (the allelic combination such as Bb)	9
889575243	phenotype	the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by the genotype (the expressed trait such as brown eyes)	10
889575244	homozygous	term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait (ex. BB or bb)	11
889575245	heterozygous	term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (ex. Bb)	12
889575246	Punnett square	diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross	13
889575247	gamete (sex cell)	specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (sperm or egg)	14
889575248	probability	the possibility of different outcomes (percentage or ratio)	15
889575249	monohybrid cross	a one-trait cross (ex. color)	16
889575250	dihybrid cross	a two-trait cross (ex. color & shape)	17
889575251	P generation	parental generation is the first generation involving two individuals that are mated to predict or analyze the genotypes of their offspring	18
889575252	F1 generation	first filial generation is the generation resulting immediately from a cross of the first set of parents (P generation)	19
889575253	F2 generation	second filial generation is the generation resulting from a cross between two F1 individuals	20
889575254	purebred	offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents; opposite of hybrid; same as true breeding	21
889575255	hybrid	offspring that are the result of mating between two genetically different kinds of parents; opposite of purebred	22
1151650813	Principle of Dominance	when individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant trait	23
889575256	Law of Segregation	states that allele pairs separate, or segregate, during gamete formation	24
889575257	Law of Independent Assortment	states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes	25
889575258	non-Mendelian inheritance	refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws (ex. incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits)	26
889575259	incomplete dominance	when one allele is not completely dominant over the other, or blending occurs (ex. Red + White = Pink)	27
889575260	codominance	occurs when BOTH alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual (ex. Black + White = Black & White Speckled)	28
889575261	multiple allele traits	traits that are controlled by more than two alleles (ex. ABO blood typing = A allele, B allele, & O allele)	29
889575262	polygenic traits	a trait controlled by two or more genes; produce a wide range of phenotypes	30
889575263	sex-linked traits	a trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome	31
889575264	pedigree chart	a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next	32
889575265	chromatin	unraveled and long DNA (during interphase)	33
889575266	chromosome	condensed, coiled, and shorted DNA (this occurs during mitosis and meiosis)	34
889575267	chromatids	the two identical halves of a single replicated eukaryotic chromosome and joined at the centromere	35
889575268	homologous chromosomes	chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding places (one homologous chromosome is inherited from the mother; the other from the father)	36
889575273	daughter cells	new cells	37
889575270	mitosis	a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes of the parent cell	38
889575269	meiosis	a type of cell division that results in four genetically different daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (also known as reduction division)	39
889575271	sexual reproduction	process by which two cells from different parent unite to produce the first cell of a new organism	40
889575272	asexual reproduction	process by which a single parent reproduces by itself	41
889575274	crossing over	process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis (also called gene shuffling)	42
889575275	genetic variation	genetic differences within a species	43
889575277	fertilization	a process in sexual reproduction in which a sperm unites with an egg to make the first cell of a new organism, or zygote	44
889575278	zygote	fertilized egg	45
889575279	somatic cell	body cell (non-sex cell)	46
889575280	haploid (N)	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23)	47
889575281	diploid (2N)	term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homolgous chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46)	48
889575226	chromosomal mutation	mutation that affects the number or structure of whole chromosomes	49
889575227	deletion chromosomal mutation	a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome	50
889575228	duplication chromosomal mutation	a mutation that produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome	51
889575229	inversion chromosomal mutation	a mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome	52
889575230	translocation chromosomal mutation	a mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome	53
889575231	nondisjunction	the most common error in meiosis and occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate	54
889575232	trisomy	a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities	55
889575287	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (ex. 3N or 4N)	56
889575283	DNA fingerprinting	an individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes	57
889575285	genetic engineering	the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms	58
889575286	genetically modified organism (GMO)	one that has artificially acquired one or more genes from the same or different species	59
889575289	plasmid	circular DNA found in bacteria	60
889575288	recombinant DNA	DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms (DNA is cut out of one organism and recombined with another organism's DNA)	61
889575290	enzyme	protein that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms	62
889575291	restriction enzyme	DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria	63
889575292	biotechnology	the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management, as in waste recycling	64
889575293	karyotype	a picture of an organism's genome and can be used for chromosomal anlysis	65

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The periodic table and periodic law chapter 6 Flashcards

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991371522	Explain how Mendeleev's periodic table was in error how was this error fixed?	Mendeleev's periodic table was in error because when the elements were arranged by mass it resulted in several elements being placed in groups of elements with differing properties.	0
991371523	Explain the contribution of Newland's law of octaves to the development of the modern periodic table?	Newland's law of octaves stated that elements properties repeated every eighth element. While this was not completely correct it did lead to the idea of a periodic pattern in the properties of elements.	1
991371524	German chemist Lothar Meyer and Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev both propose similar periodic tables in 1869. Why is Mendeleev generally given credit for the periodic table?	Mendeleev is given more credit because he published his organizational scheme and went on to demonstrate its usefulness. Mendeleev predicted the existence of properties of undiscovered elements and left blanks in his periodic table for them.	2
991371525	How was Mendeleev's periodic table organized?	Mendeleev arrange the elements in order of increasing atomic mass in the columns with similar properties.	3
991371526	What is the periodic law?	The statement that there is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of elements when they arranged by increasing atomic number.	4
991371527	Identify each of the following as a metal nonmetal are metalloid. Oxygen. Barium. Geranium. Iron. Neon. Praseodymium.	Oxygen - nonmetal, barium- metal, germanium - metalloid, Iron - metal, neon - nonmetal, and praseodymium-metal	5
991371528	Describe the general characteristics of metal	Metals are elements that are generally shiny went smooth and clean solid at room temperature and good conductors of heat and electricity most metals also are malleable or ductile.	6
991371529	What group are each of these items Alkali metals, halogens, alkaline earth metals, noble gases.	Alkali - group 1a, halogens- Group 7a, alkaline earth metals -Group 2a, noble gases - Group 8A	7
991371530	Identified these elements as representative elements or transition element oxygen, barium, germanium, iron, neon, and praseodymium.	oxygen-representative, barium-representative, germanium-representative, iron-transition, neon-representative, and praseodymium-transition.	8
991371531	A shiny solid element also is ductile. What side of the periodic table is it likely to be found?	left	9
991371532	What are the general properties of a metalloid? List three metalloid element?	Metalloids are elements with physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals. Boron, geranium, and silicon	10
991371533	What is the purpose of the heavy stairstep to line on the periodic table?	To separate the metals and nonmetals	11
991371534	Describe the two types of numbering used to identify groups on the periodic table?	One type of numbering to use is groups are numbered one through eight followed by the letter a or B. Another more recent membrane system uses numbers one through 18 above each for group.	12
991371535	Give the name and symbol for the two elements that are liquid at room temperature.	Bromine - Br, Mercury - Hg	13
991371536	Give the name and symbol for the noble gas with the greatest atomic mass?	Radon-Rn	14
991371537	Give the name and symbol of an inner transition metals.	Uranium - U	15
991371538	Why didn't elements chlorine and Ioline have similar chemical properties?	They are in the same group	16
991371539	How are the numbers of valence electrons of the group a elements related to the group number?	The group number is the number valence electrons in the element.	17
991371540	How is the energy level of an atoms valence electrons related to the period it is in on the periodic table?	The energy level of an element Boelens electrons indicates the period on the periodic table in which it is found?	18
991371541	How many valence electrons do each of the noble gases have	Eight except for helium which has two	19
991371542	What are the four blocks of the periodic table.	S - block, P - block, D -block, F - block	20
991371543	In general, what electronic configuration has the greatest stability?	P⁶, which is the end of the configuration of most of the noble gases	21
991371544	Explain how atoms valence electron configuration determines its place on the periodic table?	It is the group number, and the valence electrons energy level is what period the atom is on.	22
991371545	Explain why the radius of an atom cannot be measured directly?	The radius of the atom is cannot be measured directly because it does not have a definite edge to the electrons cloud	23
991371546	Given any two elements within a group, is the element with a larger atomic number likely to have a larger or smaller atomic radius than the other element?	As you go down the groups the atomic number increases but the size of the atom increases. As you go right through the periods the atomic number goes up but the size of the atom decreases.	24
991671268	Which elements are characterized as having their D orbitals filled with electrons as you move left to right across a period?	Transition metals	25
991671269	Explain why it is harder to remove an inner shell electron then a valence electron from an atom?	It is harder because Adams hold onto their inner core electrons much more strongly than they hold onto their valence electrons. A much larger ionization energy is needed for those inner core electrons.	26
991671270	An element forms a negative ion when ionized. On what side of the periodic table is the element located? Explain?	right. groups one a through four a are positively charged ions with the larger positively charged ions on the left and gradually decreasing as you move right when you get to 5a you're at the very large negative ions and then they gradually decrease as you move right.	27
991671271	Of the elements magnesium, calcium, barium, which forms the ion with the largest radius? The smallest radius? What periodic trend explains this?	barium, magnesium, as you move down a group, an ion's outershell are in higher principal energy levels, resulting in a gradual increase in ionic size.	28
991671272	What is iodization energy?	The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.	29
991671273	Explain why each successive ionization of an electron requires a greater amount of energy?	Each successive ionization of an electron requires a greater amount of energy because as you go inward the electrons closer to the nucleus have a larger pull on them	30
991671274	Which group has the highest ionization energies?	8	31
991671275	Define an ion?	an atom with a charge	32
991671276	How does that ionic radius of a nonmetal compare with its atomic radius? Explain why the changes and radius occur.	The ionic radius of nonmetals increase compared to the atomic radius, because when an atom becomes a negative ion it gains an electron and the size of the radius increases.	33
991671277	Explain why atomic radii decrease as you move left to right across a period.	As you move across the periods from left to right the atomic radii decrease because none of the electrons come between the valence electrons and the nucleus the valence electrons are not shielded from the increased nuclear charge and the result is they are pulled towards the nucleus.	34
991671278	Explain the octet rule.	The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons.	35
991671279	How many valence electrons do elements in the following groups have. Group 8A. Group 3A. Group 1A.	8, 3, 1	36
991671280	Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions each have 10 electrons surrounding their nuclei which ion would you expect to have the larger radius? why	Na⁺, it has a smaller positive charge so its radius is	37
991674194	What is electronegativity?	The relative ability of an element's atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond	38
991679439	How does electronegativity change within the periodic table?	Electronegativity decreases as you move down a group and increases as you move to the right.	39

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Environmental Flashcards

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683296235	Troposhere	Lowest layer of the atmosphere Has most of the earth's air	0
683296236	Stratosphere	Second layer of atmosphere Has ozone layer	1
683296237	Ozone layer	In stratosphere Is like earth's sunscreen Keeps 95% of sun's harmful radiation from reaching earth	2
683296238	Weather	Day to day Smaller area	3
683296239	Climate	Long term Over large area	4
683296240	Al Gore	Ran for US president against Bush Well known speaker about global warming	5
683296241	Global warming cause	Thick blanket of CO2 around earth which keeps hot air in Comes from cars, factories, ploughed fields	6
683296242	Polar icecap size	North Pole In 1980 Now 1/4 the size	7
683296243	Acid rain	Chemicals mixed together in the air Falls as rain which is acidic	8
683296244	Indoor air pollutants	Cigarette smoke, pollen dust mites,aerosol spray,air fresheners, dry cleaning fluid fumes on clothes,chemical from furniture stuffing,and carpets	9
683296245	Clean Air Act	To minimize air pollution Was supposed to be reviewed in 2006 - not done yet	10
683296246	Correlation between CO2 and temperature	As co2 levels go up, temperature goes up	11
683296247	Climate tipping point	Point at which the earths climate can no longer recover- high levels of co2, oceans becoming acidic, inability of oceans to absorb co2,destruction of Amazon forest,, methane gas from thawing Artic permafrost	12
683296248	Lester Brown	Climate change researcher Wrote WHO WILL FEED CHINA says China will run out of food which will affect North America	13
683296249	Personal reasons for not reducing environmental footprint	Procrastination, unaware of environmental issues, comfort, money, not wanting to change lifestyle, convenience	14
683296250	Possible motivators to reduce ecological footprint	Increase fuel prices Government rebates Laws	15
683296251	LEED	Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Rating system for buildings Point system - certified, silver, gold ,platinum	16
683296252	LEED Topics	Site development, water efficiency, material selection, indoor environmental quality, innovative design, regional priority	17
683296253	Renewable Energy	Energy which is replenished in a few days to a few thousand years - fairly quickly Solar, hydro, biomass, wind, geothermal, hydrogen	18
683296254	Non-renewable Energy	Will run out eventually Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy	19
683296255	Energy yield	Energy yield = the amount of energy produced - the amount of energy it takes to produce an energy source	20
683296256	Advantages of Oil energy	Lots available at the moment High net energy yield Low cost	21
683296257	Advantages of natural gas	More plentiful than oil High energy yield Low cost Lowest effect on environment	22
683296258	Disadvantage of energy from oil	Causes air water pollution	23
683296259	Advantage of coal energy	Lots of it High energy yield Low cost	24
683296260	Advantages of nuclear energy	Low environmental impact	25
683296261	Disadvantage of nuclear energy	High cost Long lasting environmental waste	26
683296262	Disadvantage of natural gas	Non-renewable	27
683296263	Advantages of solar energy	Can be used to hot water and indoor spaces Net energy is moderate to high Moderate cost Low impact on environment Renewable	28
683296264	Disadvantage of solar energy	Need sunshine 60% of the time Need backup system	29
683296265	Advantage of hydropower	Can use water flowing in rivers, over dams and ocean waves Renewable, low cost Moderate to high energy yield Low environmental impact	30
683296266	Disadvantage of hydropower	Limited suitable sites	31
683296267	Solar energy	Uses sun and solar panels	32
683296268	Hydropower	Uses water - flowing rivers, dams, ocean waves	33
683296269	Advantages of Biomass	Lots of it in some areas Plantations can help restore degraded lands Moderate cost	34
683296270	Disadvantages of biomass energy	Degrades soil and biodiversity Moderate to high impact on environment	35
683296271	Disadvantages of biomass energy	Degrades soil and biodiversity Moderate to high impact on the environment	36
683296272	Advantages Wind Power	Renewable and easy to find High net energy yield Low cost Easy to build and expand Little or no air pollution	37
683296273	Disadvantages of wind power	People came in causes health issues such as headaches People complain about the humming noise	38
683296274	Advantages of Geothermal energy	Renewable Moderate net energy yield Lower CO2 Low cost	39
683296275	Disadvantages of geothermal energy	Not many suitable sites Noises and some CO2 emissions	40
683296276	Advantages of hydrogen gas	Can be produced from plentiful water at some sites No direct emissions if produced from water High efficiency	41
683296277	Disadvantage of hydrogen gas	Negative net energy yield High costs Need water storage and distribution system	42
683296278	SAM experiment	Island near Denmark Put up wind turbines Now 100% renewable energy	43
683296279	Tom Rand and Planet Traveller Hotel	In Toronto Cut carbon emissions by 75% Uses solar power, geothermal power	44

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AP Biology 3.4 DNA, RNA and Inheritance Flashcards

Review of Big Idea 3A from AP

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710206386	nucleotides	monomers of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	0
710206414	DNA	a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
145437804	RNA	A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.	2
252197116	base pairing	Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine	3
25938790	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.	4
416192124	DNA polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain	5
198904178	RNA polymerase	An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand	6
807972423	replication	Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA	7
380946164	protein synthesis	Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA	8
710536780	polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	9
846903513	amino acids	Building blocks of protein	10
652061954	chromosomes	"Color Bodies"; contain genetic material and are located in the nucleus of cell.	11
403177560	mRNA	A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA.	12
513938823	tRNA	short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according	13
676268645	rRNA	RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA	14
194005322	adenine	A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Pairs with Thymine.	15
148126031	thymine	A single-ring nitrogenous base found only in DNA. Pairs with Adenine.	16
498911226	cytosine	A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Pair with guanine	17
670037262	guanine	A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Binds with cytosine.	18
605225021	uracil	a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine. Binds with adenine	19
716983363	codon	A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid	20
467256758	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	21
857132823	intron	A segment of a gene situated between exons that is removed before translation of messenger RNA and does not function in coding for protein synthesis.	22
69558475	exon	A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	23
711910513	promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.	24
617054173	histone	A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure	25
572881306	nucleosome	The basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone.	26
145154075	ribosome	A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus	27
213105032	translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in a mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.	28
363597840	transcription	The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.	29
457563647	transformation	A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.	30
193015602	eukaryote	A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	31
254563777	prokaryote	A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	32
201048525	mutation	A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.	33
593252022	gene mutation	A change in the sequence of the bases in a gene, which changes the structure of the polypeptide that the gene codes for.	34
1320494441	chromosomal mutation	A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations.	35
875164453	substitution	A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.	36
233458455	deletion	a type of gene mutation in which a nucleotide is deleted	37
243276571	insertion	A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotides pairs to a gene.	38
17392237	duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to the fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of the chromosome is duplicated	39
545438561	inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.	40
13234119	translocation	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome.	41
763546596	terminator	In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA.	42
1009894364	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.	43
994994449	TATA box	A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.	44
249851904	Central dogma	DNA -> RNA -> Protein	45
781278540	James Watson and Francis Crick	1953. Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA.	46
377575118	Frederick Griffith	British Medical officer who performed experiment using 2 varieties of (streptococcus pneumonia) , pathogenic/ non pathogenic, that led to discovery of DNA, concluded there was is a TRANSFORMATION from dead bacteria to live bacteria, studied the transforming substance	47
132873957	Rosalind Franklin	Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA	48
585405394	Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase	Determined that genetic DNA, not protein, was the genetic material using experiments about bacteriophages	49

2545448624	Appropriation	money that Congress has allocated to be spent	0
2545449573	Appropriations Committee	congressional committee that deals with federal spending	1
2545450671	Appellate jurisdiction	authority of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court	2
2545451516	Bully Pulpit	any highly visible public office whose incumbent uses it as a platform to influence public opinion (primarily connected with the president)	3
2545454105	Bureaucracy	departments agencies, bureaus and commissions in the executive branch of government	4
2545456003	Casework	personal work done by a member of Congress for his constituents	5
2545457123	civil law	concerns noncriminal disputes between private parties	6
2545781396	class action lawsuits	lawsuit brought on behalf of a class of people against a defendant	7
2545783160	Closed rule	rules committee rule that bans amendments to a bill	8
2545784542	cloture	Senate motion to end a filibuster that requires a 3/5 vote	9
2545785638	concurring opinion	written by Supreme Court Justice who voted with the majority but for different reasons	10
2545788785	Conference committee	works out compromise between differing House-Senate versions of a bill	11
2545790686	Constituents	the people who are represented by elected officials	12
2545792542	discharge petition	a motion to force a bill to the House floor that has been bottled up in committee	13
2545794140	Dissenting opinion	written by Supreme Court Justice who express a minority viewpoint in a case	14
2545795768	Executive agreement	an agreement between the President and another head of state that unlike a treaty does not require Senate consent	15
2545797703	Executive order	presidential rule or regulation that has the force of law	16
2545798787	Executive privilege	the privilege of a president and his staff to withhold their "privileged" conversations from Congress or the courts	17
2545801230	Filibuster	nonstop Senate debate that prevents a bill from coming to a vote	18
2545804385	Finance Committee	Senate committee that handles tax bills	19
2545806016	Franking privilege	allows members of Congress to send mail postage free	20
2545807822	Gerrymandering	redrawing district lines to favor one party at the expense of the other	21
2545810227	Impeachment	refusal of a President to spend money that has been appropriated by Congress	22
2545813008	Injunction	court order that forbids a party from performing a certain action	23
2545814938	Judicial activism	philosophy that the courts should take an active role in solving problems	24
2545817439	Judicial restraint	philosophy that the courts should defer to elected lawmakers in setting policy, and should instead focus on interpreting law rather than making law	25
2545820187	Judicial review	power of the courts to review the constitutionality of laws of government actions	26
2545822674	Legislative oversight	ongoing process of congressional monitoring of the executive branch to ensure that the latter complies with the law	27
2545826620	Legislative veto	process in which Congress overturned rules and regulations proposed by executive branch agencies struck down in 1983	28
2545831991	Line item beto	power of most governors to delete or reduce funding in a bill on a line by line basis	29
2545835126	Logrolling	when two members of Congress agree to vote for each other's bill	30
2545836446	Majority opinion	written to express the majority viewpoint in a Supreme Court case	31
2545838373	Mark up	committee action to amend a proposed bill	32
2545839679	Merit system	system of hiring federal workers based upon competitive exams	33
2545840667	Open rule	House Rules Committee rule that allows amendments to a bill	34
2545843251	Original jurisdiction	authority of a court to first hear a case	35
2545846049	Patronage	power to appoint loyal party members to federal positions	36
2545911486	Pocket veto	presidential killing of a bill by inaction after Congress adjourns	37
2545913859	Political appointees	those who have received presidential appointments to office.	38
2545915337	Pork barrel	wasteful congressional spending	39
2545916539	Quorum	minimum number of members needed for House or Senate to meet	40
2545918774	Reapportionment	reallocation of House seats to the states on the basis of changes in state populations, as determined by the census	41
2545920352	Redistricting	redrawing of congressional district boundaries by the party in power of the state legislature	42
2545922219	Red tape	complex rules and procedures required by bureaucratic agencies	43
2545924958	Remand	the Supreme Court's sending of a case back to the original court in which it was heard	44
2545926556	Rider	amendment to a bill that has little to do with the bill	45
2545927492	Rule of four	the Supreme Court will hear a case if four Justices agree to do so	46
2545928794	rules committee	the "traffic cop" of the House that sets the legislative calendar and issues rules for debate on a bill	47
2545933746	Senatorial courtesy	traditions in which the president consults with the senators within a state in which an appointment is to be made	48
2545935639	Seniority system	traditions in which the Senator from the majority party with the most years of service on a committee becomes the chairman of that committee	49
2545938808	Standing committee	the permanent congressional committees that handle legilsation	50
2545941107	Stare decisis	Latin for "let the decision stand" Supreme Court policy of following precedent in deciding cases	51
2545943078	Sunset laws	Laws that automatically expire after a given time	52
2545944100	Ways and Means Committee	House committee that handles tax bills	53
2545949693	Whistle blower	an employee who exposes unethical or illegal conduct within the federal government or one of its contractors	54
2545951725	Writ of certiorari	issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court to send up the records of a case so that it can be reviewed by the high court	55
2545955228	Writ of habeas corpus	court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody	56
2545958216	Write of mandamus	court order directing a party to perform a certain action	57

2921894140	Five types of nouns	Common, Proper, Concrete, Abstract, Collective	0
2921894141	Pronouns	Take the place of nouns	1
2921894142	Antecedents	Word pronoun is standing in for	2
2921894143	Personal Pronouns	Most common, ex: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, it's, they, them, their, theirs	3
2921894144	PP: The story about the accident was so terrible that I didn't believe it at first.	I, it	4
2921894145	PP: I didn't tell him about the new idea I had.	I, him, I	5
2921894146	Demonstrative	Point things out, ex: this, that, those, these	6
2921894147	DP: This is my new CD	This	7
2921894148	DP: This shirt I am holding is new	This is new	8
2921894149	Interrogative	Used to ask questions, ex: which, who, whose, whom, what	9
2921894150	IP: Who is that man?	Who	10
2921894151	IP: Whom are you going with?	Whom	11
2921894152	Relative	Begin adjective clauses, ex: which, whom, whose, who, that	12
2921894153	RP: You can borrow the book that I just finished	That	13
2921894154	RP: Do you know who that man in the costume is?	None	14
2921894155	Indefinite	Don't refer to a specific noun, ex: someone, most, some, anybody, few, many, several, etc.	15
2921894156	IdP: is anyone home?	Anyone	16
2921894157	IdP: Those who think they can do anything usually can!	Anything	17

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