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Campbell Biology Ch 29/30 Flashcards

3924923141	Charophytes	Green Algae, the closest relatives of land plants	0
3924937644	Charophytes and Land Plants	Both are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic and have cell walls	1
3924951956	Land Plants Share These Three Traits with Only Charophytes	1- Rings of cellulose-sythesizing proteins 2- Structure of Flagellated sperm 3- Formation of a phragmoplast ( Land Plants are not a descent of modern Charophytes, they share a common anestor)	2
3924989619	Embryophytes	Land plants with embryos	3
3924996697	Sporopollenin	A durable polymer in Charophytes that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out, resistant to harsh envoriments	4
3925013552	Five Key Traits of Land Plants (absent in Charophytes)	1 - Alternation of Generations 2 - Multicellular, dependent embryos 3 - Walled spores produced in sporangia 4 - Multicellular Gametangia 5 - Apical Meristems	5
3959421939	Alternation of Generations	A reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages	6
3959432542	Gametophytes	Haploid stage, that produces haploid gametes by mitosis	7
3959442459	Sporophytes	Diploid stage, that produces spores by meiosis	8
3959459792	Multicellular, dependent embryo	The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte, nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo	9
3959475138	Sporangia	Organs that produce spores	10
3959475139	Gametangia	Produces gametes	11
3959477405	Archegonia	Female gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization	12
3959514474	Antheridia	Male gametangia, produce and release sperm	13
3959523472	Apical Meristems	The part of the plant that sustains continual growth in the plant (apical stem and apical root)	14
3959536424	Cuticle	A waxy covering of the plant's epidermis	15
3959539068	Stomata	Are specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and inside of the plant	16
3959548044	Mycorrhizae	Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients	17
3959601378	Bryophytes	Nonvascular plants -Examples Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts -Have lager and longer living gametophytes stages then sporophytes stages -Have flagellated sperm	18
3959615421	Seedless Vascular Plants	Have vascular tissues, Lycophytes and Monilophytes	19
3959622250	Lycophytes	Club mosses and their relatives	20
3959625778	Monilophytes	Ferns and their relatives	21
3959636282	Grade	Organisms that are grouped based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry	22
3959665725	Seed	An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat	23
3959676968	Gymnosperms	Has a "naked seed" plants, including the conifers	24
3959676969	Angiosperms	Flowering plants, 90% of all plants	25
3959715107	Protonema	A spore germinates into a ________, and then into a game-producing gametophore	26
3959738771	Rhizoids	Anchor gametophytes to substrate (ground/soil)	27
3959790491	Bryophyte Parts	Foot Seta Sporangium Capsule (discharges spores through a peristome)	28
3959818158	Peat Moss Sphagnum	- Forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material know as peat - Can be used as a fuel - Lowers temperature, pH, and oxygen levels of peatlands - Inhibits decay of other organisms - Peat contains 30% of the worlds soil carbon, overheating it would release the carbon into the atmosphere	29
3959896107	Traits of Vascular Plants	- Life cycles with dominant sporophytes - Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem - Well-developed roots and leaves	30
3959938397	Xylem	- Conducts most of the water and minerals, includes tube shaped cells called tracheids - Stegthened by Lignin	31
3959938398	Phloem	Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic material	32
3959940611	Roots	- Organs that anchor the plant and absorb nutrients in the soil - Evolved from subterranean stems - Allows the plant to grow tall	33
3959940612	Leaves	Organs that increase the plants surface area of vascular plants, thereby casting more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis	34
3959943967	Microphylls	Leaves with a single vein, only Lycohytes	35
3959945411	Megaphylls	Leaves with highly branched vascular system	36
3959950737	Sporophylls	Modified leaves with sporangia	37
3959950738	Sori	Clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls	38
3959950739	Strobili	Cone like structures formed from groups of sporophylls	39
3959953223	Heterosporous	Produce both megaspores and microspores	40
3959953224	Megaspores	Give rise to the female gametophytes	41
3959955657	Microspores	Give rise to the male gametophytes	42
3959959019	Homosporous	Plant produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophytes	43
3959961374	Megasporangia	Produces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes	44
3959965215	Microsporangia	Produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes	45
3959967044	Pollen Gains	Microspores develops into _________, which contain the male gametophytes	46
3959967045	Pollination	The transfer of pollen to the part of ta seed plant containing the ovules- eliminates the need of water for sperm	47
3959971641	Ovule	-Consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments	48
3959974409	Advantages of Seeds	-May remain dormant for days or years -Stored food supply -Transported over long distances, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments	49
3960144095	Gymnosperm Life Cycle	- Miniaturization of their gametophytes - Development of seeds from fertilized ovules - The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen	50
3960151719	Conifers	Cone bearing plants	51
3960155856	Small Cones	Produce mircospores	52
3960157491	Large Cones	Produce megaspores	53
3960188256	Characteristics of Angiosperm		54
3960188257	Sepals		55
3960188258	Petals		56
3960189828	Stamens		57
3960191257	Carpel/Pistil		58
3960191258	Flower		59
3960191259	Filament		60
3960193115	Anther		61
3960193116	Ovary		62
3960193117	Style		63
3960194891	Stigma		64
3960196204	Complete Flowers		65
3960196205	Incomplete Flowers		66
3960196206	Fruit		67
3960200003	Radial Symmetry		68
3960201812	Bilateral Symmetry		69
3960204060	Embryo Sac		70
3960204061	Endosperm		71
3960206179	Micropyle		72
3960207491	Double fertilization		73
3960209375	Cotyledons		74
3960209376	Monocots		75
3960209377	Dicots		76
3960211018	Eudicots		77
3960212592	Basal Angiosperms		78
3960217419	Artificial Selection		79

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Campbell Biology Ch. 35, 36 Flashcards

Plant Structure and Function

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753909491	Modular	an organism that is made of many copies of a small number of units (leaves, stems, roots, flowers)	0
753909492	Roots	anchor the plant in the soil; absorb minerals and water from the ground; store food	1
753909493	Fibrous root system	general attribute of monocots; shallow and dense mat of roots; have a high surface area but do not store as much material as tap roots	2
753909494	Taproot system	general attribute of dicots; one large vertical roots with smaller lateral roots; stores a large amount of food	3
753909495	Root hairs	greatly increase surface area of roots	4
753909496	Adventitious roots	specialized roots arising aboveground from stems or leaves	5
753909497	Shoots	consist of stems, leaves, and flowers	6
753909498	Nodes	the points at which leaves are attached to the stem	7
753909499	Internodes	stem segments between leaf nodes	8
753909500	Axillary bud	buds at the angle formed by each leaf and the stem; can be stimulated to form a vegetative branch	9
753909501	Terminal bud	near the tip of the shoot; composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes	10
753909502	Apical dominance	terminal buds inhibit the growth of axillary buds, causing the plant to grow taller and increasing its exposure to light	11
753909503	Stolons	runners or above-ground horizontal stems	12
753909504	Rhizomes	horizontal underground stems	13
753909505	Tubers	ends of rhizomes, the horizontal underground stems	14
753909506	Leaves	main photosynthetic organs of most plants; consist of a flattened blade and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem node)	15
753909507	Bulbs	bases of leaves	16
753909508	Parenchyma	lease specialized plant cell; can elongate over time, and are living when functional. Also perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant; synthesizing and storing organic products. Can repair and replace organs after injury to the plant	17
753909509	Collenchyma	Help support young parts of the plant shoot; grouped into strands or cylinders, and are living when mature. Can elongate over time.	18
753909510	Sclerenchyma	supporting elements of the plant, with thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin. Cannot elongate, and are dead at functional maturity. Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem function as support and transport.	19
753909511	Fibers	sclerenchyma cells; long, slender and tapered, and usually occur in groups	20
753909512	Sclereids	sclerenchyma cells; shorter and more irregular than fibers; seed coats and nutshells	21
753909513	Dermal tissue	"epidermis;" single layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells that cover and protect the plant. Created by the protoderm	22
753909514	Vascular tissue	involved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots; created by the procambium	23
753909515	Ground tissues	tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; typically perenchyma cells involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support. Created by the ground meristem	24
753909516	Pith	tissues that are internal to vascular tissue	25
753909517	Xylem	conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. Tracheids and vessel elements are the water conducting elements of xylem	26
753909518	Pits	thinner regions in secondary walls where only primary walls are present	27
753909519	Xylem vessels	pipe-like structures formed by vessel elements aligned end to end	28
753909520	Root pressure	pushes xylem sap into the shoot system	29
753909521	Guttation	exudation of water droplets that are excess; caused by root pressure	30
753909522	Transpiration	provides the pull for water from the roots, and the cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmit the upward pull up to the leaves	31
753909523	Phloem	transports food made in mature leaves to the roots	32
753909524	Translocation	process by which the phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots	33
753909525	Sieve-tube members	tubes formed by chains of cells lined up from end to end; alive at maturity, but lack nuclei and ribosomes.	34
753909526	Sieve plates	the end walls, which have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid between cells	35
753909527	Companion cell	adjacent and connected to the sieve-tube member; may assist the cell in maintaining cell metabolism and function	36
753909528	Sieve tubes	sieve-tube members formed into long tubes	37
753909529	Phloem sap	an aqueous solution of disaccharide sucrose in water; also contains minerals, amino acids, and hormones	38
753909530	Sugar source	a plant organ in which sugar is being produces by either photosynthesis or by the breakdown of starch (leaves in summer, roots in winter)	39
753909531	Sugar sink	a plant organ that is a net consumer or storage point of sugar	40
753909532	Meristem tissues	generate cells for new organs throughout the lifetime of a plant	41
753909533	Indeterminate growth	plants increase in size as long as the plant lives	42
753909534	Determinate growth	many animals cease growing after they reach a certain size	43
753909535	Apical meristems	located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots; supply cells for the plant to grow in length	44
753909536	Primary growth	product of apical meristems; elongation of the plant	45
753909537	Lateral meristems	cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots	46
753909538	Secondary growth	product of lateral meristems; progressive thickening of roots and shoots	47
753909539	Root cap	protects the meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth	48
753909540	Zone of Division	site of the root/shoot where mitosis is occurring	49
753909541	Zone of Elongation	where immature cells elongate	50
753909542	Zone of Maturation	where the cells mature and become specialized	51
753909543	Protoderm	outermost primary meristem; produces the epidermis	52
753909544	Procambium	produces the stele, which is the central cylinder of vascular tissure where both xylem and phloem develop	53
753909545	Ground meristem	produces the ground tissues; mostly parenchyma cells that store food	54
753909546	Cortex	space between the stele and the epidermis	55
753909547	Endodermis	innermost layer of the cortex; a cylinder one cell thick that formes a boundary between the cortex and the stele	56
753909548	Casparioan strip	a belt of suberin (waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials) that acts as a last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals from cortex to vascular tissue	57
753909549	Symplastic route	route of transport through symplasts	58
753909550	Apoplastic route	route of transport through the organ completely via cell walls and extracellular spaces	59
753909551	Pericycle	inside and adjacent to the endodermis; can produce lateral roots	60
753909552	Vascular bundles	strands of vascular tissue; strengthens the stems and roots	61
753909553	Stomata	tiny pores in leaves flanked by guard cells	62
753909554	Mesophyll	ground tissue of the leaf	63
753909555	Columnar palisade parenchyma	found below the upper epidermis of the leaf	64
753909556	Spongy parenchyma	layer of cells below the palisade parenchyma of the leaf	65
753909557	Vascular cambium	acts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and phloem	66
753909558	Wood	secondary xylem	67
753909559	Annual vs Perennial	annual live for about a year; perennial may live for many years and exhibit secondary growth	68
753909560	Cork cambium	acts as a meristem for cork, which accumulate at the cambium's exterior	69
753909561	Periderm	cork plus cork cambium; forms a protective layer that replaces the epidermis	70
753909562	Bark	refers to all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork	71
753909563	Heartwood and Sapwood	Heartwood: no longer conducts water but forms a central column that supports the tree. Sapwood functions in the upward transport of xylem sap	72

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Campbell Biology Ch. 35, 36 Flashcards

Plant Structure and Function

Terms : Hide Images

753909491	Modular	an organism that is made of many copies of a small number of units (leaves, stems, roots, flowers)	0
753909492	Roots	anchor the plant in the soil; absorb minerals and water from the ground; store food	1
753909493	Fibrous root system	general attribute of monocots; shallow and dense mat of roots; have a high surface area but do not store as much material as tap roots	2
753909494	Taproot system	general attribute of dicots; one large vertical roots with smaller lateral roots; stores a large amount of food	3
753909495	Root hairs	greatly increase surface area of roots	4
753909496	Adventitious roots	specialized roots arising aboveground from stems or leaves	5
753909497	Shoots	consist of stems, leaves, and flowers	6
753909498	Nodes	the points at which leaves are attached to the stem	7
753909499	Internodes	stem segments between leaf nodes	8
753909500	Axillary bud	buds at the angle formed by each leaf and the stem; can be stimulated to form a vegetative branch	9
753909501	Terminal bud	near the tip of the shoot; composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes	10
753909502	Apical dominance	terminal buds inhibit the growth of axillary buds, causing the plant to grow taller and increasing its exposure to light	11
753909503	Stolons	runners or above-ground horizontal stems	12
753909504	Rhizomes	horizontal underground stems	13
753909505	Tubers	ends of rhizomes, the horizontal underground stems	14
753909506	Leaves	main photosynthetic organs of most plants; consist of a flattened blade and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem node)	15
753909507	Bulbs	bases of leaves	16
753909508	Parenchyma	lease specialized plant cell; can elongate over time, and are living when functional. Also perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant; synthesizing and storing organic products. Can repair and replace organs after injury to the plant	17
753909509	Collenchyma	Help support young parts of the plant shoot; grouped into strands or cylinders, and are living when mature. Can elongate over time.	18
753909510	Sclerenchyma	supporting elements of the plant, with thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin. Cannot elongate, and are dead at functional maturity. Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem function as support and transport.	19
753909511	Fibers	sclerenchyma cells; long, slender and tapered, and usually occur in groups	20
753909512	Sclereids	sclerenchyma cells; shorter and more irregular than fibers; seed coats and nutshells	21
753909513	Dermal tissue	"epidermis;" single layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells that cover and protect the plant. Created by the protoderm	22
753909514	Vascular tissue	involved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots; created by the procambium	23
753909515	Ground tissues	tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; typically perenchyma cells involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support. Created by the ground meristem	24
753909516	Pith	tissues that are internal to vascular tissue	25
753909517	Xylem	conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. Tracheids and vessel elements are the water conducting elements of xylem	26
753909518	Pits	thinner regions in secondary walls where only primary walls are present	27
753909519	Xylem vessels	pipe-like structures formed by vessel elements aligned end to end	28
753909520	Root pressure	pushes xylem sap into the shoot system	29
753909521	Guttation	exudation of water droplets that are excess; caused by root pressure	30
753909522	Transpiration	provides the pull for water from the roots, and the cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmit the upward pull up to the leaves	31
753909523	Phloem	transports food made in mature leaves to the roots	32
753909524	Translocation	process by which the phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots	33
753909525	Sieve-tube members	tubes formed by chains of cells lined up from end to end; alive at maturity, but lack nuclei and ribosomes.	34
753909526	Sieve plates	the end walls, which have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid between cells	35
753909527	Companion cell	adjacent and connected to the sieve-tube member; may assist the cell in maintaining cell metabolism and function	36
753909528	Sieve tubes	sieve-tube members formed into long tubes	37
753909529	Phloem sap	an aqueous solution of disaccharide sucrose in water; also contains minerals, amino acids, and hormones	38
753909530	Sugar source	a plant organ in which sugar is being produces by either photosynthesis or by the breakdown of starch (leaves in summer, roots in winter)	39
753909531	Sugar sink	a plant organ that is a net consumer or storage point of sugar	40
753909532	Meristem tissues	generate cells for new organs throughout the lifetime of a plant	41
753909533	Indeterminate growth	plants increase in size as long as the plant lives	42
753909534	Determinate growth	many animals cease growing after they reach a certain size	43
753909535	Apical meristems	located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots; supply cells for the plant to grow in length	44
753909536	Primary growth	product of apical meristems; elongation of the plant	45
753909537	Lateral meristems	cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots	46
753909538	Secondary growth	product of lateral meristems; progressive thickening of roots and shoots	47
753909539	Root cap	protects the meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth	48
753909540	Zone of Division	site of the root/shoot where mitosis is occurring	49
753909541	Zone of Elongation	where immature cells elongate	50
753909542	Zone of Maturation	where the cells mature and become specialized	51
753909543	Protoderm	outermost primary meristem; produces the epidermis	52
753909544	Procambium	produces the stele, which is the central cylinder of vascular tissure where both xylem and phloem develop	53
753909545	Ground meristem	produces the ground tissues; mostly parenchyma cells that store food	54
753909546	Cortex	space between the stele and the epidermis	55
753909547	Endodermis	innermost layer of the cortex; a cylinder one cell thick that formes a boundary between the cortex and the stele	56
753909548	Casparioan strip	a belt of suberin (waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials) that acts as a last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals from cortex to vascular tissue	57
753909549	Symplastic route	route of transport through symplasts	58
753909550	Apoplastic route	route of transport through the organ completely via cell walls and extracellular spaces	59
753909551	Pericycle	inside and adjacent to the endodermis; can produce lateral roots	60
753909552	Vascular bundles	strands of vascular tissue; strengthens the stems and roots	61
753909553	Stomata	tiny pores in leaves flanked by guard cells	62
753909554	Mesophyll	ground tissue of the leaf	63
753909555	Columnar palisade parenchyma	found below the upper epidermis of the leaf	64
753909556	Spongy parenchyma	layer of cells below the palisade parenchyma of the leaf	65
753909557	Vascular cambium	acts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and phloem	66
753909558	Wood	secondary xylem	67
753909559	Annual vs Perennial	annual live for about a year; perennial may live for many years and exhibit secondary growth	68
753909560	Cork cambium	acts as a meristem for cork, which accumulate at the cambium's exterior	69
753909561	Periderm	cork plus cork cambium; forms a protective layer that replaces the epidermis	70
753909562	Bark	refers to all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork	71
753909563	Heartwood and Sapwood	Heartwood: no longer conducts water but forms a central column that supports the tree. Sapwood functions in the upward transport of xylem sap	72

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Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials Management Flashcards

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2408668339	RCRA solid waste	Garbage, refuge, or sludge that are solid, liquid, semisolid, gas containing, or other-excluded	0
2408676296	When RCRA solid waste becomes hazardous waste	Listed by EPA, possess hazardous characteristics such as being ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic, increase mortality or severe injury, and pose a potential hazard to humans or the environment if improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed, or managed	1
2408682297	RCRA hazardous waste regulations vary if	Generated by a SQG, reused, recycled, or reclaimed, are a sludge or contain a listed EPA waste, or the handler is a generator, transporter, or owner-operator of a treatment, storage, or disposal facility	2
2408685911	Controls for hazardous waste	Eliminate, reduce quantity, compaction, reduce/recycle/reclaim, containment, storage, separation, pretreatment, detoxification, treatment, and disposal by buriel, deep well injection, or incineration	3
2408689499	Hazardous waste distribution is managed by	EPA ID number, manifests, tracking, identification, and disposal	4
2408691733	Eight sections of RCRA	1. Identification 2. Labeling/packing/transportation 3. Disposal facilities 4. Permitting of disposal facilities 5. State programs 6. Facility Inspections 7. Civil and criminal penalties for violators 8. LQGs (1000kg or more/month), SQGs (100 to 1000kg/month), and CESQGs (less than 100kg/month)	5
2408723691	CERCLA	Superfund to cleanup hazardous waste sites with strict, several, and joint liability	6
2408724846	SARA III	EPCRA, RTK, and emergency response planning	7
2408726107	OSHA HAZWOPER	Site analysis, control, training, medical surveillance, air monitoring, PPE, information, decontamination, and emergency response	8
2408728591	NWPA	Nuclear Waste Policy Act for protecting public health, creating a repository for spent fuel, and a nuclear waste fund for disposal programs	9
2408728094	HAZMAT	Any solid, liquid, or gas that can harm people, living organisms, property, or the environment	10
2527628781	Density	Mass per unit volume	11
2527632012	Specific Gravity	Ratio of density of material to density of water	12
2527635277	Vapor density	Weight of volume of gas or vapor compared to an equal volume of air	13
2527639096	Solubility	Dissolve in solvent to form a solution	14
2527641209	Periodic table has	118 elements with symbols, atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes	15
2527646019	Concentrations are measured in	ppm, ppb, or mg/m3	16
2527650035	Physical hazards of HAZMAT	Engulfment, overpressurization, slip/trip/falls, crushing, fires/explosions, corrosion, thermal decomposition, and water reactivity	17
2527657073	Cause of HAZMAT fires and explosions	Shock, sensitivity, friction, chemical rxns, ignition, oxygen enrichment, and a sudden release of pressure	18
2527666145	Water reactive chemicals	Alkali metals; metal hydrides, amides, and halides; organic and inorganic acid halides, phosphorous pentoxide, calcium carbide, and anhydrides of low molecular weight	19
2527680084	Alkali metals	Na, Li, and K	20
2527682758	Alkali metal hydrides	LiH, CaH2, LiAlH4, and NaBH4	21
2527688755	Metal amides	NaNH2	22
2527700670	EPA Classification of LQG	>1000kg/month, >1kg acute/month no storage limit, and 90 day storage	23
2527706114	EPA Classification of SQG	>100kg/month, >1kg acute/month, storage of 6000kg/13,200lbs for 180 days or 270 days if site is 200 miles away	24
2527720197	EPA Classification of CESQG	< or = 100kg/month, <=1kg acute/month, <= 1000 kg storage with no time limit	25
2527756278	Two kinds of response actions	Short term removal or long term remedial response	26
2527761407	CERCLA revised the National Contingency Plan with	Guidelines and procedures to respond to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants	27
2527788271	CERCLA established	Requirements for abandoned hazardous waste sites, liability of responsible persons, and a trust fund for cleanup	28
2527799887	SARA 1986	Amended Superfund, stressed permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies, consideration of standards and requirements in other states, enforcement authority, focus on human health, greater citizen participation, and increased trust fund to $8.5 billion	29
2527819814	SARA 1986 revised	The HRS to assess degree of risk to human health and the environment by uncontrolled hazardous waste sites on NPL	30
2527830231	TSCA	Information on new and existing chemical substances causing unreasonable risk to human health and the environment	31
2527836557	Title I TSCA	Control of hazardous substances	32
2527841079	Title II TSCA	AHERA	33
2527844391	Title III TSCA	Indoor Air Radon Abatement	34
2527845863	Title IV TSCA	Lead based paint exposure	35
2527850074	EPCRA 1986	Protect public from chemical emergencies and also known as SARA III	36
2527858740	FIFRA 1972	Pesticide registration requirements and classification as general or restricted use	37
2527863739	AHERA 1986	Title II of TSCA required accreditation of personnel working on asbestos in schools, public and commercial buildings (ASHARA)	38
2527876646	Under Title II of TSCA removal is only required to	Prevent significant exposure during renovation or demolition	39
2527883245	Under Title II of TSCA in place asbestos management program requires	Asbestos containing material to remain undisturbed and in good condition	40
2527891299	HAZCOM 29 CFR 1910.1200	Ensure chemicals are evaluated for hazards to employers and employees with labels, warnings, SDSs, and training	41
2527901342	DOT Hazard Class 1.1-1.6	Explosives	42
2527903630	DOT Hazard Class 2.1	Flammable gas	43
2527907088	DOT Hazard Class 2.2	Non flammable compressed gas	44
2527909322	DOT Hazard Class 2.3	Toxic/poisonous gas	45
2527913912	DOT Hazard Class 3	Flammable liquid FP < 141F or Combustible liquid FP 141F to 200F	46
2527925075	DOT Hazard Class 4.1	Flammable solid	47
2527927096	DOT Hazard Class 4.2	Spontaneous combustible	48
2527929242	DOT Hazard Class 4.3	Dangerous when wet	49
2527932531	DOT Hazard Class 5.1	Oxidizers	50
2527935238	DOT Hazard Class 5.2	Organic peroxides	51
2527935239	DOT Hazard Class 6.1	Toxic substances	52
2527935240	DOT Hazard Class 6.2	Infectious substances	53
2527942820	DOT Hazard Class 7	Radioactive	54
2527942821	DOT Hazard Class 8	Corrosives	55
2527948445	DOT Hazard Class 9	Miscellaneous	56
2527953202	Hazardous waste operations occur at	uncontrolled, abandoned, seriously degraded sites with a large amount and variety of unknown substances	57
2527962650	Three things needed to plan and organize a hazardous waste operation	Comprehensive work plan, specific phases of operation, and a site specific health and safety plan	58
2527970384	Training required by hazardous waste operations	Safety plan, SWPs, hazards, emergencies, vehicles, field equipment, HAZMAT handling, storage, and transportation, employee rights and responsibilities, safe sampling techniques, and ppe use, care, and limitation	59
2527985172	Medical surveillance	Pre-employment screening, medical evaluation, termination examination, emergency/non-emergency treatment, record-keeping, and program review	60
2527992144	Site characterization	ID site hazards, select worker protection methods, conduct offsite characterization and reconnaissance, onsite surveys, and ongoing monitoring once the site is safe.	61
2528005700	Air monitoring	Identification and quantification of airborne contaminants, specific medical monitoring to aid in PPE selection, assess health effects of exposure, and delineation of areas needing protection	62
2528016322	Site control	Minimize contamination, protect public from hazards, and prevent vandalism	63
2528021240	Decontamination	Remove or neutralize contaminants on personnel or equipment	64

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Ch34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates Flashcards

Biology Campbell 9th edition Vocabulary

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1239275640	vertebrates	A chordate animal with a backbone, including sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals	0
1239275641	chordates	Member of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during there development have a notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits and cleft; and a muscular post-anal-tail.	1
1239275642	notochord	A longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body.	2
1239275643	pharyngeal clefts	In chordate embryos, grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx and may develop into pharyngeal slits.	3
1239275644	pharyngeal slits	In chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates.	4
1239275645	lancelets	Member of the clade Cephalochordata, small blade shaped marine chordate that lack a backbone.	5
1239275646	tunicates	Members of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.	6
1239275647	craniates	A chordate with a head	7
1239275648	neural crest	In vertebrates, a band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; the cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.	8
1239275649	conodonts	An early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements	9
1239275650	gnathostomes	Jawed vertebrates	10
1239275651	lateral line system	A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body of fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by an animal itself and by other moving objects	11
1239275652	placoderms	A member of an extinct class of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough, outer armor	12
1239275653	acanthodians	Any of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian and Devonian periods	13
1239275654	chondrichthyans	member of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays	14
1239275655	oviparous	term used to refer to animals whose eggs hatch outside the mother's body	15
1239275656	ovoviviparous	Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother's uterus.	16
1239275657	viviparous	Referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta.	17
1239275658	cloaca	a common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals	18
1239275659	osteichthyans	member of a vertebrate subgroup with jaws and mostly bony skeletons	19
1239275660	operculum	In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills.	20
1239275661	swim bladder	In aquatic osteichthyans an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy	21
1239275662	amphibians	Member of the tetrapod class Amphibia includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians	22
1239275663	amniotes	A member of a clade of tetrapod's named for a key derived character, and the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid filled amnion, that protect the embryo. Amniotes include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles.	23
1239275664	amniotic egg	A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land	24
1239275665	reptile	A member of clade of amniotes that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.	25
1239275666	ectothermic	When animals have to find other sources to regulate there body temperature	26
1239275667	endothermic	Regulated by heat is generated internally by a animals metabolism. it maintains a stable body temperature higher that of a external environment.	27
1239275668	parareptiles	First major group of reptiles to emerge, mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores; died out in the late Triassic period	28
1239275669	diapsids	members of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull, including the lepidosaurs and archosaurs	29
1239275670	lepidosaurs	The reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras.	30
1239275671	archosaurs	The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds.	31
1239275672	pterosaurs	Winged reptiles that lived during Mesozoic	32
1239275674	dinosaurs	An extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat. Birds are the only extant dinosaurs	33
1239275676	theropods	Member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores	34
1239275678	ratites	The group of flightless birds.	35
1239275680	mammals	Member of the class mammalia, amniotes that have there hair and mammary glands (glands that produce milk)	36
1239275682	synapsids	members of the amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull; include mammals	37
1239275684	monotremes	An egg-laying mammal, such as a platypus and echidna. Like all mammals, Monotremes have hair and produce milk, but lack nipples	38
1239275686	marsupials	A mammal, such as a koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium	39
1239275688	placenta	A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.	40
1239275690	eutherians	Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.	41
1239275693	opposable thumbs	can touch the ventral surface of all four fingers	42
1239275695	anthropoids	A member of a primate group made up the apes (gibbons, orangutans gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) monkeys and humans	43
1239275697	paleoanthropology	The study of human origins and evolution.	44
1239275699	hominins	Member of a species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree. Hominins include Homo sapiens and our ancestors, a group of extinct species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees	45

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CH-33 An Introduction to Invertebrates Pt 3 Flashcards

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2713602826	What are the six pairs of appendages of Archnids?	Archnids have six pairs of appendages: the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs	0
2713605059	What is the respiratory organ of spiders called?	Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book lungs	1
2713606468	What does many spiders produce?	many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal glands	2
2713607893	What does clade Myriapoda includes?	The clade Myriapoda includes millipedes and centipedes	3
2713610281	Are myriapods terrestrial?	Yes, all living myriapods are very terrestrial	4
2713615195	What is modified as mouthparts for myriapods?	they have a pair of antennae and three pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts	5
2713616475	What does millipedes eat?	Millipedes are herbivorous and eat decaying leaves and plant matter	6
2713638152	How many pair of legs per trunk does millipedes have?	they have many legs, with two pairs per trunk segment	7
2713641694	What is the food source of centipedes	Centipedes are carnivores meaning they are meat eater	8
2713751842	How many pair of legs per trunk does centipedes have?	Centipedes have one pair of legs per trunk segment	9
2713755222	How do centipedes captures their prey	Poison claws on the foremost trunk segment paralyze prey and aid in defense	10
2713756974	Habitat of Crustaceans	Crustaceans live in marine and freshwater environments	11
2713784311	How do Crustaceans exchange gases?	Small crustaceans exchange gases through the cuticle; large crustaceans have gills	12
2713794781	Isopods includes what and name a well-known group?	Isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species Pill bugs are a well-known group of trrestrial isopods	13
2713798750	What does decapods crustaceans include?	Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp	14
2713804865	What does planktonic crustaceans include?	Planktonic crustaceans include many species of copepods, which are among the most numerous of all animals	15
2713823297	Are Barnacles sessile?	Yes, barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans	16
2713827765	What is the hardened shell made of?	they have a cuticle that is hardened into a calcium carbonate shell	17
2713840468	Which clade includes insects and their relatives?	Hexapoda	18
2714087044	What does the internal anatomy of an insect includes?	The internal anatomy of an insect includes several complex organ systems	19
2717236976	Fig 33.38		20
2714092283	What is the one key to the great success of insects and what are its advantages?	flight (flying) an animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl. Insect wings are an extension of the cuticle	21
2714113521	What does insects have to undergo during their development?	Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development	22
2714132410	What happens during an incomplete metamorphosis?	In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size	23
2714150773	What is complete metamorphosis?	Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage	24
2714187785	How do insects reproduce?	most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually Individuals find and recognize members of their own species by bright colors, sound, or ordors	25
2714206711	How are insects beneficial and harmful to humans?	Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as carriers of diseases, or pests of crops	26
2714209399	How many orders are insects classified into?	Insects are classified into more than 30 orders	27
2717240955	Fig 33.41		28
2714234677	What clade does Echinoderms and chordates constitute?	Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes	29
2714235466	What does phylum Echinodermata includes?	Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata) include sea stars and sea urchins	30
2714236877	What does phylum Chordata includes?	Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates	31
2714247377	What characteristics does deuterostomes share?	Deuterostomes share developmental characteristics Radial cleavage Formation of the anus from the blastopore However, some other animals also share these developmental charasteristics	32
2714252066	What are deuterostomes primarily defined by?	Deuterostomes are defined primarily by DNA similarities	33
2714268122	How do echinoderms move?	Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile marine animals	34
2714282520	What cover the endoskeleton?	A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates	35
2714286416	How do echinoderms feed and move?	Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that functions in locomotion and feeding	36
2714288336	How do echinoderms reproduce?	Males and females are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is external	37
2714306611	What kind of symmetry does echinoderms have?	Most adult echinoderms have radial symmetry with multiples of five. Echinoderm larvae have bilateral symmetry	38
2717242539	Fig 33.42		39
2714314228	What does phylum chordata consists of?	Phylum Chordata consists of two basal groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates	40
2714327584	How is chordates bodies planed?	Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies	41
2716140165	What are the five clades of echinoderms?	Living echinoderms are divided into five clades Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies) Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)	42
2716207484	Where does sea stars radiate from?	Sea stars have multiple arms radiating from a central disk the under-surface of each arm bears tube feet, which grip substrate with adhesive chemicals	43
2716231842	What do sea stars feed on?	Sea stars feed on bivalves by prying them open with their tube feet, everting their stomach, and digesting their prey externally with digestive enzymes	44
2716246372	Can sea stars regrow lost arms?	Yes, sea stars can regrow lost arms as long as they have some part of central disk with that arm	45
2716247507	What are sea daisies?	Sea daisies are a group of armless species in hte clade Asteroidea	46
2716255500	How many sea daisies species are known?	only three species are known	47
2716257787	Sea daisies live on what and how do they get their nutrients?	sea daisies live on submerged wood and absorb nutrients through a membrane that surrounds their body	48
2716260336	Describe brittle stars body plan?	Brittle stars have a distinct central disk and long, flexible arms, which they use for movement	49
2716276373	How do brittle stars feed?	some species are suspension feeders, while others are predators or scavengers	50
2716287563	Do Sea urchins and sand dollars have any arms?	No, sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but have five rows of feet	51
2716291389	What are echinoidea spines used for?	their spines are used for locomotion and protection	52
2716296618	What do sea urchins feed on?	sea urchins feed on seaweed using a jaw-like structure on their underside	53
2716319430	What do sea lilies attach to?	sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a stalk	54
2716322084	How do feather stars crawl?	Feather stars can crawl using long, flexible arms	55
2716324915	How do crinoides feed?	Both are suspension feeders	56
2716328249	Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers	Sea cucumbers lack spines, have a very reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much like other echinoderms, they have five rows of tube feet; some of these are developed as feeding tentacles	57
2717243162	Fig 33.UNO8		58

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CH-33 An Introduction to Invertebrates Pt 2 Flashcards

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2713030960	What are Annelids bodies composed of?	Annelids are coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings	0
2713040465	What were the 3 clades Annelids was traditionally divided into?	The Phylum Annelida was traditionally divided into three clades Polychaeta (polychaetes) Oligochaeta (oligochaetes) Hirundinea (leeches)	1
2713045969	What are the two major clades annelids can be divided into?	Recent molecular analyses indicate that the annelids can be divided into two major clades Errantia Sedetaria	2
2713088750	Clade Errantians	Most members of clade Errantia are mobile, marine organisms	3
2713104549	What is Parapodia?	Many errantians have a pair of paddle-like or ridge-like structures called parapodia ("beside feet") on each body segment	4
2713135642	What are pappodium's bristles made of?	Each parapodium has nuemerous chaetae, bristles made of chitin	5
2713146402	Sedentarians	Sedentarians tend to be less mobile than errantians Some species burroww inot the substrate, while others live in protective tubes This clade also contains the leeches and the earthworms	6
2713147981	How do tube-dwelling Sedentarians feed?	Tube-dwelling sedentarians often have elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding	7
2713153028	Habitat of Leeches	Most species of leeches live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestial	8
2713157398	Predators of leeches includes	Leeches include predators of invertebrates, and parasites that suck blood	9
2713161130	What chemical does leeches secrete?	Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating	10
2713165136	How do earthworms eat?	Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal	11
2713175009	How do earthworms reproduce	Earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation	12
2717231058	Fig 33.25		13
2713188094	Ecdysozoans	they are the most species-rich animal group	14
2713188372	What is cuticle	Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle	15
2713190628	What is ecdysis	cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis	16
2713287569	What are the two largest phyla of Ecdysozoans?	Phyla Nematodes and Phyla Arthropods	17
2713302156	Nematodes	Nematodes, or roundworms	18
2713290359	Where are Nematodes found?	They are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals	19
2713319864	What is the model organism in research?	Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism in research	20
2713321115	How can human acquire Trichinella spiralis?	Trichinella spiralis can be aquired by humans from undercooked pork	21
2713522590	_____ out of every three known species of animals are arthropods	two	22
2713523333	What does arthropod body plan consists of?	The arthropod body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages	23
2713527496	General Characteristics of Arthropods	the appendages of some living arthropods are modified for functions such as walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense these modified appendages are jointed and come in pairs	24
2717232865	Fig 33.30		25
2713530861	Arthropods body is completely covered by what?	the body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin	26
2713532702	How do arthropods grow?	By molting its exoskeleton	27
2713533490	Arthropods unique eyes and antennae	arthropods have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell	28
2713539069	What kind of circulatory system does arthropods have?	an open circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs	29
2713544185	What are the three major lineages that diverged early in the phylum's evolution	Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders) Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes) Pancrustaceans (lobsters and other crustaceans, as wellas insects and their relatives)	30
2713586333	What are Chelicerates are named for?	Chelicerates, clade Chelicerata, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae	31
2713586917	What are the two parts of Chelicerates?	They have an anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen	32
2713588699	What were the earliest chelicerates?	The earliest chelicerates were eurypterids (water scorpions)	33
2713591625	Chelicerates	Most marine chelicerates (including eurypterids) are extinct, but some species survive today, including horseshoe crabs	34
2713598180	What does modern Chelicerates called?	Most modern chelicerates are arachnids, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites	35

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CH -33 An Introduction to Invertebrates pt1 Flashcards

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2706322588	Invertebrates	animals that lack a backbone, account for more than 95% of species, morphologically diverse and occupy almost every habitat on Earth	0
2728954971	Figure 33.1		1
2728955582	Figure 33.3a		2
2706326299	Phylum Porifera	known informally as sponges, lives in marine and fresh water are sedentary and lack true tissues and organs	3
2706330238	Filter Feeders	captures food particles suspended in water that passes through their body	4
2706335453	Spongocoel	drawing of water through pores into a cavity	5
2706336463	Osculum	an opening through which water goes out	6
2706340287	Choanocytes	flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food	7
2706341469	Hermaphrodites	individual functioning both as male and female	8
2706344189	Mesohyl	layer between two cell layers	9
2706344596	Amoebocytes	found in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and in structure	10
2728957647	Figure 33.4		11
2706353443	Clade Eumetazoan	includes all animals with true tissues except sponges which lack true tissues	12
2706354979	Phylum Cnidaria	diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras. They exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan. Their body is a sac with a central digestive compartment, and a single opening functions as mouth and anus	13
2706363211	Gastrovascular Cavity	primary organ of digestion and circulation	14
2706368287	What are the two variations body plan of phylum Cnidaria	Sessile polyp and motile medusa	15
2706368974	Polyp	adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body	16
2706370661	Medusa	a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside, and they do not attach to the substrate but move freely	17
2706375094	Gastrodermis	covering that goes all the way around the gastrovascular cavity	18
2728959247	Figure 33.5		19
2706378345	Cnidocytes	unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey and are on tentacles of cnidarians	20
2706388335	Nematocysts	specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread	21
2728960001	Figure 33.6		22
2706408393	What are the 2 major clades of Phylum Cnidaria	Medusozoa and Anthozoa	23
2728961344	Figure 33.7		24
2706410295	Medusozoans	include all cnidarians that produce a medusa	25
2706411116	What are the 3 class of clade Medusozoans	Scyphozoans (jellies) Cubozoans (box jellies) Hydrozoans (Hydra, Obelia, Portuguese man of-war)	26
2728962106	Figure 33.7a		27
2706424798	Phylum Cnidaria: Medusozoa	most hydrozoans alternate between polyp and medusa forms Hydra, a freshwater cnidaraian, exists only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by buddying.	28
2728965424	Figure 33.8a		29
2728966435	Figure 33.8 Life cycle of Obelia		30
2728965151	Medusa is the predominant stage in which clades of phylum Cnidaria	Medusa is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans (jellies) and cubozoans (box jellies)	31
2706455078	Give an example of medusozoa life cycle	coastal scyphozoans (jellies) have a brief polyp stage, whereas open oean species generally have no polyp stage	32
2706460359	Cubozoans	the medusa is box-shaped and they have highly toxic cnidocytes for example, the sting of the sea wasp off the coast of northern Australia can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and death within minutes	33
2706467284	Clade Anthozoa	inclues the corals and sea anemones anthozoans occur only as polyps corals often form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard exoskeleton	34
2728967266	Figure 33.3ba Invertebrates diversity		35
2706469328	Exoskeleton	external skeleton	36
2706470859	Corals Generation	each generation grows on the skeletal remains of the previous generation, forming "rocks" that provide habitat for other species	37
2706483892	Bilaterian Animals	have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development, most have a coelom and a digestive tract with two openings	38
2706486239	Clade Bilateria	contains Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia	39
2706487375	Clade Lophotrochozoa	identified by molecular data some devvelp a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stagem and a few have neither feature	40
2706489816	What species does lophotrochozoa includes?	the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids	41
2706494682	Phylum Platyhelminthes	members live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats includes flatworms	42
2706506189	Flatworms	undergo triploblastic development, they are acoelomates, and have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening Gas exchange takes place across the surface, and protonephridia regulate the osmotic balance, Their dorsoventrally flattened shape maximizes surface area for gas exchange	43
2728969693	Figure 33.9a Gas exchange of flatworms		44
2706534761	Protonephridia	an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and performs a function similar to the vertebrate kidney	45
2706541193	Name two lineages flatworms are divided into	Catenulida, or "chain worms," reproduce asexually by budding Rhabditophora are more diverse and include both free-living and parasitic species	46
2706545032	Flatworms Free-Living Species	best-known rhabditophorans are planarians	47
2706548753	Planarians	live in fresh-water and prey on smaller animals have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets their nervous system is more complex and centralized they are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually, or asexually through fission	48
2706552694	Fission Reproduction	reproduce by breaking one end from another or into half	49
2706554842	Flatworm Parasitic Species	rhabditophorans live in or on other animals	50
2706557209	What are 2 important groups of parasitic rabditophorans	trematodes and the tapeworms	51
2706568224	Phylum Platyhelminthes: Trematodes	parasitize wide range of hosts, and most have complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in snail hosts	52
2706574153	How do trematodes manipulate host's immune system	they produce surface proteins that mimic theirs host and release molecules that manipulate the host's immune system	53
2728970759	Figure 33.11 Life cycle of trematodes		54
2706640366	Phylum Platyhelminthes: Tapeworms	tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system, they absorb nutrients from the host's intestine. The scolex contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host	55
2706643886	What are proglottides	Proglottids are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex. Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the host's body in feces	56
2706646793	Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers)	Rotifers are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil They are smaller than many protists but are truly multi-cellular and specialized organs systems	57
2728973086	Figure 33.13		58
2706656730	Alimentary Canal	a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom	59
2706657924	Parthenogenesis	reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs	60
2706661811	Lophophorates	have a lophophore, a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth have a true coelom	61
2706675588	Which two phyla does lophophorates includes?	Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda	62
2706676748	Phylum Ectoprocta	Ectoprocts also called bryozoans are sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants a hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and some species are reef builders	63
2706679028	Phylum Brachiopods	superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams they are marine and most attach to the seafloor by stalk	64
2728975869	Figure 33.3bb		65
2706681969	Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs)	includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell	66
2706693560	Molluscs Habbitat	most molluscs are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestial	67
2706739569	Molluscs body plan	all molluscs have a similar body plan with 3 main parts Muscular foot Visceral mass Mantle many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike radula	68
2728978539	Figure 33.15 Basic body plan of a mollusc		69
2706745909	Mollusca Sexes	most molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass, but may snails are hermaphrodites	70
2706749513	Life Cycle of Mollusca	the life cycle of many molluscs includes a ciliated larva stage called a trochophore	71
2706750218	Trochophore	a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia (hair like thing around mouth)	72
2706871620	What are the four major classes of molluscs?	Polyplacophora (chitons) Gastropoda (snails and slugs) Bivalvia (clams, oyster, and other bivalves) Cephalopoda (squids, octopses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)	73
2706876972	Phylum Mollusca: Chitons	chitons are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates they use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock, and their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface	74
2728979565	Figure 33.16 Chitons		75
2706891574	Gastropods	about three-quarters of all living species of molluscs are gastropods	76
2706895293	Habitat of Gastropods	most are marine, but many are freshwater and terrestrial species	77
2706896550	How do Gastropods move?	Gastropods move slowly by a rippling motion of the foot or by cilia	78
2706897737	How many shells do gastropods have?	most have a single, spiraled shell that functions in protection from injury, dehydration, and predation	79
2706899404	How do Gastropods feed?	most are herbivores, but some species use modified radula to feed on pray	80
2706909196	Phylum Mollusca: Bivalves	Bivalves are aquatic and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops they have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles some ahve eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle	81
2706915432	How do Bivalves feed and breath?	the mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange most species are sedentary, but some have limited motility	82
2728980931	Figure 33.19 Anatomy of Clam		83
2706927259	Phylum Mollusca: Cephalopods	Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and a complex brain One small group of shelled cephalopods, the nautiluses, survives today	84
2706920099	How do Cephalopods feed and immobilize their pray?	Cephalopods are carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot they are able to immobilize prey with a poison present in their saliva most octopuses creep along the sea floor in search of prey	85
2706923819	What allows squids to swim quickly?	Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly	86

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Chapter 32 Animal Diversity Flashcards

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458494798	cleavage	A succession of mitotic divisions without cell growth between divisions	0
458494799	blastula	Stage where embryo is a hollow ball of cells	1
458494800	gastrulation	When layers of embryonic tissue that will develop into body parts are produced	2
458494801	gastrula	Stage where one end of the embryo has folded inward, forming a pouch	3
458494802	archenteron	Pouch formed by one end of the embryo folding inward	4
458494803	endoderm	Lines digestive tract, develops from lining of archenteron	5
458494804	ectoderm	Covers body surfaces	6
458494805	mesoderm	In some animals; forms muscles and most organs	7
458494806	diploblastic	______________ animals - have no mesoderm. Enidarians (jellies and corals)	8
458494807	triploblastic	____________ animals - have mesoderm	9
458494808	metamorphosis	Resurgence of development that transforms larva into adult	10
458494809	Cambrian explosion	When many new animal species came to be, probably due to new predator-prey relationships	11
458494810	grade	Group of animals that share same level of organizational complexity but not necessarily descended from a common ancestor	12
458494811	body plan	morphological and developmental traits that define a grade	13
458494812	radial symmetry	No head or rear end, no left or right	14
458494813	bilateral symmetry	Two-sided symmetry	15
458494814	dorsal	Top	16
458494815	ventral	Bottom	17
458494816	anterior	Toward the head	18
458494817	posterior	Toward the tail	19
458494818	cephalization	Central nervous system in the head	20
458494819	coelom	Tract from outer body wall	21
458494820	coelomates	Animals that possess a true coelom	22
458494821	pseudocoelomates	Animals that have a body cavity formed from the blastocoels	23
458494822	acoelomates	Animals that lack a coelom	24
458494823	protostomes	Have spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, blastopore opening becomes the mouth	25
458494824	spiral cleavage	Planes of cell division are diagonal	26
458494825	determinate cleavage	Rigidly casts the fate of embryonic cells very early	27
458494826	deutrostomes	Have radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, blastopore opening becomes anus; mouth forms from secondary opening	28
458494827	radial cleavage	Cleavage planes parallel or perpendicular	29
458494828	indeterminate cleavage	Each cell in early development retains same capacity to develop into a complete embryo	30
458494829	choanocytes	Flagellated cells that draw water into sponge	31
458494830	osculum	Opening where water exits	32
458494831	amoebocytes	Digest and distribte nutrients	33
458494832	spicules	Skeletal needles	34
458494833	medusa	Floating, umbrella shaped body with dangling tentacles (like jellyfish)	35
458494834	polyp	Cylinder shaped body with rising tentacles (like sea anemone)	36
458494835	nymphs	Young small versions of adult	37
458494836	larvae	A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults	38
458494837	pupa	The life stage of some insects undergoing transformation	39
458494838	notochord	A dorsal, flexible rod that functions as support. Usually replaced by bone during development	40
458494839	dorsal nerve cord	A hollow cord dorsal to the notochord	41
458494840	pharyngeal gill slits	In embryos of chordates; become gills or disappear during development	42

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APUSH Chapter 42 Flashcards

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2317919376	What happened to the economy in the 1970s?	STAGFLATION	0
2317919377	What is STAGFLATION?	-the U.S. economy went down -wages were stagnant -inflation went up	1
2317919378	What did Nixon's Vietnamization policy promise?	-withdraw troops over time -continuing to assist S Vietnam w/ money and arms to fight for themselves	2
2317919379	What was a change from the Truman Doctrine?	Nixon Doctrine	3
2317919380	What did the Nixon Doctrine promise?	The U.S. would always assist w/ money and arms countries to resist communism, but they would would have to fight their own wars w/o US troops	4
2317919381	When did Nixon order troops into Cambodia w/o the consent of Congress?	Cambodian Incursion	5
2317919382	What repelled the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?	Cambodian Incursion	6
2317919383	What happened as the Vietnam War grew even more unpopular?	Anti war protests began turning violent	7
2317919384	The gap between _ and _ grew as the war went on.	Hawks and Doves	8
2317919385	In what colleges did students die while protesting?	Kent University and Jackson State College	9
2317919386	How did Nixon try to appease doves?	Withdrawing completely from Cambodia	10
2317919387	What did the 26th amendment state?	Lowered voting age to 18	11
2317922912	Who was the former Pentagon official that leaked info to the NY Times?	Daniel Ellsberg	12
2317929537	What did Ellsberg leak?	Pentagon papers	13
2317931244	What were the Pentagon Papers?	Evasiveness of deception that the U.S. provoked the VietCong to attack 2 US ships in the the Tonkin Gulf	14
2317943946	What agreement stated the U.S. was to withdraw all troops from Vietnam?	1973 Cease-Fire Agreement	15
2317947446	Who was Nixon's national security advisor?	Henry Kissinger	16
2317949454	Who did Kissinger work with in the Paris Summit?	Worked w/ the N Vietnamese officials to discuss terms of peace	17
2317955646	What did the N Vietnamese officials urge Nixon to do?	They urged Nixon to strengthen ties b/t China and the USSR	18
2317964781	Why did Nixon go to China in 1972?	To re establish formal ties	19
2317966959	Why did Nixon go to the USSR in 1972?	To improve US/USSR relations	20
2317990559	What were 2 arms treaties?	-Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) -Strange Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)	21
2317992575	What did SALT do?	Froze the number of ICBMs for 5 years	22
2317996245	Were the visits to China and the USSR successful?	Yes, Nixon more successful in foreign policy then domestic	23
2317997596	What did the visits create?	A detente 1972-1979	24
2318004612	What was Nixon's domestic policy?	The Great Society	25
2318007757	How did Nixon expand welfare programs?	Food stamps -Medicare -Aid to farmers w/ dependent children (AFDC)	26
2318017962	What other programs did Nixon create?	-Philadelphia Plan -Environment Protection Agency (EPA) -Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)	27
2318023680	What was the Philadelphia Plan?	-created a plan to hire black apprentices -beginnings of corporate "affirmative action"	28
2318034644	What improved the U.S. economy?		29
2318041750	Who was renominated by the Republicans in the 1972 Election?	Richard Nixon	30
2318044294	What did Nixon's campaign stress?	De escalating of Vietnam War	31
2318048999	Who was the Democratic candidate in the 1973 Election?	George McGovom	32
2318051289	What did McGovom promise to do?	Withdraw all US troops in 90 days	33
2318053335	Who did McGovom have support from?	Anti war groups	34
2318054260	Who won the 1972 Election by a landslide?	Nixon	35
2318057030	Who was Chief Justice?	Earl Warren	36
2318060578	What did the case Griswild v Connecticut focus on?	Rights of privacy	37
2318062785	What did the Miranda cases establish?	Miranda Rights	38
2318069490	What case ended prayer in schools?	Engel v Vitale	39
2318071121	What did many Supreme Court cases favor?	Civil Rights	40
2321925686	What happened when the cease fire was signed in 1973?	US withdrew remaining 27,000 troops from Vietnam	41
2321931623	What did Nixon continue after the cease fire was signed?	Bombing raids on N Vietnam and Cambodia	42
2321937931	What did congress oppose?	Expansion of war	43
2321942941	What did the War P		44

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