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Campbell Biology Ch 29/30 Flashcards

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3924923141CharophytesGreen Algae, the closest relatives of land plants0
3924937644Charophytes and Land PlantsBoth are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic and have cell walls1
3924951956Land Plants Share These Three Traits with Only Charophytes1- Rings of cellulose-sythesizing proteins 2- Structure of Flagellated sperm 3- Formation of a phragmoplast ( Land Plants are not a descent of modern Charophytes, they share a common anestor)2
3924989619EmbryophytesLand plants with embryos3
3924996697SporopolleninA durable polymer in Charophytes that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out, resistant to harsh envoriments4
3925013552Five Key Traits of Land Plants (absent in Charophytes)1 - Alternation of Generations 2 - Multicellular, dependent embryos 3 - Walled spores produced in sporangia 4 - Multicellular Gametangia 5 - Apical Meristems5
3959421939Alternation of GenerationsA reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages6
3959432542GametophytesHaploid stage, that produces haploid gametes by mitosis7
3959442459SporophytesDiploid stage, that produces spores by meiosis8
3959459792Multicellular, dependent embryoThe diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte, nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo9
3959475138SporangiaOrgans that produce spores10
3959475139GametangiaProduces gametes11
3959477405ArchegoniaFemale gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization12
3959514474AntheridiaMale gametangia, produce and release sperm13
3959523472Apical MeristemsThe part of the plant that sustains continual growth in the plant (apical stem and apical root)14
3959536424CuticleA waxy covering of the plant's epidermis15
3959539068StomataAre specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and inside of the plant16
3959548044MycorrhizaeSymbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients17
3959601378BryophytesNonvascular plants -Examples Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts -Have lager and longer living gametophytes stages then sporophytes stages -Have flagellated sperm18
3959615421Seedless Vascular PlantsHave vascular tissues, Lycophytes and Monilophytes19
3959622250LycophytesClub mosses and their relatives20
3959625778MonilophytesFerns and their relatives21
3959636282GradeOrganisms that are grouped based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry22
3959665725SeedAn embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat23
3959676968GymnospermsHas a "naked seed" plants, including the conifers24
3959676969AngiospermsFlowering plants, 90% of all plants25
3959715107ProtonemaA spore germinates into a ________, and then into a game-producing gametophore26
3959738771RhizoidsAnchor gametophytes to substrate (ground/soil)27
3959790491Bryophyte PartsFoot Seta Sporangium Capsule (discharges spores through a peristome)28
3959818158Peat Moss Sphagnum- Forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material know as peat - Can be used as a fuel - Lowers temperature, pH, and oxygen levels of peatlands - Inhibits decay of other organisms - Peat contains 30% of the worlds soil carbon, overheating it would release the carbon into the atmosphere29
3959896107Traits of Vascular Plants- Life cycles with dominant sporophytes - Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem - Well-developed roots and leaves30
3959938397Xylem- Conducts most of the water and minerals, includes tube shaped cells called tracheids - Stegthened by Lignin31
3959938398PhloemHas cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic material32
3959940611Roots- Organs that anchor the plant and absorb nutrients in the soil - Evolved from subterranean stems - Allows the plant to grow tall33
3959940612LeavesOrgans that increase the plants surface area of vascular plants, thereby casting more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis34
3959943967MicrophyllsLeaves with a single vein, only Lycohytes35
3959945411MegaphyllsLeaves with highly branched vascular system36
3959950737SporophyllsModified leaves with sporangia37
3959950738SoriClusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls38
3959950739StrobiliCone like structures formed from groups of sporophylls39
3959953223HeterosporousProduce both megaspores and microspores40
3959953224MegasporesGive rise to the female gametophytes41
3959955657MicrosporesGive rise to the male gametophytes42
3959959019HomosporousPlant produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophytes43
3959961374MegasporangiaProduces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes44
3959965215MicrosporangiaProduce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes45
3959967044Pollen GainsMicrospores develops into _________, which contain the male gametophytes46
3959967045PollinationThe transfer of pollen to the part of ta seed plant containing the ovules- eliminates the need of water for sperm47
3959971641Ovule-Consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments48
3959974409Advantages of Seeds-May remain dormant for days or years -Stored food supply -Transported over long distances, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments49
3960144095Gymnosperm Life Cycle- Miniaturization of their gametophytes - Development of seeds from fertilized ovules - The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen50
3960151719ConifersCone bearing plants51
3960155856Small ConesProduce mircospores52
3960157491Large ConesProduce megaspores53
3960188256Characteristics of Angiosperm54
3960188257Sepals55
3960188258Petals56
3960189828Stamens57
3960191257Carpel/Pistil58
3960191258Flower59
3960191259Filament60
3960193115Anther61
3960193116Ovary62
3960193117Style63
3960194891Stigma64
3960196204Complete Flowers65
3960196205Incomplete Flowers66
3960196206Fruit67
3960200003Radial Symmetry68
3960201812Bilateral Symmetry69
3960204060Embryo Sac70
3960204061Endosperm71
3960206179Micropyle72
3960207491Double fertilization73
3960209375Cotyledons74
3960209376Monocots75
3960209377Dicots76
3960211018Eudicots77
3960212592Basal Angiosperms78
3960217419Artificial Selection79

Campbell Biology Ch. 35, 36 Flashcards

Plant Structure and Function

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753909491Modularan organism that is made of many copies of a small number of units (leaves, stems, roots, flowers)0
753909492Rootsanchor the plant in the soil; absorb minerals and water from the ground; store food1
753909493Fibrous root systemgeneral attribute of monocots; shallow and dense mat of roots; have a high surface area but do not store as much material as tap roots2
753909494Taproot systemgeneral attribute of dicots; one large vertical roots with smaller lateral roots; stores a large amount of food3
753909495Root hairsgreatly increase surface area of roots4
753909496Adventitious rootsspecialized roots arising aboveground from stems or leaves5
753909497Shootsconsist of stems, leaves, and flowers6
753909498Nodesthe points at which leaves are attached to the stem7
753909499Internodesstem segments between leaf nodes8
753909500Axillary budbuds at the angle formed by each leaf and the stem; can be stimulated to form a vegetative branch9
753909501Terminal budnear the tip of the shoot; composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes10
753909502Apical dominanceterminal buds inhibit the growth of axillary buds, causing the plant to grow taller and increasing its exposure to light11
753909503Stolonsrunners or above-ground horizontal stems12
753909504Rhizomeshorizontal underground stems13
753909505Tubersends of rhizomes, the horizontal underground stems14
753909506Leavesmain photosynthetic organs of most plants; consist of a flattened blade and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem node)15
753909507Bulbsbases of leaves16
753909508Parenchymalease specialized plant cell; can elongate over time, and are living when functional. Also perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant; synthesizing and storing organic products. Can repair and replace organs after injury to the plant17
753909509CollenchymaHelp support young parts of the plant shoot; grouped into strands or cylinders, and are living when mature. Can elongate over time.18
753909510Sclerenchymasupporting elements of the plant, with thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin. Cannot elongate, and are dead at functional maturity. Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem function as support and transport.19
753909511Fiberssclerenchyma cells; long, slender and tapered, and usually occur in groups20
753909512Sclereidssclerenchyma cells; shorter and more irregular than fibers; seed coats and nutshells21
753909513Dermal tissue"epidermis;" single layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells that cover and protect the plant. Created by the protoderm22
753909514Vascular tissueinvolved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots; created by the procambium23
753909515Ground tissuestissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; typically perenchyma cells involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support. Created by the ground meristem24
753909516Pithtissues that are internal to vascular tissue25
753909517Xylemconveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. Tracheids and vessel elements are the water conducting elements of xylem26
753909518Pitsthinner regions in secondary walls where only primary walls are present27
753909519Xylem vesselspipe-like structures formed by vessel elements aligned end to end28
753909520Root pressurepushes xylem sap into the shoot system29
753909521Guttationexudation of water droplets that are excess; caused by root pressure30
753909522Transpirationprovides the pull for water from the roots, and the cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmit the upward pull up to the leaves31
753909523Phloemtransports food made in mature leaves to the roots32
753909524Translocationprocess by which the phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots33
753909525Sieve-tube memberstubes formed by chains of cells lined up from end to end; alive at maturity, but lack nuclei and ribosomes.34
753909526Sieve platesthe end walls, which have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid between cells35
753909527Companion celladjacent and connected to the sieve-tube member; may assist the cell in maintaining cell metabolism and function36
753909528Sieve tubessieve-tube members formed into long tubes37
753909529Phloem sapan aqueous solution of disaccharide sucrose in water; also contains minerals, amino acids, and hormones38
753909530Sugar sourcea plant organ in which sugar is being produces by either photosynthesis or by the breakdown of starch (leaves in summer, roots in winter)39
753909531Sugar sinka plant organ that is a net consumer or storage point of sugar40
753909532Meristem tissuesgenerate cells for new organs throughout the lifetime of a plant41
753909533Indeterminate growthplants increase in size as long as the plant lives42
753909534Determinate growthmany animals cease growing after they reach a certain size43
753909535Apical meristemslocated at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots; supply cells for the plant to grow in length44
753909536Primary growthproduct of apical meristems; elongation of the plant45
753909537Lateral meristemscylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots46
753909538Secondary growthproduct of lateral meristems; progressive thickening of roots and shoots47
753909539Root capprotects the meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth48
753909540Zone of Divisionsite of the root/shoot where mitosis is occurring49
753909541Zone of Elongationwhere immature cells elongate50
753909542Zone of Maturationwhere the cells mature and become specialized51
753909543Protodermoutermost primary meristem; produces the epidermis52
753909544Procambiumproduces the stele, which is the central cylinder of vascular tissure where both xylem and phloem develop53
753909545Ground meristemproduces the ground tissues; mostly parenchyma cells that store food54
753909546Cortexspace between the stele and the epidermis55
753909547Endodermisinnermost layer of the cortex; a cylinder one cell thick that formes a boundary between the cortex and the stele56
753909548Casparioan stripa belt of suberin (waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials) that acts as a last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals from cortex to vascular tissue57
753909549Symplastic routeroute of transport through symplasts58
753909550Apoplastic routeroute of transport through the organ completely via cell walls and extracellular spaces59
753909551Pericycleinside and adjacent to the endodermis; can produce lateral roots60
753909552Vascular bundlesstrands of vascular tissue; strengthens the stems and roots61
753909553Stomatatiny pores in leaves flanked by guard cells62
753909554Mesophyllground tissue of the leaf63
753909555Columnar palisade parenchymafound below the upper epidermis of the leaf64
753909556Spongy parenchymalayer of cells below the palisade parenchyma of the leaf65
753909557Vascular cambiumacts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and phloem66
753909558Woodsecondary xylem67
753909559Annual vs Perennialannual live for about a year; perennial may live for many years and exhibit secondary growth68
753909560Cork cambiumacts as a meristem for cork, which accumulate at the cambium's exterior69
753909561Peridermcork plus cork cambium; forms a protective layer that replaces the epidermis70
753909562Barkrefers to all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork71
753909563Heartwood and SapwoodHeartwood: no longer conducts water but forms a central column that supports the tree. Sapwood functions in the upward transport of xylem sap72

Campbell Biology Ch. 35, 36 Flashcards

Plant Structure and Function

Terms : Hide Images
753909491Modularan organism that is made of many copies of a small number of units (leaves, stems, roots, flowers)0
753909492Rootsanchor the plant in the soil; absorb minerals and water from the ground; store food1
753909493Fibrous root systemgeneral attribute of monocots; shallow and dense mat of roots; have a high surface area but do not store as much material as tap roots2
753909494Taproot systemgeneral attribute of dicots; one large vertical roots with smaller lateral roots; stores a large amount of food3
753909495Root hairsgreatly increase surface area of roots4
753909496Adventitious rootsspecialized roots arising aboveground from stems or leaves5
753909497Shootsconsist of stems, leaves, and flowers6
753909498Nodesthe points at which leaves are attached to the stem7
753909499Internodesstem segments between leaf nodes8
753909500Axillary budbuds at the angle formed by each leaf and the stem; can be stimulated to form a vegetative branch9
753909501Terminal budnear the tip of the shoot; composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes10
753909502Apical dominanceterminal buds inhibit the growth of axillary buds, causing the plant to grow taller and increasing its exposure to light11
753909503Stolonsrunners or above-ground horizontal stems12
753909504Rhizomeshorizontal underground stems13
753909505Tubersends of rhizomes, the horizontal underground stems14
753909506Leavesmain photosynthetic organs of most plants; consist of a flattened blade and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem node)15
753909507Bulbsbases of leaves16
753909508Parenchymalease specialized plant cell; can elongate over time, and are living when functional. Also perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant; synthesizing and storing organic products. Can repair and replace organs after injury to the plant17
753909509CollenchymaHelp support young parts of the plant shoot; grouped into strands or cylinders, and are living when mature. Can elongate over time.18
753909510Sclerenchymasupporting elements of the plant, with thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin. Cannot elongate, and are dead at functional maturity. Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem function as support and transport.19
753909511Fiberssclerenchyma cells; long, slender and tapered, and usually occur in groups20
753909512Sclereidssclerenchyma cells; shorter and more irregular than fibers; seed coats and nutshells21
753909513Dermal tissue"epidermis;" single layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells that cover and protect the plant. Created by the protoderm22
753909514Vascular tissueinvolved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots; created by the procambium23
753909515Ground tissuestissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; typically perenchyma cells involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support. Created by the ground meristem24
753909516Pithtissues that are internal to vascular tissue25
753909517Xylemconveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. Tracheids and vessel elements are the water conducting elements of xylem26
753909518Pitsthinner regions in secondary walls where only primary walls are present27
753909519Xylem vesselspipe-like structures formed by vessel elements aligned end to end28
753909520Root pressurepushes xylem sap into the shoot system29
753909521Guttationexudation of water droplets that are excess; caused by root pressure30
753909522Transpirationprovides the pull for water from the roots, and the cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmit the upward pull up to the leaves31
753909523Phloemtransports food made in mature leaves to the roots32
753909524Translocationprocess by which the phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots33
753909525Sieve-tube memberstubes formed by chains of cells lined up from end to end; alive at maturity, but lack nuclei and ribosomes.34
753909526Sieve platesthe end walls, which have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid between cells35
753909527Companion celladjacent and connected to the sieve-tube member; may assist the cell in maintaining cell metabolism and function36
753909528Sieve tubessieve-tube members formed into long tubes37
753909529Phloem sapan aqueous solution of disaccharide sucrose in water; also contains minerals, amino acids, and hormones38
753909530Sugar sourcea plant organ in which sugar is being produces by either photosynthesis or by the breakdown of starch (leaves in summer, roots in winter)39
753909531Sugar sinka plant organ that is a net consumer or storage point of sugar40
753909532Meristem tissuesgenerate cells for new organs throughout the lifetime of a plant41
753909533Indeterminate growthplants increase in size as long as the plant lives42
753909534Determinate growthmany animals cease growing after they reach a certain size43
753909535Apical meristemslocated at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots; supply cells for the plant to grow in length44
753909536Primary growthproduct of apical meristems; elongation of the plant45
753909537Lateral meristemscylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots46
753909538Secondary growthproduct of lateral meristems; progressive thickening of roots and shoots47
753909539Root capprotects the meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth48
753909540Zone of Divisionsite of the root/shoot where mitosis is occurring49
753909541Zone of Elongationwhere immature cells elongate50
753909542Zone of Maturationwhere the cells mature and become specialized51
753909543Protodermoutermost primary meristem; produces the epidermis52
753909544Procambiumproduces the stele, which is the central cylinder of vascular tissure where both xylem and phloem develop53
753909545Ground meristemproduces the ground tissues; mostly parenchyma cells that store food54
753909546Cortexspace between the stele and the epidermis55
753909547Endodermisinnermost layer of the cortex; a cylinder one cell thick that formes a boundary between the cortex and the stele56
753909548Casparioan stripa belt of suberin (waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials) that acts as a last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals from cortex to vascular tissue57
753909549Symplastic routeroute of transport through symplasts58
753909550Apoplastic routeroute of transport through the organ completely via cell walls and extracellular spaces59
753909551Pericycleinside and adjacent to the endodermis; can produce lateral roots60
753909552Vascular bundlesstrands of vascular tissue; strengthens the stems and roots61
753909553Stomatatiny pores in leaves flanked by guard cells62
753909554Mesophyllground tissue of the leaf63
753909555Columnar palisade parenchymafound below the upper epidermis of the leaf64
753909556Spongy parenchymalayer of cells below the palisade parenchyma of the leaf65
753909557Vascular cambiumacts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and phloem66
753909558Woodsecondary xylem67
753909559Annual vs Perennialannual live for about a year; perennial may live for many years and exhibit secondary growth68
753909560Cork cambiumacts as a meristem for cork, which accumulate at the cambium's exterior69
753909561Peridermcork plus cork cambium; forms a protective layer that replaces the epidermis70
753909562Barkrefers to all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork71
753909563Heartwood and SapwoodHeartwood: no longer conducts water but forms a central column that supports the tree. Sapwood functions in the upward transport of xylem sap72

Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials Management Flashcards

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2408668339RCRA solid wasteGarbage, refuge, or sludge that are solid, liquid, semisolid, gas containing, or other-excluded0
2408676296When RCRA solid waste becomes hazardous wasteListed by EPA, possess hazardous characteristics such as being ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic, increase mortality or severe injury, and pose a potential hazard to humans or the environment if improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed, or managed1
2408682297RCRA hazardous waste regulations vary ifGenerated by a SQG, reused, recycled, or reclaimed, are a sludge or contain a listed EPA waste, or the handler is a generator, transporter, or owner-operator of a treatment, storage, or disposal facility2
2408685911Controls for hazardous wasteEliminate, reduce quantity, compaction, reduce/recycle/reclaim, containment, storage, separation, pretreatment, detoxification, treatment, and disposal by buriel, deep well injection, or incineration3
2408689499Hazardous waste distribution is managed byEPA ID number, manifests, tracking, identification, and disposal4
2408691733Eight sections of RCRA1. Identification 2. Labeling/packing/transportation 3. Disposal facilities 4. Permitting of disposal facilities 5. State programs 6. Facility Inspections 7. Civil and criminal penalties for violators 8. LQGs (1000kg or more/month), SQGs (100 to 1000kg/month), and CESQGs (less than 100kg/month)5
2408723691CERCLASuperfund to cleanup hazardous waste sites with strict, several, and joint liability6
2408724846SARA IIIEPCRA, RTK, and emergency response planning7
2408726107OSHA HAZWOPERSite analysis, control, training, medical surveillance, air monitoring, PPE, information, decontamination, and emergency response8
2408728591NWPANuclear Waste Policy Act for protecting public health, creating a repository for spent fuel, and a nuclear waste fund for disposal programs9
2408728094HAZMATAny solid, liquid, or gas that can harm people, living organisms, property, or the environment10
2527628781DensityMass per unit volume11
2527632012Specific GravityRatio of density of material to density of water12
2527635277Vapor densityWeight of volume of gas or vapor compared to an equal volume of air13
2527639096SolubilityDissolve in solvent to form a solution14
2527641209Periodic table has118 elements with symbols, atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes15
2527646019Concentrations are measured inppm, ppb, or mg/m316
2527650035Physical hazards of HAZMATEngulfment, overpressurization, slip/trip/falls, crushing, fires/explosions, corrosion, thermal decomposition, and water reactivity17
2527657073Cause of HAZMAT fires and explosionsShock, sensitivity, friction, chemical rxns, ignition, oxygen enrichment, and a sudden release of pressure18
2527666145Water reactive chemicalsAlkali metals; metal hydrides, amides, and halides; organic and inorganic acid halides, phosphorous pentoxide, calcium carbide, and anhydrides of low molecular weight19
2527680084Alkali metalsNa, Li, and K20
2527682758Alkali metal hydridesLiH, CaH2, LiAlH4, and NaBH421
2527688755Metal amidesNaNH222
2527700670EPA Classification of LQG>1000kg/month, >1kg acute/month no storage limit, and 90 day storage23
2527706114EPA Classification of SQG>100kg/month, >1kg acute/month, storage of 6000kg/13,200lbs for 180 days or 270 days if site is 200 miles away24
2527720197EPA Classification of CESQG< or = 100kg/month, <=1kg acute/month, <= 1000 kg storage with no time limit25
2527756278Two kinds of response actionsShort term removal or long term remedial response26
2527761407CERCLA revised the National Contingency Plan withGuidelines and procedures to respond to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants27
2527788271CERCLA establishedRequirements for abandoned hazardous waste sites, liability of responsible persons, and a trust fund for cleanup28
2527799887SARA 1986Amended Superfund, stressed permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies, consideration of standards and requirements in other states, enforcement authority, focus on human health, greater citizen participation, and increased trust fund to $8.5 billion29
2527819814SARA 1986 revisedThe HRS to assess degree of risk to human health and the environment by uncontrolled hazardous waste sites on NPL30
2527830231TSCAInformation on new and existing chemical substances causing unreasonable risk to human health and the environment31
2527836557Title I TSCAControl of hazardous substances32
2527841079Title II TSCAAHERA33
2527844391Title III TSCAIndoor Air Radon Abatement34
2527845863Title IV TSCALead based paint exposure35
2527850074EPCRA 1986Protect public from chemical emergencies and also known as SARA III36
2527858740FIFRA 1972Pesticide registration requirements and classification as general or restricted use37
2527863739AHERA 1986Title II of TSCA required accreditation of personnel working on asbestos in schools, public and commercial buildings (ASHARA)38
2527876646Under Title II of TSCA removal is only required toPrevent significant exposure during renovation or demolition39
2527883245Under Title II of TSCA in place asbestos management program requiresAsbestos containing material to remain undisturbed and in good condition40
2527891299HAZCOM 29 CFR 1910.1200Ensure chemicals are evaluated for hazards to employers and employees with labels, warnings, SDSs, and training41
2527901342DOT Hazard Class 1.1-1.6Explosives42
2527903630DOT Hazard Class 2.1Flammable gas43
2527907088DOT Hazard Class 2.2Non flammable compressed gas44
2527909322DOT Hazard Class 2.3Toxic/poisonous gas45
2527913912DOT Hazard Class 3Flammable liquid FP < 141F or Combustible liquid FP 141F to 200F46
2527925075DOT Hazard Class 4.1Flammable solid47
2527927096DOT Hazard Class 4.2Spontaneous combustible48
2527929242DOT Hazard Class 4.3Dangerous when wet49
2527932531DOT Hazard Class 5.1Oxidizers50
2527935238DOT Hazard Class 5.2Organic peroxides51
2527935239DOT Hazard Class 6.1Toxic substances52
2527935240DOT Hazard Class 6.2Infectious substances53
2527942820DOT Hazard Class 7Radioactive54
2527942821DOT Hazard Class 8Corrosives55
2527948445DOT Hazard Class 9Miscellaneous56
2527953202Hazardous waste operations occur atuncontrolled, abandoned, seriously degraded sites with a large amount and variety of unknown substances57
2527962650Three things needed to plan and organize a hazardous waste operationComprehensive work plan, specific phases of operation, and a site specific health and safety plan58
2527970384Training required by hazardous waste operationsSafety plan, SWPs, hazards, emergencies, vehicles, field equipment, HAZMAT handling, storage, and transportation, employee rights and responsibilities, safe sampling techniques, and ppe use, care, and limitation59
2527985172Medical surveillancePre-employment screening, medical evaluation, termination examination, emergency/non-emergency treatment, record-keeping, and program review60
2527992144Site characterizationID site hazards, select worker protection methods, conduct offsite characterization and reconnaissance, onsite surveys, and ongoing monitoring once the site is safe.61
2528005700Air monitoringIdentification and quantification of airborne contaminants, specific medical monitoring to aid in PPE selection, assess health effects of exposure, and delineation of areas needing protection62
2528016322Site controlMinimize contamination, protect public from hazards, and prevent vandalism63
2528021240DecontaminationRemove or neutralize contaminants on personnel or equipment64

Ch34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates Flashcards

Biology Campbell 9th edition Vocabulary

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1239275640vertebratesA chordate animal with a backbone, including sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals0
1239275641chordatesMember of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during there development have a notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits and cleft; and a muscular post-anal-tail.1
1239275642notochordA longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body.2
1239275643pharyngeal cleftsIn chordate embryos, grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx and may develop into pharyngeal slits.3
1239275644pharyngeal slitsIn chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates.4
1239275645lanceletsMember of the clade Cephalochordata, small blade shaped marine chordate that lack a backbone.5
1239275646tunicatesMembers of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.6
1239275647craniatesA chordate with a head7
1239275648neural crestIn vertebrates, a band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; the cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.8
1239275649conodontsAn early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements9
1239275650gnathostomesJawed vertebrates10
1239275651lateral line systemA mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body of fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by an animal itself and by other moving objects11
1239275652placodermsA member of an extinct class of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough, outer armor12
1239275653acanthodiansAny of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian and Devonian periods13
1239275654chondrichthyansmember of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays14
1239275655oviparousterm used to refer to animals whose eggs hatch outside the mother's body15
1239275656ovoviviparousReferring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother's uterus.16
1239275657viviparousReferring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta.17
1239275658cloacaa common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals18
1239275659osteichthyansmember of a vertebrate subgroup with jaws and mostly bony skeletons19
1239275660operculumIn aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills.20
1239275661swim bladderIn aquatic osteichthyans an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy21
1239275662amphibiansMember of the tetrapod class Amphibia includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians22
1239275663amniotesA member of a clade of tetrapod's named for a key derived character, and the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid filled amnion, that protect the embryo. Amniotes include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles.23
1239275664amniotic eggA shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land24
1239275665reptileA member of clade of amniotes that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.25
1239275666ectothermicWhen animals have to find other sources to regulate there body temperature26
1239275667endothermicRegulated by heat is generated internally by a animals metabolism. it maintains a stable body temperature higher that of a external environment.27
1239275668parareptilesFirst major group of reptiles to emerge, mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores; died out in the late Triassic period28
1239275669diapsidsmembers of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull, including the lepidosaurs and archosaurs29
1239275670lepidosaursThe reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras.30
1239275671archosaursThe reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds.31
1239275672pterosaursWinged reptiles that lived during Mesozoic32
1239275674dinosaursAn extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat. Birds are the only extant dinosaurs33
1239275676theropodsMember of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores34
1239275678ratitesThe group of flightless birds.35
1239275680mammalsMember of the class mammalia, amniotes that have there hair and mammary glands (glands that produce milk)36
1239275682synapsidsmembers of the amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull; include mammals37
1239275684monotremesAn egg-laying mammal, such as a platypus and echidna. Like all mammals, Monotremes have hair and produce milk, but lack nipples38
1239275686marsupialsA mammal, such as a koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium39
1239275688placentaA structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.40
1239275690eutheriansPlacental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.41
1239275693opposable thumbscan touch the ventral surface of all four fingers42
1239275695anthropoidsA member of a primate group made up the apes (gibbons, orangutans gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) monkeys and humans43
1239275697paleoanthropologyThe study of human origins and evolution.44
1239275699homininsMember of a species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree. Hominins include Homo sapiens and our ancestors, a group of extinct species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees45

CH-33 An Introduction to Invertebrates Pt 3 Flashcards

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2713602826What are the six pairs of appendages of Archnids?Archnids have six pairs of appendages: the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs0
2713605059What is the respiratory organ of spiders called?Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book lungs1
2713606468What does many spiders produce?many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal glands2
2713607893What does clade Myriapoda includes?The clade Myriapoda includes millipedes and centipedes3
2713610281Are myriapods terrestrial?Yes, all living myriapods are very terrestrial4
2713615195What is modified as mouthparts for myriapods?they have a pair of antennae and three pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts5
2713616475What does millipedes eat?Millipedes are herbivorous and eat decaying leaves and plant matter6
2713638152How many pair of legs per trunk does millipedes have?they have many legs, with two pairs per trunk segment7
2713641694What is the food source of centipedesCentipedes are carnivores meaning they are meat eater8
2713751842How many pair of legs per trunk does centipedes have?Centipedes have one pair of legs per trunk segment9
2713755222How do centipedes captures their preyPoison claws on the foremost trunk segment paralyze prey and aid in defense10
2713756974Habitat of CrustaceansCrustaceans live in marine and freshwater environments11
2713784311How do Crustaceans exchange gases?Small crustaceans exchange gases through the cuticle; large crustaceans have gills12
2713794781Isopods includes what and name a well-known group?Isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species Pill bugs are a well-known group of trrestrial isopods13
2713798750What does decapods crustaceans include?Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp14
2713804865What does planktonic crustaceans include?Planktonic crustaceans include many species of copepods, which are among the most numerous of all animals15
2713823297Are Barnacles sessile?Yes, barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans16
2713827765What is the hardened shell made of?they have a cuticle that is hardened into a calcium carbonate shell17
2713840468Which clade includes insects and their relatives?Hexapoda18
2714087044What does the internal anatomy of an insect includes?The internal anatomy of an insect includes several complex organ systems19
2717236976Fig 33.3820
2714092283What is the one key to the great success of insects and what are its advantages?flight (flying) an animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl. Insect wings are an extension of the cuticle21
2714113521What does insects have to undergo during their development?Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development22
2714132410What happens during an incomplete metamorphosis?In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size23
2714150773What is complete metamorphosis?Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage24
2714187785How do insects reproduce?most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually Individuals find and recognize members of their own species by bright colors, sound, or ordors25
2714206711How are insects beneficial and harmful to humans?Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as carriers of diseases, or pests of crops26
2714209399How many orders are insects classified into?Insects are classified into more than 30 orders27
2717240955Fig 33.4128
2714234677What clade does Echinoderms and chordates constitute?Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes29
2714235466What does phylum Echinodermata includes?Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata) include sea stars and sea urchins30
2714236877What does phylum Chordata includes?Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates31
2714247377What characteristics does deuterostomes share?Deuterostomes share developmental characteristics Radial cleavage Formation of the anus from the blastopore However, some other animals also share these developmental charasteristics32
2714252066What are deuterostomes primarily defined by?Deuterostomes are defined primarily by DNA similarities33
2714268122How do echinoderms move?Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile marine animals34
2714282520What cover the endoskeleton?A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates35
2714286416How do echinoderms feed and move?Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that functions in locomotion and feeding36
2714288336How do echinoderms reproduce?Males and females are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is external37
2714306611What kind of symmetry does echinoderms have?Most adult echinoderms have radial symmetry with multiples of five. Echinoderm larvae have bilateral symmetry38
2717242539Fig 33.4239
2714314228What does phylum chordata consists of?Phylum Chordata consists of two basal groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates40
2714327584How is chordates bodies planed?Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies41
2716140165What are the five clades of echinoderms?Living echinoderms are divided into five clades Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies) Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)42
2716207484Where does sea stars radiate from?Sea stars have multiple arms radiating from a central disk the under-surface of each arm bears tube feet, which grip substrate with adhesive chemicals43
2716231842What do sea stars feed on?Sea stars feed on bivalves by prying them open with their tube feet, everting their stomach, and digesting their prey externally with digestive enzymes44
2716246372Can sea stars regrow lost arms?Yes, sea stars can regrow lost arms as long as they have some part of central disk with that arm45
2716247507What are sea daisies?Sea daisies are a group of armless species in hte clade Asteroidea46
2716255500How many sea daisies species are known?only three species are known47
2716257787Sea daisies live on what and how do they get their nutrients?sea daisies live on submerged wood and absorb nutrients through a membrane that surrounds their body48
2716260336Describe brittle stars body plan?Brittle stars have a distinct central disk and long, flexible arms, which they use for movement49
2716276373How do brittle stars feed?some species are suspension feeders, while others are predators or scavengers50
2716287563Do Sea urchins and sand dollars have any arms?No, sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but have five rows of feet51
2716291389What are echinoidea spines used for?their spines are used for locomotion and protection52
2716296618What do sea urchins feed on?sea urchins feed on seaweed using a jaw-like structure on their underside53
2716319430What do sea lilies attach to?sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a stalk54
2716322084How do feather stars crawl?Feather stars can crawl using long, flexible arms55
2716324915How do crinoides feed?Both are suspension feeders56
2716328249Holothuroidea: Sea CucumbersSea cucumbers lack spines, have a very reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much like other echinoderms, they have five rows of tube feet; some of these are developed as feeding tentacles57
2717243162Fig 33.UNO858

CH-33 An Introduction to Invertebrates Pt 2 Flashcards

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2713030960What are Annelids bodies composed of?Annelids are coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings0
2713040465What were the 3 clades Annelids was traditionally divided into?The Phylum Annelida was traditionally divided into three clades Polychaeta (polychaetes) Oligochaeta (oligochaetes) Hirundinea (leeches)1
2713045969What are the two major clades annelids can be divided into?Recent molecular analyses indicate that the annelids can be divided into two major clades Errantia Sedetaria2
2713088750Clade ErrantiansMost members of clade Errantia are mobile, marine organisms3
2713104549What is Parapodia?Many errantians have a pair of paddle-like or ridge-like structures called parapodia ("beside feet") on each body segment4
2713135642What are pappodium's bristles made of?Each parapodium has nuemerous chaetae, bristles made of chitin5
2713146402SedentariansSedentarians tend to be less mobile than errantians Some species burroww inot the substrate, while others live in protective tubes This clade also contains the leeches and the earthworms6
2713147981How do tube-dwelling Sedentarians feed?Tube-dwelling sedentarians often have elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding7
2713153028Habitat of LeechesMost species of leeches live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestial8
2713157398Predators of leeches includesLeeches include predators of invertebrates, and parasites that suck blood9
2713161130What chemical does leeches secrete?Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating10
2713165136How do earthworms eat?Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal11
2713175009How do earthworms reproduceEarthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation12
2717231058Fig 33.2513
2713188094Ecdysozoansthey are the most species-rich animal group14
2713188372What is cuticleEcdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle15
2713190628What is ecdysiscuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis16
2713287569What are the two largest phyla of Ecdysozoans?Phyla Nematodes and Phyla Arthropods17
2713302156NematodesNematodes, or roundworms18
2713290359Where are Nematodes found?They are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals19
2713319864What is the model organism in research?Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism in research20
2713321115How can human acquire Trichinella spiralis?Trichinella spiralis can be aquired by humans from undercooked pork21
2713522590_____ out of every three known species of animals are arthropodstwo22
2713523333What does arthropod body plan consists of?The arthropod body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages23
2713527496General Characteristics of Arthropodsthe appendages of some living arthropods are modified for functions such as walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense these modified appendages are jointed and come in pairs24
2717232865Fig 33.3025
2713530861Arthropods body is completely covered by what?the body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin26
2713532702How do arthropods grow?By molting its exoskeleton27
2713533490Arthropods unique eyes and antennaearthropods have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell28
2713539069What kind of circulatory system does arthropods have?an open circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs29
2713544185What are the three major lineages that diverged early in the phylum's evolutionChelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders) Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes) Pancrustaceans (lobsters and other crustaceans, as wellas insects and their relatives)30
2713586333What are Chelicerates are named for?Chelicerates, clade Chelicerata, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae31
2713586917What are the two parts of Chelicerates?They have an anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen32
2713588699What were the earliest chelicerates?The earliest chelicerates were eurypterids (water scorpions)33
2713591625CheliceratesMost marine chelicerates (including eurypterids) are extinct, but some species survive today, including horseshoe crabs34
2713598180What does modern Chelicerates called?Most modern chelicerates are arachnids, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites35

CH -33 An Introduction to Invertebrates pt1 Flashcards

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2706322588Invertebratesanimals that lack a backbone, account for more than 95% of species, morphologically diverse and occupy almost every habitat on Earth0
2728954971Figure 33.11
2728955582Figure 33.3a2
2706326299Phylum Poriferaknown informally as sponges, lives in marine and fresh water are sedentary and lack true tissues and organs3
2706330238Filter Feederscaptures food particles suspended in water that passes through their body4
2706335453Spongocoeldrawing of water through pores into a cavity5
2706336463Osculuman opening through which water goes out6
2706340287Choanocytesflagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food7
2706341469Hermaphroditesindividual functioning both as male and female8
2706344189Mesohyllayer between two cell layers9
2706344596Amoebocytesfound in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and in structure10
2728957647Figure 33.411
2706353443Clade Eumetazoanincludes all animals with true tissues except sponges which lack true tissues12
2706354979Phylum Cnidariadiversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras. They exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan. Their body is a sac with a central digestive compartment, and a single opening functions as mouth and anus13
2706363211Gastrovascular Cavityprimary organ of digestion and circulation14
2706368287What are the two variations body plan of phylum CnidariaSessile polyp and motile medusa15
2706368974Polypadheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body16
2706370661Medusaa bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside, and they do not attach to the substrate but move freely17
2706375094Gastrodermiscovering that goes all the way around the gastrovascular cavity18
2728959247Figure 33.519
2706378345Cnidocytesunique cells that function in defense and capture of prey and are on tentacles of cnidarians20
2706388335Nematocystsspecialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread21
2728960001Figure 33.622
2706408393What are the 2 major clades of Phylum CnidariaMedusozoa and Anthozoa23
2728961344Figure 33.724
2706410295Medusozoansinclude all cnidarians that produce a medusa25
2706411116What are the 3 class of clade MedusozoansScyphozoans (jellies) Cubozoans (box jellies) Hydrozoans (Hydra, Obelia, Portuguese man of-war)26
2728962106Figure 33.7a27
2706424798Phylum Cnidaria: Medusozoamost hydrozoans alternate between polyp and medusa forms Hydra, a freshwater cnidaraian, exists only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by buddying.28
2728965424Figure 33.8a29
2728966435Figure 33.8 Life cycle of Obelia30
2728965151Medusa is the predominant stage in which clades of phylum CnidariaMedusa is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans (jellies) and cubozoans (box jellies)31
2706455078Give an example of medusozoa life cyclecoastal scyphozoans (jellies) have a brief polyp stage, whereas open oean species generally have no polyp stage32
2706460359Cubozoansthe medusa is box-shaped and they have highly toxic cnidocytes for example, the sting of the sea wasp off the coast of northern Australia can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and death within minutes33
2706467284Clade Anthozoainclues the corals and sea anemones anthozoans occur only as polyps corals often form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard exoskeleton34
2728967266Figure 33.3ba Invertebrates diversity35
2706469328Exoskeletonexternal skeleton36
2706470859Corals Generationeach generation grows on the skeletal remains of the previous generation, forming "rocks" that provide habitat for other species37
2706483892Bilaterian Animalshave bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development, most have a coelom and a digestive tract with two openings38
2706486239Clade Bilateriacontains Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia39
2706487375Clade Lophotrochozoaidentified by molecular data some devvelp a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stagem and a few have neither feature40
2706489816What species does lophotrochozoa includes?the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids41
2706494682Phylum Platyhelminthesmembers live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats includes flatworms42
2706506189Flatwormsundergo triploblastic development, they are acoelomates, and have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening Gas exchange takes place across the surface, and protonephridia regulate the osmotic balance, Their dorsoventrally flattened shape maximizes surface area for gas exchange43
2728969693Figure 33.9a Gas exchange of flatworms44
2706534761Protonephridiaan invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and performs a function similar to the vertebrate kidney45
2706541193Name two lineages flatworms are divided intoCatenulida, or "chain worms," reproduce asexually by budding Rhabditophora are more diverse and include both free-living and parasitic species46
2706545032Flatworms Free-Living Speciesbest-known rhabditophorans are planarians47
2706548753Planarianslive in fresh-water and prey on smaller animals have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets their nervous system is more complex and centralized they are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually, or asexually through fission48
2706552694Fission Reproductionreproduce by breaking one end from another or into half49
2706554842Flatworm Parasitic Speciesrhabditophorans live in or on other animals50
2706557209What are 2 important groups of parasitic rabditophoranstrematodes and the tapeworms51
2706568224Phylum Platyhelminthes: Trematodesparasitize wide range of hosts, and most have complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in snail hosts52
2706574153How do trematodes manipulate host's immune systemthey produce surface proteins that mimic theirs host and release molecules that manipulate the host's immune system53
2728970759Figure 33.11 Life cycle of trematodes54
2706640366Phylum Platyhelminthes: Tapewormstapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system, they absorb nutrients from the host's intestine. The scolex contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host55
2706643886What are proglottidesProglottids are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex. Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the host's body in feces56
2706646793Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers)Rotifers are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil They are smaller than many protists but are truly multi-cellular and specialized organs systems57
2728973086Figure 33.1358
2706656730Alimentary Canala digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom59
2706657924Parthenogenesisreproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs60
2706661811Lophophorateshave a lophophore, a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth have a true coelom61
2706675588Which two phyla does lophophorates includes?Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda62
2706676748Phylum EctoproctaEctoprocts also called bryozoans are sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants a hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and some species are reef builders63
2706679028Phylum Brachiopodssuperficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams they are marine and most attach to the seafloor by stalk64
2728975869Figure 33.3bb65
2706681969Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs)includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell66
2706693560Molluscs Habbitatmost molluscs are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestial67
2706739569Molluscs body planall molluscs have a similar body plan with 3 main parts Muscular foot Visceral mass Mantle many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike radula68
2728978539Figure 33.15 Basic body plan of a mollusc69
2706745909Mollusca Sexesmost molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass, but may snails are hermaphrodites70
2706749513Life Cycle of Molluscathe life cycle of many molluscs includes a ciliated larva stage called a trochophore71
2706750218Trochophorea type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia (hair like thing around mouth)72
2706871620What are the four major classes of molluscs?Polyplacophora (chitons) Gastropoda (snails and slugs) Bivalvia (clams, oyster, and other bivalves) Cephalopoda (squids, octopses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)73
2706876972Phylum Mollusca: Chitonschitons are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates they use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock, and their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface74
2728979565Figure 33.16 Chitons75
2706891574Gastropodsabout three-quarters of all living species of molluscs are gastropods76
2706895293Habitat of Gastropodsmost are marine, but many are freshwater and terrestrial species77
2706896550How do Gastropods move?Gastropods move slowly by a rippling motion of the foot or by cilia78
2706897737How many shells do gastropods have?most have a single, spiraled shell that functions in protection from injury, dehydration, and predation79
2706899404How do Gastropods feed?most are herbivores, but some species use modified radula to feed on pray80
2706909196Phylum Mollusca: BivalvesBivalves are aquatic and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops they have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles some ahve eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle81
2706915432How do Bivalves feed and breath?the mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange most species are sedentary, but some have limited motility82
2728980931Figure 33.19 Anatomy of Clam83
2706927259Phylum Mollusca: CephalopodsCephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and a complex brain One small group of shelled cephalopods, the nautiluses, survives today84
2706920099How do Cephalopods feed and immobilize their pray?Cephalopods are carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot they are able to immobilize prey with a poison present in their saliva most octopuses creep along the sea floor in search of prey85
2706923819What allows squids to swim quickly?Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly86

Chapter 32 Animal Diversity Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
458494798cleavageA succession of mitotic divisions without cell growth between divisions0
458494799blastulaStage where embryo is a hollow ball of cells1
458494800gastrulationWhen layers of embryonic tissue that will develop into body parts are produced2
458494801gastrulaStage where one end of the embryo has folded inward, forming a pouch3
458494802archenteronPouch formed by one end of the embryo folding inward4
458494803endodermLines digestive tract, develops from lining of archenteron5
458494804ectodermCovers body surfaces6
458494805mesodermIn some animals; forms muscles and most organs7
458494806diploblastic______________ animals - have no mesoderm. Enidarians (jellies and corals)8
458494807triploblastic____________ animals - have mesoderm9
458494808metamorphosisResurgence of development that transforms larva into adult10
458494809Cambrian explosionWhen many new animal species came to be, probably due to new predator-prey relationships11
458494810gradeGroup of animals that share same level of organizational complexity but not necessarily descended from a common ancestor12
458494811body planmorphological and developmental traits that define a grade13
458494812radial symmetryNo head or rear end, no left or right14
458494813bilateral symmetryTwo-sided symmetry15
458494814dorsalTop16
458494815ventralBottom17
458494816anteriorToward the head18
458494817posteriorToward the tail19
458494818cephalizationCentral nervous system in the head20
458494819coelomTract from outer body wall21
458494820coelomatesAnimals that possess a true coelom22
458494821pseudocoelomatesAnimals that have a body cavity formed from the blastocoels23
458494822acoelomatesAnimals that lack a coelom24
458494823protostomesHave spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, blastopore opening becomes the mouth25
458494824spiral cleavagePlanes of cell division are diagonal26
458494825determinate cleavageRigidly casts the fate of embryonic cells very early27
458494826deutrostomesHave radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, blastopore opening becomes anus; mouth forms from secondary opening28
458494827radial cleavageCleavage planes parallel or perpendicular29
458494828indeterminate cleavageEach cell in early development retains same capacity to develop into a complete embryo30
458494829choanocytesFlagellated cells that draw water into sponge31
458494830osculumOpening where water exits32
458494831amoebocytesDigest and distribte nutrients33
458494832spiculesSkeletal needles34
458494833medusaFloating, umbrella shaped body with dangling tentacles (like jellyfish)35
458494834polypCylinder shaped body with rising tentacles (like sea anemone)36
458494835nymphsYoung small versions of adult37
458494836larvaeA distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults38
458494837pupaThe life stage of some insects undergoing transformation39
458494838notochordA dorsal, flexible rod that functions as support. Usually replaced by bone during development40
458494839dorsal nerve cordA hollow cord dorsal to the notochord41
458494840pharyngeal gill slitsIn embryos of chordates; become gills or disappear during development42

APUSH Chapter 42 Flashcards

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2317919376What happened to the economy in the 1970s?STAGFLATION0
2317919377What is STAGFLATION?-the U.S. economy went down -wages were stagnant -inflation went up1
2317919378What did Nixon's Vietnamization policy promise?-withdraw troops over time -continuing to assist S Vietnam w/ money and arms to fight for themselves2
2317919379What was a change from the Truman Doctrine?Nixon Doctrine3
2317919380What did the Nixon Doctrine promise?The U.S. would always assist w/ money and arms countries to resist communism, but they would would have to fight their own wars w/o US troops4
2317919381When did Nixon order troops into Cambodia w/o the consent of Congress?Cambodian Incursion5
2317919382What repelled the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?Cambodian Incursion6
2317919383What happened as the Vietnam War grew even more unpopular?Anti war protests began turning violent7
2317919384The gap between _ and _ grew as the war went on.Hawks and Doves8
2317919385In what colleges did students die while protesting?Kent University and Jackson State College9
2317919386How did Nixon try to appease doves?Withdrawing completely from Cambodia10
2317919387What did the 26th amendment state?Lowered voting age to 1811
2317922912Who was the former Pentagon official that leaked info to the NY Times?Daniel Ellsberg12
2317929537What did Ellsberg leak?Pentagon papers13
2317931244What were the Pentagon Papers?Evasiveness of deception that the U.S. provoked the VietCong to attack 2 US ships in the the Tonkin Gulf14
2317943946What agreement stated the U.S. was to withdraw all troops from Vietnam?1973 Cease-Fire Agreement15
2317947446Who was Nixon's national security advisor?Henry Kissinger16
2317949454Who did Kissinger work with in the Paris Summit?Worked w/ the N Vietnamese officials to discuss terms of peace17
2317955646What did the N Vietnamese officials urge Nixon to do?They urged Nixon to strengthen ties b/t China and the USSR18
2317964781Why did Nixon go to China in 1972?To re establish formal ties19
2317966959Why did Nixon go to the USSR in 1972?To improve US/USSR relations20
2317990559What were 2 arms treaties?-Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) -Strange Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)21
2317992575What did SALT do?Froze the number of ICBMs for 5 years22
2317996245Were the visits to China and the USSR successful?Yes, Nixon more successful in foreign policy then domestic23
2317997596What did the visits create?A detente 1972-197924
2318004612What was Nixon's domestic policy?The Great Society25
2318007757How did Nixon expand welfare programs?Food stamps -Medicare -Aid to farmers w/ dependent children (AFDC)26
2318017962What other programs did Nixon create?-Philadelphia Plan -Environment Protection Agency (EPA) -Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)27
2318023680What was the Philadelphia Plan?-created a plan to hire black apprentices -beginnings of corporate "affirmative action"28
2318034644What improved the U.S. economy?29
2318041750Who was renominated by the Republicans in the 1972 Election?Richard Nixon30
2318044294What did Nixon's campaign stress?De escalating of Vietnam War31
2318048999Who was the Democratic candidate in the 1973 Election?George McGovom32
2318051289What did McGovom promise to do?Withdraw all US troops in 90 days33
2318053335Who did McGovom have support from?Anti war groups34
2318054260Who won the 1972 Election by a landslide?Nixon35
2318057030Who was Chief Justice?Earl Warren36
2318060578What did the case Griswild v Connecticut focus on?Rights of privacy37
2318062785What did the Miranda cases establish?Miranda Rights38
2318069490What case ended prayer in schools?Engel v Vitale39
2318071121What did many Supreme Court cases favor?Civil Rights40
2321925686What happened when the cease fire was signed in 1973?US withdrew remaining 27,000 troops from Vietnam41
2321931623What did Nixon continue after the cease fire was signed?Bombing raids on N Vietnam and Cambodia42
2321937931What did congress oppose?Expansion of war43
2321942941What did the War P44

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