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Colonies Flashcards

This is about traits of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colonies in America. It also includes important events and dates in colonial times as well as key locations and vocabulary. In addition, it will have the locations of the 13 colonies.

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579211391Rocky soil, cold climate, long wintersNE (New England Colonies)0
579211392Mild climate, fertile soilM (Middle Colonies)1
579211393Warm climate, very fertile soilS (Southern Colonies)2
579211394Shortest growing seasonNE (New England Colonies)3
579211395Longest growing seasonS (Southern Colonies)4
579211396Region with the most slavesS (Southern Colonies)5
579211397Region with the fewest slavesNE (New England)6
579211398Many plantations that required many slavesS (Southern Colonies)7
579211399Many small farms (so, slavery isn't important)NE (New England)8
579211400Traded mainly with England and the CaribbeanNE (New England)9
579211401Traded mainly with only EnglandS (Southern Colonies)10
579211402Traded with England and the other coloniesM (Middle Colonies)11
579211403PuritansNE (New England Colonies)12
579211404Home of Roger WilliamsNE (New England Colonies)13
579211405"Bread basket" of colonies (exported/grew lots of wheat)M (Middle Colonies)14
579211406Town meetings were very importantNE (New England Colonies)15
579211407Exported fish, fur, and rumNE (New England Colonies)16
579211408Successful nautical work/ shipbuildingNE (New England Colonies)17
579211409Lumber was importantNE (New England Colonies)18
579211410Most religious toleranceM (Middle Colonies)19
579211411Agriculture was VERY importantS (Southern Colonies)20
579211412Successful businesses and craftspeopleM (Middle Colonies)21
579211413Many large cities, most diverse culture and customs, most cosmopolitanM (Middle Colonies)22
579211414Biggest colonies (in terms of geographical size)S (Southern Colonies)23
579211415Home of William PennM (Middle Colonies)24
579211416Cash crops such as: tobacco, rice, and indigoS (Southern Colonies)25
579342475When did the first English Colonial period in America begin (hint: Think Jamestown)?160726
579342476When was Plymouth founded?162027
579342477When was New York City founded?166428
579342478When was the Salem Witch Trials?169229
579342479When was the French and Indian War?1754- 176330
579342480When was the American Revolution?1775- 178331
579342481Lack of fresh water, starvation, uncomfortable heat, hostile natives, saltwater poisoning, inexperienced workers, death of leaders, threat of Spanish spies, sickness, and dangerous weaponsProblems that the Jamestown settlers faced32
579342482New YorkM (Middle Colonies)33
579342483PennsylvaniaM (Middle Colonies)34
579342484DelawareM (Middle Colonies)35
579342485New JerseyM (Middle Colonies)36
579342486MassachusettsNE (New England Colonies)37
579342487ConnecticutNE (New England Colonies)38
579342488Rhode IslandNE (New England Colonies)39
579342489New HampshireNE (New England Colonies)40
579342490VirginiaS (Southern Colonies)41
579342491GeorgiaS (Southern Colonies)42
579342492North CarolinaS (Southern Colonies)43
579342493South CarolinaS (Southern Colonies)44
579342494MarylandS (Southern Colonies)45
579342495Differences between the French and English coloniesFrench invested in fur, English colonized46
579342496What were the four (4) main reasons for English colonists to come to the New World?Political freedom, religious tolerance, economic opportunity, and land47
579342497To respect other beliefs, practices, or traits of othersTolerance48
579342498To disrespect others beliefs, practices, and traitsIntolerance49
579342499An irrational belief; a belief, practice, or rite held in spite of evidence to the contrary, resulting from ignorance of the laws of nature of from faith in magic, chance, and fateSuperstition50
579342500A group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nationColony51
579342501To have variety and diversity of cultureEthnic Diversity52
579342502A group of strict, religious people who lived in the New England Colonies and strove to be the "perfect society"Puritans53
579387117Crops that are grown to be soldCash crops54
579387118Worldly and diverseCosmopolitan55
579387119Hatred or intolerance of another race or other racesRacism56
579387120A group of colonists who settled at PlymouthPilgrims57
579387121Farming for economic purposesAgriculture58
579387122Large farms that typically grew cash cropsPlantations59
579387123Someone who gives years in service in exchange for passage to AmericaIndentured servant60
579387124Someone who is working for a skilled craftsman/master for a number of years in order to learn that person's skillApprentice61
579387125A series of mountain ranges in North America, spreading all over Eastern AmericaAppalachian Mountains62
579387126A system of government where the leaders (government officials) are Church officials who lead in the name of GodTheocracy63
579387127A person who plantsPlanter64
579387128A plant that can be made into blue dyeIndigo65
579387129"Green Gold"Tobacco66
579387132A man from New England who believed in fair rights for Native Americans, religious toleration, the of religion in state, and the founder of Rhode IslandRoger Williams67
579387134Person who lives in the colonies of a "mother country"Colonist68
579387136To establish a colonyColonize69
579387138The idea/concept that a nation success depends on being wealthy. The concept is also about using successful colonies to increase wealthMercantilism70
579387140The country from which colonists came from and are still a part of"Mother Country"71
579387142Occupation/trades that required specialized skills and talentsCrafts72
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EHS AP Psychology Unit 1 - History and Approaches Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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863045036EmpiricismThe view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation.0
863045037StructuralismDeveloped by Edward Bradford Titchener, it focused on self-reflection and introspection. Highly unreliable.1
877003573FunctionalismA school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.2
877003574Experimental PsychologyThe study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.3
877003575BehaviorismThe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).4
877003576Humanistic PsychologyThe historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.5
877003577Cognitive NeuroscienceThe interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with thinking including perception, thinking, memory, and language.6
877003578PsychologyThe science of behavior and mental processes.7
877003579Nature-Nurture IssueThe longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of the two.8
877003580Natural SelectionThe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.9
878924790Levels of AnalysisThe differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.10
878924791Biopsychosocial ApproachAn integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.11
878924792Biological PsychologyA branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.12
878924793Evolutionary PsychologyThe study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.13
878924794Psychodynamic PsychologyA branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.14
878924795Behavioral PsychologyMethod of changing abnormal behavior thru systematic program based on the learning principles of CLASSICAL conditioning, OPERANT Conditioning, or OBSERVATIONAL Learning.15
878924796Cognitive PsychologyThe scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.16
878924797Social-Cultural PsychologyThe study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.17
878924798PsychometricsThe scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.18
878924799Basic ResearchOne of the two main types of research, pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon19
878924800Developmental PsychologyA branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.20
878924801Educational PsychologyThe study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.21
878924802Personality PsychologyThe study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.22
878924803Social PsychologyThe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.23
878924804Applied ResearchOne of the two main types of research, conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.24
878924805Industrial-Organizational (I/O) PsychologyThe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.25
878924806Human Factors PsychologyA branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.26
878924807Counseling PsychologyA branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.27
878924808Clinical PsychologyA branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.28
878924809PsychiatryA branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.29
878924810SQ3RA study method incorporating five steps Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.30
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Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1807077945Personalitya person's unique pattern of consistent behavioral traits0
1807108138Aspects of Personality1. Consistency 2. Distinctiveness1
1807108144Consistencythe stability of a person's behaviour over time and across situations2
1807110112Distinctivenessbehavioural differences among people reacting to the same situation3
1807111321PhrenologyA discredited pseudoscientific theory of the brain that claimed that personality characteristics, moral character, and intelligence could be determined by examining the bumps on a person's skull4
1807114824Types of Personality Theory1. Freud (personality based on unconscious) 2. Trait Theory5
1807119430TraitDurable disposition to behave in a certain way in a variety of situations.6
1807151783Factor Analysiscorrelations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely-related clusters of variables. Complex statistical procedure7
1807152692Basic Traitone personality trait that describes a several superficial traits (bringing them together to fit in one category)8
1807178061normal distributionBell shaped graph with two extremes on the outlier, majority in the middle9
1807179940Eysenck Dimension of PersonalitySpectrum of personality traits: introverted or extroverted10
1807186100IntrovertEysenck: high psychological or mental arousal * biologically determined11
1807190601ExtrovertEysenck: low psychological or mental arousal * biologically determined12
18072296455 Factor Model of PersonalityMcCrae and Costa- The Big 5: 1 Conscientiousness 2. Agreeableness 3. Neuroticism (emotional stability vs instability) 4. Openness 5. Extraversion13
1807262490StabilityPersonality traits are stable14
1807266447Walter Mischelthe way you act is often situation dependent 1. Unfamiliar and Formal situation- traits wouldn't surface 2. Familiar and informal situation traits will surface15
1807284887Traits and settingsTraits are predicable over many different situations but they can't predict behaviour in any one given situation16
1807297333Bandura Social Cognitive Theory-off shoot of behaviourism -Behaviour related to cognition. Before we behave, we think about situation17
1807299575Skinnerpeople show consistent patterns of behaviour because they have stable response tendencies that are tied to the situation. Beaviour is mechanic18
1807316528Reciprocal DeterminismBandura: internal personal factors (cognitive process or traits), environmental factors and behaviour all influence one another19
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Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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1579834290behavioral psychology assumptions1. most human behavior is learned, including abnormal or maladaptive behavior 2. therefore tx is to help unlearn bad behavior and learn more adaptive behavior 3. treatment approach is behavior modification0
1579834291associative learningbasis of behavior therapy, involves associating two different stimuli or events 1. classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning1
1579834292behaviorismA theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior2
1579834293classical conditioningassociation of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally and involuntarily produces some physiological response3
1579834294operant conditioningassociation of behavior and some stimulus that follows the behavior (a reinforcing or punishing consequence)4
1579834295john watsonpaired loud noise with a white rat. eventually child became afraid of the white rat alone even without the noise5
1579834296abbreviations - US, UR, CS, CRunconditioned stimulus unconditoned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response6
1579834297in pavlov's dogs experiment identify CS, US, CR, URCS - bell US - meat UR - salivation in response to meat CR - salivation in response to bell7
1579834298stimulus generalizationalbert responded with fear to stimuli similar to the white mouse (white rabbit, cotton)8
1579834299extinction of a classically conditioned responsethe conditioned stimulus-conditioned response bond will decay if the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus9
1579834300spontaneous recoveryfollowing extinction, conditioned response may reappear if the conditioned stimulus is presented following a short delay10
1579834301stimulus discriminationthrough trial and error the organism can learn to discriminate between similar stimuli, responding only to the conditioned stimuli11
1579834302psychoneuroimmunologyader's rats: rats had lupus, administer immunosupprssors with sweet water. eventually the sweet water will cause immunosuppression12
1579834303anticipatory immunosuppressionppl undergoing chemo with immunosuppressive drugs will eventually show immunosuppression just by being in the hospital, even before drug administration13
1579834304bell and paduse an alarm when pt feels they have a full bladder, meant to treat nocturnal enuresis14
1579834305conditioning and drugssights, smells, sounds, situations become asc w the drug. these stimuli become asc w direct physiological effects of the drug - 'conditioned euphoria' take drugs in a bathroom stall -> bathroom stalls make you mildly euphoric - Chalres O'Brien15
1579834306classical conditioning of drug-opposite effectssome drugs will cause the body to compensate, asc stimuli will cause compensation not the drug effect16
1579834307Siegel's conditioned tolerance studyLower mortality from morphine overdose among animals that demonstrated 'conditioned tolerance' - through classical conditioning, their bodies were 'warned' by environmental CSs that the drug was coming, resulting in earlier onset of compensatory physical responses (CRs).17
1579834308conditioned tolerance in heroin addictsSiegel further speculates that when the heroin addict is exposed to such CSs in the absence of the drug, these compensatory CRs tend to be experienced as unpleasant withdrawal-like symptoms, making it more likely that the individual will use the drug to alleviate them.18
1579834309O'Brien's conditioned withdrawal studyHe waved spearmint fragrance (which was originally a neutral stimulus) under the noses of individuals experiencing methadone withdrawal. Days later,when the pts were no longer in withdrawal, he exposed them to the spearmint smell (which now served as a CS), and observed withdrawal-like symptoms (CR)19
1579834310implications of these studies for drug treatmentconditioned stimuli asc w drug use play a significant role in continued use, craving and relapse. therefore tx based on extinction -> help break the learned asc btwn the environment stimuli and drug use20
1579834311classical extinction in substance abuse treatment21
1579834312classical conditioning in anxiety disorderscontribute to development and treatment22
1579834313classical conditioning in phobiasasc a neutral stimulus with fear. leads to avoidance behavior which reduces anxiety. avoidance behavior is subsequently maintained through operant conditioning23
1579834314phobias not always acquired through fear producing unconditioned stimulisome are acquired from vicarious learning or verbal report24
1579834315PTSD treatmentrepeat exposure to fear provoking stimuli, traumatized person is encouraged to recall events asc w the trauma which leads to reduction in the anxiety asc w the memory of the original event25
1579834316placebo respondingexpectation of improvement can actually help the outcome expectancy theory: the biological mechanisms responsible for turning expectation, thought, or belief into an agent of change within the cells, tissues, and organs of the human body. Research: Physicians who foster a sense of expectancy, hope, and optimism in their patients have better patient outcomes than those who do not do so, even when the medication/treatment used is the same.26
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Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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2766349034unlearned (innate) stimulus-response relationship US to UR / CS to CR ?US to UR0
2766349431learned (conditioned) stimulus-response relationship US to UR / CS to CR ?CS to CR1
2766351607an emotional response (fear) could be classically conditioned. who's the guy?Watson2
2766352905subject- Albert B CS - white rabbit US - Loud noise CR/UR - fear/tearfulness Who's the guy?Watson3
2766353989Albert also responded to stimuli similar to the CS with a CR (e.g. white rabbit; white cotton).Stimulus Generalization4
2766354240The CS-CR bond will tend to decay if the CS is no longer followed by the USExtinction5
2766354934Following extinction, the CR may 'spontaneously' reappear if the CS is presented following a short delay.Spontaneous Recovery6
2766355347Through trial-and-error, the organism can learn to discriminate between similar stimuli, responding only to the CS.Stimulus Discrimination7
2766359127Lupus infected rats showed immunosuppression (CR) when presented only with the sweetened water (CS); after being conditioned.Ader's rats8
2766365361once presented with a CS (the hospital setting), that was previously associated with an immunosuppressive drug (US), women showed immunosuppression.Anticipatory Immunosuppression9
2766368507Conditioning of responses similar to the drug's effectDrug Like effect (Direct)10
2766368508Conditioning of responses opposed to the drug's direct effectsDrug Opposite11
2766370987In the presence of certain CSs previously associated with drug use (drug paraphernalia, toilet stall setting), the opiate dependent user experienced drug-like physiological changes & mild euphoric like feelings who's the guy?O'Brien12
2766372894conditioned tolerance and conditioned withdrawal are examples of ________________________Drug Opposite effect (compensatory responses)13
2766375381Occur prior to the administration of the drug, in response to environmental CSs that alert the organism that "the drug is coming". considered to be _____________ toleranceAnticipatory14
2766375924Lower mortality from morphine overdose among animals that demonstrated 'conditioned tolerance who's the guy?Siegel15
2766378216waved spearmint fragrance (which was originally a neutral stimulus) under the noses of individuals experiencing methadone withdrawal. Days later, exposed them to the spearmint smell (which now served as a CS), and observed withdrawal-like symptoms (CR) whos the guy?O'Brien16
2766381288In the drug environment, CS may play a significant role in continued substance use, craving, and relapse.17
2766383158exposing the user to the environmental CSs without the US (drug)Extinction18
2766400561Classical Conditioning model for Phobias 1) Naturally fear producing stimulus 2 Previously neutral stimulus 3 Fear, Anxiety avoidance behavior US CS UR/CR1) US 2) CS 3) UR/CR19
2766384484an intense, irrational fear of an object or situation, which leads the individual to avoid that object/situation.Phobia20
2766384895conditioned fear provides the basis for phobias.21
2766385630individual avoiding the fearful stimulus. This behavior results in the reduction of anxietyAvoidance Behavior22
2766387301Phobia treatmentsystematic desensitization and exposure23
2766393273Classical Conditioning model for PTSD 1) Subsequent anxiety 2 Similar Environmental situations 3 Trauma US CS UR/CR1) UR/CR 2) CS 3) US24
2766396193Operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) also plays an important role in the continuing avoidance behavior25
2766396404PTSD treatmentRepeated exposure to fear provoking stimulus26
2766399599Classical Conditioning model for Placebo responding 1) Physiological change 2 Stimuli in treatment setting 3 Drug action US CS UR/CR1) UR/CR 2) CS 3) US27
2766409097biological mechanisms responsible for turning expectation, thought, or belief into an agent of change within the cells, tissues, and organs of the human body. _________ theoryExpectancy28
2766410111Children appear to be more susceptible to the 'placebo effect' than adults29
2766410681how physicians present & administer treatments has a powerful effect on clinical outcomes Name the guyKuchak30
2766411058symptom relief even when patient knows it is a placebo. _____________ placebosOpen label31
2766413035brain associating two different stimuli or eventsAssociative Learning32
2766413607--Concerned with what can be seen and measured used predict what someone will do in the futureBehaviorism33
2766417245Association of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally & involuntarily produces a physiological responseClassical Conditioning34
2766417705Association of a behavior & a stimulus that follows the behaviorOperant Conditioning35
2766420102Pavlov's dogs classical/ operant conditioningClassical Conditioning36
2766423262Bell and Pad Procedure 1) CS 2) US 3) UR/CR1 sensation of full bladder 2 alarm 3 awakening and tightening of muscles37
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Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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3666935243Ivan Pavlovdiscovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell0
3666939416classical conditioningConditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning1
3666941247stimulusA signal to which an organism responds2
3666946002discriminationIn classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.3
3666951706perspectiveA point of view a mental view or outlook4
3666961900spontaneous recoverythe reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response5
3666970360generalizationIn classical conditioning, the process by which two distinct but similar stimuli come to produce the same response.6
3666976093extinctionDisappearance of the conditioned response.7
3666979732reinforcementIn operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows8
3666988972punishmentA consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.9
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Classical Condition Flashcards

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3417106073Classical ConditioningConditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning0
3417111304Unconditioned StimulusA stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning1
3417114264Unconditioned ResponseUnlearned or involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus2
3417118661Conditioned Stimulusin classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response3
3417120481Neutral StimulusA stimulus eliciting no response.4
3417122801Conditioned ResponseIn classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).5
3417126806Taste Aversiona learned avoidance of a particular food6
3417128751ExtinctionIn classical conditioning, the terms refers to the disappearance of the effect of a previously conditioned stimuli7
3417145252Spontaneous Recoverythe reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response8
3417147387GeneralizationThe tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.9
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Classical Conditioning Practice 1 Flashcards

You stub your toe repeatedly very time you walk past your coffee table. Now, you notice a throbbing in your toe every time you walk by your coffee table.

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1813682565UCSstubbing your toe0
1813682566UCRfeeling pain when you stub your toe1
1813682567CSwalking past coffee table2
1813682568CRthrobbing in toe when you walk past your coffee table3
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Classical Conditioning Practice 4 Flashcards

Allen is training in karate and has been practicing by throwing fake punches at his sister. One day, he accidentally hits her in the eye and hurts her. Now every time he raises his hand, she flinches.

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1813699567UCSbeing punched in the eye0
1813699568UCRpain when punched in the eye1
1813699569CSAllen raising his hand2
1813699570CRsister flinching when Allen raises his hand3
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