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APWH Chapter 36: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America Flashcards

4082714681	What was created under India's Quest for Home Rule?	Indian National Congress	0
4082714682	What did the INC promote, and when was it founded?	Self-rule 1885	1
4082714683	Who did the INC have initial support from?	Both Hindus and Muslims	2
4082772472	When did Ghandi return to India, and what did he do?	1915 Made INC into mass movement	3
4082772473	What was Ghandi the father of?	Indian Nationalism	4
4082772474	What and when were Ghandi's movements?	Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)	5
4082772475	When was the India Act?	1937	6
4082772476	Why was the India Act unsuccessful?	600 nominally sovereign princes refusing to cooperate	7
4082772477	What did Muslims fear?	Hindu Dominance	8
4082772478	What did Muhammad Ali Jinnah do?	Lead Muslim League Proposes Partition Creates State of Pakistan	9
4082772479	What did the 1911 Revolution in China do?	Forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate	10
4082772480	Who proclaimed the Republic of China and when?	Sun Yatsen 1912	11
4082772481	What occurred in Chinese Nationalism?	May Fourth Movement Marxism increases	12
4082772482	When and where was the Chinese Communist Party founded?	Shanghai 1921	13
4082772483	Who was the leader of the CCP?	Mao Zedong	14
4082772484	What was the Nationalist People's Party called, and who created it?	Guomindang Sun Yatsen	15
4082772485	When were the Chinese Civil Wars?	1927-1936, 1945-1949	16
4082772486	Who took over after death of Sun Yatsen?	Chiang Kai-Shek	17
4082772487	What did Chiang Kai-Shek launch?	Military expeditions to unify China Turned against communist allies	18
4082772488	What was the Chinese Civil War called?	The Long March	19
4082772489	What did Mao Zedong lead?	Civil War Elucidates Chinese Communism (Maoism)	20
4089079670	What caused the political chaos in Imperialist Interwar Japan?	Assassinations	21
4089079671	What did the militarist, imperialist circles of Japan advocate?	Greater assertion of Japanese power in the region	22
4089079672	When was the Mukden Incident?	1931	23
4089079673	Why did Japanese troops in Manchuria, China, secretly blow up small parts of the Japanese-built South Manchuria Railroad?	As pretext for war	24
4089079674	What happened after the blowing up of the South Manchuria Railroad?	Over opposition. Of Japanese civilian government, military takes Manchuria, renamed Manchukuo (a puppet state)	25
4089079675	What did Japan do after the Mukden Incident?	League of Nations	26
4089079676	What did European focus on the war do to Africa?	Encouraged local rebellions and challenges to European domination	27
4089079677	What did Africa's New Elite do?	Moved to create modern nation-states in Africa Pan-Africanism promoted by Marcus Garvey	28
4089079678	What did Latin American politics do?	Explore alternate ideologies (Marxism)	29
4089079679	What ensured US economic domination and what were they called?	WWI "Dollar Diplomacy" "Yankee Imperialism"	30
4089079680	Why was the "Good Neighbor Policy?"	FDR Avoids direct intervention by supporting local leaders	31

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APWH: Chapter 36/37: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; New Conflagrations: WWII Flashcards

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4081617762	Chinese Nationalism	During the early 1900's, after the First World War, China was looking for order in their country, experiencing constant internal conflict that did not bring them to achieving a stable gov't. At the same time, nationalism developed rapidly. Youth and intellectuals hoped that the Peace Conference of 1919 would restore Chinese sovereignty, and that the U.S. would support the idea. However, Japanese influence only increased and China, and this sparked the May Fourth Movement, which was led by students and intellectuals in Chinese urban areas. The movement was effective in causing the gov't to take action, as every Chinese class protested against foreigners. Media was also used as a way to spread Chinese nationalism, as leaders pledged to rid China of imperialism and bring national unity through speeches, newspapers, and novels. Some Chinese people became interested in the Marxist thought modified by Lenin, and the social experiments taking place in the Soviet Union. In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was organized in Shanghai. Some of the things these Chinese communists believed in was divorce, opposition of arranged marriages, and campaigns against foot binding. The significance of this nationalism and instability of gov't is that it would make China a weak state, and easy to invade, which could lead to external conflicts with imperialist countries looking to expand their influence.	0
4081708435	Sun Yatsen	1900's: Sun Yatsen lived until 1925, and had been one of the most prominent nationalist leaders in China during the time of their instability. By this time, nationalism had emerged in China and the Chinese Communist Party had been created. Sun Yatsen, however, was not as enthusiastic about promoting dictatorship of the proletariat and the transition into Communism. His ideology is described in 'Three Principles of the People', where he called for the elimination of special privileges of foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a republican gov't based on universal suffrage. He began the Nationalist People's Party, known as the Guomindang, and was determined to spread its popularity. CCP members the began to fill the Guomindang party. Both parties received aid from the Soviet Union, and helped the parties become effective political organizations. This would create the basis of a new political system.	1
4085825268	Civil War (China, 1900's)	After the death of Sun Yatsen, Gumoindang fell under the administration of Chiang Kai-shek. Otherwise known as Jians Jeishi, he did not hold visions of social revolution for the Chinese people. Jeishi launched a political and military offensive, known as the Northern Expedition, which was to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule. In 1927, Jeishi turned against his communist allies and the ties between the Guomindang and the Chinese communist Party ended. Nationalist forces then occupied Beijing, set up a central gov't in Nanjing, and declared the Guomindang the official gov't of a unified and sovereign Chinese state. Communists then moved to a remote region in southeastern China. While China avoided problems during global devastation, it faced three other problems. It only controlled part of China, communism was still a major threat, and faced increasing Japanese aggression. Jeishi also wanted to eliminate the CCP and the Red Army. Communists left China in October of 1934 to avoid annihilation. Being able to make it through a military blockade in the Jiangxi province in southeastern China, 85,000 troops and Red Army personnel began what was called the Long March, a journey of 10,000 miles. In October of the next year, they ended up in the Shaanxi province and est. headquarters at Ya'an. The Long March inspired people to join the CCP, even though many people died. During the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader and the main theoretician of the Chinese communist movement. He came up with the a Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism, or Maoism, that believed that peasants rather than the urban proletariat was the foundation for a successful revolution.	2
4086027327	Mukden Incident	The Mukden Incident took place on Sept. 18, 1931, on the South Manchurian Railway north of Mukden. Japanese troops used explosives to blow up part of the rail, and accused the Chinese of attacking the railroad. This becomes the cause of war between Japanese and Chinese troops. Even though the Japanese gov't had tried to prevent Japanese troops from invading Manchuria, troops of all of Manchuria by 1932. This ensured Japanese power and protected the economic and industrial development of the region. The Mukden Incident the invasion of Japanese troops and their progression into China, leading challenged the intl. peace system, and began a war, that is, WWII. The League of Nations would be able to do nothing about Japanese actions as orders are ignored by Japan.	3
4086082379	Rape of Nanijing	The Rape of Nanjing took place during the 1900's, during which Japan had begun war after the Mukden Incident and were now invading China. Japanese forces used methods of warfare that led to mass death and suffering on an unimaginable level. Chinese civilians faced bombing of urban centers in efforts to soften their resistance, Japanese soldiers raped seven thousand women, and murdered hundreds of unarmed soldiers and civilians. They also burned one third of the homes in Nanjing, and four hundred thousand lost their lives as Japanese soldiers used them for bayonet practice and machine gunned them into open pits.Even after such atrocities took place against the Chinese and they had been weakened by it, the Japanese still faced resistance. The RON was one of the many horrors of WWII, and China was the first country to experience such horrors.	4
4086127452	Munich Conference ("Peace for Our Time")	The Munich Conference was held in September of 1938. During this conference, European politicians developed a policy that came to be known as appeasement. Attended by the representatives of Italy, France, Great Britain, and Germany, the meeting revealed how most nations outside the revisionist sphere had decided to deal with territorial expansion by aggressive nations. This policy was exercised against Hitler, where the French and British gov't contracted a promise that Hitler would cease all further efforts to expand German territorial claims. The goal was to keep peace in Europe, even if it meant making major concessions. As a result of public opposition to the war, the gov't's of Britain and France approved the Munich accord. British prime minister of that time, Neville Chamberlain, had claimed that the conference had achieved peace for their time. The significance of the Munich Conference is that in order to keep global peace, countries were willing to make compromises, especially with aggressive nations, such as Hitler's Germany.	5
4086231354	Battle of Britain	The Battle of Britain began during the the 1940's, and Hitler had already acquired much territory in Western Europe, even part of France. By then, Britain stood alone against Germany, and the loss of the Allied powers was becoming prominent. Germans launched the battle, which was led by its air force, called the Luftwaffe. Germans hoped to defeat Britain only by air attacks, which the British named 'the Blitz', because bombs were constantly dropped on populated urban areas, especially London. More than 40,000 British civilians were killed. The Royal Air Force, however, was not defeated, and Hitler was forced to abandon plans of invading Britain.	6
4086306802	Operation Barbarossa	Operation Barbarossa began on June 22nd, of 1941. The name was code for the invasion of the Soviet Union by Hitler's forces. On that day, Hitler ordered his forces to invade the Soviet Union, and the German military assembled the largest and most powerful invasion force in history, attacking with 3.6 million soldiers, 3700 tanks, and 2500 planes. The gov'ts of Hungary, Finland, and Romania declared war on the Soviet Union, and added to the German military force with their own military contingents, totaling about 30 divisions. The invasion took place along a front of 3,000 kilometers, catching Stalin and the Red Army off guard. By December 1941, Germans had taken Leningrad and had reached the gates of Moscow. German blitzkrieg did not work as well as expected, however, compared to its effectiveness in previous conquers. Germans had underestimated Russia military potential and industrial capacity. Within weeks of having invaded Russia, 150 German divisions were up against 360 Red Army divisions. With the immense industry the Soviet Union had created for the manufacture of war material, and the aid they began to receive from the U.S., resources of the Soviet Union outlasted that of the Germans. A major contributor to the defeat of the Germans was also the winter that they had been unprepared for, because they had thought Russia would be easy to defeat. The significance of this battle is that it ended the increasing power of the Germans during WWII, and the U.S. was preoccupied with Japan, and other Allied Powers had already been defeated.	7
4086573697	Allied Victory in Europe	By the 1940's, Germans forces faced exhaustion in Russia, and continued to be defeated as Soviets regained territory. The battle for Stalingrad in Feb of 1943 marked the first major victory for the Soviets. German offense failed repeatedly, and the Red Army was able to push the Germans out of Russian territory. By 1944, the Soviets had advanced into Hungary, Poland, and Romania, as well as reaching the suburbs of Berlin in 1945. By that time, the Soviets had inflicted more than 6 million casualties on the Germans. British and U.S. had also attacked Germans from North Africa and then through Italy. In 1944, the Allies had forced Italy to withdraw from the Axis to join them, while the Germans during that time had been preparing for an allied offensive in the west. On June 6th, 1944, British and U.S. forces landed on the French coast of Normandy, where the Germans became overwhelmed. Britain's Royal Air Force had committed itself to area bombing, while U.S. forces attacked industrial targets. British bombing on Dresden in 1945, literally cooked German men, women, and children. Street by street battles in Russia, and sweeps through western Germany by the British and U.S. forced Germany to surrender on May 8 of 1945. A week earlier, Hitler had committed suicide.	8
4087213128	Japanese Surrender	1940's: By July of 1944, Saipan had fallen and Iwo Jina as well as Okinawa had been conquered by the U.S. This made the Japanese homeland vulnerable to U.S. forces. The firebombing of Tokyo in March of 1945 destroyed 25% of the city's buildings, annihilated approximately one hundred thousand people, and made more than a million homeless. The worst of the devastation came on August 6th and 9th of 1945, when U.S. forces used the atomic bomb, a new weapon, against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The atomic bombs either instantaneously vaporized or slowly killed by radiation more than 200,000 people. The Soviet Union then declared war on Japan on August 8th, 1945, which led to Emperor Hirohito's surrender, as this new threat combined with the devastation already caused, left no other alternative. The Japanese surrendered on August 15th, and the war was officially over on Sept. 2, 1945.	9
4087301513	Resistance	Mid 1900's: Foreign occupation and exploitation caused resistance, such as sabotage, armed assault, and assassinations. Other forms of resistance were gathering intelligence, protecting and hiding refugees, and spreading perspectives through newspapers. Small defiant movements developed such as graffiti, and refusing to be in the same locations as Japanese soldiers. One example of this resistance was an a attempted assassination on Hitler by civilians in 1944, where the bomb killed several bystanders, and did not even cause Hitler any major injury. People constantly acted out against foreign rule and resistance.	10
4087304553	Collaboration	Mid 1900's: Even though foreign influence was majorly faced with resistance, there existed some collaboration, since some found an advantage to cooperating with invaders. Bureaucrats and police cooperated because it allowed them to maintain their power w/in the gov't, companies did so to increase their profits, and people turned in others as acts of revenge. Chinese and Japanese merchants began trade with landowners as well. Anti-communism also motivated countries to join Hitler's military formations. The significance of this collaboration is that people sought a way to use invasion and foreign influence to their advantage.	11
4087304554	Atrocities	1900's: Occupations forces were not hesitant to crush the resistance they faced. In 1942, Nazis eliminated the entire village of Lidice, located in Czech, after members of the Czech resistance assassinated the deputy leader of the SS. The surviving children from the village were dispersed throughout Germany. Those who participated in the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944 died from being suspended from meat hooks, which was recorded for Hitler on film. After 800 forced Chinese laborers escaped their camp, the townspeople, the local militia, and the police hunted them down. At least fifty of them were tortured to death, and some were beaten as they were hung by their thumbs. These atrocities, however, only encourage further resistance.	12
4087305679	The Final Solution	1942: By 1942, the Nazis had committed themselves to finding a solution to the Jew 'problem'. At the Wansee Conference on Jan. 20th, 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats gathered to discuss the implementation of the final solution. It was agreed to evacuate all Jews from Europe into camps into eastern Poland. German forces then rounded up Jews and transported them specifically constructed concentration camps in occupied Poland by train. Many of the elderly and sick died on the way, cramped into the cars, not knowing where they were being taken to. In some camps, the final solution was taken to an organized and well planned level, such as working on finding more efficient ways of killing the Jews. This systematic murder of Jews constituted what war crime tribunal believed was a crime against humanity.	13
4087306600	Women's Roles/Comfort Women	1900's: Women played a significant role in the war efforts, whether desired or not, ans also became victims of atrocities. Killings did not discriminate, as Jewish women and girls were killed along with Jewish men and boys. Women joined the military lines, took jobs on factory assembly lines, acted as heads of household, were captured as prisoners of war, and labored in camps, became combatant pilots for Britain, managed balloons (Britain), drove ambulances and transport vehicles, & labored in the fields. Women were able to gain independence and confidence during this time. However, like being force into labor camps, other women were placed in undesired positions. The Japanese army forcibly recruited, conscripted, and dragooned as many as two hundred thousand women age fourteen to twenty to serve in military brothels, called comfort houses or consolation centers. The women were presented as gifts to the soldiers as a gift from the emperor, and the women came from Japanese colonies. The women were with twenty to thirty men per day, facing the same risks as the soldiers as they were stationed in war zones. Any of them who tried to escape or contracted diseases were often killed, and the end of the war many were massacred in attempts to cover up the operation. Comfort women who survived the war had to live in deep shame for the rest of their lives and face shunning from their families.	14
4087308087	Yalta and Potsdam	1945: At this point during the war, the Allied powers were determined to defeat the Axis powers, even though tensions existed between them. Wartime conferences between the Allied Powers were held in Yalta, in February 1945, and Potsdam, August 1945. The Yalta resort had been located on the Black Sea coast of Crimea, and served as the setting for the conference btwn Premier Joseph Stalin, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt had gotten Stalin to declare war against Japan after Germany's surrender, and to collaborate in the est. of the UN. The Allies also agree that major war criminals would be tried before an intl. court, and discussed on how to deal with the liberated countries. The Potsdam conference took lace in a Berlin suburb, where the Allies discussed immediate control of Germany, the occupation of Austria, and the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland. The issue of capitalism vs. communism still existed, and neither opponents wanted to let the other one spread.	15
4087309237	Postwar Territorial Divisions	1900's: Postwar occupation reflected postwar realities and the remaining tensions btwn U.S. and Russia. The Allies had only ever agreed on taking apart the Axis states and their possessions. The Soviets took over the Eastern section of Germany, & the U.S., Britain, & France occupied the western portions. The capital city of Berlin remained under the control of all four. The U.S. had completely occupied Japan, while Korea was split btwn the 2. The significance of these postwar divisions is that because of existing political tensions, peace treaties were never signed and Germany became divided.	16
4087309238	Marshall Plan	The Marshall Plan was proposed in 1947, and funded in 1948. Otherwise known as the European Recovery Program, proposed to rebuild European economies through cooperation and capitalism, providing more than 13 billion to reconstruct Europe. The significance of this plan is that it forestalled the spread of communism.	17
4087310507	NATO and the Warsaw Pact	The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was est. in 1949 as a regional military alliance against Soviet aggression. The original members included Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the U.S. Its intent was to maintain peace through collective defense. When NATO admitted West Germany and allowed it to rearm, the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact as a countermeasure, forming an alliance of seven European communist nations. The significance of these treaties is that they signaled the militarization of a cold war.	18
4087311410	The United Nations		19

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Chp 36A Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America Flashcards

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4048457308	who was the daughter of a wealthy landowning man of the Chinese gentry	Shanfei	0
4048460553	what revolution in 1917 made Shanfei an active revolutioner to cause of women and communism	Russian Revolution	1
4048463893	what province did Shanfei's family come from, with the exception of her father?	Hunan province	2
4048465886	Shanfei left studies to join what?	Communist Youth	3
4048467299	what was a more indirect economic effect of post independence colonialism?	neocolonialism	4
4048470197	what developed into a powerful political force in Asia, especially in India and China	nationalism	5
4048471505	what concept was one of the legacies of the Paris Peace Conference?	self determination	6
4048474333	Japan used ___ an imperial expansion in the interwar years to enhance its national identity	militarism	7
4048477519	what were the 2 principle groups of the Chinese path to identity that contended for power?	Nationalist and Communist Party	8
4048481293	construction of ___ network across india facilitated export of raw materials and contributed to idea of national unity	railways	9
4048482402	construction of railway network across india facilitated export of raw materials and contributed to idea of ___ ___	national unity	10
4048484365	in 1885, what enlisted support of Hindus and Muslims and also stressed collaboration with British to bring self rule to india	Indian National Congress	11
4048488118	what was established in 1906 that added new current into movement for national liberation	Muslim League	12
4048489893	who appealed for united struggle by proletarians?	Lenin	13
4048490579	what called for national self determination	Woodrow Wilson'a Fourteen Points	14
4048493071	who slept with many underaged girls to prove that he had self control?	Gandhi	15
4048494150	who made ahimsa and satyagraha	Ghandi	16
4048494151	what is ahimsa	tolerance and nonviolence	17
4048495054	what is satyagraha	truth and firmness	18
4048497029	what did Gandhi study one hour every morning?	Bhagavad Gita	19
4048498598	who was also known as Mahatma?	Gandhi	20
4048499340	what was Gandhi also known as?	Mahatma	21
4048499341	what did Mahatma mean?	great soul	22
4048501455	Although Gandhi was a member of the merchant caste, what did he want to get rid of?	caste system	23
4048502486	who fought hard to improve status of the lowest class?	Gandhi	24
4048503007	what was the lowest caste also known as?	Untouchables	25
4048504006	what is another name for the untouchables?	harijan	26
4048504677	what does harijan mean?	children of god	27
4048506802	under Gandhi's leadership, what 2 mass movements did the congress start?	NonCooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement	28
4048509439	in 1919, British authorities brutally massacred many people where in Punjab?	Amritsar	29
4048510777	how many people did the British kill in the massacre in Amritsar	379	30
4048512926	British parliament passed what Act which have India the institutions of a self-governing state?	Government of India Act	31
4048514403	what is another name for bicameral?	2 chambered	32
4048515466	what is another word for "2 chambered"	bicameral	33
4048516742	who were the landlords? who were the renters?	Hindus, Muslims	34
4048518452	who was a lawyer and led the Muslim league	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	35
4048520246	who warned that the unified India represented nothing less that a threat to Muslim faith and Indian community?	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	36
4048521141	what was the "land of the pure"	Pakistan	37
4048522592	what is the nickname for Pakistan	land of the pure	38
4048523970	who was the Xuantong emperor who was forced to abdicate his throne?	Puyi	39
4048526068	who was the leading opponent of the old regime?	Dr. Sun Yat Sen	40
4048530709	what was the collection of treaties that guided Chinese relations with foreign countries and also established foreign control over Chinese economy	unequal treaties	41
4048534248	peacemakers approved increasing Japanese interference in China, and then later gave rise to what Movement?	May Fourth Movement	42
4048538002	Chinese became interested in ___ thought as it was modified by Lenin and the Soviet Union	Marxist	43
4048540709	what was the anti imperial rhetoric of Soviet leadership that struck a responsive chord in 1921	Chinese Communist Party	44
4048541741	where was the Chinese Communist Party organized in?	Shanghai	45
4048545221	who was the former teacher and librarian that viewed Marxist as and inspirational social revolution as cure for China's problems?	Mao Zedong	46
4048546302	Mao's political authority extended to ___ ___	women's equality	47
4048551698	what was Sun Yat Sen's basic ideology that called for the elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage?	3 Principles of the People	48
4048554820	Sun Yat Sen's basic ideology-3 Principles of the People-called for the elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on ___ ___	universal suffrage	49
4048555788	what was another name for the Nationalist People's Party	Guomindang	50
4048557859	what is another name for Guomindang	Nationalist People's Party	51
4048560404	what stressed centralized party control by a highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries?	centralism	52
4048562595	after the death of Sun Yat Sen, who became the leader of the Guomindang?	Jiang Jieshi	53
4048563342	Jiang Jieshi became the leader of what after the death of Sun Yat Sen	Guomindang	54
4048566795	Jiang Jieshi launched political and military offensive called what? It aimed to unify nation and bring China under Guomindang rule	Northern Expedition	55
4048569260	Jiang Jieshi gave priority to eliminating the what and what?	Chinese Communist Party and Red Army	56
4048572400	Red Army started ___ ___, which was an epic journey of 10,000 km (6,215 mi)	Long March	57
4048576686	Red Army approached Shaanxi province and where did they establish their headquarters?	Yan'an	58
4048577656	Mao Zedong made Marxist-Leninism, aka ___	Maoism	59
4048579318	what said that peasants rather than urban proletarians were foundation for successful revolution	Maoism	60
4048579322	who made Maoism	Mao Zedong	61
4048582674	in 1928, the Japanese government signed what Pact that renounced war as an instrument of national policy	Kellogg-Briand Pact	62
4048584195	what law established universal male suffrage?	suffrage law of 1925	63
4048588496	the campaigns of assassinations target political and business leaders, and at the end, it culminated in murder of prime minister ___ ___	Inukai Tsuyoshi	64
4048591892	Japanese troops blew up what railways and accused the Chinese of attacking the railway?	Southern Manchuria Railway	65
4048593424	what incident was it called when the Japanese blew up their own railway and blamed it all on the chinese?	Mukden incident	66
4048594783	What was the Japanese's puppet state called?	Manchukuo	67
4048598490	In response of the manchurian invasion, the Guomindang leader, Jiang Jieshi, appealed to what to halt Japanese aggressions?	League of Nations	68

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American Pageant Chapter 34 Flashcards

Words Include:
Cordell Hull
Joseph Stalin
Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler
Francisco Franco
Winston Churchill
Charles Lindbergh
Wendell Wilkie
reciprocity
totalitarianism
isolationism
London Economic Conference
Good Neighbor Policy
Reciprocal Trade Agreement
Nazi Party
Rome-Berlin axis
"merchants of death"
Nye committee
Neutrality Acts
Spanish Civil War
China incident
"Quarantine Speech"
Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact
"cash and carry"
"phony war"
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
America First Committee
lend-lease
Atlantic Charter

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2299403752	Cordell Hull	FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America	0
2299403753	Joseph Stalin	Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition	1
2299403754	Benito Mussolini	Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power	2
2299404527	Adolf Hitler	Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.	3
2299407243	Francisco Franco	Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini. America during times of isolation didn't bother to save the current democratic govt. from him	4
2299407244	Winston Churchill	A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.	5
2299408310	Charles Lindbergh	United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974). Apparent isolationist. I have no idea why he is a vocab word.	6
2299408311	Wendell Wilkie	Popular choice for Repub nominee in election of 1940. Critized New Deal, but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain. Lost to Roosevelt.	7
2299409457	reciprocity	A mutual exchange of favors or privileges. "I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine."	8
2299412990	totalitarianism	A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	9
2299413893	isolationism	A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations	10
2299414636	London Economic Conference	A sixty-six nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.	11
2299415324	Good Neighbor Policy	- US would be less blatant in its dominion of Latin Americ	12
2299415325	Reciprocal Trade Agreement	Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same.	13
2299420784	Nazi Party	German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.	14
2299424361	Rome-Berlin axis	1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.	15
2299424362	"merchants of death"	Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations. These manufacturers would get us into wars.	16
2299425214	Nye committee	1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."	17
2299425215	Neutrality Acts	Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. and then finally nullfied	18
2299425978	Spanish Civil War	In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco. U.S.A didn't help democratic govt. because they were isolationist	19
2299425979	China Incident	when japan detonated an explosion near beijing in 1937, there was no official war; roosevelt declined to invoke the recently passed neutrality legislation by refusing to call this an officially declared war; had FDR done this, the chinese would no longer be able to have the trickor of munitions and the japanese were able to continue buying war supplies	20
2299426577	"Quarantine Speech"	The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.	21
2299427577	Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact	a non-aggression pact between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. Each signatory promised not to join any grouping of powers that was "directly or indirectly aimed at the other party." It remained in effect until 22 June 1941 when Germany implemented Operation Barbarossa, invading the Soviet Union.	22
2299427578	"cash and carry"	policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in fully in cash and transported them.	23
2299428706	"phony war"	was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground	24
2299430697	Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies	leading U.S. group advocating American support for Britain in the fight against Hitler	25
2299431504	American First Committee	largely Midwestern isolationist organization support by many prominent citizens who were opposed to the US joining WWII. (1940-1941). They argued that a Nazi victory would pose no threat to national security and therefore the US should stay out of war	26
2299431505	lend-lease	lend-lease program in which the arms and ships, etc. that the U.S. lent to the nations that needed them would be returned when they were no longer needed. Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."	27
2299433569	Atlantic Charter	1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war	28

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The American Pageant: Chapter 34 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War (16 terms)
pages 853 - 874;
Transcribed by alexwyllie

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2295082872	London Economic Conference	A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Franklin Roosevelt's decision to revoke American participation contributed to a deepening world economic crisis.	0
2295092410	Good Neighbor Policy	A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Good Neighbor Policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt.	1
2295097267	Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act	This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.	2
2295103530	Rome-Berlin Axis	Nazi germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious really. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.	3
2295108145	Johnson Debt Default Act	Steeped in ugly memories of World War I, this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States.	4
2295110935	Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937	Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.	5
2295115332	Abraham Lincoln Brigade	Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.	6
2295120171	Quarantine Speech	An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargo. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians.	7
2295126065	Appeasement	The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.	8
2295128854	Hitler-Stalin pact	Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way fro German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies.	9
2295132084	Neutrality Act of 1939	This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks.	10
2295139477	Kristallnacht	German for "night of broken glass," it refers to the murderous program that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps on the night of September 9, 1838. Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the United States, but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws.	11
2295144956	War Refugee Board	A United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered.	12
2295154323	Lend-Lease Bill	Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II.	13
2295159766	Atlantic Charter	Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security. Its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II.	14
2295165607	Pearl Harbor	An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941 - a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." The attack brought the United States into World War II.	15

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K Smith History 30 & 31 Flashcards

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381899447	Which of the following countries was NOT a member of the Axis powers? A The Soviet Union B Germany C Italy D Japan E Hungary	A (The Soviet Union)	0
381899448	Which of the following was NOT a factor leading to the development of fascism in Germany? A Treaty arrangements that forced Germany to accept the blame for World War I B The impact of the depression C The rise of leaders such as Hitler D The division of Germany into zones of occupation by the victorious Allies in World War I E The recent and shaky tradition of parliamentary government	D (The division of Germany into zones of occupation by the victorious Allies in World War I)	1
381899449	What was the Soviet agricultural policy immediately following Stalin's concentration of power in 1928? A Commercialization B Free- market structure C Equitable redistribution of land among all peasants D Collectivization E NEP programs	D (Collectivization)	2
381899450	Stalin's system of economic planning occurred under the A NEP . B kulaks. C ACT. D New Deal. E five-year plans.	E (five-year plans.)	3
381899451	A 1944 Allied landing in this country created a European front against the Germans. A Belgium B France C Sicily D Spain E Italy	B (France)	4
381899452	The leading military figure in the Japanese government following the failed coup of 1936 was A Korekiyo Takahashi. B Tojo Hideki. C Teoke Tomomi. D Kendo Nobunaga. E Ikura Kansatsu.	B (Tojo Hideki.)	5
381899453	Hitler came to power in Germany A as a result of entirely legal and constitutional means. B with the support of socialists. C after a short, but violent, overthrow of the constitutional government. D after a lengthy civil war between forces of conservatives and communists. E with the support of the upper and lower classes but financed by the Soviets.	A (as a result of entirely legal and constitutional means.)	6
381899454	Japan's surrender in the Pacific was precipitated by A the use of atomic weapons on the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima by the U.S. B a massive land and sea assault on the Japanese home islands. C the loss of the Philippines to the U.S. D the British advance through Malaya into China. E the loss of China to combined British and American forces.	A (the use of atomic weapons on the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima by the U.S.)	7
381899455	In Germany under Hitler, government economic planning A was based on the economic theory of John Maynard Keynes. B was modeled on the programs of the American New Deal. C did not exist. D helped to restore production levels by emphasizing armament construction. E was focused on a return to a preindustrial system.	D (helped to restore production levels by emphasizing armament construction.)	8
381899456	This institution was created as a result of WWII. A The League of Nations B The United Nations C The World Bank D The International Monetary Fund E Interpol	B (The United Nations)	9
381899457	The Afrikaner National Party in South Africa established a rigid system of racial segregation called A Boer prejudice. B voortrekker. C apartheid. D swartzfrei. E settlement policy.	C (apartheid.)	10
381899458	Early Japanese military aggression resulted in the conquest of all of the following territories by the end of 1938 EXCEPT A Manchuria. B northern China. C Malaya. D Taiwan. E Korea.	C (Malaya.)	11
381899459	Hitler promised the German people all of the following EXCEPT A to put Germans back to work. B to rid Germany of the kulaks. C to restore political stability. D to remilitarize Germany. E to defeat the communists.	B (to rid Germany of the kulaks.)	12
381899460	Which of the following was NOT typical of the Soviet economy? A Need to create a massive armaments industry B Ready availability of consumer goods C Emphasis on heavy industrial goods D Control of virtually all economic sectors E Emphasis on rigid planning	B (Ready availability of consumer goods)	13
381899461	Which of the following statements is most correct? A The intensity of the Great Depression had similar precedence in the history of industrial society. B Most world governments saw the Depression coming, but were unable to affect it. C The intensity of the Great Depression had no similar precedence in the history of industrial society. D The effects of the Great Depression were hardest in the U.S.S.R. E Its duration was typical of most economic failures.	C (The intensity of the Great Depression had no similar precedence in the history of industrial society.)	14
381899462	What event historically triggered the Great Depression? A The attack of Pearl Harbor B World War I C World War II D Collapse of the American stock market E The Long March	D (Collapse of the American stock market)	15
381899463	Franklin Roosevelt' s program introducing several social insurance programs in the U.S. was called the A Fast Deal. B Fair Deal. C New Deal. D New Frontier. E New Age.	C (New Deal.)	16
381899464	Which of the following was NOT a result of the peace treaties signed following World War II? A The United States occupied Japan. B Germany was divided into four zones of occupation. C The Soviet Union took much of eastern Poland, while the Poles were compensated by receiving part of eastern Germany. D German industrial power was destroyed. E The Korean pennisula was divided between the Soviet Union (north) and the United States (south).	D (German industrial power was destroyed.)	17
381899465	In 1935, Italy invaded which country? A France B The Sudan C Algeria D Ethiopia E Austria	D (Ethiopia)	18
381899466	In the election of 1932, Hitler's National Socialist Party A was prevented from participating. B boycotted the electoral process. C formed an alliance with the Communist Party to win the election. D failed to achieve a majority, but won more votes than any other single party. E received a majority of all votes cast in Germany.	D (failed to achieve a majority, but won more votes than any other single party.)	19
381899467	Who was the leader of fascist Italy? A Benedetto Croce B Ernesto Momigliano C Benito Mussolini D Benito Juarez E Erwin Rommel	C (Benito Mussolini)	20
381899468	In 1931, the Japanese army marched into ________ and declared it an independent state. A Korea B Vietnam C the Philippines D Manchuria E Taiwan	D (Manchuria)	21
381899469	The Communist Party was run by a top committee, the A Supreme Soviet. B Duma. C soviets. D Supreme Council E Politburo.	E (Politburo.)	22
381899470	World War II officially began in what year? A 1940 B 1941 C 1939 D 1935 E 1945	C (1939)	23
381899471	The western portion of Czechoslovakia that contained predominately German-speaking peoples was called A Slovenia. B Anschluss. C Serbia D the Ruhlstaag. E the Sudetenland.	E (the Sudetenland.)	24
381899472	In order to avoid a two-front war, Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with this country in 1939. A Spain B France C Italy D The Soviet Union E Poland	D (The Soviet Union)	25
381899473	At this conference in 1942, the Nazi high command finalized plans for the destruction of the Jewish race. A Krakow B Auschwitz C Copenhagen D Wannsee E Munich	D (Wannsee)	26
381899474	Germany's war effort was based on the concept of A blitzkrieg. B horse-mounted infantry. C trench warfare. D Anschloss. E massive naval battles.	A (blitzkrieg.)	27
381899475	All of the following groups were targeted by Hitler in the mass executions that would become known as the "final solution" EXCEPT A musicians. B homosexuals. C Gypsies. D Jews. E mental deviants.	A (musicians.)	28
381899476	The Anschluss was the longed-for reunification of Germany and A Russia. B Hungary. C Poland. D Austria. E the Sudetenland.	D (Austria.)	29
381899477	The Nazi invasion of this country in 1939 put an end to the idea of appeasement. A Poland B Czechoslovakia C France D Sweden E Belgium	A (Poland)	30
381899478	What event brought an end to many of the liberal governments in Latin America? A World War II B The Russian Revolution C The Great Depression D The Mexican Revolution E World War I	C (The Great Depression)	31
381899479	British victory in the Battle of Britain was due to all of the following EXCEPT A the bravery of the royal family. B the high morale of the citizens. C radar. D the V2 rocket. E efficient use of their air force.	D (the V2 rocket.)	32
381899480	Which of the following countries was NOT a charter member of the UN? A Germany B The Soviet Union C Britain D France E The United States	A (Germany)	33
381899481	Universally recognized as the greatest naval battle in history, the Japanese fleet was effectively put out of commission at A Midway. B Tarawa. C Coral Sea. D Iwo Jima. E Wake Island.	A (Midway.)	34
381899482	Which of the following statements concerning the Algerian independence movement is most accurate? A Algeria won its independence from France in a peaceful movement led by white settlers in the colony. B Decolonization in Algeria was violent, as white settlers resisted independence through the OAS supported by powerful elements within the French military. C Independence in Algeria was achieved as a result of the military victory of the FLN over the French army. D Unlike the rest of Africa, Algeria was never decolonized and remained a province of France. E Algeria became an example of a Cold War conflict where both the United States and the Soviet Union sent in troops and aid.	B (Decolonization in Algeria was violent, as white settlers resisted independence through the OAS supported by powerful elements within the French military.)	35
381899483	In what type of African colonies was the process of decolonization most violent? A Those that were least industrialized B self-ruling provinces C Those with large numbers of white settlers D "True" colonies E Tropical dependencies	C (Those with large numbers of white settlers)	36
381899484	What was the solution to the division in India between Muslims and Hindus in 1947? A The British established a single government with a Hindu majority, but with specific offices reserved for Muslims. B The government of India was divided between two houses of the Indian parliament , one for Muslims, one for Hindus. C The British simply withdrew from India without any political settlement of the problem of religious division. D The British decided to divide India into two nations, a Muslim Pakistan and a secular, but Hindu- dominated India. E A civil war broke out between Hindus and Muslims but was settled quickly with the aid of Gandhi.	D (The British decided to divide India into two nations, a Muslim Pakistan and a secular, but Hindu- dominated India.)	37
381899485	In what year did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, thus bringing the United States into World War II? A 1939 B 1941 C 1943 D 1945 E 1944	B (1941)	38
381899486	Which of the following actions did governments take in 1929 with the onset of the depression? A National tariffs were raised to keep out the goods of other countries. B A new spirit of cooperation led to the formation of international trade agreements between nations. C Governments successfully reduced unemployment through the creation of public service jobs. D Wars broke out between various European countries over the struggle for reduced resources. E Governments increased spending to provide an economic stimulus to their threatened economies.	A (National tariffs were raised to keep out the goods of other countries.)	39
381899487	Which of the following statements concerning warfare in the European theater during World War II is most accurate? A France mounted a fanatic defense of its home territories, only succumbing to the Nazi advance in 1944. B By the summer of 1940, most of France lay in German hands, while a semi - fascist collaborative regime ruled in Vichy. C British resistance crumbled before the air assaults of Germany, and an amphibious assault knocked the British from the war. D From 1939 on, the chief resistance to the German advance was provided by American forces. E The war quickly turned into a trench warfare stalemate with both sides working to gain additional allies.	B (By the summer of 1940, most of France lay in German hands, while a semi - fascist collaborative regime ruled in Vichy.)	40
381899488	Which of the following resulted from Stalin's agricultural policies? A Peasants were presented with real market incentives for increased production. B Agricultural planning was non- existent, as small farmers continued to control most of Russian productivity. C Agricultural production remained a major weakness in the Soviet economy, demanding a higher percentage of the work force than was common under industrialization. D The Soviets had to import grain from their western neighbors and China. E Kulaks were able to achieve control over most of the agricultural lands of Russia.	C (Agricultural production remained a major weakness in the Soviet economy, demanding a higher percentage of the work force than was common under industrialization.)	41
381899489	The Tripartite Pact, signed in 1940, included Japan, Germany, and A Russia. B France. C Britain. D Italy. E the United States.	D (Italy.)	42
381899490	Hitler's last- ditch effort to repel the American and British armies became known as A the Battle of Paris. B the Battle of the Ardennes. C the Battle of the Bulge. D the Battle of Britain. E the Battle of Munich.	C (the Battle of the Bulge.)	43
381899491	The balance of the war in Europe shifted in 1941 when Germany invaded A France. B Britain. C Italy. D the Soviet Union. E Poland	D (the Soviet Union.)	44

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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 34 Flashcards

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3898637543	Cordell Hull	Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.	0
3898637544	Joseph Stalin	Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition	1
3898637545	Benito Mussolini	Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.	2
3898637546	Adolf Hitler	Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).	3
3898638145	Josef Goebbels	a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime "the whole function of education is to create Nazis"	4
3898638146	Francisco Franco	Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).	5
3898638147	Winston Churchill	A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.	6
3898638148	Charles Lindbergh	United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)	7
3898638149	Wendell Willkie	He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.	8
3898638911	totalitarianism	A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	9
3898638912	fascism	A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition	10
3898638913	isolationism	A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations	11
3898638914	appeasement	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.	12
3898640265	London Economic Conference	A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.	13
3898640266	Good Neighbor policy	FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region	14
3898640267	Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act	Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff	15
3898641395	Nazi party	German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.	16
3898642107	Rome-Berlin axis	1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.	17
3898642108	invasion of Ethiopia	In 1935, Mussolini brutally attacked this place with bombers and tanks, while natives were left to defend their country with spears and outdated weapons. This all could have been avoided if the League of Nations had declared an oil embargo on Italy.	18
3898642109	"merchants of death"	Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.	19
3898643015	Neutrality Acts	Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.	20
3898643016	Spanish Civil War	In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.	21
3898643017	"China incident"	Japanese soldiers dressed as Chinese and attacked a Japanese crossing. This started a large war between the two countries.	22
3898643018	"Quarantine Speech"	The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.	23
3898644133	the Holocaust	The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps.	24
3898644134	Kristallnacht	"Night of Broken Glass" -the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany	25
3898644135	Munich conference	1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.	26
3898645003	Nazi-Soviet Pact	A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians in 1939 that said that they would not attack each other should war break out. Hitler broke this agreement later on.	27
3898645999	"cash-and-carry"	policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.	28
3898646000	"phony war"	Was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground	29
3898646764	Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies	Advocated isolationism and opposed FDR's reelection in 1940. These members urged neutrality, claiming that the U.S. could stand alone regardless of Hitler's advances on Europe.	30
3898646765	America First Committee	A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.	31
3898646766	Battle of Britain	An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.	32
3898648667	destroyers-for-bases deal	Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (1940)	33
3898648668	Atlantic Charter	1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war	34
3898648669	Pearl Harbor	December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The Japanese destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.	35
3898649474	lend-lease	1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security	36

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Campbell - Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Flashcards

A beautiful set. Things marked with asterisks are from Wikipedia (I did this because Campbell is sort of old in terms of modern cladistics)

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957935130	animal cells are held together by this most abundant structural protein	collagen	0
957935131	fertilization of animal eggs forms a diploid structure known as this	zygote	1
957935132	after fertilization, a zygote undergoes this process, a succession of mitotic cell divisons without cell growth	cleavage	2
957935133	cleavage leads to this multicellular stage	blastula	3
957935134	this stage in animal development resembles a hollowed ball of cells	blastula	4
957935135	in this process in animal development, layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced	gastrulation	5
957935136	when embryonic tissues are produced in animal development, this stage is achieved	gastrula	6
957935137	this is a sexually immature form of an animal that is morpologically different from the adult, may eat different food, and may have a different habitat	larva	7
957935138	animal larvae undergo this process that turns the animal into a juvenile, but does not sexually mature it	metamorphosis	8
957935139	these genes play important roles in development of animal embryos and controlling the expression of other genes	Hox (genes)	9
957935140	these are likely the closest living protist relatives of animals	choanoflagellates	10
957935141	these cells of sponges are nearly indistinguishable from choanoflagellates	choanocytes (collar cells)	11
957935142	this is another name for choanocytes	collar cells	12
957935143	this geologic era took place 1 billion to 542 million years ago	neoproterozoic era	13
957935144	the first accepted macroscopic fossils of animals were found to be in this geologic era	neoproterozoic (era)	14
957935145	the oldest animal fossils are members of this early group of multicellular eukaryotes	Ediacaran biota	15
957935146	the Ediacaran biota existed during this geologic era	neoproterozoic (era)	16
957935147	this geologic era took place 542 to 251 million years ago	paleozoic (era)	17
957935148	animal diversification accelerated dramatically during the beginning of this geologic era	paleozoic (era)	18
957935149	a rapid acceleration of animal diversification occurred during this geologic period	Cambrian (period)	19
957935150	the rapid acceleration of animal diversification occurring 535-525 million years ago was known as this	Cambrian explosion	20
957935151	this evolutionary process between predator and prey may have caused the Cambrian explosion	coevolution	21
957935152	the increase in availability of these molecules in the atmosphere may have caused the Cambrian explosion	oxygen, ozone	22
957935153	the evolution of these may have provided the developmental flexibility that allowed for the Cambrian explosion	Hox genes	23
957935154	this era occurred 251-65.5 million years ago	Mesozoic (era)	24
957935155	few fundamentally different animal groups emerged during this era	Mesozoic (era)	25
957935156	this era was defined by animal phyla spreading into new habitats	Mesozoic (era)	26
957935157	this era occurred 65.5 million years ago and continues to the present	Cenozoic	27
957935158	this era saw the rise of mammals	Cenozoic (era)	28
957935159	this era saw the rise and fall of dinosaurs	Mesozoic (era)	29
957935160	this era saw the formation of most modern animal phyla	Paleozoic (era)	30
957935161	this era took place before the Paleozoic era	Neoproterozoic (era)	31
957935162	this era took place after the Neoproterozoic era	Paleozoic (era)	32
957935163	this era took place before the Mesozoic era	Paleozoic (era)	33
957935164	this era took place after the Paleozoic era	Mesozoic (era)	34
957935165	this era took place before the Cenozoic era	Mesozoic (era)	35
957935166	this era took place after the Mesozoic era	Cenozoic (era)	36
957935167	vertebrates made the transition to land during this era	Paleozoic (era)	37
957935168	animals can be categorized into a relatively small number of major groups of these	body plans	38
957935169	these are sets of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional whole	body plans	39
957935170	this protein marks the site of gastrulation and activates the transcription of genes necessary for gastrulation	beta-catenin	40
957935171	beta-catenin activates the transcription of genes necessary for this process	gastrulation	41
957935172	this is a group whose members share key biological features - it is not equivalent to a clade	grade	42
957935173	this is a group that includes an ancestral species and all of its decendents	clade	43
957935174	most sponges lack this characteristic in their body plans	symmetry	44
957935175	this is the form of symmetry found in a flowerpot	radial (symmetry)	45
957935176	sea anemones exhibit this form of symmetry	radial (symmetry)	46
957935177	a shovel exhibits this form of symmetry	bilateral (symmetry)	47
957935178	an animal with this form of symmetry has two axes of orientation	bilateral (symmetry)	48
957935179	an animal with this form of symmetry has one axis of orientation	radial (symmetry)	49
957935180	this is the top side of a bilateral animal	dorsal	50
957935181	this is the bottom side of a bilateral animal	ventral	51
957935182	opposite of dorsal	ventral	52
957935183	opposite of ventral	dorsal	53
957935184	this is the front side of a bilateral animal	anterior	54
957935185	this is the back side of a bilateral animal	posterior	55
957935186	opposite of anterior	posterior	56
957935187	opposite of posterior	anterior	57
957935188	the CNS is often concentrated at this end of a bilateral animal	anterior	58
957935189	the evolutionary trend that leads to the concentration of sensory equipment being at the anterior end of animals is called this	cephalization	59
957935190	this lifestyle means to live attached to a substrate	sessile	60
957935191	this lifestyle is defined by drifting or weakly swimming	planktonic	61
957935192	jellies have this type of lifestyle	planktonic	62
957935193	sessile and planktonic animals most often exhibit this form of symmetry	radial (symmetry)	63
957935194	these are collections of specialized cells isolated by membranous layers	true tissues	64
957935195	these isolate true tissues from each other	membranous layers	65
957935196	sponges notably lack these structures made of cells	true tissues	66
957935197	these are formed during gastrulation; they are concentric	germ layers	67
957935198	this is the germ layer surrounding the embryo	ectoderm	68
957935199	the outer covering of an animal arises from this germ layer	ectoderm	69
957935200	the CNS arises from this germ layer	ectoderm	70
957935201	this is the innermost germ layer	endoderm	71
957935202	this germ layer lines the archenteron	endoderm	72
957935203	this is the developing digestive tube that is formed during gastrulation	archenteron	73
957935204	this germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract/cavity	endoderm	74
957935205	this germ layer gives rise to organs like the liver and lungs	endoderm	75
957935206	animals with two layers are called this	diploblastic	76
957935207	cnidarians and comb jellies are these organisms (based on its germ layers)	diploblasts	77
957935208	all bilateral animals have this third germ layer	mesoderm	78
957935209	all bilateral animals are these organisms (based on germ layers)	triploblasts	79
957935210	this germ layer forms the muscles and bones	mesoderm	80
957935211	most triploblasts have this type of space in their body plans	body cavity	81
957935212	this is a fluid- or air-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall	body cavity (or coelom)	82
957935213	the body cavity that separates the digestive tract from outer body wall is known as this	coelom	83
957935214	a "true" coelom forms from this germ layer	mesoderm	84
957935215	triploblasts that possess structures that suspend the internal organs (from mesoderm tissue) are known as these	coelomates	85
957935216	a body cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm is known as this	pseudocoelom	86
957935217	triploblasts that possess structures that suspend internal organs (from both mesoderm and endoderm tissue) are known as these	pseudocoelomates	87
957935218	triploblasts that do not possess a body cavity are known as these	acoelomates	88
957935219	all coelomates and pseudocoelomates possess this many germ layers	three	89
957935220	are the terms "coelomates" and "pseudocoelomates" grades or clades?	grades	90
957935221	this type of development is indicated often by spiral cleavage	protostome (development)	91
957935222	this type of development is indicated often by determinate cleavage	protostome (development)	92
957935223	this type of development is indicated often by radial cleavage	deuterostome (development)	93
957935224	this type of development is indicated often by indeterminate cleavage	deuterostome (development)	94
957935225	this type of cleavage is indicated when planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo	spiral cleavage	95
957935226	this type of cleavage is indicated when the developmental fate of each embryonic cell is rigidly cast very early	determinate (cleavage)	96
957935227	cleavage resulting from parallel/perpendicular cleavage planes	radial cleavage	97
957935228	cleavage resulting from the retention of the ability for each cell to develop into a full embryo	indeterminate cleavage	98
957935229	examples of this development pattern include molluscs, platyhelminthes, and annelids	protostome (development)	99
957935230	examples of this development pattern include echinoderms and chordates	deuterostome (development)	100
957935231	protostomes have ___ and ___ cleavage	spiral, determinate	101
957935232	deuterostomes have ___ and ___ cleavage	radial, indeterminate	102
957935233	in deuterostomes, folds of this structure become the coelom	archenteron	103
957935234	in protostomes, this structure develops independently of the archenteron	coelom	104
957935235	this opening develops first in protostomes	mouth	105
957935236	this opening develops second in protostomes	anus	106
957935237	this opening develops first in deuterostomes	anus	107
957935238	this opening develops second in deuterostomes	mouth	108
957935239	this is the indentation that leads to the formation of the archenteron	blastopore	109
957935240	the first opening in development is known as this; the second opening develops at the other end	blastopore	110
957935241	protostomes and deuterostomes are groups within this group of animals (based on germ layers)	triploblasts	111
957935242	this is the name of the clade that contains all animals	Metazoa	112
957935243	all animals, except sponges, fall under this clade with true tissues	Eumetazoa	113
957935244	this word means "basic"; sponges are these animals, for example	basal	114
957935245	Ctenophora and Cnidaria are basal members of this clade	Eumetazoa	115
957935246	the earliest eumetazoans are ___blastic and feature ___ symmetry.	diplo, radial	116
957935247	these distinguish Eumetazoa from basal Metazoa	true tissues	117
957935248	this is the next clade down from Eumetazoa	Bilateria	118
957935249	the Cambrian explosion was primarily a rapid diversification of this clade	Bilateria	119
957935250	this clade includes chordates and echinoderms and is a subdivision of Bilateria	Deuterostomia	120
957935251	Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa replaced this clade, as it is not considered to be monophyletic	Protostomia	121
957935252	this phylum is considered a basal bilaterian	Acoela	122
957935253	this clade groups animals with exoskeletons together	Ecdysozoa	123
957935254	the process of shedding an exoskeleton is known as this	ecdysis	124
957935255	this is a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding	lophophore	125
957935256	individuals in Mollusca and Annelida undergo this distinctive developmental stage	trochophore larva	126
957935257	animals that either possess lophophores or undergo a trochophore larva stage are grouped in this clade	Lophotrochozoa	127
957935258	* Eumetazoa is split into ___ and Bilateria	Radiata	128
957935259	* Eumetazoa is split into Radiata and ___	Bilateria	129
957935260	* ___ is split into Radiata and Bilateria	Eumetazoa	130
957935261	* Bilateria is split into ___ and Deuterostomia	Protostomia	131
957935262	* Bilateria is split into Protostomia and ___	Deuterostomia	132
957935263	* ___ is split into Protostomia and Deuterostomia	Bilateria	133
957935264	* Protostomia is split into ___ and Ecdysozoa	Lophotrochozoa	134
957935265	* Protostomia is split into Lophotrochozoa and ___	Ecdysozoa	135
957935266	* ___ is split into Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa	Protostomia	136
957935267	* Lophotrochozoa is split into ___ and Lophophorata	Spiralia	137
957935268	* Lochotrophozoa is split into Spiralia and ___	Lophophorata	138
957935269	* ___ is split into Spiralia and Lophophorata	Lophotrochozoa	139
957935270	* Spiralia is split into ___ and Trochozoa	Platyzoa	140
957935271	* Spiralia is split into Platyzoa and ___	Trochozoa	141
957935272	* ___ is split into Platyzoa and Trochozoa	Spiralia	142
957935273	* Porifera is within this clade	Parazoa	143
957935274	* Ctenophora is within this clade	Radiata	144
957935275	* Cnidaria is within this clade	Radiata	145
957935276	Echinoderms are within this clade	Deuterostomia	146
957935277	Chordates are within this clade	Deuterostomia	147
957935278	* Platyhelminthes is within this clade	Platyzoa	148
957935279	* Rotifera is within this clade	Platyzoa	149
957935280	* Ectoprocta is within this clade	Lophophorata	150
957935281	* Brachiopoda is within this clade	Lophophorata	151
957935282	* Mollusca is within this clade	Trochozoa	152
957935283	* Annelida is within this clade	Trochozoa	153
957935284	Nematoda is within this clade	Ecdysozoa	154
957935285	Arthropoda is within this clade	Ecdysozoa	155

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Stearns Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China Flashcards

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2177767477	OTTOMANS		0
2177774107	Selim III	Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807	1
2177768193	Mahmud II	(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman empire on Western precedents.	2
2177768194	Tanzimat reforms	Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876.	3
2177772157	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.	4
2177772191	Ottoman Society for Union and Progress	Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.	5
2177775306	EGYPT		6
2177783526	Mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)	7
2177783527	Murad	(1790-1820) Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.	8
2177783528	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks, established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848.	9
2177785083	Khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.	10
2177785084	Suez Canal	Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.	11
2177786087	Al-Afghani	Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized the importance of tradition of rational inquiry.	12
2189424659	Muhammad Abduh	Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry	13
2177786088	Ahmad Arabi	(1841-1911) Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.	14
2177787203	Khartoum	River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan	15
2177787204	Muhammad Ahmed	Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood, claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi	16
2177787205	Mahdi	In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan	17
2177788476	Khalifa Abdallahi	Successo of Muhammad Achmed as leader of the Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598.	18
2177788477	QING DYNASTY		19
2177789864	Nurhaci	united the Manchus in the early 17th century; defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty.	20
2177789865	Banner Armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.	21
2177789866	Kangxi	Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1661-1722) who promoted Confucian ideas and policies and expanded the Qing empire (Captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia- Tibet)	22
2177791482	Compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world	23
2177791483	Opium War	1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.	24
2177791484	Lin Zexu	Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War	25
2177792682	Taiping Rebellion	(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.	26
2177792683	Hong Xiuquan	Chinese religious leader who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth	27
2177793909	Zeng Guofan	Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China	28
2177795029	Self-strengthening movement	A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways	29
2177795030	Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.	30
2177795753	Boxer Rebellion	1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.	31
2177795754	Sun Yat-sen	Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.	32
2177795812	Puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912	33

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Chapter 42- Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia Flashcards

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2304965643	Pathophysiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia	Causes anemia by inhibiting folic acid transport and reducing DNA synthesis in precursor cells; Precursor cells then undergo improper DNA synthesis and increase in size; Only a few are released from the bone marrow; Called megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia due to the large size of abnormal cells	0
2304976280	Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia	Vegetarian diets or diets lacking dairy products; Anemia resulting from failure to absorb vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia) is caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor, which is needed for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12	1
2304983473	Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia	Weight loss; N/V; Diarrhea; Paresthesias; Poor gait (affects myelin production on nerves); Abnormal balance; Pallor; Jaundice; Glossitis; Fatigue	2
2317697999	Laboratory Assessment in Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia	Low: Hbg, Hct, RBC High: MCV and MCHC	3
2317706762	Management of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia	Focus is to increase intake of foods rich in vitamin B12 (animal proteins, eggs, and diary products); Vitamin supplements may be prescribed when anemia is severe; Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels are monitored	4
2317715331	Shilling Test	Measures the presence of vitamin B12 in the urine after the patient is given an oral dose of radioactive B12; If patient does not absorb this due to pernicious anemia, the vitamin cannot get into the urine Patient drinks a radioactive B12 (cobalt 60) and also receives a radioactive IM dose as well; Nurse collects a 24 hour urine on the patient; Measure is taken of the radioactivity; If small amounts of radiation are excreted, a second stage test with radioactive B12 plus a capsule of oral intrinsic factor is done; If the patient has pernicious anemia, more B12 will be found in the second 24 hour urine test	5
2317736061	Management with a high 1st Shilling's Test	Needs to increase dietary intake of vitamin B12 (animal sources, eggs, dairy products); Oral vitamin supplements	6
2317738925	Management with a higher 2nd Shilling's Test	Vitamin B12 injections weekly, and then monthly; May change to nasal spray (CaloMist) replacement later to maintain vitamin levels but this is only used after the traditional injection methods have been tried first	7

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