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Psychology MCAT- Cognition, Emotion and Identity (4-7) Flashcards

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2749117242Assimilation (in the context of cognition).Classifying new information into existing schemata.0
2749117879Accommodation (in the context of cognition).When existing schemata is modified to 'accommodate' new information (usually if new information doesn't fit 'nicely' into existing schemata).1
2749119152What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.2
2749120113Primary circular reactions.Repetition of body movements that originally occurred by chance.3
2749121519Secondary circular reactions.Manipulating something outside the body (e.g throwing toys).4
2749122815Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.Child learns to manipulate the environment (via circular reactions) in order to meet physical needs. Key milestones are object permanence (objects exist outside of personal view) and representational thought (child creates mental images of external objects).5
2749125275Pre-operational stage of cognitive development.Symbolic thinking (ability to pretend), egocentrism (inability to consider others perspective) and centration (focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon).6
2749126900Concrete operational stage of cognitive development.Child can consider perspective of others but CAN'T THINK ABSTRACTLY.7
2749128503Formal operational stage of cognitive development.Abstract thinking (thinking about concepts and generalizations).8
2749129253Fluid intelligence.Problem-solving skills.9
2749129254Crystallized intelligenceKnowledge/learned skills.10
2749131087T/F. Fluid and crystallized intelligence both decline with age.True.11
2749131241DelirimQuick change in mental state that is reversible. Usually caused medically (e.g. alcohol withdrawal).12
2749132551Mental set.Pattern of approach for a problem.13
2749142137Functional fixednessTendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized (not turning straw into gold).14
2749190195What are the 4 factors involved in decision making?Heuristics, bias, intuition and emotion.15
2749190935Heuristics."rule of thumbs' to make decisions.16
2749191139Availability heuristicDecision making based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.17
2749191713Representativeness heuristic.Decision making based on how much a particular item fits a stereotype.18
2749193911Basal rate fallacyMaking a decision using stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical data.19
2749194323Conformation bias.Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them.20
2749200021Disconfirmation principle.Evidence obtained from testing demonstrating that the solution does not work.21
2749201457Overconfidence.Tendency to interpret one's beliefs as superior.22
2749204622Intuition.Acting on perception that isn't supported by evidence.23
2749209679T/F. The reticular formation communicates with the primary motor cortex to keep us awake.False. Communicates with the prefrontal cortex.24
2749212986What wave appears on an EEG when we are awake?Beta waves.25
2749213229What wave appears on an EEG when we are awake but relaxing with our eye's closed (yoga).Alpha waves.26
2749213506What wave appears on an EEG when we 'doze off'?Theta waves.27
2749214777Sleep wave associated with stage 3 and 4 stages of sleep?Delta waves.28
2749215952T/F. During REM sleep, the EEG suggests wakefulness.True.29
2749217776NarcolepsyLack of voluntary control of when to sleep (e.g. falling asleep on the job).30
2749218467Sleep apnea.Inability to breath during sleep.31
2749218672ParasomniasAbnormal behaviors during sleep (sleep walking).32
2749219747T/F . Alcohol causes decreased release of GABA.False. Increased release.33
2749246020What are the 5 components of language?Phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics.34
2749247096Phonology.The sound of language (pronunciations).35
2749248363Morphology.The structure of words (e.g. redesign).36
2749250257SemanticsAssociation of meaning with a word.37
2749251610Syntax.How words are put together to form sentences.38
2749251837Pragmatics.Dependence on language on the context (e.g. sup to friend vs. Hello sir to CEO).39
2749253851Nativist (biological) theory of language development.Language acquisition is inate.40
2749254180Learning (behaviorist) theoryLanguage acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning.41
2749256372Social interactionist theory.Language acquisition is caused by motivation to communicate with others.42
2749257072Whorfian hypothesisOur perception of reality is determined by the content of language (eg. Inquit's are better at discriminating different types of snow due to having so many words for snow in langauge).43
2749258139Arcuate FasciculusBundle of axons that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area.44
2749261975T/F. Intrinsic motivation can be reduced by introducing external reward.True.45
2749262435Instinct theory.Motivation is driven by evolutionary programmed instincts.46
2749264287Arousal theory.Motivation is based on maintaining an optimal level of arousal.47
2749265777Yerkes-Dodson law.U-shaped function between arousal and performance.48
2749267923T/F. More arousal leads to better performance in simple tasks.True.49
2749272216In psychology, what does 'drive' refer to?Motivation to eliminate an uncomfortable internal state.50
2749272238Primary drives.Drive to maintain homeostasis.51
2749273107Secondary drivesDrive not related to biological processes (e.g. Robert Herjavic had a strong entrepreneur drive because he was poor growing up).52
2749274820Drive reduction theory.Motivation is based on satisfying your drive (eliminate uncomfortable state).53
2749275961Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.Certain needs will yield a greater influence on motivation.54
2749279877What are the 4 factors that influence motivation?Instincts, arousal, drives and needs.55
2749280540Self-determination theoryMotivation is based on 3 universal needs. Autonomy (control of actions), competence (need to excel at difficult tasks) and relatedness (need to feel accepted in relationships).56
2749285569Incentive theory.Behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.57
2749289170Expectancy-value theory.Amount of motivation needed to teach a goal is based off expectation of success and degree to which individual values success.58
2749293639Opponent-process theory.After repeated exposure to drug, body attempts to counteract its effects by changing its physiology.59
2749296646T/F. According to opponent-process theory, drug effects last longer than bodily adjustments.False. Bodily adjustments last longer.60
2749301108James-lange theory of emotion.Stimulus results in physiological response which leads to secondary emotional response (e.g. I am angry because my heart rate is high).61
2749305158Cannon-bard theory of emotion.Cognitive and physiological component of emotion occur simultaneously resulting in the behavioral component of emotion (e.g. I am afraid because I see a snake AND my heart is racing).62
2749310977Cognitive arousal theory (Schachter-Singer theory).Physiology and interpretation of context lead to an emotional response (e.g. I am happy because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy).63
2749332357Distress.Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors (e.g. bad score on MCAT).64
2749332591Eustress.Occurs when experiencing pleasant stressors (e.g. good score on MCAT).65
2749632696AndrogynyBeing very masculine and feminine at the same time.66
2749640512Hierarchy of salienceThe situation dictates which identity holds the most importance (e.g. ethnic, nationality, etc.).67
2749647417Self-discrepancy theoryThere are 3 selves to a person; the actual self, ideal self and ought self. The closer the 3 selves are to one another, the higher our self-esteem.68
2749649014Actual self.The way we see ourselves are we currently are.69
2749649015Ideal self.The person we would like to be.70
2749649232Ought self.Our representation of the way others think we should be.71
2749649939Self-efficacyOur belief in our ability to succeed.72
2749650313Learned helplessnessWhere one is placed in a hopeless scenario and self-efficacy is lowered past the point of recovery.73
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Chap. 7 Making the Most of Emotional Experiences Flashcards

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2304377170original view of emotionsdysfunctional and irrational "beast within"0
2304380151Annette Stanton-emotions can be adaptive -emotion-focused coping1
2304383357Emotion-Focused Coping-movement towards (instead of away from) a stressful encounter -effective with breast cancer, parental illness, racism, infertility, etc. ---perceive health as better, lower distress, greater life satisfaction The two processes: 1. Emotional processing 2. Emotional expression2
2304393580Emotional ProcessingUnderstand Emotions -feelings important, figure out how feeling, acknowledge emotions3
2304399706Emotional ExpressionFree and intentional displays of feelings -free to express emotion, allow self to express emotion, let feelings come out freely4
2304422069Emotional Expression & Culture-Western --> benefit from expressing emotions -Asian --> encourage suppression of emotion (preserve harmony)5
2304432668Emotional Intelligence-Some argue EQ is more important than IQ -Salovey & Mayer -some people more skilled at it -associated with pos. social relations6
2304443084Peter Salovey & Mayer-cognitive abilities AND emotional skills are required Core Components 1. appraisal and expression 2. regulation 3. utilization7
2304453915Emotional Intelligence Four Branch Ability Model (Salovey & Mayer)1. Perceiving Emotions -identify/express emotions accurately 2. Using Emotions to Facilitate Thought 3. Understanding Emotions -relationship b/n emotions and behavioral consequences 4. Managing Emotions -just right amount (too little = repressed, too much = overwhelmed)8
2304497386EQ/EI Dimensions1. Know emotions 2. handle relationships (socially competent) 3. motivate self 4. recognize emotion in others 5. manage emotions9
2304505992Higher in EI =....-better relationships -higher life satisfaction -higher pay and rank in company -better clinical outcomes ----health -better at knowing/using/managing emotions -less effort needed to solve emotional probs -less engaged in prob behaviors10
2304518149MSCEITMayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test -2 sets of tasks to assess each of 4 branches of ability model11
2304546161The case of Maria (pg 168)School Teacher with great success in classroom --perceived emotions of students --used emotions to spark creativity -- understand emotion of students -- manage her own emotions as role model12
2304556243Emotional CreativityJames Averill -ppl can use emotions in creative ways -fosters greater sense of meaning13
2304566417Socioemotional Selectivity (Laura Carstensen)theory: how ppl regulate aspects of emotional life throughout the lifespan -goals remain same, but salience changes depending on place in life cycle ex/younger = focus on future vs. older = focus on past --> based on perception on how much time is left --> shift from preparing for future to enhancing present situation ex/older couples = better at regulating emotions than middle aged couples --> less severe conflict, less anger, more affection14
2304596703Later years are valuable b/c....-focus less on negative -engage deeply with emotional content of days -savoring "good stuff" -appreciation of life since time is limited -"positivity effect" = older people recalled pos. material more quickly than neg. material15
2304612497Emotional Storytelling (Jaime Pennebaker)-studied emotional upheaval -studied emotional storytelling of traumatic events via process of writing16
2304618253Writing about emotional upheaval-leads to health benefits --> especially when write positively, insightful --> fewer physician visits & improvement of health -very beneficial --> especially to gay people dealing with discrimination - 95% probability of sharing emotional events with others -people who typically do not have the skills to work with the emotional content of life may benefit most --> helps process negative emotions --> ex/ hostile ppl, ppl with alexithymia (difficulty identifying emotions)17
2304634416Pennebaker Paradigmsystematic written disclosure across brief sessions applied to -job loss -diagnosis of illness -relationship breakups18
2304638265Emotions & Culture-emotional experience not universal -based on context --> how we construe situation, how we express emotions19
2304665929Life Enhancement StrategiesLove --> more "feeling words", goals for relationships Work --> acknowledge emotional undercurrents of communication Play --> emotional storyteller20
2304673627Balance Emotions-lack of = poor decision making -depressed --> fail to access both pos. and neg.21
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Chapter 7 Motivation and Emotion Key terms Flashcards

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3951730380MotivationPhysiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. 1) The factor or motivational state than prompts behavior 2) The goal(s) toward which the behavior is directed 3) The reasons for differences in the intensity of the behavior0
3951751408instinctUnlearned species-specific behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and triggered by environmental events called releasing stimuli1
3951755490Driveinternal motivational state created by a physiological need2
3951761827Drive-reduction theorytheory that views motivated behavior as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need3
3951771024Optimum-level theoryTheory that the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another4
3951783862cognitive dissonanceAversion state produced when an individual holds two incompatible thoughts or cognitions5
3951791791Hierarchy of needsMaslow's view that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be satisfied. Biological Safety Attachment Esteem Self-Actualization6
3951799349Self-actualizationneed to develop one's full potential; the highest level of Maslows hierarchy7
3951861281Body Mass Index (BMI)A numerical index calculated from a person's height and weight that is used to indicate health status and disease risk8
3951883204anorexia nervosaa potentially life-threatning eaticg disorder occurring primarily in adolescents and young adult females; an intense fear of becoming fat leads to self starvation and weight loss accompanied by a strong belief that one is fat despite objective evidence to the contrary9
3951887125Bulimia nervosaeating disorder in which a victim alternately consumes large amounts of food (gorging) and then empties the stomach (purging), usually by induced vomiting10
3951895026PheromonesChemical odors emitted by some animals that appear to influence the behavior of members of the same species11
3951908964The sexual responseexcitement plateau orgasm resolution refractory period12
3951917214AchievmentManipulation of the environment according to established rules to attain a desired goal. 1) behaviors that manipulate the environment in some manner 2) rules for perfoming those behaviors 3) accepted perfomance standards against which people compete and compare their performance Goals can be mastery goals or performance goals13
3951931887basal metabolic raterate at which a person burns calorie to keep the body functioning.14
3951953517Emotionphysiological changes and conscious feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness, aroused by external and internal stimuli, that lead to behavioral reactions15
3951988141James-Lange TheoryTheory that physiological changes precede and cause emotions 'afraid because we tremble'16
3951993703commonsense view of emotionsview that emotions precede and cause bodily changes 'tremble because we are afraid'17
3952002692Cannon-Bard theoryTheory that the thalamus relays information simultaneously to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing emotional feelings and physiological changes to occur at the same time.18
3952049713primary role of hippocampusappears to be in processing memories19
3952050410primary role of the amygdalaa small, almond-shaped structure--revieves sensory inputs and immediately evaluates the emotional meaning of stimuli *important to emotions20
3952053401Role of the cortexevaluates the meaning of the inputs21
3952068593polygraphAn electronic device (often called a lie detector) that senses and records changes in several physiological indices including blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and galvanic skin response.22
3952082370alexithymiamarked inability to experience and express emotion23
3952112826six emotions recognized everywhereanger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise24
3952122535Facial feedback hypothesisHypothesis that making a certian facial expression will produce the corresponding emotion25
3952123292Display rulesculturally specific rules for which emotions to display, to who, and when26
3952131878Nonverbal communicationcommunication that involves movements, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, use of personal space, and touching27
3952141602illustratorsnonverbal gestures/movements made while speaking that accent or emphasize words (don't communicate specific meanings.28
3952144798Regulatorsactions (eye contact and head nods) that oordinate the flow of communication among 2 + people29
3952148918Adaptors (manipulators)movements or objects manipulated for a purpose (scratiching grooming, doodling...)30
3952152677ParalanguagesCommunication that involves aspects of speech such as rate of talking and tone of voice, but not the words used.31
3952188869emotional intelligenceThe ability to perceive emotions in others The ability to facilitate thought Understanding emotions Managing emotions32
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AP Psychology Module 7 Vocab Flashcards

8.1 How do psychologists define motivation, and what are the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation?
8.2 What are the characteristics of the three types of needs?
8.3 What are the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation?
8.4 How do Maslow's humanistic approach and self-determination theory explain motivation?
8.5 What happens in the body to cause hunger, and how do social factors influence a person's experience of hunger?
8.6 What are some problems in eating behavior, and how are they affected by biology and culture?
8.7 What are the three elements of emotion?
8.8 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?
8.9 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-meditational theory of emotion?
8.10 What is the positive psychological movement?

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444018441motivationthe process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met a need or desire that energizes and directs a behavior0
338696328extrinsic motivationtype of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person the aspiration to complete a goal because of outside rewards such as reconition, money, and praise1
18572414intrinsic motivationtype of motvation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner the desire to engage in an activity or perform a task because the activity or task is pleasurable, without any desire for external benefits that may come from the activity or task2
95134529instinctsthe biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals a behavior tht is genetically programmed into an entire species3
777172699instinct approachapproach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals One of the first theories used to explain motivation; did not explain why humans have instincts, but encouraged psychologists to recognize factors in human motivation4
427983120needa requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism tension created in a living being that is the result of deprivation of something essential for survival, general welfare or personal commitment5
751891147drivea psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension an aroused state of psychological tension that typically arises from a need6
100871220drive-reduction theoryapproach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal7
434199966primary drivesthose drives that involve the needs of the body such as hunger and thirst drives the body requires toe sruvive and thrive such as food and water8
75507701aqcuired (secondary) drivesthose drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval learned drives that have power throught he organism's expereinces such as a paycheck or approval from others9
707571350homeostasisthe tendency of the body to maintain a steady state tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning10
516983016need for achievement (nAch)a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones reaching goals, challenging oneself to win awards, and to be at the "top"11
635922996need for affiliation (nAff)the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others desire to be liked by others, to be admired, and to have social interactions12
994976662need for power (nPow)the need to have control or influence over others influencing others, controlling people and situations13
103490333stimulus motivea motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity factors in the environment that provoke behaviors by increasing stimulation within a person14
492839783arousal theorytheory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tensions that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation the belief that there is an idyllic level of tension a person desires in order to be optimally motivated15
1017628290Yerkes-Dodson Lawlaw stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level a law stating that individuals require a moderate level of arousal in order to perform tasks16
739688354sensation seekersomeone who needs more arousal than the average person individuals requiring higher levels of stimulation that others17
971162868incentivesthings that attract or lure people into action something that motivates18
17067112incentive approachestheories of motvation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties19
705227775expectancy-value theoriesincentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time the theory that an individual's motivation is measured by how much they value the goal and whether they expect to be successful20
474155584self-actualizationaccording to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential the second highest level on Abraham Maslow's heirarchy of needs. This point is seldom reached by individuals. At this level a person has sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential21
1029668970peak experiencesaccording to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved sudden feelings of intense happiness, wonder, and unity22
577290832self-determination theory (SDT)theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motvation existing for the action a theory of motvation that emphasizes three innate human needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness; in the context of supportive, social relationships, individuals are able to grow psychologically and increase their sense of intrinsic motivation, no longer relying on extrinsic motivation23
38327698insulina hormone secreted by the pancreas to contorl the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream a hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; helps to control the level of glucose in the blood and allows cells to use glucose for energy24
876309938glucagonshormones that are secreted by the pancreas to contorl the level of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bllodstream a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in glucose in the blood25
847446554psychological needsfood, water, shelter, warmth26
831409958safety needssecurity and safety and freedom from fear27
52062347belonging needssense of belonging and love from family, friends, and significant others28
395592827esteem needsfeeling important, useful, and loving yourself29
20183433cognitive needsdesire to understand the world and gain new knowledge and experiences, longing to satisfy natural curiosity30
421255938aesthetic needsneed to express your identity as a person artistically31
649255936weight set pointthe particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain optimal weight for a person32
545891798basal metabolic rate (BMR)the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting33
871615428leptina hormone that, when realeased into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body had had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full hormone that controls and manipulates appetite34
27240296anorexia nervosaa condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets to become 15 percent or more underweight, yet this person still feels fat and is preoccupied with losing more weight35
768640316bulimia nervosaa condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of fod at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise36
416333307obesitydisorder characterized by being excessively overweight; 20 to 30 percent over optimal body weight37
39935781emotionthe "feeling" espect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings reponse by a whole organism, involving (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience38
201232689display ruleslearned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings39
774910243Cannon-Bard theory of emotiontheory in which the physioligcal reaction and the meotion are assumed to occur at the same time40
342370161cognitive arousal theorytheory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced41
290779935facial feedback hypothesistheory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to teh brain concerning the motion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion one's facial expression has an effect on emotions you experience42
72672778cognitive-mediational theorytheory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by aperson in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction a stimulus must be interpreted by an individual in order to produce a physiological reactions and an emotion43
91700570positive psychology movementa viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness44
275427189James-Lange theorythe theory of emotion in which the body's phsyiological reaction leads to the experiencing of an emotiong45
1016627403Canon-Bard theoryyou experience both the arousal and the emotion simultaneously; one does not cause the other46
496219883Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theorya theory of emotion that states that arousal must be felt and the source of arousal must be cognitively labeled, after which the individual will feel the emotion47
19314646Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP)premier professional organization for individuals practicing or teaching Industrial and Organizational psychology48
604570448Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologyapplies psychological principles and research methods in the ordinary workplace49
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AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 7: Theories of personality, motivation, & emotion Flashcards

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3535205217James-Lange TheoryStimulus--> physical arousal--> label emotional experience0
3535212576Cannon-Bard theoryStimulus--> arousal OR --> emotion1
3535223502Schachter Two-factor theoryStimulus--> physical arousal--> cognitive thinking--> emotion2
3535236764Lazarus' Cognitive Appraisal TheoryEvent--> cognitive appraisal--> physiological response--> emotion3
3535242766Spillover Effectwhen one's experience of one emotion affects perceptions/reactions to other events4
3535255170Zajonc's low/high road to emotion-Some emotions take the "low road" that bypass the cortex & go straight to the amygdala -Other emotions take the "high road" of the cortex for analysis5
3535272129Yerkes-Dodson lawthe idea that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal to a point, but then decreases if arousal increases past that point, creating U-shaped curve6
3535294995Automatic NS & emotionsmobilizes your body for action, directing adrenal glands to release stress hormones7
3535307832Physiological similarities & differences among emotionsSimilarities= Fear/anger/sexual aroused--> different emotions do not have sharply distinct biological signatures-->broad emotional portfolio Differences=stimulate different muscles, differ in brain circuits. Positive emotions occur on left brain8
3535334059Polygraphmachine commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion. Not accurate due to deception9
3535352152Detecting emotionAnger and threats are easily detectable emotions10
3535371407gender and emotionswomen possess greater emotional awareness11
3535382053Culture & emotional expressiongestures vary among cultures, facial expressions are viewed the same. musical emotion stays the same. Each culture differs in how much emotion they show12
3535397492Facial feedback hypothesistendency of facial muscles trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness13
3535408396Elkman's basic emotionsdisgust, anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise14
3535415445Catharsis & angeremotional release, relieves aggressive urges15
3535422718Feel-good do-good phenomenonpeople's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood16
3535431078Adaption-level phenomenontendency to form judgments relative to a "neutral" level--> level of income, intensity of emotion17
3535448703Relative deprivationperception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself18
3535455855Stressorstimulus that causes stress19
3535464410General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)3 phases of body's response to stress 1. Alarm 2. resistance 3. Exhaustion20
3535477834Psychophysiological illnesses"mind-body" illness--> stress-related physical illness such as hypertension or headaches21
3535505832Instinct theoryfocuses on generally predisposed behaviors22
3535512425Drive-reduction theoryfocuses on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact23
3535526473Optimum arousal theoryfocuses on finding the right level of stimulation24
3535534759Maslow's hierarchy of needsdescribes how some of our needs take priority over others25
3535558035Cognitive (Incentive) theorydifferences in behavior from one person to another or from one situation to another can be traced to the incentives available and the value a person places on those incentives at the time26
3535567383Intrinsic motivationmotivated for internal pleasure, self-enjoyment27
3535578266Extrinsic motivationmotivated for external rewards28
3535581198Overjustification effectless likely that a task will be done intrinsically when an extrinsic reward is no longer given29
3535596991Management theory (X&Y)Theory X=managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment(extrinsically motivated) Theory Y=managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive(intrinsically motivated)30
3535634180Approach-approach conflicttwo desirable but conflicting choices31
3535641807Approach-avoidance conflictone choice has both attractive & unattractive features32
3535647068Avoidance-avoidance conflictchoosing between two undesirable choices33
3535659369Multiple approach-avoidance conflictchoosing between one option that has positives and negatives, and another that has other positive & negative features34
3535672628Insulinhormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose35
3535681464Leptin, orexin, ghrelin, PYYleptin=protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger Orexin=hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus Ghrelin=hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry signals to the brain. PYY=digestive track hormones;sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain36
3535720205Lateral Hypothalamustells us we are hungry, causes secretion of ghrelin37
3535730465Ventromedial hypothalamustells us we are full, causes secretion of PYY38
3535739374Set point theorystable weight to which your body wants to return39
3535753307Basic metabolic raterate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when body is at rest40
3535763764Ecology of eating-our environments influence our eating -Variety of foods 4-341
3535769153Unit biassize of food portions affect how much we eat42
3535778420Anorexia nervosanormal weight, obsessed with losing weight, diet becomes significantly underweight43
3535784548Bulimia nervosaepisodes of binging vs episodes of purging44
3535795934Binge-eating disordersignificant binge-eating episodes with large amounts of food followed by remorse/guilt. NOT purging, fasting, exercise45
3535816957Biopsychosocial model & eating behaviorbiological influences=hypothalamic centers, appetite, hormones, stomach pangs, set point, attraction to tastes Psychological influences=sight/smell of food, variety of foods, time elapsed since last food, stress/mood, food unit size Social-cultural influences=culturally learned taste preferences, responses to cultural preferences for appearance46
3535869818Psychoanalysisset of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud47
3535880430Preconscious mindmemories, stored knowledge48
3535893773Unconscious mindneeds, urges, fears, wishes, desires,49
3535903734Conscious mindthoughts & perceptions50
3535907915Freudian slipan unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.51
3535915142Psychosexual stagesoral-mouth Anal-bowl/bladder, coping with control Phallic-genitals, oedipus/electra complexes Latent-dormant sexual feelings Genital-maturation of sexual interests52
3535937983Fixationlingering focus of pleasure, seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved53
3535947143Identificationprogress by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing super egos54
3535963177Idunconscious energy, seeking of immediate gratification of instinctive needs or wants55
3535979032Egomostly conscious; makes peace between Id and superego56
3535985184Superegointernalized ideals57
3535993663Regressionreturning to an earlier, more comforting form of behavior58
3535997310repressionpushing thoughts out of conscious awareness59
3536003610Rationalizationunconsciously generate self-justifying explanations instead of real reasons for action or event60
3536014079Reaction formationexpressing the opposite of how one truly feels, often exaggeratedly61
3536019561Displacementredirecting one's impulses toward another person or object62
3536025883Projectiondisguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others--> hypocrites63
3536035374Sublimationchanneling one's impulses toward a different, more positive & acceptable goal or behavior64
3536043406Denialrejecting the ego-threatening truth65
3536052803Alfred Adler & inferiority complexchildhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation66
3536065387Karen Horneydisagreed with freud over childhood anxiety, yes that childhood anxiety triggered our desire for love/security, she balances freuds masculine psychology67
3536119438Collective unconsciousconcept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history68
3536135480Objective teststests with right or wrong answers69
3536141189Subjective testspersonality tests, provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics70
3536160860Thematic Apperception test (TAT)projection test in which peole express their inner feelings/interests thru the stories they made up about ambiguous scenes71
3536175659Rorschach Inkblot testmost widely used projective test, set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots72
3536192196Terror management theorytheory of death-related anxiety: explores people's emotional/behavioral responses to remind of their impending death73
3536214126Gordon Allportpioneer of research in personality, helped develop "trait" theory74
3536232044Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)test that sorts people from personality types75
3538258761Hans Eysenck's dimensionsbelieved that we can reduce many of our individual variations to 2 or 3 dimensions-->extraversion/intraversion and emotional stability/instability76
3538325571Big Five personality Factors (C.A.N.O.E.)Conscientious-organized, careful, disciplined Agreeableness-soft-hearted, trusting, helpful Neuroticism- anxious, insecure, self-pitying Openness- imaginative, prefers variety, independent Extraversion- sociable, fun-loving, affectionate77
3538366387Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory (MMPI)a test consisting of hundreds of true-false questions, used as a diagnostic tool78
3538385530Person-situation controversylook for genuine personality traits that persist overtime and across situations79
3538411495Carl Rogers's person centered perspectivemust meet 3 conditions for a growth-promoting climate 1. Genuiness 2. Acceptance 3. Empathy80
3538428239Unconditional positive regardwe feel love/acceptance despite flaws and mistakes81
3538440448Self ConceptHow you see yourself82
3538454678Albert Bandura & social cognitive perspectivepersonality is interaction of our personal factors, environment, learn behaviors through conditioning/observation. What we THINK about our situation affects our behavior83
3538483412Reciprocal Determinismour personality influences our choices, we influence our environments and our environments influence us84
3538505774External v. Internal locus of controlexternal--> others control destiny Internal--> you control your own destiny85
3538512776Learned helplessnessno matter how hard I try, I will never improve86
3538519744Positive Psychologystudy of strengths than enable us to thrive87
3538532469Spotlight effectthe phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are noticed more than they really are.88
3538546302Self Esteemhow you feel about yourself, reflects attitudes89
3538562497IndividualismIndependent, defines individuals behaviors and attitudes90
3538574626CollectivismIdentity from belonging91
3538579292Type A vs. Type BType A--> focused, competitive, intense, cold Type B--> relaxed, laid back, warm92
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AP Psychology Chapter 8: Emotion Examples and terms Flashcards

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1151962261Fight or Flight ApproachBilly goes camping and runs into a bear. Completely frightened and ready to run, he flees for his life because of ______________.0
1151962262Internal Locus of ControlBob thinks that if he studies he'll then get a good grade on his math test so he spends all week preparing for it because he has an _______________.1
1151962263Internal Locus of ControlKimberly believes that if she works hard at her job she will receive a raise because she has an _____________.2
1151962264External Locus of ControlYou feel helpless because the man is keeping you down....3
1151962265External Locus of ControlJoe thinks the results of his math test will based on pure luck so he doesn't study for it because he doesn't think it would help...4
1151962266Learned HelplessnessBob has been smoking since he was 15, but for the past two years he's been trying to quit. After many unsuccessful attempts he eventually stops trying and slips into a deep state of depression. This is an example of ___________.5
1151962267Learned HelplessnessA student keeps failing quizzes and tests in a certain subject they decide to give up on it This is an example of ___________.6
1151962268Learned HelplessnessA girl in a physically and verbally abusive doesn't do anything about it because she accepts the abuse and doesn't fight back. This is an example of ___________.7
1151962269Learned helplessnessA child diagnosed with cancer at a young age after they are diagnosed again but this more severe. They don't have any energy or motivation to fight the cancer. This is an example of ___________.8
1151962270Learned HelplessnessA freshman in high school tries out for a sport team and doesn't make it. so for the rest of the school year they don't try out for another sport This is an example of ___________.9
1151962271ExhaustionWhen a person gets upset/tense enough in argument and blood pressure raises that can cause deadly stroke. This is an example of ___________. It's the last of the General adaptation syndrome stages.10
1151962272Stage of ResistanceAfter an argument your body adapts to the stressful situation. This is an example of ___________.11
1151962273Alarm ReactionIn an argument the body prepares to be tense and upset. This is an example of ___________. It's a stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome.12
1151962274Alarm ReactionBeing able to run faster because a man with a knife is chasing you. This is an example of ___________. It's a stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome.13
1151962275Alarm ReactionYour strength and adrenaline increases because your trying to save someone else . This is an example of ___________ a stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome.14
1151962276Inverted U FunctionHaving a high arousal level before driving test results in more mistakes. This is an example of ___________.15
1151962277OverjustificationChildren are given chocolate for playing jump rope but when they stopped getting chocolate children have less desire to do it. This is an example of ___________.16
1151962278OverjustificationGetting paid to go to school, but then getting sick of it because you would only want to do it for the money. This is an example of ___________.17
1151962279OverjustificationYou get a reward for each time you clean your room, you stop getting reward so you stop cleaning your room.This is an example of ___________.18
1151962280Display RulesIn America the middle finger is a symbol of profanity whereas in other countries the action/finger means nothing. This is an example of a difference in _______________.19
1151962281Display RulesMaking eye contact in America is encouraged because it is one of our more common ____________(s)20
1151962282Display RulesBurping in Japan shows politeness but in American you say "excuse me/" This is a difference in _____________.21
1151962283Display RulesSmiling has different _____________ because in some asian countries it means embarrassment instead of happiness.22
1151962284James-Lange TheoryYawning makes a person tired and want to sleep23
1151962285James-Lange Theorywe are sad because we cry and appy because we laugh. This is because of __________.24
1151962286Cannon-Bard TheoryWhen your favorite character is killed in a book, you feel sad and cry simultaneously. This is an example of ___________.25
1151962287Set PointYour body has a ___________ of body fat that it wants to remain.26
1151962288Approach-ApproachChipotle Vs. Chick-Fil-A (two good choices) this is an example of ___________ conflict.27
1151962289Approach-ApproachGoing to a movie with a friend or go roller skating with another friend who you like equally this is an example of ___________ conflict.28
1151962290Approach-ApproachIce-cream or frozen yogurt this is an example of ___________ conflict.29
1151962291Avoidance-AvoidanceWould you rather get shot or fall off a cliff this is an example of ___________.30
1151962292Avoidance-AvoidanceYou can either clean your room or get grounded this is an example of ___________ conflict.31
1151962293Avoidance-AvoidanceWould you rather die by drowning or burning this is an example of ___________ conflict.32
1151962294MotiveA ____________ to do chores is money33
1151962295DrivePeople desire food because of their ________ for hunger.34
1151962296Tend and Befriend ModelBring others together even when they are experiencing times of discord (women). This is because of the __________.35
1151962297Tend and Befriend ModelComforting others after a death in family and putting their emotions above her own This is because of the __________.36
1151962298Tend and Befriend ModelMother giving food to her children even though she is as hungry as them This is because of the __________.37
1151962299ExhaustionWhen you get hypothermia your body uses up all it's heat then gives up and goes into a coma to conserve heat/resources. It's a General adaptation syndrome stage. What is this an example of?38
1151962300Emotional intelligenceWhen Elle Woods is fired in Legally Blonde 2, she starts to tear up and says "Okay, don't cry... don't cry..don't cry." She does not have a high __________because some people can act normally when they really just want to burst out crying.39
1151962301Physiological ArousalIncreased heart rate ,Rapid breathing ,Sweating, and Tense muscles are examples of _______________.40
1151962302Cannon-Bard TheoryIf someone dies, the reactions of crying and feeling sad occur at the same time. This is an example of_______________.41
1151962303Two-Factor TheoryYou start shivering while alone in your house. You then feel afraid, but you are really just shivering because it's winter and the heat accidentally got turned off. This is an example of _________.42
1151962304Cognitive Appraisal TheoryYou see a puppy and think about how you should feel according to _______________.43
1151962305Opponent Process TheoryWhen you are happy you do not feel angry or sad, this is an example of the _____________.44
1151962306Deception CuesSomeone who tries to give false information may show nonverbal signals like heightened attention (dilation of pupils), extended pauses or errors in speech, and more restricted, or calculated, movements and nervous gestures. these are examples of _____________(s).45
1151962307Intrinsic MotivationIf you would play basketball alone and have tons of fun without the influence of other people, you would have __________________.46
1151962308Unconscious MotivationBeing afraid of a cat without remembering you were once bitten by one. this is an example of ______________.47
1151962309Instinct TheoryBees communicating the location of food to each other is because of ___________.48
1151962310Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsA person will satisfy their hunger before they seek interpersonal attachment because of _____________.49
1151962311IndividualismBeing proud of your accomplishments and for being different from other people because of ___________.50
1151962312CollectivismCommunism has an emphasis on ___________. Communist leaders would collect all the individual farmers produce and crop and redistribute them to the entire country. One farmer wouldn't have all the crops because the emphasis is on the entire population not the single farmer.51
1151962313Volumetric ThirstDecreasing the fluid outside the cells in your body, such as blood, this is __________.52
1151962314Sexual Response CycleThe phases that men and women go through during sexual intercourse is the __________.53
1151962315Sexual CuesSexual activities can lead to orgasm are called ______________.54
1151962316Sexual scriptsHow you respond to sexual situations through culture and prior experience is because of _________.55
1151962317Primitive StressorSomething that puts your well-being in danger is a __________.56
1151962318Traumatic StressorsStimuli that causes a immense threat to ones safety are _______________.57
1151962319Acute StressShort-term, intense stress caused by a stress-causing stimulus is an example of _____________.58
1151962320Chronic StressWhat is the name for a long term stressor that affects one's physical state and health?59
1151962321General Adaptation SyndromeWhen the body adapts to a constant stressor, resulting in other diseases it is because of __________.60
1151962322Alarm ReactionPhysiological response in stressful situations: Increase of adrenal hormones, increased heart rate, perspiration, increased respiration, and increased blood pressure is the ___________. It's the first stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome.61
1151962323CytokinesWhen overwhelmed or stressed, ____________ are produced to make one feel tired and potentially ill.62
1151962324Fixed-Action PatternsNursing a newborn baby to make it stop crying is a _______________.63
1151962325Drive TheoryThe human need to establish or reestablish homeostasis is the main component of...64
1151962326Locus of ControlGetting a raise at your job and telling yourself it was because you are a good employee (internal) or saying it was because you got lucky that your boss just likes you (external). This is an example of the two _____________.65
1151962327ThantosThe part of you that has destructuve and negative impulses is _________.66
1151962328ErosAccording to Freud, what is the unconscious need for sex called?67
1156433747Internal Locus of ControlWhen you study to get good grades, you have an _______________.68
1156433748Extrinsic MotivationSally cleans her room so her mother will give her money, meaning she is _______________.69
1156433749OverjustificationBy being paid to eat pizza, something you intrinsically love, you eventually stop liking pizza as much due to _______________.70
1156433750Approach-ApproachYou encounter the _______________ conflict, when you have to choose between a Mac and PC.71
1156433751ExhaustionYou're an older heavy set male. You're stressed out from your job and after months of stress you go into overload and have a heart attack. Which General adaptation syndrome stage is it?72
1156433752Emotional IntelligenceYour ability to understand, interpret, and respond to your boss when you see he is angry is called?73
1156433753External Locus of ControlI failed my math test because the teacher made the test too hard. I blame the teacher instead of myself. What is this an example of?74
1156433754Internal Locus of ControlI failed my math test because I didn't take the time to study for it. I have an __________________.75
1156433755OverjustificationBob loves to play video games. He got a job playing video games and now Bob doesn't feel as happy as he did before he got the job. This is due top ________________.76
1156433756Fight or Flight ApproachWhen someone breaks into your car, you can either go after him and take him down or run away and call the cops. This is called the ____________________.77
1156433757Approach-AvoidanceWhen you have to decide whether you want to skip school on a test day you are experiencing the ____________ conflict. If you skip you get to stay home and relax but if you go you get the test over with.78
1156433758James-Lange TheoryYou run into a bear in the woods. You start sweating and your heart rate increases, so you get scared. This is because you are experiencing the __________________________.79
1156433759Opponent Process TheoryYou are displaying the ____________________ when you get accepted into your dream college and you become overwhelmed with happiness, so overwhelmed that any sad or worrisome feelings are suppressed.80
1156433760ExhaustionYou become so stressed out about your AP exams that you have a heart attack. It's a General adaptation syndrome stage. What is this an example of?81
1156433761Approach-ApproachYou are experiencing the __________________ conflict when you have to choose between spending the day with Mr. Cizek at Disney or getting a lifetime supply of ice cream in every flavor.82
1156433762Approach-AvoidanceMy job has good and bad qualities.I get money from working but I miss out on a lot of things because I'm always working. I'm experiencing the _____________________ conflict.83
1156433763Freud's Psychodynamic Theory______________________ Theory says that I play lacrosse because I want to get out my aggression to destroy.84
1156433764Alarm ReactionYou're experiencing __________________ when your favorite teacher yells at you for disrupting the class for the first time. You are shocked and a little scared. It's a stage in the General Adaptation Syndrome.85
1156433765General Adaptation SyndromeA person who is put in stressful situations and is used to it is bound to get sick eventually. They are experiencing the ______________________.86
1156433766Tend and Befriend ModelThe ____________________ applies when a woman notices a possible dangerous situation, so she grabs her children to take cover.87
1156433767Approach-AvoidanceListening to music through earphones lets you hear your music better without annoying people around you, but can damage your ears if your music is too loud. This is an example of _________________ conflict.88
1156433768Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsDue to _____________________________ you cannot have self-esteem if you do not have shelter and other of lifes needs.89
1156433769Approach-AvoidanceYou experience _______________________ conflict when you drop a delicious sandwich on the floor. The conflict comes when you are deciding to pick it up or not. It is still a delicious sandwich but now it has some dirt on it.90
1156433770Extrinsic MotivationYour behavior because of money, grades, or recieving praise is due to ____________________.91
1156433771Extrinsic MotivationIf you would play basketball because it gets you all the ladies and because it makes your parents proud, you would have ______________.92
1156433772Learned HelplessnessA person's car is stuck in the snow, so they know that they cannot drive until they either get pushed out or towed. this makes them fell helpless and stranded. this is ___________________.93
1156454194Intrinsic MotivationBecause of ___________________ I play basketball because I truly love the sport.94
1156454195Need for AchievementSomone who does well in science has a higher ___________ in that class than they do in their least favorite subject.95
1156528456Two-Factor TheoryWhen someone who normally drinks decaf coffee drinks caffenated coffee mistake their increased physical arousale for an emotion, such as fear, it is called ______________.96
1156651780Intrinsic MotivationI draw, not because I am good at it, but because I like it is an example of _________.97
1156651781External Locus of ControlBelieving that you only got an A on the test because the teacher likes you...98
1156651782James-Lange TheoryAccording to ________ when your cat dies, you cry and then feel sad.99
1156651783Avoidance-AvoidanceIf I study for the test, I'll pass but will not get any sleep. If I do not study, I'll fail but will get to sleep. This is an example of ___________.100
1156651784Internal Locus of ControlIf a boy can't finish a running marathon, he blames it on his refusal to train which is a _______________.101
1156651785Opponent Process TheoryYou are displaying _____________ by being happy that you're graduating but sad that you're leaving high school.102
1156651786James-Lange TheoryI see a snake, I tremble and feel afraid. The trembling caused me to label this emotion as fear according to ___________.103
1156651787Emotional IntelligenceMy ____________ was clearly displayed when I was able to suppress my laughter during a teacher's serious lecture.104
1156651788OverjustificationIf I was paid to Greeek dance, I wouldn't actually enjoy Greek dancing as much anymore and I wouldn't be intrinsically motived to do it because of ________________.105
1156651789Fight or Flight ApproachYou get caught lying to your mom, which causes you to either deny it or apoligize. These options of an example of __________.106
1156651790Inverted U FunctionWHen I took the SAT, I was very stressed and nervous, and as a result I did poorly. I should be minimally aroused since the SAT is a difficult task. This is an example of ________________.107
1156651791Opponent Process TheorySuppressing my happy emotions because I'm really sad that my dog died is an example of __________.108
1156651792Extrinsic MotivationHaving _____________ would be working really hard at school because you need a 4.0 GPA for your mom to allow you to go to beach week.109
1156651793Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsAccording to __________ before you feel self confident, you need to have food and clothes to keep you warm.110
1156651794Approach-AvoidanceA _____________ conflict would be if you want to eat pizza but you are slightly allergic to cheese. You want to because it tastes delicious, but don't because of your allergies.111
1156651795Cognitive Appraisal TheoryThe ___________ is when you don't get into the college and think about how you should feel. You decide on sadness.112
1156651796Fight or Flight ApproachAn example of ___________ is when you come across a huge spider web while hiking through the woods, do you turn around or knock down the web even though there is a giant spider?113
1164530847EmotionAn example of _______ is when you become frightened by a big, aggressive dog.114
1164530848Lateralization of EmotionWhen the left side of your brain is happy you stayed late to shop but the right side of your brain is tired because of no sleep is an example of _____________.115
1164530849Sensation SeekersA person who is impulsive and like to feel the "rush" and is motivated by it is a ________.116
1164530850PolygraphA device that measures physical arousal such as heart rate, and blood pressure is called ________.117
1164530851HomoeostasisBecause of _________ the body maintains a biological balanced condition.118
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Chapter 7 (Emotional Experiences) Flashcards

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2315704545Original view saw intense emotions as......dysfunctional and irrational ..."the beast within"0
2315706318Anette Stanton-UCLA -Emotions can be adaptive -Discovered flaws in previous research -studied emotion-focused coping1
2315712655Approach Oriented Emotion-Focused Coping-Active movement toward, rather than away from a stressful encounter -Emotional Approach-oriented (rather than avoidance) -Involves 2 related, yet distinct processes: -->emotional processing -->emotional expression2
2315721349Emotion-Focused Coping-Involves 2 related, yet distinct processes: -->Emotional processing -->Emotional expression3
2315723241Emotional ProcessingAttempts to understand emotions -I realize my feelings are valid and important -I take time to figure out what I am really feeling -I delve into my feelings to get a thorough understanding -I acknowledge my emotions4
2315727207Emotional ExpressionFree and intentional displays of feeling -I feel free to express my emotions -I take time to express my emotions -I allow myself to express my emotions -I let my feelings come out freely5
2315731811Emotion-Focused Coping Research on effectiveness of approach-oriented emotion-focused coping and:cancer, parental illness, chronic racism, infertility, chronic pain6
2315737845Emotion-Focused Coping: CancerBreast Cancer Women who used emotion-focused coping: -perceived their health status as better -had lower psychological distress -had fewer medical appointments for cancer-related pain and ailments7
2315743476Emotion-Focused Coping: Parental IllnessStudents coped better with stressors if they were assigned to sessions that matched their emotional approach tendencies -those with preference for expressing emotions did better when attending sessions that allowed them to vent emotions -others did better when placed in sessions that provided information and facts8
2315749704Emotion-Focused Coping: RacismPositive appraisal of emotion-focused coping options may intervene in the relationship between self-esteem, life satisfaction, and racial identity development -those who feel they have ways of coping emotionally with experiences of discrimination tend to have greater self-esteem and greater life satisfaction9
2315755880Emotional Expression and Culture-Westerners seem to benefit from expressing emotions in a meaningful way -Asian cultures encourage suppression of emotion, to preserve harmony -Emotional suppression in Chinese not necessarily associated with negative core -Asians who are expected to emote expressively may feel stress10
2315759857Emotional Intelligence (history)-Early view of emotions as undermining intelligence -1960-Mowrer: "emotion as a high order of intelligence"11
2315764448Bar-On:"an array of noncognitive capabilities, competencies, and skills that help us deal with the demands of environment"12
2315767097EQ-I inventory measures...personality and mood variables -bar-on definition and measure do not overlap well13
2315770069Peter Salovey & John Mayer-Adapting to life circumstances requires cognitive abilities and emotional skills -Identified 3 core components: -->appraisal and expression -->regulation -->utilization14
2315774740EI Four Branch Ability Model1. Perceiving Emotions 2. Using Emotions to Facilitate Thought 3. Understanding Emotions 4. Managing Emotions (mood regulation skills)15
2315780087EQ/EI Dimensions-knowing one's emotions -handle interpersonal relationships -motivate oneself -recognize emotions in others -manage one's emotions16
2315785599EQ/EI related to Well-Being?-People higher in EI had better relationships with friends and family and more satisfying romantic relationships (lower levels of conflict, more emotional support, more intimacy, more affection) -People high in EI reported higher life satisfaction and psychological well-being -Higher EI related to higher merit pay and higher rank within a company -Physicians had more satisfied patients and even better clinical outcomes17
2315789508EQEmotional Quotient18
2315793996Emotional IntelligenceCan teach/learn the skills needed to: -reason about emotions -use emotional material to assist reasoning Based upon the four-branch ability model19
2315797397Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)2 sets of tasks designed to assess each of the 4 branches of the ability model20
2315800856Anectotal evidence =children, youth, and adults can be taught to use emotional experiences adaptively21
2315801703More empirical data needed to determine if EI can be......enhanced via skill development programs22
2315803133Description of High EI Individual-Greater social effectiveness -Better at perceiving emotions -Better at using emotions and thought -Better at managing emotions -Less effort required to solve emotional problems -Drawn to occupations involving social interactions -Less apt to engage in problem behaviors23
2315806522The Case of Maria, teacherSuccess in the classroom was due to her ability to: 1. Perceive the emotions of her students 2. Use emotions to spark creativity 3. Understand the emotions of her students 4. Manage her own emotions as a role model24
2315808778James Averill (2009)-emotional creativity -theory posits that people can use emotions in creative ways that foster a greater sense of meaning, vitality, and connectedness in life25
2315812171Socioemotional Selectivity: Laura Carstensen-Stanford -Theory: how people actively regulate aspects of their emotional lives throughout the lifespan -->posits that psychological goals remain throughout the lifespan, but their salience changed depending on one's place in the life cycle (ex: drives to seek out info and to develop a positive self-concept are most important during adolescence and become less important with age)26
2315819409Carstensen-posits people's perception of how much time they have left in life exerts a powerful influence -aged tend to perceive time as limited, so affects goals people choose to pursue (becomes more present based)27
2315824958Carstensen Research-older vs. middle-aged couples compared -older showed better regulation of emotions while dealing with conflicts involving such issues as finances, children, and in-laws28
2315831828Later rears are valuable because:-focus less on negative emotions -engage more deeply with emotional content of our days -savoring more of the "good stuff" -appreciation later in life due to realization that time is limited29
2315836877"the positivity effect"older people recalled positive material more quickly than the negative material30
2315839867Jaime Pennebaker-University of Texas -Studied emotional upheaval -Studied emotional storytelling of traumatic events via process of writing31
2315843703writing about emotional upheaval leads to...health benefits (especially when the writing contains more positive emotion words and more insight/causality) -->beneficial for people who prefer emotion-focused coping32
2315847771probability that we will share emotional events with others95%33
2315848633Writing exercises associated with positive outcomes:Fewer physician visits Improvements in health Improvement in quality of life for breast cancer patients Benefits to gay and lesbian people dealing with discrimination34
2315852088Pennebaker Paradigm(systematic written disclosure across brief sessions) applied to: -job loss -diagnosis of illness -relationship breakups35
2315858340Emotional Storytelling...-works best (>immune response) for those who are hostile -works well(health benefits) for those with alexithymia(difficulty identifying and making sense of emotions) -used to process intense negative emotions36
2315865486Emotions and Culture-Emotional experience is not universal: -Precursors differ based on context --->How we construe the current situation -Experience differs based on context --->E.g., expression (Western culture) vs. suppression (Eastern culture) of anger -Expressions differ based on context --->E.g., less intense emotional expression is more functional for Asian individuals37
2315871358Life Enhancement Strategies*Love************ --Practice more "feeling words" --Set new goals for relationships *Work************ --Acknowledge emotional undercurrents of communication --Seek out EI at work seminars *Play************ --Become an emotional story teller --Learn and practice meditation skills38
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Experience Psychology - Chapter 7 Flashcards

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2243059451cognitionthe way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing0
2243064740artificial intelligencescientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence1
2243069238thinkingthe process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.2
2243072586concepta mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics. helps memory3
2243075834prototype modela model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item in that category4
2243080140problem solvingthe mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available5
2243084487subgoalingsetting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems in order to be in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution6
2243087170algorithmsstrategies that guarantee solutions to a problem7
2243088634heuristicsshortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer8
2243092592fixationusing a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective9
2243094267functional fixednessfailing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions10
2243097254thinking outside the boxexploring novel ways of approaching tasks and finding solutions.11
2243100212reasoningthe mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions12
2243103954inductive reasoningreasoning from specific observations to make generalizations13
2243107085deductive reasoningreasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance14
2243109472decision makingthe mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them15
2243113502confirmation biastendency to search for and use information that supports rather than refutes ideas (ex. a politician accepts news that supports his views and dismisses evidence to the contrary)16
2243117792base rate fallacytendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information (ex. you read favorable expert report on product but don't buy it when a friend tells you about a bad experience)17
2243125575hindsight biastendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one accurately predicted an outcome (ex. you read about the results of a study and say "I knew that" when you had no clue)18
2243132726Representativeness Heuristictendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or stereotypes of a group rather than base rate info (ex. picking the dirtiest and most disheveled individual in a police line-up because they "look like" criminals)19
2243143941availability heuristicprediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events (a child wants to be a doctor even though no one in family went to college, mother suggests aiming lower)20
2243152661mindfulnessthe state of being alert and mentally present for one's every day activities21
2243155754open mindednessthe state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things22
2243160236creativitythe ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems23
2243161682convergent thinkingthinking that produces the single best solution to a problem24
2243163136divergent thinkingthinking that produces many solutions to the same problem25
2243166005intelligenceall-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience26
2243168140validitythe extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure27
2243169733reliabilitythe extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance28
2243173359standardizationthe development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms for the test29
2243178667mental agean individual level of mental development relative to that of others30
2243180280intelligence quotent (IQ)an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 10031
2243186816normal distributiona symmetrical, bell shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range32
2243195111culture-fair testsintelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased33
2243197654heritabilitythe proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members34
2243203649Flynn EffectThe effect of education on intelligence35
2243285224GiftedPossessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area36
2243290946intellectual disabilitya condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ usually below a 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life37
2243303808analytical intelligencethe ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast38
2243305000creative intelligencethe ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine39
2243307177practical intelligencethe ability to use, apply, implement and put ideas into practice40
2243312042triarchic theory of intelligenceSternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical41
2243316821verbal intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to think in words and language to express meaning (Example: author, journalist, speaker)42
2243321872mathematical intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to carry out mathematical operations (Example: scientist, engineer, accountant)43
2243325147spatial intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to think three dimensionally (Example: architect, artist, sailor)44
2243329235bodily-kinesthetic intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept (Example: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete)45
2243332180musical intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone (Example: composer, musician)46
2243335766interpersonal intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to understand and interact effectively with others (Example: teacher, mental health professional)47
2243340828Intrapersonal Intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to understand oneself. (Example: theologian, psychologist)48
2243344702naturalist intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to observe patterns in nature and understand human made systems (Example: farmer, botanist, ecologist, landscaper)49
2243349842Existentialist Intelligencetype of intelligence which uses ability to grapple with big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death (Example: philosopher)50
2243354527Languageform of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed that is based on a system of symbols51
2243356519infinite gesturingthe ability of language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences52
2243358600phonologya language's sound system.53
2243360752morphologya languages rules for word formation54
2243363064morphemethe smallest unit of language that carries meaning55
2243364646syntaxa language's rules for combinig words to form acceptable phrases and sentences56
2243366899semanticsthe meaning of words and sentences in a particular language57
2243368065pragmaticsthe useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said58
2243378541babblingendlessly repeating sounds and syllables determined by biological readiness, not by the amount of reinforcement59
2243437535cultural-familial intellectual disabilitya mental deficit in which no evidence of organic brain damage can be found60
2245970941controlled systeminvolves conscious reflection about an issue; slower, effortful, and analytical61
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Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing NCLEX Review Questions Set 1 Flashcards

Jones & Bartlett Learning, Second Edition, 2013. Information is taken from the online resource available by the access code in the book.

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2170615025A 48-year-old Hispanic woman is seen by a psychiatric clinical nurse specialist after receiving a call by her son. According to the son, since his father's death 7 months ago, his mother has lost 30 pounds and can't sleep. During her initial visit, the patient states, 'My husband talks to me in his visits, but his words make no sense to me. I don't understand what he wants me to do.' What is an appropriate nursing diagnosis? A. Ineffective denial. B. Bipolar mood disorder. C. Hyper-religiosity. D. Grieving.D. Grieving. Reason: Grieving may be characterized by weight loss, sleep disturbances, and messages from beyond.0
2170617760Your neighbor's husband comes to talk to you. He says his wife has not left the house in 2 weeks, has a flat mood, and has lost interest in her usual activities. You recognize these as the primary symptoms of A. Depression. B. Schizophrenia. C. Suicidal ideation. D. Bipolar manic episodes.A. Depression. Reason: Depressed mood and anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in activities) are the primary symptoms of major depression.1
2170620482Your patient is ready for discharge after a 30-day hospitalization for manic depression. About 30 minutes before his discharge, his roommate comes to you and says, 'He is talking crazy.' When you ask your patient how he is feeling, he states, 'I feel like Superman. I can do anything. I can fly home today and then become a U.S. Senator.' Which type of mania-related symptoms is this patient exhibiting? A. Social. B. Cognitive. C. Behavioral. D. Perceptual.B. Cognitive. Reason: Cognitive symptoms include inflated self-esteem and grandiosity.2
2170623308You need to assess whether a patient who has a mood disorder is ready for discharge. Which statement would indicate readiness for discharge? A. Right now, I can't bathe myself or dress myself, but I feel good about that. B. Going home will be fun, but if it isn't fun, I can always make my mother help me or tell her to do so. She better help me. C. I will take my medicines as I should and know to call the number you gave me if I have bad thoughts. D. Taking care of myself is important, but it's okay if I don't want to do anything.C. I will take my medicines as I should and know to call the number you gave me if I have bad thoughts. Reason: Verbalization of a plan for help and demonstration of care are realistic discharge criteria.3
2170625884An angry patient is in the community room. She picks up a chair and uses it to hit another patient on the head. When you come into the community room, what should your first response to the patient holding the chair be? A. Are you crazy? Hitting people can hurt them! B. Hitting others is unacceptable. Please put the chair completely down on the floor. C. How would you like it if I hit you over the head with a chair? D. You're in big trouble now. It's probably prison you are looking at!B. Hitting others is unacceptable. Please put the chair completely down on the floor. Reason: Use words to indicate your lack of acceptance of the patient's behavior in a nonthreatening voice or tone.4
2170627780A 22-year-old female is admitted to the unit following a suicide attempt. She has a 2-week history of depression as well as a history of abusing multiple substances and anorexia nervosa. What is your first nursing priority? A. Socialization. B. Contracting for eating behavior. C. Safety. D. Administering the Beck depression scale.C. Safety. Reason: Safety is the major principle underlying psychiatric nursing.5
2170629977Gerald was admitted to the psychiatric acute care unit because he stood in the center of a main two-way street in his underwear and a T-shirt, shouting, 'I am being held against my will. I have personal rights.' Gerald was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, manic type. Which of the following interventions will add to everyone's safety in the acute care environment? A. Have hectic surroundings. B. Have consistent unit routines. C. Minimize staff interventions. D. Medicate the patient only if he has private health insurance.B. Have consistent unit routines. Reason: Quiet environments with consistent routines will help calm patients and add to safety.6
2170633217Your patient has just been physically cleaned up after slicing his left arm 8 times. To show an appropriate evaluative response, which of the following would be your best statement? A. I could care less if you cut yourself. It doesn't hurt me. B. If you wouldn't cut yourself, you would have a much happier life. C. You are lucky someone found you in time. Now you can help us make you better. D. The behavior of cutting is not acceptable.D. The behavior of cutting is not acceptable. Reason: Focus on the behavior, not the person. Be neutral, but not indifferent.7
2170636151A 22-year-old female was admitted to the mental health unit with major depression and suicidal ideation. She has a history of cutting her wrists intermittently throughout the last 2 years. On days 1 and 2, the patient stays in her room and eats only 20% of her meals. On day 3, she eats 80% of her meals and is talking to others in group. The nurse should consider that the patient is A. Showing improvement. B. Highly suicidal. C. Exhibiting mood swings. D. In need of electroshock therapy.A. Showing improvement. Reason: The patient improvement is based on increased socialization and increased appetite.8
2170638183A 21-year-old patient has a diagnosis of schizophrenia and is stuporous, yet exhibits sudden, excessive motor activity with repetitive sit-ups. What is this behavior called? A. Delusional. B. Hallucinogenic. C. Paranoid. D. Catatonic.D. Catatonic. Reason: Catatonic schizophrenia occurs suddenly and includes motor immobility or excessive motor activity.9
2170640305A 16-year-old girl is admitted for her first psychotic break. Her parents feel very guilty. What is your best nursing response? A. No one really knows the cause of schizophrenia. It is not your fault and is not due to anything you did in the past. It is important to understand this, to support your daughter, and to find support for yourselves. B. Does anyone in your family have schizophrenia, as this disease is known to be genetic? C. You may feel bad now, but there are so many other bad things out there, such as cancer and paralysis. D. Let me share with you some websites to help you deal with your guilt.A. No one really knows the cause of schizophrenia. It is not your fault and is not due to anything you did in the past. It is important to understand this, to support your daughter, and to find support for yourselves. Reason: Schizophrenia has a multifocal origin and its cause may include a genetic component. Support is needed for both patients and caregivers.10
2170642037A physical indicator of possible abuse in a battered woman would be a fracture of the distal bones, such as the skull, face, or extremities. A. TRUE B. FALSEA. TRUE Reason: Musculoskeletal fractures and sprains, especially of distal versus proximal bones, are indications of battering. Also assess for dislocated shoulders and old fractures.11
2170644603Which of the following statements indicates that your patient, who has schizophrenia, is ready to manage a relapse? A. I will think of a plan of action before I get these racing thoughts again. B. I will not drink alcohol and will exercise daily. This will help me stay well. C. If I start feeling badly and don't sleep very much, then I will tell my friend Sandy and talk to her. She or I will call my therapist. D. When I feel stressed, I will sit near my bed and wait to feel better.C. If I start feeling badly and don't sleep very much, then I will tell my friend Sandy and talk to her. She or I will call my therapist. Reason: Managing a relapse includes a plan of action, involvement of a friend or family member, and, after identification of signs, notification of a therapist.12
2170646952Your patient has a diagnosis of schizophrenia and believes that his thoughts are broadcast from his head. What is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis? A. Risk for self-directed violence. B. Disturbed sensory perception. C. Impaired verbal communication. D. Disturbed thought processes.D. Disturbed thought processes. Reason: Thought broadcasting and thought withdrawal are disturbed thought processes.13
2170649046As a nurse, you wish to reinforce functional behavior in your schizophrenic patient. Which intervention will accomplish reinforcement? A. Praise the patient for reality-based perceptions and cessation of acting-out behaviors. B. Educate the patient about the symptoms of schizophrenia. C. Facilitate learning about the importance of medication compliance using written materials for reinforcing medication use. D. Focus on the feelings of delusion to reinforce reality and decrease false beliefs by talking to the patient.A. Praise the patient for reality-based perceptions and cessation of acting-out behaviors. Reason: Reinforcement by praise increases functional behavior.14
2170651328Your patient is preoccupied with perfection and control, has difficulty relaxing, exhibits rule-conscious behavior, and cannot discard anything. What type of personality disorder does this behavior reflect? A. Antisocial personality. B. Obsessive-compulsive personality. C. Manic behavior. D. Anxiety disorder.B. Obsessive-compulsive personality. Reason: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a personality disorder that includes perfection, control, procrastination, excessive devotion to work, difficulty relaxing, rule-conscious behavior, and inability to discard anything.15
2170654033Which of the following questions is appropriate to assess for disturbances in a patient's relationships? A. What are your main worries? B. Have you ever used alcohol or illegal drugs? C. How has your appetite been in the past month? D. What do you talk about with friends?D. What do you talk about with friends? Reason: Asking what the patient talks about with family or friends and what types of activities he or she engages in can help assess relationships.16
2170655341Which type of therapy helps patients with personality disorders explore ways to enjoy themselves and increase their socialization skills? A. Occupational therapy. B. Recreational therapy. C. Music therapy. D. Medication therapy.B. Recreational therapy. Reason: Recreational therapy helps patients explore ways to enjoy themselves without using alcohol or drugs and strengthens social skills.17
2170657096Which of the following symptoms of alcohol detoxification would you be most concerned about? A. Vitamin and mineral depletion. B. Diaphoresis. C. Increased heart rate. D. Hallucinations and delusions.D. Hallucinations and delusions. Reason: Hallucinations and delusions can result in problems with safety and possibly lead to suicide.18
2170658929What is the priority nursing intervention to help orient a patient who has Alzheimer's disease? A. Post a schedule in the dining room of daily activities. B. Use an overhead loudspeaker to announce upcoming events. C. Provide a daily routine and easy-to-read clocks. D. Have the patient live alone in a private room.C. Provide a daily routine and easy-to-read clocks. Reason: Daily routines and large clocks help patients' functional status.19
2170662469You are caring for a patient and pour out his evening risperidone (Risperdal) 2 mg tablet. The pill falls on the countertop. What is your next intervention? A. Pick the pill up from the counter and place it in a cup. B. Wash the pill off with alcohol and place it in a cup. C. Discard the pill and repour the medication. D. Call the patient up to the pill line to receive his medication.C. Discard the pill and repour the medication. Reason: The pill is contaminated once dropped, so for infection control purposes you discard it and repour the medication.20
2170664334Your patient has just shown you some fresh, self-inflicted, superficial cuts-eight of them going up and down his right arm. What is your initial intervention based on infection control principles? A. Send the patient back to his room as part of behavioral modification. B. Suture the cuts using a large-bore needle and nondissolving sutures. C. Cleanse the wounds with soap and water. D. Administer tetanus toxoid injection intramuscularly.C. Cleanse the wounds with soap and water. Reason: Cleansing the wound with soap and water is the initial intervention.21
2170666316A hypomanic patient tells you that she has been 'picking up energy from my car engine and car CD player' while driving and has received five speeding tickets in the past 6 months. What would be one effective intervention to avoid fast driving? A. Make a contract not to drive more than 55 miles per hour and drive with the CD played turned off. B. Call the local police and alert them to the patient's car license plate number and the make and model of her car. C. Ask the patient to "hand over the keys" to you, and tell her that now she must use a cab or other public transportation until your next session. D. Share with the patient that she cannot drink and drive.A. Make a contract not to drive more than 55 miles per hour and drive with the CD played turned off. Reason: Contracts can see a patient through period of hypomanic agitation.22
2170669239Patients who require close surveillance due to the potential for safety hazards give up the right of A. Continued confusion. B. Decision making. C. Social contact. D. Privacy.D. Privacy. Reason: Privacy and autonomy are often given up for the sake of safety.23
2170671826patient is extremely agitated and is throwing body fluids at anyone who comes near him. What is the best way to protect yourself as you and others physically restrain the patient? A. Wash your clothes within 30 minutes of becoming soiled with body fluids. B. Wear protective eyewear and a face shield. C. Check that your tetanus and hepatitis B titers are within normal limits. D. Wear a gown over your clothes and shoe covers.B. Wear protective eyewear and a face shield. Reason: Protective gear helps prevent infections that may gain entry through openings in the skin, the eyes, or the mouth.24
2170673855A patient who is psychotic has a formed bowel movement on the floor of his room. How should you clean up this excrement? A. Use a thick diaper or pad. B. Wear gloves and use some paper towels or toilet paper. C. Wear gloves, use toilet paper, and wash the area with a 1:10 bleach solution. D. Wear a gown, shoe covers, mask, and chemotherapy-impervious gloves, and wash the area with an ammonia with bleach 1:1 solution.C. Wear gloves, use toilet paper, and wash the area with a 1:10 bleach solution. Reason: Clean all body fluids with an appropriate disinfectant such as 1:10 bleach solution, using universal precautions.25
2170675492Your patient is scheduled for a one-on-one therapy session. Upon his entry into your office, you note that the patient has a cough, is sweating, is coughing up a small amount of blood, and has a fever. What is your initial intervention regarding infection control? A. Wash all of the patient's sheets and clothes. B. Place a mask on the patient and yourself. C. Take the patient's temperature. D. Place resuscitation equipment in the patient's room.B. Place a mask on the patient and yourself. Reason: The patient might have tuberculosis, so wear a mask, especially given that the patient is coughing.26
2170677247You have just given your patient an intramuscular injection of fluphenazine (Prolixin) with a syringe that does not have a safety lock. What is your next step? A. Recap the needle. B. Snap the needle off and place it in the needle box. C. Immediately place the syringe in a nearby impermeable container. D. Clip the needle off with a syringe needle cutter (SNC).C. Immediately place the syringe in a nearby impermeable container. Reason: Place the syringe in a nearby container specific for needles. Do not recap, bend, clip, or manipulate the needle in any way.27
2170678329In an inpatient acute psychiatric unit, it is important to shut and lock the unit door behind you. A. TRUE B. FALSEA. TRUE Reason: This behavior enhances safety.28
2170680101You drive up to the house of your patient, who is known to have schizophrenia with manic episodes. This is your fifth visit. On this occasion, the patient is sitting on his front porch in a rocking chair with a shotgun in his arms. What should your next intervention be? A. Beep your car horn to get your patient's attention. B. Yell your patient's name out your car window and wave at him to say hello. C. Keep driving in a path that is going away from the patient's house. D. Stop the car in the patient's driveway and call your boss on your cell phone.C. Keep driving in a path that is going away from the patient's house. Reason: Safety includes not placing yourself in vulnerable situations.29
2170681789Your patient, who is in a community psychiatric program, shows up at your home peeping through your kitchen window. You also noticed the patient yesterday when you went to the grocery story and the hairdresser. You believe he is stalking you. What should you do? A. Call the local police and report your suspicion of stalking. B. Call the patient's spouse and discuss his behavior. C. Invite the patient to have a cup of coffee with you at a local café to discuss his behavior. D. Wait until the patient's next group meeting to discuss his stalking behavior.A. Call the local police and report your suspicion of stalking. Reason: Stalking behavior needs to be dealt with by the police for your safety.30
2170684438Your patient's auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations are controlled with bimonthly injections of haloperidol (Haldol) that the community health nurse administers during home visits. You are the new nurse on this case; the previous nurse has retired. The previous nurse has stated in her care plan that the patient will let the nurse in the house only if the nurse carries a public health-issued blue bag and wears black pants. You are scheduled to visit this patient tomorrow. What should you do? A. Call the patient and tell her that you are a new nurse and will be wearing white pants. B. Show up as scheduled carrying only a stethoscope, vial, alcohol wipe, and medication syringe. C. Show up as scheduled with a police officer. D. Telephone the patient, introduce yourself, and show up carrying a blue bag and wearing black pants.D. Telephone the patient, introduce yourself, and show up carrying a blue bag and wearing black pants. Reason: The patient needs her medication, and following the care plan is the optimal course of action.31
2170687526Your patient has an admitting diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. You receive a phone call at the nurses' station from a person who says he is the patient's minister and wants to know if the patient 'fell off the wagon again' and when visitation hours are. What is your best response? A. Yes, the patient drank too much, but he should be fine in a few days. Visiting hours are 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. B. We do not give out any information. Visitation hours in the hospital are from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. daily. C. Please pray for the patient; he is in bad shape. You can visit him anytime between 9 A.M. and 6 P.M. daily. D. Please contact the hospital's chief executive officer, who can give you the information you are requesting.B. We do not give out any information. Visitation hours in the hospital are from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. daily. Reason: Patient confidentiality is required, and there is no way to verify the identity of the person calling.32
2170689332Your patient has been hospitalized for acute alcohol withdrawal. It is the fifth day, and he is having visual hallucinations followed by a seizure. What is the most likely source of the patient's problem? A. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD). B. A brain tumor. C. Sleep deprivation. D. Delirium tremens (DTs).D. Delirium tremens (DTs). Reason: Delirium tremens occurs as acute alcohol withdrawal progresses. It includes symptoms such as clouding of sensorium, hallucinations, seizures, and autonomic hyperactivity.33
2170690780Which of the following assessments is used to confirm alcohol intake? A. Pupil dilation. B. Serum sample. C. Hair shaft analysis. D. Sputum sample.B. Serum sample. Reason: Urine and serum samples are toxicology specimens used to assess and monitor alcohol withdrawal.34
2170692400Which of the following questions is most appropriate to ask in screening for a potential problem of high alcohol intake? A. Have you felt you should cut down on your alcohol consumption? B. Do you enjoy getting smashed? C. Have you ever thought about killing someone? D. In the last week, have you had a glass of wine?A. Have you felt you should cut down on your alcohol consumption? Reason: Screening requires questions associated with cutting down, feelings of guilt about drinking, and having a first drink in the morning.35
2170694817Your patient in the Emergency Department has a diagnosis of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). He is acting euphoric, yet shy. The APN has prescribed the following care: CAGE questionnaire, serum for toxicology, IV of D5 1/2 NS and 1 amp multivitamin (MVI) at 75 mL/h, neuro check q 1 h. What is your first priority? A. Administer the CAGE questionnaire. B. Start the IV. C. Do the neuro check. D. Obtain a serum blood sample.D. Obtain a serum blood sample. Reason: Obtain a toxicology sample, as the patient is too euphoric to answer the CAGE questionnaire. The IV and neuro checks can wait.36
2170695699Your patient sees you at a preplanned postoperative visit 4 weeks after being hospitalized for acute alcohol withdrawal. Upon questioning, she states that her husband is abusive, so she drinks to 'drown out his yelling.' The patient also complains of depression and severe pain in the epigastric region that radiates to her back and has been constant since yesterday. She has vomited twice in the past 12 hours. What is your first priority? A. Refer her immediately for treatment of depression. B. Call social services and report spousal abuse. C. Assess her for pancreatitis. D. Administer a test or scale that assesses alcohol withdrawal.C. Assess her for pancreatitis. Reason: Approximately 65% of cases of pancreatitis are related to alcohol. This patient is exhibiting the classic symptoms of this disease.37
2170699400Prolonged alcohol ingestion can cause disorders of the liver such as A. Pancreatitis. B. Hypomagnesemia. C. Cirrhosis. D. ColitisD. Colitis Reason: Cirrhosis is a liver disorder that can result from prolonged ingestion of alcohol.38
2170772406Adolescent suicide has increased over the past and is among the top five causes of death in U.S. adolescents. A. TRUE B. FALSEA. TRUE Reason: Adolescent suicides have quadrupled since 1950 and are the third leading cause of death in U.S. adolescents.39
2170774235Alcohol tolerance develops as a result of the central nervous system's adaptive mechanisms. A. TRUE B. FALSEA. TRUE Reason: The central nervous system adapts, so more alcohol is needed to obtain the initial effects of alcohol ingestion, especially euphoria.40
2170776829Your patient experienced alcohol withdrawal syndrome and now admits he 'needs help.' Which of the following is the most appropriate resource to which you should direct the patient? A. Reach to Recovery. B. Alcoholics Anonymous. C. Depression support group. D. Suicide support group.B. Alcoholics Anonymous. Reason: Alcoholics Anonymous is the most appropriate resource for alcoholism, although depression may or may not be involved in this case.41
2170778349Which of the following is a common symptom of a major depressive episode? A. Loss of hearing. B. Increased energy. C. Hopelessness. D. Recurrent thoughts of well-being.C. Hopelessness. Reason: Hopelessness, loss of pleasure, and a profound sense of sadness are symptoms of a major depressive episode.42
2170780097Which of the following statements would indicate a depressed mood? A. I can't wait to go to the ballgame today; it should be fun. B. I feel sad today, just like yesterday. C. I feel like going to the gym for a workout today, then maybe to a movie. D. Since it's raining outside, how about a game of chess?B. I feel sad today, just like yesterday. Reason: A subjective report of feeling sad or empty is a sign of depression.43
2170781715Which of the following medical conditions has similar signs and symptoms as those seen in a major depressive episode? A. Pancreatitis. B. Cholecystitis. C. Tuberculosis. D. Hypothyroidism.D. Hypothyroidism. Reason: Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include changes in weight, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, and difficulty in thinking—just like in depression.44
2170783250Once a patient is diagnosed with a major depressive episode, the primary nursing intervention should be associated with A. Safety. B. Pharmacology. C. Administration of gastric lavage. D. Hemodialysis.A. Safety. Reason: Safety is the primary focus for an intervention, as 25% to 30% of depressed patients are at risk for suicide.45
2170787115A 35-year-old male patient has been brought to your hospital unit after making a suicide attempt at his workplace. Which of the following interventions can you legally implement? A. Call the patient's girlfriend and inform her of his admission and visiting hours. B. Physically search the patient for weapons and harmful materials. C. Call the patient's boss at work and report him as in need of extended medical leave. D. Place the patient in four-point restraints and begin an IV for sedation.B. Physically search the patient for weapons and harmful materials. Reason: A suicide attempt is a serious and self-destructive behavior that demands searching for weapons and harmful materials to increase safety.46
2170789743Your patient has just received his sixth electroconvulsant therapy outpatient treatment. He tells you that he plans to drive himself home because his wife is working at her part-time job today. What is your best response? A. Be careful and drive slowly. B. You need to wait 30 minutes and then you will be safe to drive. C. Let me take your vital signs; if they are stable, then you can drive. D. You cannot drive. I can call you a cab, or would you prefer to call your wife or someone for a ride home?D. You cannot drive. I can call you a cab, or would you prefer to call your wife or someone for a ride home? Reason: Patients cannot drive after ECT, as its effects can include disorientation, muscle pain, central nervous system depression, and cardiac dysrhythmias.47
2170791534Which of the following patients is at risk for depression? A. A patient with history of diabetes mellitus. B. A patient with a depressive genetic predisposition. C. A patient who recently bought a puppy. D. A patient who had only 6 hours of sleep last night due to watching a TV movie.B. A patient with a depressive genetic predisposition. Reason: Risk factors include genetic predisposition, a recent loss or trauma, and a feeling of sadness or hopelessness.48
2170793291A patient has been admitted to your unit with a drug overdose, and you need to assess for acidosis and hypoxemia. Which test should you perform? A. Complete blood count (CBC). B. Serum electrolytes. C. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT). D. Arterial blood gases (ABG).D. Arterial blood gases (ABG). Reason: ABGs assess for acidosis [pH, bicarbonate, and hypoxemia (pO2)].49
2170794717Which of the following is an example of a bite/sting that can cause a poison exposure? A. Butterfly. B. Grass seed. C. Jellyfish. D. Fly.C. Jellyfish. Reason: A jellyfish sting can cause a poison exposure.50
2170858985When a patient shares with a psychiatrist that he plans to harm a specific person and includes the person's name, the health professional must notify the intended identified victim. What is this rule called? A. Seclusion and restraints rule. B. Voluntary commitment rule. C. Right to treatment rule. D. Duty to warn rule.D. Duty to warn rule. Reason: Duty to warn is a protective privilege and ends where public peril begins, so an intended, identifiable victim needs to be notified.51
2170860906When documenting the behavior of a patient with a mental health diagnosis, which chart entry includes the patient's action and responses? A. The patient is less expressive today in group therapy. B. The patient appears to drift in and out of reality. C. The patient is wearing shorts and a sleeveless top even though it's January and wintertime. When asked about her clothing choices, she states, "The devil told me what to wear. To make things different, I need an exorcism." D. The patient is wearing pants and a long-sleeved shirt, is appropriately dressed for group therapy, and refrains from sleeping as she did in last group sessions.C. The patient is wearing shorts and a sleeveless top even though it's January and wintertime. When asked about her clothing choices, she states, "The devil told me what to wear. To make things different, I need an exorcism." Reason: Action and responses include what one does and says.52
2170862470During a group session, one patient states that he will be released soon because he is superior to his therapist, who is a female. This is an example of which bias or prejudice? A. Racism. B. Sexism. C. Ageism. D. Neonatalism.B. Sexism. Reason: Sexism is the belief that members of one sex are superior to members of the other sex.53
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Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 2 Flashcards

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909634703matteranything that occupies space and has mass0
924559577massthe actual amount of matter in an object; remains constant wherever the object is1
924559578solidshave definite shape and volume2
924559579liquidshave definite volume, but no definite shape; conform to the shape of the container3
924559580gaseshave neither definite volume nor shape4
909634704energythe capacity to do work or put matter into motion5
909634705kinetic energythe energy of motion or movement6
909634706potential energystored or inactive energy7
909634707chemical energyenergy stored in the bonds of chemical substances8
909634708electrical energyenergy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes9
909634709mechanical energythe energy directly involved in moving matter10
909634710radiant (electromagnetic) energyenergy that travels in waves11
909634711elementa unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods; one of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds12
909634712periodic tablea listing of the known elements that helps to explain the properties of each element that make it react as it does with other elements13
909634713atomsmallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element14
909634714physical propertiesthose properties we can detect with our senses or measure15
909634715chemical propertiesproperties that pertain to the way atoms interact with other atoms16
909634716atomic symbolthe one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element17
909634717nucleuscontains protons and neutrons bound tightly together18
909634718protonsubatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus19
909634719neutronuncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus20
909634720atomic mass unitthe total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus21
909634721electronnegatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom's nucleus22
909634722planetary modelsimplified model of atomic structure23
909634723orbitalsregions around the nucleus of an atom in which the an electron or electron pair is likely to be found24
909634724orbital modelmodel of atomic structure useful for predicting the chemical behavior of atoms25
909634725atomic numberthe number of protons in an atom26
909634726mass numbersum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom27
909634727isotopesdifferent atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons they contain28
909634728atomic weightthe average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element29
909634729radioisotopeisotope that exhibits radioactive behavior30
909634730moleculeparticle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds31
909634731compoundsubstance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united32
909634732mixturessubstances composed of two or more components physically intermixed33
909634733solutionshomogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids34
909634734homogeneousthe mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout35
909634735solventthe substance present in the greatest amount in a solution36
909634736solutethe substance that is dissolved in a solution37
909634737percentparts per 100 parts of the solute in the total solution38
909634738molaritymoles per liter of solution39
909634739molethe atomic weight or molecular weight of any element measured in grams40
909634740molecular weightsum of the atomic weights41
909634741Avogadro's numberthe number of molecules in one mole of any substance, 6.02 × 10^2342
909634742colloida mixture in which the solute particles do not settle out readily43
924559581heterogeneouscomposition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture44
909634743sol-gel transformationreversible change of a colloid from a fluid to a more solid state45
909634744suspensionsheterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out46
909634745chemical bondan energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons47
909634746electron shells (energy levels)regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom48
909634748valence shelloutermost electron shell of an atom that contains electrons49
909634749octet rule (rule of eights)the tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell50
909634750ionatom with a positive or negative electric charge51
909634751ionic bondchemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms52
909634752anionan ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore attracted to a positive pole; gains one or more electrons; electron aceptor53
909634753cationan ion with a positive charge; loses electrons; electron donor54
909634754crystalslarge arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds55
909634755covalent bondchemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms56
909634756nonpolar moleculeselectrically balanced molecules57
909634757polar molecules (dipoles)nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms58
909634758electronegativitythe ability to attract electrons very strongly59
909634759electropositiveelectron-attracting ability is so low, valence shell electrons are usually lost to other atoms60
909634761chemical reactionprocess in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down61
909634762reactanta substance taking part in a chemical reaction62
909634763productthe substance formed in a chemical reaction63
909634764molecular formulaa formula giving the number of atoms in each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound64
909634765synthesis (combination) reactiona chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones65
909634766anabolicthe build-up of simpler substances to combine to form more complex substances66
909634767decomposition reactionchemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms67
909634768catabolicthe break-down of substances into simpler substances68
909634769exchange (displacement) reactionchemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms69
909634770oxidation-reduction (redox) reactiona reaction that couples the oxidation of one substance with the reduction of another substance70
909634771oxidizedreactant loses electrons; electron donor71
909634772reducedreactant takes up transferred electrons; electron acceptor72
909634773exergonic reactionchemical reaction the releases energy73
909634774endergonic reactionchemical reaction that absorbs energy74
909634775chemical equilibriuma state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed75
909634776catalystsubstance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product76
925545464biochemistrythe study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter77
909634777organic compoundany compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent bonds78
909634778inorganic compoundchemical substances that do not contain carbon79
909634779universal solventwater is an unparalleled solvent80
909634780hydration layerslayers of water molecules around large charged molecules81
909634781hydrolysis reactionadding a water molecule to each bond to be broken82
909634782dehydration synthesisprocess by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together83
909634783saltan ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-84
909634784electrolyteschemical substances that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current85
909634785acida substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution; a proton donor86
909634786hydrogen ions (H+) ionsa hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a positive charge87
909634787proton donora substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid88
909634788basea substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor89
909634789proton acceptora substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; a base90
909634790hydroxyl ion (OH-)an ion liberated when a hydroxide is dissolved in water91
909634791bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)an important base in the body that is particularly abundant in blood92
909634792ammonia (NH3)common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a proton acceptor/base93
909634793pH unitthe measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution94
909634794neutralization reactiondisplacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt95
909634795bufferchemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions96
909634796strong acidacid that dissociates completely and irreversibly in water97
909634797weak acidacid that does not dissociate completely in water98
909634798strong basebase that dissociates easily in water99
909634799weak basebase that ionizes incompletely and irreversibly100
909634800carbonic acid-bicarbonate systemchemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood101
909634801electroneutralnever loses or gains electron, always shares them102
909634802polymera substance of high molecular weight with long, chainlike molecules consisting of many similar units103
909634803monomersimilar units that make up polymers104
909634804carbohydrateorganic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen105
909634805monosaccharidebuilding block of carbohydrates; single-chain or single-ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms106
909634806isomerone of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently107
909634807disaccharidedouble sugar; formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis108
909634808sucroseglucose + fructose109
909634809lactoseglucose + galactose110
909634810maltoseglucose + glucose111
909634811polysaccharidea polymer of linked monosaccharides112
909634812lipidorganic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen113
909634813triglycerides (neutral fats)fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol114
909634814fatty acidslinear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end115
909634815glycerolA modified simple sugar; a building block of fats116
909634816saturated fatfatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms117
909634817unsaturated fatfatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms118
909634818monounsaturated fatfatty acids that contain one double bond between carbon atoms119
909634819polyunsaturated fatfatty acids that contain multiple double bonds between carbon atoms120
909634820trans fatoils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds121
909634822phospholipidmodified lipid that contains phosphorus122
909634823steroidgroup of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen123
909634824eicosanoidsdiverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes124
909634825proteinorganic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen125
909634826amino acidorganic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein126
909634827peptide bondbond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule127
909634828macromoleculesLarge, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 subunits128
909634829alpha helixthe most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles the coils of a telephone cord129
909634831fibrous (structural) proteinsconsist of extended, strandlike polypeptide chains forming a strong, ropelike structure that is linear, insoluble in water, and very stable130
909634833globular (functional) proteinscompact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure131
909634835denaturedhydrogen bonds begin to break when the pH drops or the temperature rises above normal levels, causing proteins to unfold and lose their specific three-dimensional shape132
909634836active siteregion on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge133
909634837molecular chaperonesa class of unrelated globular proteins that help proteins to achieve their functional three dimensional structure134
909634838enzymea protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction135
909634839holoenzymethe functional enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme and the cofactor136
909634840apoenzymethe protein portion of an enzyme137
909634841cofactormetal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity138
909634842coenzymenonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme139
909634843substratea reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed140
909634844activation energythe amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action141
909634845nucleic acidclass of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA142
909634846deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)a nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information143
909634847ribonucleic acid (RNA)nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U; carries out instructions for protein synthesis144
909634848nucleotidebuilding block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group145
909634849adenine (A)one of the two major purines found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP146
909634850guanine (G)one of two major purines occurring in all nucleic acids147
909634851cytosine (C)nitrogen-containing base that is part of a nucleotide structure148
909634852thymine (T)single-ring base (a pyrimidine) in DNA149
909634853uracil (U)a smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA150
909634854double helixthe secondary structure assumed by two strands of DNA, held together throughout their length by hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands151
909634855complementary baserefers to how a given nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA bonds to another nitrogenous base152
909634856adenosine triphosphate (ATP)organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells153
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