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AP Global Chapter 1 Flashcards

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2985290732Babalonian EmpireUnified all of mesopotamia 1800BCE; collapsed due to foreign region0
2985290733BandA level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers, labor divided on a gender basis1
2985290734Bronze AgeFrom about 4000BCE, when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500BCE, when iron began to replace it2
2985290735Catal HuyukA Neolithic village located in southern Turkey; was founded about 7000BCE and was 32 acres3
2985290736City-StatesA form of political organization organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consist of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king4
2985290737CivilizationSocieties distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of no farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing goods5
2985290738CultureThe beliefs, customs, arts, etc. of a particular society, group, place, or time6
2985290739CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets7
2985290740DomesticationTo breed or train (an animal) to need and accept the care of human beings: to tame8
2985290741HammurabiThe king of Babylonian9
2985290742Homo SapiensThe humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the period10
2985290743Hunter/GathererA small group of people who required a very large area of space11
2985290744IdeographicPictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing12
2985290745Indus RiverRiver sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization13
2985290746KushAn African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile 1000BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries14
2985290747MesopotamiaIn between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers15
2985290748Mohenjo DaroAlong with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern16
2985290749MonotheismThe exclusive worship/belief of a single God; introduced by the Jews into western civilization17
2985290750NeanderthalA hominid known from skeletal in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia that lived from about 30,000 to 20,000 years ago18
2985290751Neolithic RevolutionThe succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500BCE19
2985290752NomadsCattle and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly found referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies20
2985290753PaleolithicThe Old Stone Age ending in 12,000BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence21
2985290754PharaohThe king who possessed immense power22
2985290755PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean23
2985290756PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for Pharaohs24
2985290757ShangFirst Chinese dynasty from which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BC25
2985290758Slash & Burn AgricultureA system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators, forest floors cleared by fire are then planted26
2985290759SumerianPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia 4000BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states27
2985290760ZigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes28
2985290761PastorialismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter29

Most Important Events to Know -Ap Global Flashcards

important global dates

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182878121Neolithic Rev/ Agriculture8000 B.C.E.0
182879069River Valley/ Bronze Ag3000 BC1
182878122Iron Age1300 B.C.E2
182878123Confucianism, Buddhism , Taoism6th Century BC3
182878124Athenian Golden Age/ Persians, Philosophers5th Century BC4
182878125Alexander the Great323 BC5
182878126Qin unify China221 BC6
182878127Beginning of Christianity327
182878128End of Pax Roman1808
182878129End of Han ( The 3 Kingdoms, Warring States)2209
182878130Constantine/ Constantinople33010
182878131Beginning of Trans- Saharan Trade Route4th Century11
182878132Fall of Rome47612
182878133Justinian Rule52713
182878134Mohamed and the Hijra to Medina from Mecca62214
182878135Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours against muslims73215
182878136Religious Schism105416
182878137Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest of England. The beginning of the Middle Ages106617
182878138Loss of Anatolia to Seljuk Turks107118
182878139Crusades109519
182878140Rise of Mongols in Korea, Persia125820
182878141Marco Polos Journey1271-129521
182878142Marco Polo Dies, Mansa Musa in Cairo132422
182878143Plague in Europe1347-134823
182878144Mansa Musa/IBN Battuta1325-134924
182878145end of Zheng He Voyages/ Ming Isolationism143325
182878146Rise of Ottomans143326
182878147Fall of the Byzantine Empire145327

Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards

Atoms, elements, compounds, Periodic Table, chemical and physical changes; testing for Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Aimed at Year 8 & 9 students.

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416999028ElementA pure chemical consisting of only ONE type of atom0
416999029AtomA small indivisible particle which is the basic building block of all matter1
416999030Compound2 or more different types of atoms chemically combined2
416999031Molecule2 or more different non-metals chemically combined3
416999032Ionic LatticeThe structure formed when non-metals and metals chemically combine4
416999033Periodic tableA list of the elements, organised based on their chemical properties5
416999034MetalsThe majority of elements in the Periodic Table6
416999035Non-metalsThe elements on the right-hand side of the Periodic Table and Hydrogen (coloured in red)7
416999036MetalloidsThe elements found on the staircase of the Periodic Table (coloured in pink)8
416999037PeriodsThe horizontal rows on the Periodic Table9
416999038GroupsThe vertical columns in the Periodic Table. Always numbered with Roman Numerals10
416999039LustrousA property of metals, meaning shiny.11
416999040LustrousName the missing property of metal 1) Solid (except Mercury) 2) Malleable 3) Ductile 4) Conducts heat and electricity12
416999041MalleableA property of metals, meaning it can be hammered into shape13
416999042MalleableName the missing property of metal 1) Solid (except Mercury) 2) Lustrous 3) Ductile 4) Conducts heat and electricity14
416999043DuctileA property of metals, meaning it can be drawn into wires15
416999044DuctileName the missing property of metal 1) Solid (except Mercury) 2) Malleable 3) Lustrous 4) Conducts heat and electricity16
416999045SolidName the missing property of metal 1) Lustrous 2) Malleable 3) Ductile 4) Conducts heat and electricity17
416999046MercuryAll metals are solid at room temperature except for ................?18
416999047ConductorA property of metals, meaning it can transmit heat or electricity19
416999048BrittleNon metals are not hard; they are ..................20
416999049DullNon metals are not shiny; they are ..................21
416999050PoorNon-metals are GOOD/POOR conductors of heat and electricity.22
416999051MetalloidsHave properties of both Metals and Non-Metals23
416999052ReactantA chemical which undergoes a chemical change to become a new substance.24
416999053ProductA new chemical formed by the chemical change of one or more reactants25
416999054Chemical reactionReactants --> Products26
416999055Word equationUses words to describe a chemical reaction eg. Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide27
416999056Chemical EquationUses chemical symbols to describe a chemical reaction eg. Mg + O₂→ MgO28
416999057CatalystA chemical which speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used in it.29
416999058HydrogenA gas with the chemical formula H₂30
416999059OxygenA gas with the chemical formula O₂31
416999060Carbon DioxideA gas with the chemical formula CO₂32
416999061HydrogenThe pop test is used to test for which gas?33
416999062OxygenIf a glowing splint is placed in a gas and it re-ignites, which gas is present?34
416999063Carbon DioxideWhich gas, when bubbled through lime-water, will turn it a milky cloudy colour35
416999064Carbon dioxideThis gas will extinguish (put out) a flame.36
416999065TemperatureThere are 5 signs that a chemical reaction has taking place. What is number 5) ? 1) Production of light 2) Production of gas 3) Permanent change in colour 4) Formation of a precipitate 5) Change in .................37
416999066LightThere are 5 signs that a chemical reaction has taking place. What is number 5) ? 1) Change in temperature 2) Production of gas 3) Permanent change in colour 4) Formation of a precipitate 5) Production of38
416999067GasThere are 5 signs that a chemical reaction has taking place. What is number 5) ? 1) Production of light 2) Change in temperature 3) Permanent change in colour 4) Formation of a precipitate 5) Production of39
416999068TemperatureThere are 5 signs that a chemical reaction has taking place. What is number 5) ? 1) Production of light 2) Production of gas 3) Permanent change in colour 4) Formation of a precipitate 5) Change in .................40
416999069ColourThere are 5 signs that a chemical reaction has taking place. What is number 5) ? 1) Production of light 2) Production of gas 3) Change in temperature 4) Formation of a precipitate 5) Permanent change in ..............41
416999070PrecipitateThere are 5 signs that a chemical reaction has taking place. What is number 5) ? 1) Production of light 2) Production of gas 3) Permanent change in colour 4) Change in temperature 5) Formation of a ..................42
416999071PrecipitationWhen 2 liquids react to form a solid, it is called a .................... reaction.43
416999072SolidState of matter with low energy; atoms are bonded tightly.44
416999073LiquidState of matter with medium energy; atoms are loosely bonded.45
416999074GasState of matter with high energy; atoms are not bonded together.46
416999075EvaporationWhen a liquid is heated and becomes a gas47
416999076CondensationWhen a gas is cooled and becomes a liquid48
416999077FreezingWhen a liquid is cooled and becomes a solid49
416999078MeltingWhen a solid is heated and becomes a liquid50
416999079SublimationWhen a solid directly becomes a gas (or a gas directly becomes a solid) without first being a liquid51
416999080SizeThere are 3 types of a Physical Change. Which is missing? 1) Change in shape 2) Change in state 3) Change in .........52
416999081StateThere are 3 types of a Physical Change. Which is missing? 1) Change in shape 2) Change in size 3) Change in .............53
416999082ShapeThere are 3 types of a Physical Change. Which is missing? 1) Change in state 2) Change in size 3) Change in ................54
428093093PrecipitateA solid formed by the reaction of two liquids55
428093094TemperatureWays to increase the rate of a reaction are: 1) Increase the concentration 2) Decrease the particle size 3) Use a catalyst 4) Increase .....................56
428093095ConcentrationWays to increase the rate of a reaction are: 1) Increase the temperature 2) Decrease the particle size 3) Use a catalyst 4) Increase .....................57
428093096CatalystWays to increase the rate of a reaction are: 1) Increase the concentration 2) Decrease the particle size 3) Increase temperature 4) Use a ............................58
428093097SizeWays to increase the rate of a reaction are: 1) Increase the concentration 2) Increase the temperature 3) Use a catalyst 4) Decrease particle .....................59
428093098IncreaseDecreasing the particle size will INCREASE/DECREASE surface area60
428093099ElectronA negatively charged subatomic particle; located outside the atomic nucleus61
428093100ProtonA subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom62
428093101NeutronA subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom63
428093102NucleusThe centre of an atom; consists of protons and neutrons64
428093103ShellsThe regions of space around the nucleus in which electrons are found.65
428093104ConfigurationThe electron ............... describes how electrons are arranged in their shells66
4280931052The number of electrons which can fill the 1st shell.67
4280931068The number of electrons which can fill the 2nd shell.68
4280931078The number of electrons which can fill the 3rd shell.(applies only to first 20 elements)69
4280931082The number of electrons which will occupy the 4th shell. (applies only to first 20 elements)70
428173552Neutron71
428173553Electron72
428173554Proton73
428173555Nucleus74
428177039Atomic numberIdentifies the atom; is equal to the number of protons75
428177040Atomic massEquals the number of protons + neutrons in an atom76
428177041NeutronsAtomic Mass - Atomic Number = Number of .................77
428177042ElectronsIn a neutral atom, the number of .................... is equal to the number of protons78

Immue System Flashcards

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164635466ImmunityIs the body's ability to protect itself from foreign agents or organisms.0
164635467Autoimmune disordersWhere the body identifies its own cells as foreign and activates mechanisms to destroy them.1
164635468Organs of the immune systemclassified as peripheral and primary lymphoid organs2
164635469Bone marrow and thymus glandprimary lypmhoid organs3
164635470Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix, peyer's patches of the small intestine, and the liverperipheral lymphoid organs4
164635471histaminea substance released during allergis reactions, and heparin. basophils secrete this.5
164635472humoral immunityb-cells responsible for this; antibody-mediated defenses.6
164635473antibodiesproteins that react with antigens to neutralize or destroy them.7
164635474antigensany substance identified by the body as nonself.8
164635475IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgAcommon antibodies found in plasma.9
164635476t-cellsresponsible for cellular immunity, a type of acquired immunity involving t-cell lymphocytes.10
164635477natural and acquiredtwo types of immunity11
164635478natural immunityborn with it, and is species specific.12
164635479acquired immunitydevelops after birth, and may be active or passive.13
164635480active acquired immunitythe result of exposure to the disease of the vaccine.14
164635481passive acquired immunityutilizes antibodies produced by another human being or animal. injection of these immunoglobulins temporarily prevents development of the disease after exposure. example: transmission of antibodies through fetal circulation.15
164635482immune responsebody's reaction to substances identified as nonself, neutralization of antigen.16
164635483Factors that influence immune responseage, sex, nutritional status, stress, and treatment modalities.17
164635484hypersensitivityexcessive reaction to a stimulus18
164635485allergic disordersthe result of hypersensitivity of the immune system to allergens.19
164635486allergensa type of antigen commonly found in the environment.20
164635487inhales, injected, ingested, or contactedfour ways to acquire an allergen21
164635488type I allergic reactionimmediately upon exposure to a specific antigen. causes vasodilation, enhanced capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction.22
164635489allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and angioedema.most common type I reactions23
164635490most severe type I allergic reactionanaphylaxis24
164635491urticariahives. raised pruritic, red, nontender wheals on the skin.25
164635492angioedemaedema of the subcutaneous layers and mucous membranes, painless and only slightly pruritic.26
164675765type II allergis reactionsthe destruction of cells or subatances with antigens attached that either immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M senses as being foreign.27
164675766hemolytic transfusion reactionstype II allergic reaction28
164675767type III allergic reactionsinvolves IgG immune antigen-antibody complexes. local reaction after several hours.29
164675768type IV allergic reactionsdelayed reaction involving sensitized t-lymphocytes coming in contact with the allergen. examples: contact dermatitis and transplant rejections.30
164675769immunotherapytreatment to suppress or enhance immunological functioning.31
164675770anaphylaxisa type of type I systemic reaction to allergend and is the most serious type of allergic reaction. it occurs in individuals who are extremely sensitive to an allergen.32
164675771symptoms of anaphylaxisdevelop suddenly and can progress to severe levels within minutes. peripheral tingling, flushing, fullness in mouth, throat/nasal congestion, tearing and swelling around eyes, itching, cough, laryngeal edema, bronchospasms, severe dyspnea, vasodilation, and cyanosis.33
164675772allogeneicblood products that are from a donor of the same species, may develop a transfusion reaction.34
164675773autologousarranging to have their own blood collected, saved, and available for infusion, if needed, during or following elective surgeries.35
164675774five types of transfusion reactionsfebrile nonhemolytic, allergic urticarial, delayed hemolytic, acute hemolytic, and anaphylactic.36
164675775febrile hemolyticmost common and occurs in clients who have had previous blood transfusions as a result of an antibody-antigen reaction to wbc's. symptoms may develop soon or up to 5-6 hrs after completion of the blood transfusion.37
164675776delayed hemolyticmay occur days to weeks following the transfusion. the clients hemoglobin level falls because of incompatibility of rbs antigens. often is misdiagnosed.38
164675777acute hemolyticpotentially a life threatening situation. symptoms resulting from the incompatibility of ABO groups usually occur during the first 15 minutes of administration.39
164675778latex allergyproteins enter the body through the skin and mucous membranes, intravascularly, and by inhalation. exposure can cause red, watery, itchy eyes, sinus or nasal irritation, hives, shortness of breath, dry cough, wheezing, chest tightness, flushing, tachycardia, and hypotension.40
164694393rheumatoid arthritisa chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by joint stiffness. onset usually between 30-50 yrs of age. cause is unknown. causes inflammation, swelling, and increased synovial fluid.41
164694394remissiondecrease or absence of symptoms42
164694395exacerbationincrease in symptoms43
164694396SLEsystemic lupus erythematosus. a chronic progressive incurable autoimmune disease affecting multiple body organs. characterized by a butterfly rash on face and periods of exacerbation and remission. most commonly in women of childbearing years.44
164694397cause of SLEb-lymphocytes produce autoantibodies that destroy body cells. immune complexes are formed and circulate in serum, causing inflammation and tissue damage in the skin, brain, kidney, lung, heart, or joints.45
164694398myasthenia gravisan autoimmune disease characterized by extreme muscle weakness and fatigue caused by the body's inability to transmit nerve impulses to voluntary muscles.46
164694399three possible complications of myasthenia gravisrespiratory distress, myasthenic crisis, and cholinergic crisis.47
164694400tensilon testused to differentiate between myasthenic crisis and cholinergic crisis.48
164698865three main ways to treat allergic rhinitissudafed, benadryl, and prednisone49
164698866sudafedis a decongestant/stimulant and is not to be used in patients with HTN, and CAD.50
164698867prednisonecorticosteroid that suppresses the immune system51
164698868killer cellspunch holes in antigen, type of t cell52
164698869helper cellscalls in more b & t cells53
164698870suppressor cellssuppresses b & t cells from coming in when we have enough54
164698871memory cellsmemorizes antigen and recognizes it.55
164698872reverse isolationqprotecting patient from others56
164698873isolationprotecting others from the patient57
164698874intervention for myasthenia gravisdecrease sodium, increase potassium, activities vary by person. plasmaoheresis if acute crisis. and thymectomy only in young people.58

Chapter 21 - The Immue System Flashcards

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353124391Which of the following is/are not a part of the innate immune defenses? Fever Inflammation T cells Natural killer (NK) cellsT cells0
353124392What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease? intact skin and mucous membranes the adaptive defense system antimicrobial proteins and various phagocytic cells inflammationintact skin and mucous membranes1
353124393Proinflammatory signals include all of the following except: leukotrienes. antibodies. prostaglandins. histamines.antibodies.2
353124394____________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization. Leukocytosis Chemotaxis Margination DiapedesisChemotaxis3
353124395Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)? IFNs stimulate the release of histamine. IFNs help the body combat viral infections. IFNs activate helper T cells by presenting antigens. IFNs stimulate antibody production in response to a bacterial infection.IFNs help the body combat viral infections.4
353137518Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? Fever Tissue repair Opsonization T cell activationOpsonization5
353137519Pyrogens induce __________. opsonization fever cytolysis inflammationfever6
353137520Cellular immunity is attributed to the action of: complement proteins. antibodies. interferons. T cells.T cells.7
353140912Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease? NK cells inflammation phagocytes T cellsT cells8
353141423Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling? inflammation cell-mediated immunity phagocytosis antibody productioninflammation9
353141424Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell? histamine pyrogen interferon complementinterferon10
353150961Which of the following does not serve as an antigen-presenting cell? Natural killer cells Macrophages B cells Dendritic cellsNatural killer cells11
353150962T cells achieve self-tolerance in the _______. thymus tonsils bone marrow lymph nodethymus12
353150963Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response. A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response. A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells. The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response. A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.13
353150964___________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk. Artificial active Natural passive Artificial passive Natural activeNatural passive14
353150965Which of the following does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It is specific. It has memory. It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is systemic.It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.15
353150966What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response? pyrogens antigens interferons MHC proteinsMHC proteins16
353150967Which cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them? plasma cells T lymphocytes dendritic cells NK cellsdendritic cells17
353155998________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma. IgM IgG IgA IgEIgG18
353155999________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus infected cells. Macrophages B cells T cytotoxic cells T helper cellsT cytotoxic cells19
353167314Antigens bound to MHC II activate: macrophages. T helper cells. B cells. T cytotoxic cellsT helper cells.20
353167315Why are children given vaccinations? to develop antibodies against various diseases to develop a disease in a mild state rather than have it later on in a more serious state to see whether the immune system is capable of defense against disease to activate the cell-mediated defense against pathogensto develop antibodies against various diseases21
353212823What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does not receive a co-stimulatory signal? The T cell enters a state of anergy. The T cell releases interleukins. The T cell is activated. The T cell becomes a memory cell.The T cell enters a state of anergy.22
353212824_______ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses. B cells T helper cells T cytotoxic cells Regulatory T cellsT helper cells23
353212825Which class of tissue graft is the least likely to be accepted by a patient's body? Allograft Autograft Xenograft IsograftXenograft24
353212932Which is mismatched? AIDS: T helper cells are destroyed by a virus Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder Immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitisImmediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis25
353216903Fever is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.false26
353216904Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response? helper T cell cytotoxic T cell antigen-presenting cell B cellhelper T cell27
353219377What types of antigen are recognized by T cells? free antigens bacterial antigens only cancer antigens only processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cellsprocessed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells28
353219378MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body.True29

Chapter 21 - The Immue System Flashcards

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353124391Which of the following is/are not a part of the innate immune defenses? Fever Inflammation T cells Natural killer (NK) cellsT cells0
353124392What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease? intact skin and mucous membranes the adaptive defense system antimicrobial proteins and various phagocytic cells inflammationintact skin and mucous membranes1
353124393Proinflammatory signals include all of the following except: leukotrienes. antibodies. prostaglandins. histamines.antibodies.2
353124394____________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization. Leukocytosis Chemotaxis Margination DiapedesisChemotaxis3
353124395Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)? IFNs stimulate the release of histamine. IFNs help the body combat viral infections. IFNs activate helper T cells by presenting antigens. IFNs stimulate antibody production in response to a bacterial infection.IFNs help the body combat viral infections.4
353137518Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? Fever Tissue repair Opsonization T cell activationOpsonization5
353137519Pyrogens induce __________. opsonization fever cytolysis inflammationfever6
353137520Cellular immunity is attributed to the action of: complement proteins. antibodies. interferons. T cells.T cells.7
353140912Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease? NK cells inflammation phagocytes T cellsT cells8
353141423Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling? inflammation cell-mediated immunity phagocytosis antibody productioninflammation9
353141424Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell? histamine pyrogen interferon complementinterferon10
353150961Which of the following does not serve as an antigen-presenting cell? Natural killer cells Macrophages B cells Dendritic cellsNatural killer cells11
353150962T cells achieve self-tolerance in the _______. thymus tonsils bone marrow lymph nodethymus12
353150963Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response. A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response. A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells. The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response. A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.13
353150964___________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk. Artificial active Natural passive Artificial passive Natural activeNatural passive14
353150965Which of the following does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It is specific. It has memory. It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is systemic.It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.15
353150966What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response? pyrogens antigens interferons MHC proteinsMHC proteins16
353150967Which cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them? plasma cells T lymphocytes dendritic cells NK cellsdendritic cells17
353155998________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma. IgM IgG IgA IgEIgG18
353155999________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus infected cells. Macrophages B cells T cytotoxic cells T helper cellsT cytotoxic cells19
353167314Antigens bound to MHC II activate: macrophages. T helper cells. B cells. T cytotoxic cellsT helper cells.20
353167315Why are children given vaccinations? to develop antibodies against various diseases to develop a disease in a mild state rather than have it later on in a more serious state to see whether the immune system is capable of defense against disease to activate the cell-mediated defense against pathogensto develop antibodies against various diseases21
353212823What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does not receive a co-stimulatory signal? The T cell enters a state of anergy. The T cell releases interleukins. The T cell is activated. The T cell becomes a memory cell.The T cell enters a state of anergy.22
353212824_______ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses. B cells T helper cells T cytotoxic cells Regulatory T cellsT helper cells23
353212825Which class of tissue graft is the least likely to be accepted by a patient's body? Allograft Autograft Xenograft IsograftXenograft24
353212932Which is mismatched? AIDS: T helper cells are destroyed by a virus Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder Immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitisImmediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis25
353216903Fever is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.false26
353216904Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response? helper T cell cytotoxic T cell antigen-presenting cell B cellhelper T cell27
353219377What types of antigen are recognized by T cells? free antigens bacterial antigens only cancer antigens only processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cellsprocessed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells28
353219378MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body.True29

AP World History Regions (countries) Liam Flashcards

World Regions in AP History Mr. Cooper

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1624073572ChinaEast Asia0
1624073573JapanEast Asia1
1624073574North KoreaEast Asia2
1624073575South KoreaEast Asia3
1624073576VietnamSoutheast Asia4
1624073577ThailandSoutheast Asia5
1624073578LaosSoutheast Asia6
1624073579IndonesiaSoutheast Asia7
1624073580MalaysiaSoutheast Asia8
1624073581IndiaSouth Asia9
1624073582PakistanSouth Asia10
1624073583BhutanSouth Asia11
1624073584BangladeshSouth Asia12
1624073585EgyptMiddle East13
1624073586Saudi ArabiaMiddle East14
1624073587MoroccoNorth Africa15
1624073588IsraelMiddle East16
1624073589IraqMiddle East17
1624073590AfghanistanSouth Asia18
1624073591RussiaRussian Asia19
1624073592MongoliaEast Asia20
1624073593KazakhstanCentral Asia21
1624073594NigeriaWest Africa22
1624073595SomaliaEast Africa23
1624073596Democratic Republic of CongoCentral Africa24
1624073597KenyaEast Africa25
1624073598South AfricaSouth Africa26
1624073599PolandEurope27
1624073600SlovakiaEurope28
1624073601LithuaniaEurope29
1624073602CroatiaEurope30
1624073603SpainEurope31
1624073604United KingdomEurope32
1624073605SwedenEurope33
1624073606ItalyEurope34
1624073607GermanyEurope35
1624073608AustriaEurope36
1624073609CanadaNorth America37
1624073610United StatesNorth America38
1624073611MexicoNorth America/Latin America39
1624073612CubaCaribbean40
1624073613PanamaLatin America41
1624073614BrazilLatin America42
1624073615ArgentinaLatin America43
1624073616AustraliaOceania44
1624073617New ZealandOceania45
1624073618Papua New GuineaOceania46
1624073619GreenlandNorth America47
1624073620PortugalEurope48
1624073621MadagascarEast Africa49
1624073622AlgeriaNorth Africa50

AP World History - Period 6 Flashcards

Period 6

Terms : Hide Images
1423811401What eliminated the problem of geographic distance between 1900 and the present day?New modes of communication and transportation0
1423811402What new scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world between 1900 and the present day?Theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, Big Bang theory, and psychology1
1423811403What are the defining characteristics of the green revolution?Produced food for the earth's population as it spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture2
1423811404What are some examples of new technologies that raised productivity and increased the production of material goods between 1900 and the present day?Energy technology such as use of oil and nuclear power3
1423811405What changed in the use of natural resources between 1900 and the present day?Humans exploited and competed for them more than ever before4
1423811406What major factors contributed to the global warming that occurred between 1900 and the present day?Release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere5
1423811407Name some environmental consequences of human's changed relationship with the natural world between 1900 and the present day?Pollution, deforestation, desertification, and rise in extinction rates6
1423811408What diseases are associated with poverty?Malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera7
1423811409What diseases emerged as epidemics between 1900 and the present day?Influenza, Ebola, and HIV/AIDS8
1423811410What factors led to higher incidences of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and alzheimer's?Changing lifestyles and increased longevity9
1423811411What were some results of new forms of birth control that were developed between 1900 and the present day?Gave women control over fertility and transformed sexual practices10
1423811412What factors led to increased levels of wartime casualties between 1900 and the present day? List some examples.Improved military tech (tanks, planes, and the Atomic Bomb), as well as new tactics (trench warfare and fire bombing)11
1423811413Which land-based empires collapsed in the twentieth century? List some reasons.Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of economic hardship, political and social discontent, technological stagnation, and military defeat12
1423811414Which major colonies negotiated their independence from the British Empire in the twentieth century?India and the Gold Coast13
1423811415Which major colonies achieved their independence through armed struggle in the early twentieth century?Algergia & Vietnam from France Angola from the Portuguese14
1423811416What emerging ideologies contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states in the early twentieth century?Anti-imperialistic ideologies15
1423811418Name some examples of nationalist leaders challenged imperial rule between 1900 and the present day?Mohandas Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, and Kwame Nkrumah16
1423811420Name some examples of regional, religious, and ethnic movements that challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries between 1900 and the present day?Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Quebecois separatist movement, and the Biafra secessionist movement17
1423811422Which trans-regional movements sought to unite people across national boundaries between 1900 and the present day?Communism, pan-Arabism, and pan-Africanism18
1423811425What sorts of movements concerning land distribution developed between 1900 and the present day?Developed within Africa, Asia, and Latin America; sometimes advocating communism or socialism19
1423811427Which redrawn colonial boundaries led to population resettlements between 1900 and the present day?Indian/Pakistan partition, Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine, and division of Middle East into mandatory states20
1423811429What trend helped maintain cultural and economic ties between former colonies and European metropoles after the disillusion of empires?Migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles21
1423811431Name some examples of ethnic violence that occurred between 1900 and the present day.Armenia, the Holocaust, Cambodia, and Rwanda22
1423811433Which major examples of ethnic violence resulted in refugee populations between 1900 and the present day?Palestinians and Darfurians23
1423811435What types of ideologies did governments use to mobilize their state's resources for the purpose of waging war in the 20th century?Fascism, nationalism, and communism24
1423811437What are some examples of governments recruiting people from colonies or former colonies for war efforts?Gurkha soldiers in India, ANZAC troops in Australia, and military conscription25
1423811438What types of strategies did governments use to mobilize populations in the 20th century?Political speeches, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism26
1423811440What are 6 primary sources of global conflict in the 20th century?1. Imperial expansion by Europe and Japan 2. Competition for resources 3. Ethnic conflict 4. Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany 5. Nationalist ideologies 6. The economic crisis engendered by the great depression27
1423811442The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of ____________.World War II28
1423811444What two nations emerged as super powers after WWII? What conflict did they become involved in? This was a struggle between which two ideologies?US and Soviet union emerged; the Cold War was precipitated as a result of conflict between capitalism and communism29
1423811446What military alliances formed out of the Cold War? What types of smaller wars did it encourage? What ended it?NATO and the Warsaw Pact promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia30
1423811448Name some examples of individuals who challenged war and promoted the practice of non-violence.Thich Quang Duc, Picasso, Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King31
1423811449Name some examples of individuals who opposed and promoted alternatives to existing economic and social orders.Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong32
1423811451Name some examples of militarized states who responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that intensified the conflicts.Military dictatorship in Chile, Spain and Uganda; US promotion of the New World Order; and the buildup of the military-industrial complex33
1423811453In which 20th century states did the government control the national economies? Examples?Communist states of the Soviet Union and China; Example: Five Year Plans and Great Leap Forward34
1423811454In which states did the governments play a minimal role in the economy in the early 20th century? What major event changed this trend?US and parts of Europe; Great Depression35
1423811456What are some examples of newly independent states taking on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development after WWII?Nasser's promotion of economic development in Egypt, and the encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia36
1423811457What are some examples of governments encouraging free market economic policies and promoting economic liberalization at the end of the twentieth century?US with Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher, China under Deng Xioping, and Chile under Pinochet37
1423811459What facilitated the increasing interdependence of states, communities, and individuals in the 20th century?The growth of institutions of global governance38
1423811461List some examples of new international organizations that were formed to maintain world peace and facilitate international cooperation in the 20th century.League of Nations, United Nations, and the International Criminal Court39
1423811462List some examples of new economic institutions that sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economies throughout the world in the 20th century.IMF, World Bank, and the WTO40
1423811464List some examples of humanitarian organizations that developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world in the 20th century.UNICEF, Red Cross, Amnesty International, Doctors Without Border, and the WHO41
1423811466List some examples of regional trade agreements that created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders in the 20th century.European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, and Mercosur42
1423811468List some examples of multinational corporations that began to challenge state authority and autonomy in the 20th century.Royal Dutch Shell, Coca Cola, and Sony43
1423811469List some examples of protest movements that protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration in the 20th century.Greenpeace, Greenbelt in Kenya, and Earth Day44
1423811470List some examples of human rights movements that gained traction throughout the world in the 20th century.UN Declaration of Human Rights, women's rights, and the end of the White Australia Policy45
1423811471What were 2 results of increased interactions among diverse peoples in the 20th century?1. Formation of new cultural identities 2. Exclusionary reactions46
1423811472List some examples of new forms of spirituality and religious emphasis that developed in the 20th century.New Age religions, Hare Krishna, and Falun Gong47
1423811473What are some examples of popular culture that became global in the 20th century?Sports and the widespread diffusion of music & film48

DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation Flashcards

DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation Test- Ch. 12

Terms : Hide Images
529618847Fredrick GriffithProved a process called transformation: genetic material from one cell can be transferred to another cell.0
529618848Oswald AveryProved that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria.1
529618849Helicase"unzips" (splits) the two strands of DNA-protein synthesis2
529618850Templateeach strand serves as a ______for a new strand3
529618851DNA Polymeraseadds one nucleotide at a time on the template-protein synthesis4
529618852NucleotideDNA polymerase adds one _____ at a time on the template5
529618853Complementarythe new strand created is ______to the backbone/template6
529618854TranscriptionDNA transfers to RNA in this process7
529618855TranslationRNA transfers to protein in this process8
529618856Nucleustranscription takes place in the _______9
529618857RNAthe goal of transcription is to create _____10
529618858Helicaseunzips the DNA strands-transcription11
529618859RNA Polymeraseadds one RNA nucleotide at a time- transcription12
529618860RNA NucleotideRNA polymerase adds one ____ at a time-transcription13
529618861Thymine (T)RNA does not have _____-transcription14
529618862Uracil (U)Adenine (A) is complementary to _____-transcription15
529618863UracilRNA has ______ (U)-transcription16
529618864SingleRNA is a _____ strand-transcription17
529618865Messenger RNA (mRNA)the RNA strand is called_____-transcription18
529618866Nuclear Poresthe mRNA strand leaves the nucleus through the ________-transcription19
529618867Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA's full name20
529618868Ribonucleic AcidRNA's full name21
529618869"-ase"most enzymes end with this ending22
529618870Cytoplasmtranslation takes place in the ______23
529618871Proteintranslation's goal is to make ______24
529618872mRNAribosome (rRNA) attaches to the ____ strand-translation25
5296188736____ base pairs fit into ribosome at a time-translation26
529618874mRNA____ is "read" 3 base pairs at a time-translation27
5296188753mRNA is "read ____ base pairs at a time-translation28
529618876Codona group of 3 base pairs is known as a ______-translation29
529618877tRNA____ molecules, 1 side=anticodon (compliment of the codon) 1 side= amino acid-translation30
529618878Anticodon, Amino AcidtRNA molecules: 1 side= ___ (compliment of the codon) 1 side=___31
529618879Polypeptide Chainwhen the codon and anticodon match up, the amino acid is released to form a _________32
529618880Codon, Anticodonwhen the ______ and ______ match up, the amino acid is released to form a polypeptide chain33
529618881Proteina polypeptide chain is also _____34
529618882Amino Acidsthese are the building blocks of protein35
529618883Alfred Hershey/ Martha ChaseProved that DNA was the genetic material of viruses. DNA now thought to be the genetic material of many, if not all, organisms.36
529618884Erwin ChargaffAnalyzed the base content of DNA and found that the amount of adenine equaled and amount of thymine and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine.37
529618885Rosalind Franklinused x-rays to get pictures of DNA for studies. Found that it was a long fiber in the shape of a helix.38
529618886James Watson/ Francis Crickfound structure of DNA-double-helix, used Franklin's x-ray work, won the Noble Prize. Constructed the final model of the DNA structure as a double helix with sugar-phosphate groups on the outside, and paired bases on the inside.39
529618887Double-Helixa twisted ladder is a representation of a ________40
529618888DNA______ is made up of nucleotides.41
529618889Complementary Base PairsA&T pair, G&C pair are examples of ___________42
529618890PurinesA&G are _____, have two rings43
529618891PyramidinesT&C are _____, have only one ring44
529618892Missensechanges 1 nucleotide (might or might not cause an amino acid difference) ex. sickle cell anemia45
529618893Nonsensechanges a codon sequence to a stop (shortens the protein) ex. thalassenia46
529618894MistakesMutations are ______ in transcription47
529618895DNA Replication___________ is the process of making two exact copies of a DNA molecule from one parent molecule.48
529618896Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine________, ________, _______, and ________ are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.49
529618897ThymineAdenine pairs with __________.50
529618898CytosineGuanine pairs with __________.51
529618899Structure of DNADNA is like a ladder or spiral staircase. The outside is made of a sugar-phosphate backbone with alternating sugars and phosphates and the inside "steps" are the nitrogenous bases.52
529618900Semiconservativemethod of replication that implies that each new strand of DNA is half original and half new53
529618901Unwinding, Complementary base pairing, and joining_______, ______ ______ _______, and _______ are the basic steps of DNA replication.54
529618902DNA polymerase Helicase DNA LigaseEnzymes involved in DNA replication55
529618903DNA polymerase________ adds new bases to the open strand of parental DNA. (DNA replication)56
529618904Helicase________ unwinds the helix. (DNA replication)57
529618905DNA ligase________ joins the new DNA strands, which are sometimes produced in segments, together. (DNA replication)58

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