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AICE Environmental Management Flashcards

75 flash cards on environmental management 2013 by Reiza Ishmael

2434754405	Lithosphere	the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle	0
2434754406	Peat	a soft, brown material made up of partly decayed plants; first stage of coal formation	1
2434754407	Coal	a solid, hard black substance that burns and gives off heat. Coal is composed mostly of carbon. It is formed from partly decayed vegetable matter under great pressure and heat in the earth.	2
2434754408	Fault	(geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other	3
2434754409	Erosion	the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another	4
2434754410	Ocean trench	deep valley in the ocean floor that forms along a subduction zone	5
2434754411	Convergent boundary	A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other.	6
2434754412	Divergent boundary	the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other	7
2434754413	Transform boundary	a boundary in which two plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere	8
2434754414	Epicenter	the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake	9
2434754415	Focus	The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake	10
2434754416	P Waves	push/pull waves; 1st, fastest, & go through solids & liquids	11
2434754417	S Waves	side-to-side waves; 2nd, slower, & go though solids;	12
2434754418	silt	Small particles of rich soil	13
2434754419	CORIOLIS EFFECT	The way Earth's rotation makes winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere curve to the left.	14
2434754420	MESOSPHERE	the layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature decreases as altitude increases	15
2434754421	occluded front	a front where a warm air mass is caught between two colder air masses and brings cool temperatures and large amounts of rain and snow	16
2434754422	warm front	a front where warm air moves over cold air and brings drizzly rain and then are followed by warm and clear weather	17
2434754423	cold front	forms when cold air moves under warm air which is less dense and pushes air up (produces thunderstorms heavy rain or snow	18
2434754424	Air pollution (causes)	Natural causes - forest fires, dust storms, volcanoes Human causes - farming, construction, burning fuels such as coal, oil, gasoline, diesel. Most comes from cars and other vehicles.	19
2434754425	ecology	the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment	20
2434754426	environmental benefits of ecosystems	-purification of air & water -recycling & movement of nutrients -mitigation of droughts & floods -formation & preservation of soils -waste removal and detox of crops & natural vegetation -seed dispersal -natural pest control	21
2434754427	Clean Air Act	1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry	22
2434754428	food chain	pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another	23
2434754429	carrying capacity	largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	24
2434754430	biomagnification	Increase in concentration of certain stable chemicals (for example, heavy metals or fat-soluble pesticides) in successively higher trophic levels of a food chain or web	25
2434754431	impacts of urbanization on ecosystems	-ecological function and biodiversity decreases -surface temps increase -Hydrology (runoff quantity increases due to impervious surfaces) -Nutrient loading increases, peaks, and then decreases toward the urban core	26
2434754432	why biodiversity is important	Biodiversity is important because it provides us with Natural Resources (Food, Water, Wood, etc.) Natural Services (Pest Control, Air and Water Purification, etc.) and of course, Aesthetic Pleasure.	27
2434754433	ecological succession	(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established	28
2434754434	climax community	a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time	29
2434754435	effects of urban development on ecosystems	pollution, introduction of non-native species, overharvesting of fisheries, destruction of wetlands, erosion of soil, deforestation, urban sprawl, more generalist species	30
2434754436	what do forests do?	-Moderate temperature, maintain humidity levels through evapotranspiration, regulate stream flows	31
2434754437	how does vegetation help with urban environmental problems?	provide erosion control, runoff control, slope and dune stabilization, atmospheric purification, cover for wildlife, reduce non point source pollution	32
2434754438	benefits of wetlands	provide food and protective habitats for many aquatic animals, protect coastlines from erosion, and reduce damage from hurricanes	33
2434754439	estuary	wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean	34
2434754440	What was the dust bowl and what was its effect?	severe dust storms in 1930's that caused major damage. Millions of acres of farmland were damaged and thousands were forced to leave their homes.	35
2434754441	What is a point source pollution and an example?	identifiable point of pollution. Sewage discharge pipe.	36
2434754442	What is nonpoint source pollution and an example?	-Land use practices generating pollution carried by storm water into surface water or ground water -60 to 70% (40%) of the nation's waters are not meeting water quality due to NPS pollution.	37
2434754443	Suggest three reasons why people may be against a dam.	Loss of home, loss of wildlife habitat, expense, environmental damage, disturbance during construction.	38
2434754444	Explain what renewable resource means.	Replaced quickly by natural processes - able to be used again and again without running out.	39
2434754445	Describe 2 problems caused by the Green Revolution.	Pesticides kill animals (bioamplification), herbicides also kill animals, fertilisers cause eutrophication.	40
2434754446	biosphere	the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist	41
2434754447	niche	(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)	42
2434754448	decomposers	organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment	43
2434754449	terracing	shaping the land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil; requires extensive hand labor or expensive machinery, but it enables farmers to farm very steep hillsides	44
2434754450	contour planting	plowing and planting crops in rows across the slope of the land, opposite to the direction of water flow, to reduce soil erosion and water runoff	45
2434754451	Primary Producers	An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism. Collectively, autotrophs make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels.	46
2434754452	Consumers	an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.	47
2434754453	Trophic Level	The position of an organism in relation to the flow of energy and inorganic nutrients through an ecosystem (e.g., producer, consumer, and decomposer).	48
2434754454	Food Web	network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem	49
2434754455	Respiration	Plants and animals obtained energy by oxidizing carbohydrates in their cells to carbon dioxide and water, which are excreted	50
2434754456	4 factors to determine global air circulation patterns	unequal heating seasonal changes rotation of the earth properties of earth, air, and water	51
2434754457	What does Deforestation do?	Changes landscapes and ecosystems Reduces biodiversity Worsens climate change Disrupts ecosystem services	52
2434754458	autrotrophs	organisms that make their own food	53
2434754459	heterotrophs	Organisms that cannot make their own food	54
2434754460	detrivores	Consumers that feed at every trophic level, obtaining their energy and nutrients by eating dead organic matter.	55
2434754461	commensalism	symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed	56
2434754462	predator	any animal that lives by preying on other animals	57
2434754463	keystone species	a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem	58
2434754464	BOD	biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials	59
2434754465	Alternative Energy	energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil, and natural gas.	60
2434754466	pioneer community	First integrated set of plants, animals, and decomposers found in an area undergoing primary ecological succession.	61
2434754467	herbivore	plant-eating animal	62
2434754468	biomass	the total mass of living matter in a given unit area	63
2434754469	abiotic factors	nonliving parts of an ecosystem	64
2434754470	Limiting Factors	Conditions in the environment that put limits on where an organism can live	65
2434754471	Gross Primary Productivity	the rate at which producers in an ecosystem capture energy	66
2434754472	Nitrification	the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)	67
2434754473	Nitrogen Fixers	symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium) found in soil and on the root systems of legumes that converts Nitrogen gas into usable forms	68
2434754474	aquifer	underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc	69
2434754475	dam	a bank or wall built across a stream to hold back water	70
2434754476	desalination	the removal of salt (especially from sea water)	71
2434754477	scrubber	device that is used to remove some pollutants before they are relased by smokestacks	72
2434754478	soil profile	vertical sequence of soil layers, containing horizon A (topsoil), horizon B (subsoil), and horizon C (weathered parent material)	73
2434754479	soil horizon	The layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it.	74
2434754480	rock cycle	sequence of events in which rocks are formed, destroyed, altered, and reformed by geological processes	75
2434754481	mineral	solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition	76
2434754482	green revolution	the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity	77
2434754483	overgrazing	Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover	78
2434754484	crop rotation	The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.	79

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HBSP Shorebirds of Winter Flashcards

Some of the shorebirds found in Huntington Beach State Park that are around in the winter.

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1213862024	Double-crested Cormorant	0
1213862025	Great Cormorant	1
1213862026	Black-crowned night heron	2
1213862027	clapper rail	3
1213862028	common gallinule	4
1213862029	American Coot	5
1213862030	black bellied plover (winter)	6
1213862031	semipalmated plover (winter)	7
1213862032	american oystercatcher	8
1213862033	greater yellowlegs	9
1213862034	lesser yellowlegs	10
1213862035	willet	11
1213862036	whimbrel	12
1213862037	ruddy turnstone (winter)	13
1213862038	red knot (winter)	14
1213862039	sanderling (winter)	15
1213862040	western sandpiper (winter)	16
1213862041	least sandpiper	17
1213862042	purple sandpiper	18
1213862043	Dunlin (winter)	19
1213862044	short-billed dowitcher	20
1213862045	laughing gull (winter)	21
1213862046	bonaparte's gull (winter)	22
1213862047	ring-billed gull	23
1213862048	herring gull	24
1213862049	great black-backed gull	25
1213862050	caspian tern	26
1213862051	royal tern	27
1213862052	forster's tern	28
1213867432	Black Skimmer	29

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Flashcards

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APUSH FINAL EXAM --- REVIEW Flashcards

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3519254590	Europeans wanted to discover a new, shorter route to eastern Asia in order to	break the hold that Muslim merchants had on trade with Asia, reduce the time it took to transport goods, reduce the price of goods from Asia, gain more profits for themselves	0
3519280814	The introduction of American plants around the world resulted in	(like potatoes!) rapid population growth in Europe	1
3519311006	The financial means from England's first permanent colonization in America were provided by	a joint stock company	2
3519635169	The size and sophistication of Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America can be attributed to	the development of agriculture	3
3519645374	The development of "three sister" farming on the southeast Atlantic seaboard	produced a rich diet that let to high population densities	4
3519665965	The early voyages of the Scandinavian seafarers did not result in permanent settlement in North America because	no nation-state yearning to expand supported these ventures	5
3519678051	The early years at Jamestown were mainly characterized by	starvation disease and frequent indian raids	6
3519725716	Captain John Smith's role at Jamestown can best be described as	saving the colony from collapse by making the colonists work	7
3519735070	European explorers introduced _____ into the New World	smallpox	8
3519751534	Spain's dreams of empire began to fade with the	defeat of the Spanish Armada	9
3519835092	The summoning of Virginia's House of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it	was the first attempt at a representative assembly in America	10
3519849380	Some Africans became especially valuable as slaves in the Carolinas because they	were experienced in rice cultivation...	11
3519865917	The busiest seaport in the southern colonies was	Charleston	12
3519936986	The colony of Georgia was founded as a	defensive buffer for South Carlolina	13
3519951237	Georgia's founders were determined to	create a haven for people imprisoned for debt	14
3519954155	A major reason for the founding of the Maryland colony was to	create a refuge for the Catholics	15
3519960452	At the outset, Lord Baltimore allowed some religious toleration in Maryland colony because he	wanted to protect he Catholic minority?	16
3520155104	The statues governing slavery in the North American colonies originated in	Barbados	17
3520164254	Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia were similar in that they were all	notable for their fertile soil?	18
3520227998	By 1750, all the southern plantation colonies	had few large cities; based their economies on the production of staple crops for export; provided tax support for the Church of England; practiced slavery	19
3520304861	People who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy in Massachusetts Bay were subject to which of the following punishments	fines, flogging, banishment and death	20
3520322009	According to Anne Hutchinson, a dissenter in Massachusetts Bay,	predestination was not a valid idea	21
3520331847	As the founder of Rhode Island, Rodger Williams	established complete religious freedom for all	22
3520363035	The city of New Haven was settled by	Puritans?	23
3520394921	Unlike, other English voyagers to the New World, the Puritans	transplanted entire communities	24
3520454894	The Mayflower Compact can be best described as	a charter or contract that insured genuine self - government	25
3520474276	Unlike Separatist, Puritans	remained members of the Church of England	26
3520598021	King Philip's War resulted in	the lasting defeat of New England's Indians.	27
3520671648	The Dominion of New England	eventually included New York and east and were New Jersy, was designed to bolster colonial defense, included all the New England colonies, was created by the English government to streamline the administration of its colonies	28
3520839070	New York was	dutch colony, lack of enthusiasm for democratic practices	29
3520943046	Cultural contributions the Dutch made to America include all of the following except	skating, Easter eggs, sauerkraut, Santa Clause	30
3520947283	Indian policy in early Pennsylvania can be best described as	benevolent	31
3520957709	Throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century, the Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from	white servants	32
3520975035	Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by	young med frustrated by their inability to acquire land	33
3521005692	The majority of African slaves coming to the New World	were delivered to South America and the West Indies	34
3522241122	The slave society that developed in North America was one of the few slave societies in history to	perpetuate itself by its own natural reproduction	35
3522258521	The expansion of New England society	proceeded in an orderly fashion	36
3522270231	Economically, the colony of Pennsylvania	became profitable very quickly as a breadbasket	37
3522283764	All the middle colonies were	notable for their fertile soil	38
3522316726	The "headright" system, which made some people very wealthy, entailed	giving the right to acquire fifty acres of land to the person paying the passage of a laborer to America	39
3522337311	The Half-Way Convenant	admitted to baptism but not full membership the unconverted children of existing members	40
3522339527	The immediate reason for Bacon's Rebellion was	Indian attacks on frontier settlements	41
3522345475	The population growth of the American Colonies by 1775 is attributed mostly to	The natural fertility of all Americans	42
3522350729	By 1775, the ____ were the largest non-English ethnic group in colonial America	Germans	43
3522357385	By 1775, the ____ churches were the only two established (tax-supported) churches in colonial America	congregational and anglican church	44
3522364026	Match each denomination with the region a. Congregationalist b. Anglican c. Presbyterian	a. Congregationalist - New England b. Anglican - the South c. Presbyterian - the frontier	45
3522364027	The Great Awakening	split colonial churches into several competing denominations; led to the founding of Princeton, Dartmouth, and Rutgers colleges; undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies; was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people	46
3522369888	In colonial America, education was most zealously promoted	in New Englnad	47
3522372896	By 1775, most governments of the American colonies were	bicameral legislatures	48
3522378535	The most ethnically diverse region of colonial America was ____, whereas ____ was the least ethnically diverse	the middle colonies, New England	49
3522380931	The Scots-Irish can best be described as	fiercely independent	50
3522621823	The soldier and explorer whose leadership earned him the title "Father of New France" was	Samuel de Champlain	51
3522628817	Colonial legislatures who were often able to bend the power of the governors to their will because	colonial legislatures controlled taxes and expenditures that paid the governors' salaries.	52
3522633027	During the seventeenth century, American established the precedent of	being involved in every war since 1688.	53
3522635783	The courerurs de bois were	Translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur-trappers	54
3522641551	In the first military command in the French and Indian War, George Washington	won at Fort Duquesne	55
3522648675	The French and Indian war also known in Europe as	Seven years war	56
3522652072	The one valuable resource in New France was	beavers	57
3522659077	As a result of General Braddock's defeat a few miles from Fort Duquesne ,	the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was open to Indian attack.	58
3522664546	When William Pitt became prime minister during the French and Indian War, he	focused his military strategy on the capture of French Canada.	59
3522667432	In the Peace arrangements that ended the French and Indian War, he	France surrendered all its territorial claims to north America	60
3522672565	As a result of the French and Indian war, Great Britain	became the dominant power in North America	61
3522678308	During a generation of peace following the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Britain provided its American colonies with	decades of salutary neglect	62
3522683439	When the Acadians left Canada, they went to	Louisana	63
3522687078	Indirect taxes on trade goods arriving in American ports	Sugar, Townshend	64
3522694588	Under mercantilist doctrine, the American colonies were expected to do all of the following except		65
3522698057	The Founding Fathers failed to eliminate slavery because		66
3522698058	The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to	raise money in the form of a direct tax in order to pay for colonial defense	67
3522709443	One change in colonial policy by the British government that helped precipitate the American Revolution involved	compelling the American colonists to shoulder some of the financial costs of the empire	68
3522711888	The "radical Whigs" feared	The arbitrary power of government especially the king	69
3522723034	Passage of the Sugar and the Stamp Act		70
3522728363	Colonial protest against the Stamp Act took the form of	wearing homemade woolen clothes ,convening a colonial congress to request repeal of the act ,a colonial boycott against British Goods, violence in several colonial towns primarily Boston.	71
3522735271	As a result of American opposition to the Townsend Acts	British officials sent regiments of troops to Boston	72
3522744859	The tax on teas was retained when the Townsound Acts were repealed because		73
3522752080	The First Continetial Congress	called for a complete boycott of British goods	74
3522770144	76 The Revolutionary War began with fighting in__________:then in 1777-1778,fighting was concentrated in ____:and the fighting concluded in ___________.	Long Island Trenton Saratoga Charleston	75
3522774521	Colonists objected to the Stamp Act because	Parliment passed the the tax not the colonists	76
3522776997	Virtual representation meant that	Every member of parliament represented a British subject.	77
3522782355	King George III officially declared the colonies in rebellionjust after		78
3522790592	When the Second Continential Congress met in 1775		79
3522794067	The Olive Branch Petition		80
3522811415	The resolution that "These United Colonies are ,and of right ought to be,free and independent states..." was introduced into the Second Continetal Congress by Virginia delegate	Richard Henry Lee	81
3522822190	Americans who oppossed independence for the colonies were labled _________or _______________,and the independence -seeking Patriots were als know as ________________.	Loyalists,	82
3522837041	The Americans who continued to support the crown after independence had been declared were more likely to be all of the following except	New England	83
3522843546	The Indian Chief who fought for the British in New York and Pennsylvania was	Joseph Brant	84
3522848104	The colonists ' invasion of Canada in1775		85
3522855307	One purpose of the Declaration of Independence as to		86
3522868507	Which of the following fates befell Loyalists after the Revolutionary War?		87
3522875616	After the humiliating defeat at Saratoga in 1777 the British Parliament		88
3522882321	The Battle of Saratoga was a key victory for the Americans because it	.brought the colonist much needed aid and formal alliance with France..	89
3522895728	In the late 1776 and early 1777 George Washington helped restore confidence in America's military by	defeating the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton	90
3522903560	The Armed neutrality League was started by		91
3522906175	French aid to the colonies		92
3522916814	The Treaty of Fort Stanwix ,the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation resulted in	the ceding of most of the Iroquois land and their removal to Canada	93
3522930260	The major issue that delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation concerned	taxation	94
3522935949	US foreign relations following the Revolutionary War		95
3522938068	Shay's Rebellion convinced many Americans of the need for		96
3522946785	The Constitutional Convention was called to		97
3522953838	Which of the following Revolutionary leaders was present at the Constitutional Convention		98
3522972737	The delegate whose contributions to The Philadelphiar Convention were so notable that he has ben called the "Father of the Constitution was		99
3522986861	After the Revolutionary war both Britain and Spain	prevented America from exercising effective control over about half of its total territory	100
3522995866	As a result of the Revolution , many state capitals were relocated westward		101
3523005686	The Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention worked out and acceptable scheme for		102
3523013772	The idea that all tax measures should start in the House made to appease		103
3523019070	"large state plan"		104
3523023484	"small state plan"		105
3523027162	Northwest Ordinance		106
3523035855	three-fifths compromise		107
3523041810	The one branch of government elected directly by the people is the		108
3523048544	The delegates at the Constitutional Convention stipulated that the new Constitution be ratified by		109
3523060303	Probably the most alarming characteristic of the new Constitution to those who opposed it was the		110
3523063229	All of the following guarantees provided by the Bill of Rights except		111
3523079609	Alexander Hamilton believed that a limited national debt		112
3523090001	Hamilton expected that the revenue to pay the interest on the national debt would come from		113
3523094527	Hamilton vs Jefferson		114
3523104062	When the French Revolution developed into a war wit Britain, George Washington and the American Government		115
3523117292	In Jays treaty ,the British		116
3523127183	The United States acquired free navigation of the Mississipi River in		117
3523138412	Washington's Farewell Address in 1796		118
3523148667	Foreign relations between the united States and France deteriorate in the late 1790s over		119
3523156885	The United State finally negotiated a peace settlement with France in 1800 mainly because Napoleon		120
3523163857	The main purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to		121
3523170014	The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were writted in response to		122
3523178452	in 1800 ,Thomas Jefferson was chosen president by the		123
3523189889	Thomas jefferson 's "Revolution of 1800"		124
3523214872	As chief Justice of the United States, John Marshall helped to ensure that		125
3523224150	John Marshall , as chief justice of the United States , helped to strengthen the judicial branch of government		126
3523238285	Thomas Jefferson's first major -foreign -policy		127
3523247082	Napoleon chose to sell Louisiana to the united States because		128
3523254631	Thomas Jefferson was conscience-stricken about the purchase of the Louisana Territory from France because	Thomas Jefferson was conscience-stricken about the purchase of the Louisana Territory from France because	129
3523291877	Th Chesapeake incident involved the flagrant use of		130
3523306205	President Jefferson's foreign policy of economic coercion		131
3523311888	Macon's Bill No.2		132
3523317123	The battle of Tippecanoe resulted in		133
3523321349	During the War of 1812 ,the new England states		134
3523324803	The British attack on Baltimore		135
3523334032	The most devastating defeat suffered b the British during he War of 1812 took place at the Battle of		136
3523342067	The resolution from the Hartford Convention		137
3523344552	In diplomatic and economic terms the War of 1812		138
3523371615	The Rush-Bagot agreement		139
3523376653	As a result of the Missouri Compromise		140
3523376654	Marbury v Madison		141
3523381010	Fletcher v Peck		142
3523387753	Mc Culloch v Maryland		143
3523387754	Gibbons v Ogden		144
3523392393	Dartmouth College v Woodward		145
3523399034	The United Staes most successful diplomat in the Era of Good feelings was		146
3523405480	The House of Representatives decided the 1824 presidential election when		147
3523410855	The Treaty of 1818 with England		148
3523419272	Andrew Jackson's military exploits were instrumental in the United States gaining		149
3523432370	Britain opposed Spain's reestablishing its authority in becauseLatin American countries that had successfully revolted because		150
3523440998	At the time it was issued the Monroe Doctorine was		151
3523446359	The Anti Masonic party of 1832 appealed to		152
3523453370	The nullification crisis of 1832-1833 erupted over		153
3523457241	The section of the United States most hurt bythe Tarif of 1828 was		154
3523462313	The purpose behind the spoils system was		155

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CompTia A+ Exam Acronyms Flashcards

As mentioned in the CompTia A+ Objectives: "The following is a list of acronyms which appear on the CompTIA A+ exams. Candidates are encouraged
to review the complete list and attain a working knowledge of all listed acronyms as a part of a
comprehensive exam preparation program."

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858175666	AC	alternating current	0
858175667	ACL	access control list	1
858175668	ACPI	advanced configuration power interface	2
858175669	ACT	activity	3
858175670	ADSL	asymmetrical digital subscriber line	4
858175671	AGP	accelerated graphics port	5
858175672	AHCI	Advanced host controller interface	6
858175673	AMD	advanced micro devices	7
858175674	APIPA	automatic private internet protocol addressing	8
858175675	APM	advanced power management	9
858175676	ARP	address resolution protocol	10
858175677	ASR	automated system recovery	11
858175678	ATA	advanced technology attachment	12
858175679	ATAPI	advanced technology attachment packet interface	13
858175680	ATM	asynchronous transfer mode	14
858175681	ATX	advanced technology extended	15
858175682	A/V	Audio Video	16
858175683	BIOS	basic input/output system	17
858175684	BNC	Bayonet-Neill-Concelman or British Naval Connector	18
858175685	BTX	balanced technology extended	19
858175686	CAPTCHA	Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart	20
858175687	CCFL	Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp	21
858175688	CD	compact disc	22
858175689	CD-ROM	compact disc-read-only memory	23
858175690	CD-RW	compact disc-rewritable	24
858175691	CDFS	compact disc file system	25
858175692	CFS	Central File System, Common File System, Command File System	26
858175693	CMOS	complementary metal-oxide semiconductor	27
858175694	CNR	Communications and Networking Riser	28
858175695	COMx	communication port (x=port number)	29
858175696	CPU	central processing unit	30
858175697	CRIMM	Continuity Rambus Inline Memory Mode	31
858175698	CRT	cathode-ray tube	32
858175699	DAC	discretionary access control	33
858175700	DB-25	serial communications D-shell connector, 25 pins	34
858175701	DB-9	9 pin D shell connector	35
858175702	DC	direct current	36
858175703	DDOS	distributed denial of service	37
858175704	DDR	double data-rate	38
858175705	DDR RAM	double data-rate random access memory	39
858175706	DDR SDRAM	double data-rate synchronous dynamic random access memory	40
858175707	DFS	distributed file system	41
858175708	DHCP	dynamic host configuration protocol	42
858175709	DIMM	dual inline memory module	43
858175710	DIN	Deutsche Industrie Norm	44
858175711	DIP	dual inline package	45
858175712	DLT	digital linear tape	46
858175713	DLP	digital light processing	47
858175714	DMA	direct memory access	48
858175715	DMZ	demilitarized zone	49
858175716	DNS	domain name service or domain name server	50
858175717	DOS	denial of service	51
858175718	DRAM	dynamic random access memory	52
858175719	DSL	digital subscriber line	53
858175720	DVD	digital video disc or digital versatile disc	54
858175721	DVD-RAM	digital video disc-random access memory	55
858175722	DVD-ROM	digital video disc-read only memory	56
858175723	DVD-R	digital video disc-recordable	57
858175724	DVD-RW	digital video disc-rewritable	58
858175725	DVI	digital visual interface	59
858175726	ECC	error correction code	60
858175727	ECP	extended capabilities port	61
858175728	EEPROM	electrically erasable programmable read-only memory	62
858175729	EFS	encrypting file system	63
858175730	EIDE	enhanced integrated drive electronics	64
858175731	EMI	electromagnetic interference	65
858175732	EMP	electromagnetic pulse	66
858175733	EPROM	erasable programmable read-only memory	67
858175734	EPP	enhanced parallel port	68
858175735	ERD	emergency repair disk	69
858175736	ESD	electrostatic discharge	70
858175737	EVGA	extended video graphics adapter/array	71
858175738	EVDO	evolution data optimized or evolution data only	72
858175739	FAT	file allocation table	73
858175740	FAT12	12-bit file allocation table	74
858175741	FAT16	16-bit file allocation table	75
858175742	FAT32	32-bit file allocation table	76
858175743	FDD	floppy disk drive	77
858175744	Fn	Function (referring to the function key on a laptop)	78
858175745	FPM	fast page-mode	79
858175746	FRU	field replaceable unit	80
858175747	FSB	Front Side Bus	81
858175748	FTP	file transfer protocol	82
858175749	FQDN	fully qualified domain name	83
858175750	Gb	gigabit	84
858175751	GB	gigabyte	85
858175752	GDI	graphics device interface	86
858175753	GHz	gigahertz	87
858175754	GUI	graphical user interface	88
858175755	GPS	global positioning system	89
858175756	GSM	global system for mobile communications	90
858175757	HAL	hardware abstraction layer	91
858175758	HAV	Hardware Assisted Virtualization	92
858175759	HCL	hardware compatibility list	93
858175760	HDD	hard disk drive	94
858175761	HDMI	high definition media interface	95
858175762	HPFS	high performance file system	96
858175763	HTML	hypertext markup language	97
858175764	HTPC	Home theater PC	98
858175765	HTTP	hypertext transfer protocol	99
858175766	HTTPS	hypertext transfer protocol over secure sockets layer	100
858175767	I/O	input/output	101
858175768	ICMP	internet control message protocol	102
858175769	ICR	intelligent character recognition	103
858175770	IDE	integrated drive electronics	104
858175771	IDS	Intrusion Detection System	105
858175772	IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers	106
858175773	IIS	Internet Information Services	107
858175774	IMAP	internet mail access protocol	108
858175775	IP	internet protocol	109
858175776	IPCONFIG	internet protocol configuration	110
858175777	IPP	internet printing protocol	111
858175778	IPSEC	internet protocol security	112
858175779	IR	infrared	113
858175780	IrDA	Infrared Data Association	114
858175781	IRQ	interrupt request	115
858175782	ISA	industry standard architecture	116
858175783	ISDN	integrated services digital network	117
858175784	ISO	Industry Standards Organization	118
858175785	ISP	internet service provider	119
858175786	JBOD	just a bunch of disks	120
858175787	Kb	kilobit	121
858175788	KB	Kilobyte or knowledge base	122
858175789	LAN	local area network	123
858175790	LBA	logical block addressing	124
858175791	LC	Lucent connector	125
858175792	LCD	liquid crystal display	126
858175793	LDAP	lightweight directory access protocol	127
858175794	LED	light emitting diode	128
858175795	Li-on	lithium-ion	129
858175796	LPD/LPR	line printer daemon / line printer remote	130
858175797	LPT	line printer terminal	131
858175798	LVD	low voltage differential	132
858175799	MAC	media access control / mandatory access control	133
858175800	MAPI	messaging application programming interface	134
858175801	MAU	media access unit, media attachment unit	135
858175802	Mb	megabit	136
858175803	MB	megabyte	137
858175804	MBR	master boot record	138
858175805	MBSA	Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer	139
858175806	MFD	multi-function device	140
858175807	MFP	multi-function product	141
858175808	MHz	megahertz	142
858175809	MicroDIMM	micro dual inline memory module	143
858175810	MIDI	musical instrument digital interface	144
858175811	MIME	multipurpose internet mail extension	145
858175812	MIMO	Multiple Input Multiple Output	146
858175813	MMC	Microsoft management console	147
858175814	MMX	multimedia extensions	148
858175815	MP3	Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Audio	149
858175816	MP4	Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 4	150
858175817	MPEG	Moving Picture Experts Group	151
858175818	MSCONFIG	Microsoft configuration	152
858175819	MSDS	material safety data sheet	153
858175820	MUI	multilingual user interface	154
858175821	NAC	network access control	155
858175822	NAS	network-attached storage	156
858175823	NAT	network address translation	157
858175824	NetBIOS	networked basic input/output system	158
858175825	NetBEUI	networked basic input/output system extended user interface	159
858175826	NFS	network file system	160
858175827	NIC	network interface card	161
858175828	NiCd	nickel cadmium	162
858175829	NiMH	nickel metal hydride	163
858175830	NLX	new low-profile extended	164
858175831	NNTP	network news transfer protocol	165
858175832	NTFS	new technology file system	166
858175833	NTLDR	new technology loader	167
858175834	NTP	Network Time Protocol	168
858175835	OCR	optical character recognition	169
858175836	OEM	original equipment manufacturer	170
858175837	OLED	Organic Light Emitting Diode	171
858175838	OS	operating system	172
858175839	PAN	personal area network	173
858175840	PATA	parallel advanced technology attachment	174
858175841	PC	personal computer	175
858175842	PCI	peripheral component interconnect	176
858175843	PCIe	peripheral component interconnect express	177
858175844	PCIX	peripheral component interconnect extended	178
858175845	PCL	printer control language	179
858175846	PCMCIA	Personal Computer Memory Card International Association	180
858175847	PDA	personal digital assistant	181
858175848	PGA	pin grid array	182
858175849	PGA2	pin grid array 2	183
858175850	PII	Personally Identifiable Information	184
858175851	PIN	personal identification number	185
858175852	PKI	public key infrastructure	186
858175853	PnP	plug and play	187
858175854	POP3	post office protocol 3	188
858175855	PoS	Point of Sale	189
858175856	POST	power-on self test	190
858175857	POTS	plain old telephone service	191
858175858	PPP	point-to-point protocol	192
858175859	PPTP	point-to-point tunneling protocol	193
858175860	PRI	primary rate interface	194
858175861	PROM	programmable read-only memory	195
858175862	PS/2	personal system/2 connector	196
858175863	PSTN	public switched telephone network	197
858175864	PSU	power supply unit	198
858175865	PVC	permanent virtual circuit	199
858175866	PXE	preboot execution environment	200
858175867	QoS	quality of service	201
858175868	RAID	redundant array of independent (or inexpensive) discs	202
858175869	RAM	random access memory	203
858175870	RAS	remote access service	204
858175871	RDRAM	RAMBUS®	205
858175872	dynamic	random access memory	206
858175873	RDP	Remote Desktop Protocol	207
858175874	RF	radio frequency	208
858175875	RFI	radio frequency interference	209
858175876	RGB	red green blue	210
858175877	RIMM	RAMBUS®	211
858175878	inline	memory module	212
858175879	RIP	routing information protocol	213
858175880	RIS	remote installation service	214
858175881	RISC	reduced instruction set computer	215
858175882	RJ	registered jack	216
858175883	RJ-11	registered jack function 11	217
858175884	RJ-45	registered jack function 45	218
858175885	RMA	returned materials authorization	219
858175886	ROM	read only memory	220
858175887	RS-232 or RS-232C	recommended standard 232	221
858175888	RTC	real-time clock	222
858175889	SAN	storage area network	223
858175890	SAS	Serial Attached SCSI	224
858175891	SATA	serial advanced technology attachment	225
858175892	SC	subscription channel	226
858175893	SCP	secure copy protection	227
858175894	SCSI	small computer system interface	228
858175895	SCSI ID	small computer system interface identifier	229
858175896	SD	card secure digital card	230
858175897	SDRAM	synchronous dynamic random access memory	231
858175898	SEC	single edge connector	232
858175899	SFC	system file checker	233
858175900	SFF	Small Form Factor	234
858175901	SGRAM	synchronous graphics random access memory	235
858175902	SIMM	single inline memory module	236
858175903	SLI	scalable link interface or system level integration or scanline interleave mode	237
858175904	S.M.A.R.T.	self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology	238
858175905	SMB	server message block or small to midsize business	239
858175906	SMTP	simple mail transfer protocol	240
858175907	SNMP	simple network management protocol	241
858175908	SoDIMM	small outline dual inline memory module	242
858175909	SOHO	small office/home office	243
858175910	SP	service pack	244
858175911	SP1	service pack 1	245
858175912	SP2	service pack 2	246
858175913	SP3	service pack 3	247
858175914	SP4	service pack 4	248
858175915	SPDIF	Sony-Philips digital interface format	249
858175916	SPGA	staggered pin grid array	250
858175917	SRAM	static random access memory	251
858175918	SSH	secure shell	252
858175919	SSID	service set identifier	253
858175920	SSL	secure sockets layer	254
858175921	ST	straight tip	255
858175922	STP	shielded twisted pair	256
858175923	SVGA	super video graphics array	257
858175924	SXGA	super extended graphics array	258
858175925	TB	terabyte	259
858175926	TCP	transmission control protocol	260
858175927	TCP/IP	transmission control protocol/internet protocol	261
858175928	TDR	time domain reflectometer	262
858175929	TFTP	trivial file transfer protocol	263
858175930	TKIP	Temporal Key Integrity Protocol	264
858175931	TPM	trusted platform module	265
858175932	UAC	user account control	266
858175933	UART	universal asynchronous receiver transmitter	267
858175934	UDF	user defined functions or universal disk format or universal data format	268
858175935	UDMA	ultra direct memory access	269
858175936	UDP	user datagram protocol	270
858175937	UNC	universal naming convention	271
858175938	UPS	uninterruptible power supply	272
858175939	URL	uniform resource locator	273
858175940	USB	universal serial bus	274
858175941	USMT	user state migration tool	275
858175942	UTP	unshielded twisted pair	276
858175943	UXGA	ultra extended graphics array	277
858175944	VESA	Video Electronics Standards Association	278
858175945	VFAT	virtual file allocation table	279
858175946	VGA	video graphics array	280
858175947	VM	Virtual Machine	281
858175948	VoIP	voice over internet protocol	282
858175949	VPN	virtual private network	283
858175950	VRAM	video random access memory	284
858175951	WAN	wide area network	285
858175952	WAP	wireless application protocol	286
858175953	WEP	wired equivalent privacy	287
858175954	WIFI	wireless fidelity	288
858175955	WINS	windows internet name service	289
858175956	WLAN	wireless local area network	290
858175957	WPA	wireless protected access	291
858175958	WUXGA	wide ultra extended graphics array	292
858175959	XGA	extended graphics array	293
858175960	ZIF	zero-insertion-force	294
858175961	ZIP	zigzag inline package	295

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NAU NUR 331 Lesson 1 notes Flashcards

NUR 331 Applied Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
Northern Arizona University
From class notes

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4592375274	Drug	Any chemical that affects living processes.	0
4604231471	Examples of a drug	~ Alcohol. ~ Tobacco. ~ Coffee. ~ Oxygen.	1
4604192600	Pharmacology	The study of drugs and their effects in living systems.	2
4604194134	Clinical pharmacology	The study of drugs and their effects in humans.	3
4604196099	Pharmacotherapeutics	The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, and treat disease.	4
4604200285	Drugs in nursing	Requires the understanding of pathophysiology and pharmacology.	5
4604238561	3 names of a drug	~ Chemical name. ~ Generic name. ~ Trade name.	6
4604239799	What is the preferred name of a given drug?	Generic name.	7
4604241729	Common sources of drugs	~ Plants. ~ Animals. ~ Minerals. ~ Synthetic.	8
4604246790	Categories of drug	~ Prescription ~ Supplement ~ Over the counter	9
4604247672	Prescription drugs	~ Prescribed by MD, DO, NP, PA, NMD ~ Prescription requires DEA #.	10
4604250581	Supplement drugs	~ Commonly for dietary purposes. ~ Not regulated by FDA. ~ Rigorous research and clinical trials are not performed to determine the effects. ~ No prescription required.	11
4604253391	Over the counter drugs	~ Almost half of the US population uses several times per week. ~ No prescription required.	12
4604315004	2 major groups of medication administration route	~ Parental, bypassing the GI. ~ Enteral, absorbed via GI and then the liver, not including sublingual and buccal.	13
4604308418	Routes of medication administration	~ Intravenous. ~ Intramuscular. ~ Subcutaneous. ~ Sublingual. ~ Oral. ~ Buccal. ~ G-tube, NG-tube, NJ-tube. ~ Topical. ~ Inhalation. ~ Ophthalmic. ~ Rectal. ~ Vaginal.	14
4604335594	Advantages of IV	~ Rapid onset. ~ Precise control over drug levels. ~ Permits use of larger fluid volumes. ~ Permits use of irritant drugs. ~ Absorption is not required.	15
4604339690	Disadvantages of IV	~ Irreversible. ~ Expensive. ~ Inconvenient. ~ Poorly suited for self-administration. ~ Risk of fluid overload, infection, embolism. ~ Drug must be water soluble.	16
4604347506	Advantages of IM/SubQ	~ Permits use of poorly soluble drugs. ~ Permits use of depot preparations.	17
4604354145	Disadvantages of IM/SubQ	~ Possible discomfort. ~ Inconvenient. ~ Potential for injury.	18
4604356351	Advantages of oral	~ Easy. ~ Convenient. ~ Inexpensive. ~ Ideal for self-medication. ~ Potentially reversible, and safer than parenteral routes.	19
4604357610	Disadvantages of oral	~ Variability. ~ Inactivation of some drugs by gastric acid and digestive enzymes. ~ Possible nausea and vomiting from local irritation. ~ Patient must be conscious and cooperative.	20
4604373475	Examples of intervals of medication administration	~ STAT (immediately and within 15 minutes). ~ ASAP/NOW (within 60 minutes). ~ Q day. ~ Q AM. ~ BID. ~ Q 1 hr. ~ Q 12 hr. ~ PRN.	21
4604427699	TJC/JCAHO Do Not Use List	~ U or u. (Write "unit.") ~ IU. (Write "International Unit.") ~ Q.D., QD, q.d., qd. (Write "daily.") ~ Q.O.D., QOD, q.o.d., qod. (Write out "every other day.") ~ Trailing zero. ~ Lack of leading zero. ~ MS. (Write "morphine sulfate.") ~ MSO4 and MgSO4. (Spell it out.)	22
4604489767	US Standard Measurements	~ 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 16 cups 128 fluid ounces. ~ 1 pound = 16 ounces. ~ 1 mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet = 63360 inches.	23
4604508204	1 kg in pounds	2.2 pounds	24
4604508205	1 pound in kg	0.453592 kg	25
4604512812	1 ml in fluid ounce	0.033814 fluid oz	26
4604517565	1 fluid ounce in ml	29.5735 ml	27
4592384951	Assess (step of drug use process)	~ Assess the need. ~ By self or by healthcare provider.	28
4592392759	Prescribe (step of drug use process)	~ Prescribe the medication, amount, route, frequency. ~ By self or by healthcare provider.	29
4592375275	5 steps of the drug use process	1. Assess. 2. Prescribe. 3. Dispense. 4. Administer. 5. Monitor.	30
4592395926	Dispense (step of drug use process)	~ From a pharmacy, dispenser, drug cabinet. ~ By self or by healthcare provider.	31
4592398087	Administer (step of drug use process)	~ By self or by caregiver in an outpatient setting. ~ By the healthcare provider in a clinical setting.	32
4592403726	Monitor (step of drug use process)	~ For efficacy of effects, signs and symptoms of side effects. ~ By self or by healthcare provider.	33
4592416733	Medication error in the assess step of drug use process	~ Caused by incomplete or incorrect assessments ~ Ex: Failure to weigh the patient. Misdiagnosing and deciding to use the wrong medication	34
4592431641	Medication error in the prescribe step of drug use process	~ The wrong medication or amount is prescribed. ~ Ex: Trailing zero. Leading zero. Illegible drug orders. Similar names.	35
4592431642	Medication error in the dispense step of drug use process	~ The wrong medication or amount is dispensed.	36
4592431643	Medication error in the administer step of drug use process	~ The wrong medication or amount is administered. ~ The wrong route is used.	37
4592432320	Medication error in the monitor step of drug use process	~ Failure to recognize adverse drug events.	38
4592459028	Medication error patient deaths	~ 98,000 deaths each year. ~ 4th most common cause of patient death.	39
4592464131	Reporting medication errors and near-misses	~ Always report for root analysis and improved process.	40
4592466757	Sentinel event	Any unanticipated event in a healthcare setting resulting in death or serious physical psychological injury to a patient or patients, not related to the natural course of the patient's illness.	41
4592473576	Adverse drug events	~ Side effects. ~ Drug interactions. ~ Adverse drug reactions (ADR).	42
4592476389	Side effects	~ Often expected. ~ All drugs have side effects.	43
4592483260	Drug interactions	~ Interactions between drugs taken concurrently. ~ Effects can be intensified, reduced, or entirely new.	44
4592487516	Adverse drug reactions (ADR)	~ Any unintended effect as a result of use or misuse of drugs, or the interaction of two or more drugs. ~ Ex: Allergic reaction.	45
4592494230	The nursing diagnosis (ADPIE) process and medication errors	~ Systematic approach significantly reduces errors. ~ The process is used before and after drug administration.	46
4592514683	Assessment (from ADPIE) and medication	~ Medication reconciliation. ~ Subjective and objective assessments.	47
4592520362	Diagnosis (from ADPIE) and medication	~ Drug caused? ~ What drug can improve the condition?	48
4592520363	Plan (from ADPIE) and medication	~ Administer what drug?	49
4592521333	Intervention/implementation (from ADPIE) and medication	~ 6Rs of medication ~ Team effort with other healthcare providers. ~ Provide patient education.	50
4592520364	Evaluation (from ADPIE) and medication	~ Monitor and reassess drug effects ~ Goals obtained?	51
4592504841	Medication reconciliation	~ The process of creating the most accurate list possible of all medications a patient is taking, — including drug name, dosage, frequency, and route — and comparing that list against the physician's admission, transfer, and/or discharge orders, with the goal of providing correct medications to the patient at all transition points within the hospital. ~ The goal is to reduce errors caused during care transition which is 60% of medication errors.	52
4605766827	5 steps of medication reconciliation	1. Create a list of current medications including the name, indication, route, dosage, dosing interval of all drugs taken at home, including vitamins, herbal products, and prescription and nonprescription drugs. 2. Create a list of all medications to be prescribed in the new setting. 3. Compare the medications on both lists. 4. Adjust medications based on the comparison. 5. Hand off the reconciled list to the patient and the new provider at care transitions.	53
4605794510	When to conduct a medication reconciliation	~ Hospital admission. ~ Care transition. ~ Hospital discharge.	54
4592500235	6 rights of medication	~ Patient. ~ Drug. ~ Dose. ~ Time. ~ Route. ~ Documentation.	55
4592535957	3 phases of drug action	1. Pharmaceutic. 2. Pharmocokinetic. 3. Pharmacodynamic.	56
4592539842	The goal of medications	To obtain maximal effects with minimal harm.	57
4592541847	Pharmacokinetics	~ What the body does to the drug. ~ Membrane drug movement by diffusion, channels, or active transport.	58
4592548212	4 pharmacokinetic processes	1. Absorption. 2. Distribution. 3. Metabolism (biotransformation). 4. Excretion.	59
4592553125	Absorption (in pharmacokinetic process) is affected by	~ The route of administration. ~ Solubility. ~ Blood flow. ~ Surface area of site of absorption. ~ Time of exposure. ~ Food. ~ Age. ~ Illness.	60
4605819112	The route of administration that absorption does not apply to	IV.	61
4592574522	Bioavailability	~ The amount of drug that reaches vasculature after first pass. ~ IV route is 100% bioavailable.	62
4592553126	Distribution (in pharmacokinetic process)	~ Drug movement throughout the body from vasculature, interstitial, to intracellular. ~ By P-glycoprotein. ~ Affected by the volume and solubility. ~ Many drugs are albumin bound, and low albumin levels can cause issues.	63
4592553127	Metabolism (biotransformation) (in pharmacokinetic process)	~ The act of oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation. ~ Occurs in the liver by the CYP450 enzyme system.	64
4592553128	CYP450 enzyme system	~ Major enzyme system in the liver involved in drug metabolism. ~ Can deactivate active chemicals or bioactivate inactive chemicals. ~ This is why some drugs cannot be given PO.	65
4592553129	Excretion methods (in pharmacokinetic process)	~ By diffusion or active transport. ~ By renal system (for most drugs). ~ By bile (which can cause enterohepatic recirculation). ~ Breast milk. ~ Lungs. ~ Sweat. ~ Saliva.	66
4604674168	Elimination of drugs determine?	The duration of the drug.	67
4592604329	Serum drug levels	~ Affected by the pharmacokinetics. ~ Highly predictable for therapeutic and toxic levels.	68
4592613933	Toxic concentration of drug	~ Serum drug levels that cause adverse effects.	69
4592615430	Minimum effective concentration (MEC)	~ The minimum serum drug level that produces desired effects.	70
4592620674	Therapeutic range	~ The serum drug level above minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration of drug.	71
4592628664	Half-life	~ The time it takes to decrease the level to 50%. ~ Consider the rule of thumb and plateau (steady-state) level.	72
4592641420	Plateau (steady-state) level of medication	~ After multiple administrations of a drug, a point is reached where the elimination of the drug is equal to dose administered. ~ Use the rule of thumb.	73
4592645887	The rule of thumb to achieve the plateau level of medication	~ After four administration and half-lives independent of drug dosage, the plateau is achieved. ~ If the drug is discontinued, it will take four half-lives to eliminate.	74
4592798980	Peak and trough of drug accumulation	~ Keep serum drug levels below the toxic level and above minimum effective concentration. ~ The peak is taken right after the 4th dose is administered. ~ The trough is taken right before the 5th dose is administered.	75
4592802693	Loading dose	A high first dose and then subsequent normal doses to reach plateau more quickly.	76
4592669274	Pharmacodynamics	~ What the drug does to the body. ~ Enhance or inhibit existing functions of cells. ~ Graded dose response. ~ Maximal efficacy. ~ Potency. ~ Drug receptors. ~ Target molecules. ~ Individual variation exist. ~ Tolerance can develop. ~ Tachyphylaxis. ~ Withdrawal.	77
4592670202	3 phases of graded dose response	1. Too low of dose to elicit measurable response. 2. Higher dose leads to higher response. 3. Point where a higher dose will no longer contribute to an increase in desired response.	78
4592704606	Maximal efficacy of drugs	~ Largest possible response a drug can produce. ~ The dose transitioned from end of phase 2 to phase 3.	79
4592712626	Potency of drugs	~ The amount of drug needed to produce a desired response. ~ Not related to maximal efficacy.	80
4592730183	Drug receptors	~ Binding of drugs to receptors elicits response to stimulate or inhibit. ~ Four receptor families in the body. ~ Usually reversible.	81
4592732770	Target molecules	~ Drugs that bind to cellular molecules and elicit desired response ~ Ex: Enzymes. Ribosomes. Tubulin.	82
4605829771	Agonist	~ A substance that fully activates the receptor that it attaches to. ~ Activates.	83
4605829772	Antagonist	~ A substance that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it or if it displaces an agonist at that receptor it seemingly deactivates it thereby reversing the effect of the agonist. ~ Inhibits.	84
4592755759	4 receptor families	~ Cell membrane-embedded enzymes. ~ Ligand-gated ion channels. ~ G protein coupled receptor systems. ~ Transcription factors.	85
4592813770	Cell membrane-embedded enzymes	~ Cellular membrane receptor that stimulates enzyme production ~ Ex: Insulin acts on this receptor.	86
4592816053	Ligand-gated ion channels	~ Cellular membrane channel that opens or closes channels for specific ions ~ Ex: Na. Ca.	87
4592818005	G protein-coupled receptor systems	1. Cellular membrane receptor activates. 2. G protein activates. 3. Effector activates. Ex: Norepinephrine acts on this system.	88
4592823724	Transcription factors	~ Act within cell on DNA on regulate protein synthesis. ~ Ex: Thyroid hormone. Steroid hormone.	89
4592825705	Selective drugs	~ The higher the selectivity, the less side effects. ~ Receptors can be responsible for multiple effects.	90
4592829999	Affinity	Attraction to receptor.	91
4592830998	Intrinsic activity	Receptor activation.	92
4605842254	Individual variation of pharmacodynamics	Requires the use of small doses in the beginning, and then titrating to response.	93
4605836329	Pharmacodynamic tolerance	~ Long use of an agonist can lead to higher MEC secondary to desensitization or refractory responses due to receptor destruction or modification by the cell. ~ Long use of an antagonist can cause hyper-sensitivity.	94
4605835010	Metabolic tolerance	Accelerated drug metabolism occurs due to the drug stimulating the liver to produce more enzymes.	95
4592844804	Tachyphylaxis	Rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective.	96
4592847068	Withdrawal	~ Prolonged use of a drug can cause the body to become physically dependent. ~ The body may no longer produce the agent which elicits the same effects as the drug, and sudden discontinuation of the drug produces the opposite effects.	97
4592855693	Pharmacogenomics	~ The study of how genes affect individual drug responses. ~ Alterations in genes that code for certain drug metabolizing enzymes and targets. ~ Future possibility of individualized drug therapy for certain genotypes. ~ Results in bias such as "drug seekers."	98
4592868767	FDA pregnancy categories	A. No risk. B. No risk in animals. C. Fetal risk in animals. D. Fetal risk in human. X. Avoid.	99
4605849138	Pregnancy and drugs	~ Tetratogenic drugs exist. ~ Pregnancy alters drug metabolism and excretion. ~ Some drugs pass the placental barrier. ~ Breast feeding can transmit drugs to the infant.	100
4592872614	Teratogenic drug	~ Drugs that cause gross fetal malformations during organogenesis.	101
4605869238	Pediatric pharmacology challenges	~ Dosing is not the same as adults, and not always less. ~ Compliance issues. ~ Body systems are immature, leading to toxicity. ~~ Liver until one year of age. ~~ Blood brain barrier until three months of age. ~~ Renal in neonates.	102
4605878990	Geriatric pharmacology challenges	~ Must consider varying physiologic states, disease processes, multiple drug use, compliance, nutrition. ~ Higher sensitivity than younger adults. ~ Declining body systems (liver, renal), leading to toxicity.	103

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Capitals Flashcards

Capitals

Terms : Hide Images

2713328864	Afghanistan	Kabul	0
2713328865	Albania	Tirane	1
2713328866	Algeria	Algiers	2
2713328867	Andorra	Andorra la Vella	3
2713328868	Angola	Luanda	4
2713328869	Antigua and Barbuda	Saint John's	5
2713328870	Argentina	Buenos Aires	6
2713328871	Armenia	Yerevan	7
2713328872	Australlia	Canberra	8
2713328873	Austria	Vienna	9
2713328874	Azerbaijan	Baku	10
2713328875	Bahrain	Manama	11
2713328876	Bangladesh	Dhaka	12
2713328877	Barbados	Bridgetown	13
2713328878	Belarus	Minsk	14
2713328879	Belgium	Brussels	15
2713328880	Belize	Belmopan	16
2713328881	Benin	Porto-Novo	17
2713328882	Bhutan	Thimphu	18
2713328883	Bolivia	La Paz	19
2713328884	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	20
2713328885	Botswana	Gaborone	21
2713328886	Brazil	Brasilia	22
2713328887	Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	23
2713328888	Bulgaria	Sofia	24
2713328889	Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	25
2713328890	Burma	Rangoon	26
2713328891	Burundi	Bujumbura	27
2713328892	Cambodia	Phnom Penh	28
2713328893	Cameroon	Yaounde	29
2713328894	Canada	Ottawa	30
2713328895	Cape Verde	Praia	31
2713328896	Central African Republic	Bangui	32
2713328897	Chad	N'Djamena	33
2713328898	Chile	Santiago	34
2713328899	China	Beijing	35
2713328900	Colombia	Bogota	36
2713328901	Comoros	Moroni	37
2713328902	Costa Rica	San Jose	38
2713328903	Cote d'Ivoire	Yamoussoukro	39
2713328904	Croatia	Zagreb	40
2713328905	Cuba	Havana	41
2713328906	Cyprus	Nicosia	42
2713328907	Czech Republic	Prague	43
2713328908	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Kinshasa	44
2713328909	Denmark	Copenhagen	45
2713328910	Djibouti	Djibouti	46
2713328911	Dominica	Roseau	47
2713328912	Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	48
2713328913	East Timor	Dili	49
2713328914	Ecuador	Quito	50
2713328915	Eygpt	Cairo	51
2713328916	El Salvador	San Salvador	52
2713328917	Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	53
2713328918	Eritea	Asmara	54
2713328919	Estonia	Tallinn	55
2713328920	Ethopia	Addis Ababa	56
2713328921	Federated States of Micronesia	Palikir	57
2713328922	Fiji	Suva	58
2713328923	Finland	Helsinki	59
2713328924	France	Paris	60
2713328925	Gabon	Libreville	61
2713328926	Georgia	Tbilisi	62
2713328927	Germany	Berlin	63
2713328928	Ghana	Accra	64
2713328929	Greece	Athens	65
2713328930	Greneda	St George's	66
2713328931	Guatemala	Guatemala City	67
2713328932	Guinea	Conakry	68
2713328933	Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	69
2713328934	Guyana	Georgetown	70
2713328935	Haiti	Port-au-Prince	71
2713328936	Honduras	Tegucigalpa	72
2713328937	Hungary	Budapest	73
2713328938	Iceland	Reykjavik	74
2713328939	India	New Delhi	75
2713328940	Indonesia	Jakarta	76
2713328941	Iran	Tehran	77
2713328942	Iraq	Baghdad	78
2713328943	Ireland	Dublin	79
2713328944	Israel	Jerusalem	80
2713328945	Italy	Rome	81
2713328946	Jamaica	Kingston	82
2713328947	Japan	Tokyo	83
2713328948	Jordan	Amman	84
2713328949	Kazakhstan	Astana	85
2713328950	Kenya	Nairobi	86
2713328951	Kiribati	Tarawa	87
2713328952	Kuwait	Kuwait City	88
2713328953	Kyrgyzstan	Bishtek	89
2713328954	Laos	Vientaine	90
2713328955	Latvia	Riga	91
2713328956	Lebanon	Beirut	92
2713328957	Lesotho	Maseru	93
2713328958	Liberia	Monrovia	94
2713328959	Libya	Tripoli	95
2713328960	Liechtenstein	Vaduz	96
2713328961	Lithuania	Vilnius	97
2713328962	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	98
2713328963	Macedonia	Skopje	99
2713328993	Madagascar	Antananarivo	100
2713328994	Malawi	Lilongwe	101
2713328995	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	102
2713328996	Maldives	Male	103
2713328997	Mali	Bamako	104
2713328998	Malta	Valletta	105
2713328999	Marshall Islands	Majuro	106
2713329000	Mauritania	Nouakchott	107
2713329001	Mauritius	Port Louis	108
2713329002	Mexico	Mexico City	109
2713329003	Moldova	Chisinau	110
2713329004	Monaco	Monaco	111
2713329005	Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	112
2713329006	Morocco	Rabat	113
2713329007	Mozambique	Maputo	114
2713329008	Namibia	Windhoek	115
2713329009	Nauru	Yaren District	116
2713329010	Nepal	Kathmandu	117
2713329011	Netherlands	Amsterdam	118
2713329012	New Zealand	Wellington	119
2713329013	Nicaragua	Managua	120
2713329014	Niger	Niamey	121
2713329015	Nigeria	Abuja	122
2713329016	North Korea	Pyongyang	123
2713329017	Norway	Oslo	124
2713329018	Oman	Muscat	125
2713329019	Pakistan	Islamabad	126
2713329020	Palau	Koror	127
2713329021	Panama	Panama City	128
2713329022	Papa New Guinea	Port Moresby	129
2713329023	Paraguay	Asuncion	130
2713329024	Peru	Lima	131
2713329025	Philippines	Manila	132
2713329026	Poland	Warsaw	133
2713329027	Portugal	Lisbon	134
2713329028	Qatar	Doha	135
2713329029	Republic of Congo	Brazzaville	136
2713329030	Romania	Bucharest	137
2713329031	Russia	Moscow	138
2713329032	Rwanda	Kigali	139
2713329033	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	140
2713329034	Saint Lucia	Castries	141
2713329035	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	142
2713329036	Samoa	Apia	143
2713329037	San Marino	San Marino	144
2713329038	Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome	145
2713329039	Saudi Arabi	Riyadh	146
2713329040	Senegal	Dakar	147
2713329041	Serbia and Montenegro	Belgrade	148
2713329042	Seychelles	Victoria	149
2713329043	Sierre Leone	Freetown	150
2713329044	Singapore	Singapore	151
2713329045	Slovakia	Bratislava	152
2713329046	Slovenia	Ljubljana	153
2713329047	Solomon Islands	Honiara	154
2713329048	Somalia	Mogadishu	155
2713329049	South Africa	Pretoria	156
2713329050	South Korea	Seoul	157
2713329051	Spain	Madrid	158
2713329052	Sri Lanka	Colombo	159
2713329053	Sudan	Khartoum	160
2713329054	Suriname	Paramaribo	161
2713329055	Swaziland	Mbabana	162
2713329056	Sweden	Stockholm	163
2713329057	Switzerland	Bern	164
2713329058	Syria	Damascus	165
2713329059	Taiwan	Taipei	166
2713329060	Tajikistan	Dushanbe	167
2713329061	Tanzania	Der es Salaam	168
2713329062	Thailand	Bangkok	169
2713329063	The Bahamas	Nassau	170
2713329064	The Gambia	Banjul	171
2713329065	Togo	Lome	172
2713329066	Tonga	Nuku'alofa	173
2713329067	Trinidad and Tobago	Port-of-Spain	174
2713329068	Tunisia	Tunis	175
2713329069	Turkey	Ankara	176
2713329070	Turkmeinstan	Ashgabat	177
2713329071	Tuvalu	Funafuti	178
2713329072	Uganda	Kampala	179
2713329073	Ukraine	Kiev	180
2713329074	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	181
2713329075	UK	London	182
2713329076	USA	Washington D.C.	183
2713329077	Uruguay	Montevideo	184
2713329078	Uzbekistan	Tashkent	185
2713329079	Vanutu	Port-Vila	186
2713329080	Vatican City	Vatican City	187
2713329081	Venezuela	Caracas	188
2713329082	Vietnam	Hanoi	189
2713329083	Yemen	Sanaa	190
2713329084	Zambia	Lusaka	191
2713329085	Zimbabwe	Harare	192

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Pediatrics Flashcards

Pediatric Step 2 material

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418446352	ASD endocardial cushion defects	Pediatric heart condition associated MC with Trisomy 21	0
418446353	PDA	Pediatric heart condition associated MC with congenital rubella.	1
418446354	Coarctation of aorta (bicuspid aortic valve)	Pediatric heart condition associated MC with Turner's syndrome.	2
418446355	Kawasaki disease	Congenital pediatric condition associated with coronary artery aneurysms.	3
418446356	Neonatal lupus	Congenital pediatric condition associated with congenital heart block.	4
418446357	Williams syndrome	●"Elfin" facies ●Supravalvular aortic stenosis or other vascular anomalies [3] ●Hypertension ●Cognitive profile consisting of impaired cognition and development accompanied by a friendly, social personality ●Short stature ●Endocrine abnormalities including hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus, and subclinical hypothyroidism ●Genitourinary abnormalities include congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, nephrolithiasis due to hypercalciuria, and dysfunctional voiding ●Auditory, dental, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, neurologic, ophthalmologic, and dermatologic abnormalities	5
418446358	Ebstein's anomaly	Pediatric heart condition associated MC with maternal lithium use during pregnancy.	6
418446359	Heart failure	Pediatric heart condition associated MC with neonatal thyrotoxicosis.	7
418446360	Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and transposition of the great vessels	2 Pediatric heart conditions associated MC with maternal diabetes.	8
418446361	VSD	Harsh holosystolic murmur heard best at lower left sternal border in a pt with history of frequent respiratory infections, dyspnea, FTT, and CHF. echocardiogram is diagnostic.	9
418446362	ASD	Fixed widely split S2. Surgical repair only indicated with a 2:1 ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow.	10
418446363	sepsis, inborn errors of metabolism, ductal dependent congenital heart disease (usually left sided lesions), Congenital adrenal hyperplasia	4 MC causes of shocklike state within the first few weeks of life.	11
418446364	PGE1	Drug given IV to maintain PDA for early onset cyanotic conditions.	12
725885579	Transposition of the great vessles	MC cyanotic congenital heart lesion in the newborn. MC associated with diabetic mothers and digeorge syndrome. Managed at start with PGE1 or if surgery not applicable in first few days of life and PDA not remaining open then balloon atrial septostomy is temporary; surgical correction is definitive.	13
554948227	tetrology of fallot	MC cyanotic congenital heart lesion in childhood. Risk factors include maternal PKU and digeorge syndrome. PE shows systolic ejection murmur on left upper sternal border, right ventricular heave, and single S2. history may suggest failure to thrive or mental status changes and children often squat.	14
136370986	O2, propranolol, phenylephrine, knee chest position, fluids, morphine	Treatment of tetrology of fallot hypoxic spells acutely include these 6 steps.	15
756306845	2 months	lifts head/chest when prone (gross motor), tracks past midline (fine motor), alters to sound, coos (language), Recognizes parent, exhibits social smile (social/cognitive)	16
495345416	4-5 months	Rolls front to back, back to front (Gross motor), grasps rattle (fine motor), Laughs and squeals, orients to voice, begins to make consonant sounds (language), enjoys looking around, laughs (social/cognitive).	17
927520764	6 months	Sits unassisted (gross motor), transfers objects, demonstrates raking grasp (fine motor), babbles (language), demonstrates stranger anxiety (social/cognitive)	18
843744266	9-10 months(first word at 11 months)	Crawls, pulls to stand (gross motor), uses 3 finger pincer grasp (fine motor), says mama/dada nonspecifically (language), waves bye-bye, plays pat-a-cake (social/cognitive)	19
731585728	12 months	walks alone, throws objects (gross motor), uses 2-finger pincer grasp (fine motor), uses 1-3 words, follows 1-step commands (language), imitates actions, exhibits separation anxiety (social/cognitive)	20
864152612	2 years	Walks up/down steps, jumps (gross motor), builds tower of 6 blocks (fine motor), uses 2-word phrases (language), follows 2-step commands, removes clothes (social/cognitive)	21
808869873	3 years	Rides tricycle, climbs stairs with alternating feet (gross motor), copies a circle, uses utensils (fine motor), uses 3-word sentences (language), brushes teeth with help, washes/dries hands (social/cognitive).	22
62725979	4 years	Hops (gross motor), copies a cross (fine motor), knows colors and some numbers (language), exhibits cooperative play, plays board games (social/cognitive)	23
834268766	5 years	Skips, walks backward for long distances (gross motor), copies a triangle, ties shoelaces, knows left and right, prints letters (fine motor), uses 5-word sentences (language), exhibits domestic role playing, plays dress-up (social/cognitive)	24
152327126	8 years	precocious puberty is considered when secondary sexual maturation occurs in females before this age	25
619910918	9 years	Precocious puberty is considered when secondary sexual maturation occurs in males before this age.	26
335124260	13 years	Delayed puberty is considered when no breast development or pubic hair growth in females over this age.	27
137091493	14 years	Delayed puberty is considered when no testicular enlargment in boys by this age.	28
450603636	Trisomy 18 (edwards' syndrome)	presents with severe mental retardation, rocker-bottom feet, low set ears, micrognathia, clenched hands (overlapping fourth and fifth digits), and a prominent occiput. associated with congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, and death usually occurs within 1 year of birth.	29
475852065	Trisomy 13 (patau's syndrome)	presents with severe mental retardation, microphthalmia, microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, holoprosencephaly, punched out scalp lesions, polydactyly, and omphalocele. associated with congenital heart disease and death usually occurs within 1 year of birth.	30
92466273	alpha galactosidase A (fabry's disease)	This enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of ceramide trihexoside in the heart, brain, and kidneys. First sign is severe neuropathic limb pain along with joint swelling. skin may show angiokeratomas and telangiectasias. Findings include renal failure and an increased risk of stroke and MI (thromboembolic events).	31
947486446	galactosylceramidase (krabbe's disease)	This enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of galactocerebroside in brain characterized by progressive CNS degeneration, optic atrophy, spasticity, and death within the first 3 years of life.	32
123947313	glucocerebrosidase (gaucher's disease)	This enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of glucocerebroside in the brain, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. cells may have crinkled paper appearance and enlarged cytoplasm. May present with anemia and thrombocytopenia. Infantile version presents with early, rapid neurologic decline. Adult version is compatible with a normal life span and does not affect the brain.	33
767454568	sphingomyelinase (niemann-pick disease)	This enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of sphingomyelin cholesterol in reticuloendothelial and parenchymal cells and tissues. May present with cherry red spot and hepatosplenomegaly. Type A die by age 3.	34
316339505	hexosamininidase (Tay-sachs disease)	This enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of GM2 ganglioside with infants presenting with exagerated startle response, but most are normal until 3-6 months of age, then cherry-red spot. Death occurs by age 3.	35
683208804	arylsulfatase A (Metachromatic leukodystrophy)	This enzyme deficiency leads to accumulation of sulfatide in brain, kidney, liver, and peripheral nerves. Demyelination leads to progressive ataxia and dementia.	36
820739061	alpha-L-iduronidase (hurler's syndrome)	This enzyme deficiency leads to corneal clouding, mental retardation, and gargoylism.	37
497673941	Iduronate sulfatase (hunter's syndrome)	This enzyme deficiency leads to mild mental retardation and gargoylism and X-linked recessive.	38
484207909	Intussusception	The most common cause of bowel obstruction in the first 2 years of life (males > females) usually seen between 3 months and 3 years of age. Cause is unknown	39
86514146	barium enema (or anorectal manometry in atypical presentation)	Initial diagnostic study for a presentation of failure to pass merconium in 48 hrs of birth accompanied by bilious vomiting and FTT although children with less severe forms present later in life with chronic constipation. PE rectal examination shows explosive discharge of stool.	40
487376738	rectal biopsy	Definitive diagnostic study for hirschsprungs disease.	41
550002206	pneumotosis intestinalis	intramural air bubbles representing gas produced by bacteria within the bowel wall and pathopneumonic for necrotizing entercolitis.	42
874531904	FTT	weight/height below 5 percentile or a drop in weight/height more than two percentile quadrants.	43
675511901	Brutons congenital agammaglobinemia	X-linked recessive B-cell deficiency with symptoms beginning after 6 months of age when maternal IgG no longer is active. Characterized by life threatening infections from encapsulated pseudomonas, S. pneumoniae, and haemophilus. Absent tonsils and other lymphoid tissues provide clue while Ig levels are low and B cell counts are absent, T cell counts high. Tx with prophylactic antibiotics and IVIG.	44
825329062	Common Variable immunodeficiency	Usually combined B and T cell defect with all Ig levels low (starting in 20-30's) though normal B-cell numbers (low plasma cells). symptoms usually present with increased pyogenic upper and lower respiratory infections and increased risk of lymphoma and autoimmune disease. Dx Quantitative Ig's and B/T cell subset counts. Tx IVIG	45
260490765	IgA deficiency	Mild, but most common immunodeficiency. usually asymptomatic, but may develop recurrent respiratory or GI infections (Giardia). Anaphylactic transfusion reaction due to anti-IgA Ab's is common presentation. Qauntitative Ig's for Dx. Do not give IVIG due to increased risk of anti-IgA Ab's.	46
560161638	Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM gene)	Progressive difficulty with coordinating movements beginning in early childhood (<5 y/o). Ataxia, dyskinesia, dysmetria, chorea, myoclonus, neuropathy. Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels in eyes and skin. Develop chronic lung infections, increased risk of cancer (leukemia, lymphoma)Requires wheelchair by adolescence. Due to mutation in DNA repair.	47
541195569	6 months	Age at which infants may start to consume solid foods.	48
103044661	3 months	Strabismus is considered normal in infants this age or younger, but pathologic when older.	49
685564668	Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)	Most commonly occurs between ages 6 months to 6 years and has stridor associated with a barky cough, fever, rhinorrhea, and congestion	50
170767950	Laryngomalacia	Stridor most severe at age 4-8 months with persistent stridor that worsens in supine position, but improves while in prone position.	51
498821856	Foreign body aspiration	Strido has an acute onset and is associated wtih moderate-to-severe respiratory distress.	52
766357657	Vascular ring	Stridor presents before age 1 year with a persistend nature that improves with neck extension and is associated with cardiac abnormalities (50%).	53
1000259947	Rotavirus	The live attenuated virus vaccine has the following contraindications- anaphylaxis to vaccine ingredients, history of intussusception, history of uncorrected malformation of the GI tract (eg. meckel's diverticulum), severe combined immunodeficiency disease. small increased risk of causing intussusception and should not be given to those children with a hx of intusssusception.	54
564442010	Henoch-schonlein purpura	presents with palpable purpura with normal platelet count and coagulation studies, arthritis/arthralgia, abdominal pain (GI bleeding and possibly intussusception), renal disease similar to IgA nephropathy, scrotal pain and swelling.	55
890734473	Lyme arthritis	Development of monoarticular arthritis after several months of migratory arthralgias and a trip to northeastern and upper midwestern states. aspiration of synovial fluid - Leukocytes = 20,000 Neutrophils= 50% Color = yellow Clarity = translucent Gram stain = Negative	56
221323536	nonclassic CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)	Presents with premature adrenarche/pubarche, severe cystic acne resistant to treatment, accelerated linear growth, and advanced bone age. There is also normal electrolytes. LH is low baseline and does not increase with GnRH stimulation.	57
99803377	Leydig cell tumor	Presents with premature adrenarche/pubarche, severe cystic acne resistant to treatment, accelerated linear growth, and advanced bone age. There is also normal electrolytes and unilateral testicular mass. LH is low at baseline and does not increase with GnRH stimulation.	58
112995875	Idiopathic precocious puberty	Characterized by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis accounting for 80% of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty occuring almost exclusively in girls. Basal LH usually elevated and increases with GnRH stimulation.	59
935943977	Hyperhemolytic crisis	Rare complication of SCD characterized by sudden, severe anemia accompanied by a reticulocyte count of >1%.	60
274846404	Vasoocclusive crisis	Complication of SCD characterized by acute onset of pain that may be precipitated by weather, dehydration, or infection.	61
207871979	Splenectomy	Treatment necessary for a 7 y/o presenting with severe hypotensive shock, dramatic drop in hemoglobin concentration, persistent reticulocytosis, and rapidly enlarging spleen, 10-15% mortality, 50% chance of recurrence.	62
491717190	Neonatal sepsis	12 day old presenting with respiratory distress, vomiting, jaundice, temperature instability (including hypothermia), poor feeding, irritability or lethargy.	63
1563130580	Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome	3 y/o presenting with red rash and blisters starting 8 hrs earlier. pt is febrile (102) and there is superficial flaccid bullae and an erythematous rash diffusely distributed over her body. Nikolsky sign positive. Her face seems edematous, and there is crusting around the mouth area. Dx?	64
164143749	Impetigo	Localized epidermal infection with blisters that are flaccid and rupture easily, leaving a honey-colored crust. Nikolsky sign negative. Lesions are most commonly asymptomatic.	65
426333164	Erysipelas	Bacterial infection of the dermis presenting with a well-demarcated, red, indurated, warm tnder plaque. occasionally with overlying bullae and vesicles; lymphangitic streaking away from the plaque. fever, chills, malaise are common. Group A strep is classic cause and the face and over extremities are common sites of involvement.	66
1658088796	Pneumothorax	Condition that must be ruled out in a patient with a past medical history of severe coughing paroxysms that resulted in subcutaneous emphysema = are leaks into chest wall into subcutaneous tissue to the high intraalveolar pressure provoked by cough.	67
601699661	Cholesteatoma	Dx should be suspected with presentation of continued ear drainage for several weeks despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. congenital or acquired with acquired occurring secondary to chronic middle ear disease = retraction pocket in TM, which can fill with granulation tissue and skin debris. Complications include hearing loss, cranial nerve paslsies, vertigo, potential for brain abscesses or meningitis.	68
1661836285	Otosclerosis	Conductive hearing loss.	69
253514322	Hypertrophy of peyer patches	Lead point to severe, intermittent abdominal pain; drawing up legs with pain. episodes last 15-20 minutes. abdominal tenderness and palpable cylindical mass on right side of abdomen. Pt is 1.5 y/o and had diarrhea 1 wk prior.	70
126902066	Meckel's diverticulum	Lead point to severe, intermittent abdominal pain; drawing up legs with pain. episodes last 15-20 minutes. abdominal tenderness and palpable cylindical mass on right side of abdomen. Pt is 6 y/o and had intussusception at age 2 that was successfully reduced by air enema.	71
294209877	Myotonic dystrophy	AD expansion of CTG repeat in DMPK gene on 19q13/3. Age of onset 12-30 y/o; presents with facial weakness, hand grip myotonia, dysphagia; comorbidities of arrhythmias, cataracts, balding, testicular atrophy/infertility; prognosis is death from respiratory or heart failure depending on age of onset.	72
1163944351	Trachoma	follicular conjuntivitis and pannus (neovascularization) formation in the cornea. concurrent infection occurs in the nasopharynx leading to nasal discharge. Dx made by giemsa stain of conjuntival scrapings. Tx with topical tetracycline or oral azithromycin. repeated infections can lead to scarring of the cornea.	73
561026499	Spondylolisthesis	12 y/o presenting with slowly developing back pain and neurologic dysfunction, palpable step-off at the lubosacral area.	74
567334898	Conduct disorder	Disruptive behavioral patterns that violate basic social norms for at least one year. Includes aggression towards others or animals, property damage, theft, violations of social rules. Pt is <18 y/o.	75
359299805	Antisocial personality disorder	Disruptive behavioral patterns that violate basic social norms for at least one year. Includes aggression towards others or animals, property damage, theft, violations of social rules. Pt is >18 y/o.	76
242307775	B1 (thiamine)	Water soluble vitamin associated with Peripheral neuropathy, heart failure. Found in whole grains, meat, fortified cereal, nuts, legumes.	77
1384994776	B2 (riboflavin)	Water soluble vitamin associated with angular cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, normocytic anemia, seborrheic dermatitis. found in dairy eggs, meat, green vegetables.	78
121479287	B3 (niacin)	Water-soluble vitamin associated with dermatitis, diarrhea, delusions/dementia, glossitis. Found in meat, whole grains, legumes.	79
1870794684	B6 (pyridoxine)	Water-soluble vitamin associated with cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, irrability, confusion, depression. Found in meat, whole grains, legumes, nuts.	80
861150133	B9 (folate, folic acid)	Water-soluble vitamin associated with megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects. Found in green leafy vegetables, fruit, meat, fortified cereal/grains.	81
1798996354	B12 (cobalamin)	Water-soluble vitamin associated with megaloblastic anemia and neurologic deficits (confusion, paresthesias, ataxia). Found in meat and dairy.	82
1565097246	C (ascorbic acid)	Water-soluble vitamin associated with punctate hemorrhage, gingivitis, corkscrew hair. Found in citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli.	83
1474899876	Primary dysmenorrhea	Release of prostaglandins from endometrium causes uterine contractions. The PE is normal. Onset generally occurs during adolescence.	84
827704104	Endometriosis	Bleeding from ectopic endometrium with PE demonstrating uterosacral nodularity and adnexal tenderness.	85
722336729	adenomyosis	Bleeding from ectopic endometrium with PE demonstrating uterine tenderness and enlargment.	86
1157336708	Pelvic infection	Bacterial infection and inflammatory response with PE demonstrating cervical motion tenderness, purulent cervical discharge	87
157702218	Uterine leiomyomata	May be associated with heavy bleeding while PE demonstrates uterine contour irregularity.	88
1864774266	Acute otitis media	Middle ear effusion plus acute eardrum inflammation.	89
499290351	Otitis media with effusion	Middle ear effusion without acute inflammation	90
812364391	Bullous myringitis	serous liquid-filled blisters on the tympanic membrane	91
391527298	Cerumen impaction	liquid or hard wax in auditory canal obstructing eardrum visualization.	92
213898994	Hemotympanum	Pulple or red eardrum +/- bulging	93
897931273	otitis externa	Pain with tragal traction, erythematous and swollen external auditory canal +/- otorrhea.	94
1955334317	Herpangina (cocksackie A virus)	1-mm gray vesicles on the tonsillar pillars and posterior oropharynx that progress to fibrin coated ulcerations, fever, pharyngitis. Often accompanied by lesions on the hands and feet. Has seasonal patterna occuring MC in the summer/early fall periods. treatment is supportive as lesions self-resolve within 1 week.	95
1487011304	HSV gingivostomatitis	vesicles localized to the anterior oropharynx and lips.	96
1141091419	Hematuria (painless)	The most common complication of being a carrier for the sickle cell trait with 35-45% HbS. This complication is followed closely by isosthenuria.	97
1075454224	Maternal estrogen effects	Mammary gland enlargement, swollen labia, non-purulent vaginal discharge (leukorrhea), and mild uterine withdrawal bleeding seen in a newborn are due to this effect. work-up is not necessary and reassurance should be provided.	98
300099048	Brain CT scan (temporal brain abscess)	Test that should be performed with 4 y/o presenting with a significant PMH of recurrent otitis media and now with morning vomiting and nocturnal headaches.	99
1768304301	Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterial rhinosinusitis; > H. influenza > M. catarrhalis)	Most common cause of thick and persistent (> or equal 10 days) nasal discharge, nasal congestions, and cough. Yellow, purulent mucus dripping from posterior nasopharynx and nasal turbinates that are erythematous and edematous.	100
1092115525	McCune-Albright syndrome (three P's)	Rare condition characterized by precocious puberty, cafe au lait spots and multiple bone defects (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia). Also may be associated with hyperthyroidism, prolactin or GH-secreting pituatary adenomas, and adrenal hypercortisolism. Caused by a sporadic mutation possibly in the G-protein cAMP-kinase of affected tissue resulting in autonomous activity of tissue.	101
627572858	Thyroid dysgenesis	MC cause of congenital hypothryoidism that presents with lethargy, hoarse cry, poor feeding, constipation, jaundice, dry skin, large fontanelles (majority asymptomatic). High TSH, low free T4. Most identified on screening. Tx levothyroxine.	102
2078342742	microvesicular steatosis (reye syndrome)	5 y/o had symptoms of low-grade fever, malaise, headache, cough, coryza, and sore throat (influenza B) 5 days prior and was treated with Aspirin. Now presents with lethargy, altered mental status, nausea vomiting. (-) jaundice or splenomegaly. Labs ALP 120; AST 358; ALT 410; ammonia 94 (nml <45); elevated PT and PTT. percutaneous liver biopsy shows this finding.	103
478947292	Congenital syphilis (treponemia pallidum)	Newborn presenting with cutaneous lesions on palms and soles, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, anemia, and rhinorrhea. Radiographs demonstrate metaphyseal dystrophy and periostitis. >2y/o present with frontal bossing, high arched palate, hutchinson teeth, interstitial keratitis, saddle nose, perioral fissures.	104
1756447017	Renal biopsy	Test indicated with a child >10 y/o with nephrotic syndrome or minimal change disease that is unresponsive to steroids.	105
1284292290	Pinealoma	10 y/o presenting with limited upward gaze, ptosis, upper eyelid retraction, pupillary abnormalities. Obstructive hydrocephalus signs including papilledema, headache, vomiting, ataxia. Central precocious puberty. Serum and CSF show elevated a-fetoprotein and B-HCG. dx?	106
595028942	Becker muscular dystrophy	Age of onse is typically 5-15 y/o with a mild muscle weakness. May later develop cardiomyopathy and death typically occurs by age 40-50 from heart failure. XR deletion resulting in decreased dystrophin.	107
1139551637	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	Age of onset is typically 3-5 y/o with progressive weakness, Gower maneuver, calf pseudohypertrophy. High creatine phosphokines and aldolase. May also develop intellectual disability and cardiomyopathy. Usually require wheel-chair dependence by adolescence and death by 20-30 y/o from respiratory or heart failure. XR deletion resulting in absent dystrophin.	108
1702985848	Normal	CSF analysis: WBC count (cells/uL) = 0-5; Glucose (mg/dL) = 40-70; Protein (mg/dL) = <40. What is the diagnosis?	109
966674319	Bacterial meningitis	CSF analysis: WBC count (cells/uL) = >1000; Glucose (mg/dL) = <40; Protein (mg/dL) = >250. What is the diagnosis?	110
1546804782	Tuberculosis meningitis	CSF analysis: WBC count (cells/uL) = 5-1000; Glucose (mg/dL) = <10; Protein (mg/dL) = >250. What is the most likely diagnosis?	111
1546804784	Viral meningitis	CSF analysis: WBC count (cells/uL) = 100-1000; Glucose (mg/dL) = 40-70; Protein (mg/dL) = <100. What is the most likely diagnosis?	112
959522627	Guillain-barre	CSF analysis: WBC count (cells/uL) = 0-5; Glucose (mg/dL) = 40-70; Protein (mg/dL) = 45-1000. What is the most likely diagnosis?	113
2152382672	Orbital cellulitis	Pain with eye movements, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and diplopia. Bacterial sinusitis is the most common predisposing factor and may complicate to blindness, subperiosteal abscesses, cavernous sinus thrombosis, intracranial infection, and death.	114
2152455953	Strabismus	intermittant or constant ocular misalignment usually with esotropia (nasal deviation), but occasional esotropia (temporal deviation). First line treatment is to patch the normal eye (occlusion therapy) or blur vision of normal eye (penalization therapy) to prevent amblyopia.	115
2152521605	Trichotillomania	Recurrent hair pulling resulting in hair loss with repeated attempts to decrease/stop hair pulling and a history of significant distress or impairment. Treat is CBT. Often comorbid with OCD and family history of OCD.	116
2152572024	Prostaglandin E1	Conditions like severe coarctation of teh aorta, transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and tricuspid atresia require this drug to maintain the PDA.	117
2155435168	angiofibroma	Presents in adolescent with nasal obstruction, visible nasal mass, and frequent epistaxis. It is a benign growth capable of eroding and locally invading.	118
2163394107	osteosarcoma	pain that worsens at night and is progressive. fever, weight loss, night sweats. erythema and enlargment over site.	119
2163412317	Ewing's sarcoma		120
2163426126	ankylosing spondylitis	presents in late teens and early 20's with fatigue, intermittent hip pain, and LBP that worsens with inactivity and in the mornings. Anterior uveitis and heart block may occur. Tx indomethacin, exercise and improve posture, TNF inhibitors or sulfasalazine in refractory cases.	121
2164642424	Phenobarbitol (complex partial seizures)	First line treatment in children for siezures that begin with auditory or visual hallucinations, deju vu, automatisms (lip smaking, chewing or evenn walking) then spreads bilaterally with aberrant electrical discharge causing impaired conciousness. Positive for postictal confusion/disorientation and amnesia are characteristic.	122
2164700557	Infantile spasms	Male infant 6 months old brought to the hospital with muscular jerks and an uncle who had similar episodes when they were an infant. Abnormal interictal EEG characterized by hypsarrhythmia. medications like ACTH, prednisone, clonazepam, valproic acid may treat spasmas, but have little impact on long-term prognosis. Dx?	123
2164709019	Lennox-Gastaut syndrome	Childhood onset seizures often refractory to treatment. presents with daily multiple seizures, often nocturnal tonic seizures appearing b/w age 2-6 y/o. More common in males and strong association with mental retardation, behavior disorders, delayed psychomotor development. Abnormal interictal EEG characterized by slow spike and wave complexes.	124
2164717616	BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo)	Common cause of recurrent peripheral vertigo resulting in dislodged otolith that leads to disturbances in semicircular canals (95% horizontal, 5% horizontal). Presents with transient vertigo (lasting <1min) and mixed upbeat-torsional nystagmus triggered by changes in head position. N/V uncommon due to short lived. Dx by Dix-Hallpike maneuver. Tx Epley maneuver. subsides in wks to months, but 30% recur w/in a yr. antivertigo meds CI.	125
2164733486	Labyrinthitis	Presents with unilateral tinnitus, ear fullness, or hearing loss along with acute onset of severe vertigo, head-motion intolerance and gait unsteadiness accompanied by N/V and nystagmus. Hx of viral illness 1 wk prior. PE shows abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex, horizontal nystagmus always in 1 direction, no vertical misalignment by alternate covering.	126
2164742091	vestibular neuritis	Acute onset of severe vertigo, head-motion intolerance and gait unsteadiness accompanied by N/V and nystagmus. Hx of viral illness 1 wk prior. PE shows abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex, horizontal nystagmus always in 1 direction, no vertical misalignment by alternate covering.	127
2164785478	Meniere's disease	REcurrent vertigo with auditory symptoms presenting more commonly in females. Episodes of severe vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, ear fullness often lasting hours or days. N/V typical. Progressive loss of low-frequency hearing over years and become deaf on affected side. Dx- 2 episodes > or equal to 20 minutes w/ remission of symptoms b/w episodes. Tx- migraine diets and meds.	128
2164798105	Medulloblastoma	Presents as highly malignant (may seed in subarachnoid space) and may cause obstructive hydrocephalus. A primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising from fourth ventricle and causes increased ICP. Tx surgery + radiation + chemotherapy.	129
2164803135	Ependymoma	Presents with low grade tumor possibly causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Arises from ependyma of ventricle (commonly the fourth) or the spinal cord. Tx surgery +/or radiation.	130
2164808539	craniopharyngioma	Presents with benign tumor possibly causing hypopituitarism and is the MC suprasellar tumor in children. Imaging shows calcifications. Tx- surgery.	131
2164816491	MRI with gadolinium	Imaging of brain, brainstem, and spine that should be done for presentation of cafe au lait spots, optic glioma, lisch nodules, kyphoscoliosis, and relatives with similar symptoms. Also conducting complete dermatoligic exam, ophthalmologic exam, and family hx. Clinically evident by 15-20 y/o.	132
2164827891	Tuberous sclerosis	Infantile spasms and hypopigmented lesion on child's trunk, think this AD condition.	133
2164913678	17-hydroxyprogesterone (21-hydroxylase deficiency classic type)	Elevated serum concentration of this metabolite is diagnostic for a condition presenting with a female infant with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, ambiguous genitalia. possibly leading to life-threatening salt wasting.	134
2164925598	MEN 1	Pancreatic ilslet tumors (gastrinoma, insulinoma, VIPomas), parathyroid hyperplasia, pitutary adenomas.	135
2164928201	MEN 2A	medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma or adrenal hyperplasia, parathyroid gland hyperplasia. Due to AD RET proto-oncogene mutation.	136
2164931675	MEN 2B	medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, oral and intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (mucosal neuromas), marfinoid habitus. Due to AD RET proto-oncogene mutation.	137
2164947489	Campylobacter	MC bacterial diarrhea caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water affecting young children and young adults generally lasting 7-10 days. Fecal RBC's and WBC's frequently presenting with bloody diarrhea. Tx- erythromycin.	138
2164952111	Clostridium difficile	Associated with recent ABx Tx (penicillins, quinolones, clindamycin) affecting primarily hospitilized pts. Presents with fever, abdominal pain, fecal RBC's, WBC's, sigmoidoscopy shows pseudomembranes. Complicates to toxic megacolon. Tx stop inciting ABx, begin metronidazole or vancomycin PO (or IV if not tolerated).	139
2164963535	Entamoeba histolytica	Caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. hx of travel to developing countries. incubation period can be 3 months. Presents with severe abdominal pain, fever, fecal RBC's, WBC's, endoscopy shows flask shaped ulcers. Chronic mimics IBD. steroids can lead to fatal perforation. Tx metronidazole.	140
2164972911	E. coli 0157:H7	Caused by ingestion of contaminated food (raw meat; unpasteurized juice). Affects children and elderly and generally lasts 5-10 days. presents with severe abdominal pain, low-grade fever, vomiting, fecal RBCs/WBCs. May develop renal failure and anemia. Avoid Abx or antidiarrheal as increase risk of complications.	141
2164980990	Salmonella	Caused by ingestion of contaminated poultry or eggs affecting children and elderly generally lasting 2-5 days. presents with prodromal headache, fever, myalgia, abdominal pain, fecal WBCs. 5-10% of pts develop bacteremia. SCC risk of osteomyelitis. Tx PO quinolone or TMP-SMX	142
2164987765	Shigella	Extremely contagious transmitted by fecal-oral route affecting young children and institutionalized pts. present with fecal RBCs/WBCs. may lead to severe dehydration, febrile seizures. Tx TMP-SMX.	143
2164995275	hernia	Leading cause of small bowel obstruction in children.	144
2165081738	constitutional growth delay	Presents with primary amenorrhea, decreased GnRH, decreased LH/FSH, decreased estrogen/progesterone (prepuberty levels).	145
2165085674	Hypogonadotropic hypoganadism (pituitary failure)	Presents with primary amenorrhea, decreased GnRH, decreased LH/FSH, decreased estrogen/progesterone	146
2165090479	Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (ovarian failure)	Presents with primary amenorrhea, increased GnRH, increased LH/FSH, decreased estrogen/progesterone.	147
2165095116	Anovulatory problem (PCOS or estrogen receptor)	presents with primary amenorrhea, increased GnRH, increased LH/FSH, incresaed Estrogen/progesterone.	148
2165097092	Anatomic problem (mullerian agenesis, imperforate hymen)	Presents with primary amenorrhea and normal GnRH, LH/FSH, estrogen/progesterone.	149
2171236374	Drug allergic reaction	Erythematous maculopapular rash generally confluent, hives less frequent; onset from 1-2 days to 1 wk after starting medication; pruritic, afebrile, speads distally. Tx- antihistamines or GC's treats over 1-2 wks. complicates to interstitial nephritis or TEN.	150
2171243960	Urticaria	General hives, wheals, via acute dermal edema and erythema(IgE mediated, histamine release), pruritic, erythematous borders with pale centers usually lasts <24 hrs.	151
2171264766	Varicella	Common and usually benign disease, >90% of children infected by age 10, highly infectious via vesicles or respiratory tract (coughing, sneezing). 1-3 wk incubation; Prodrome- fever, headache, flu like symptoms, malaise; Rash- red macules, vesicles (1-2 mm) w/ light red erythematous base which may follow flu like symptoms after 1-2 days vesicles become pustular and form crusts/scabs. start on trunk spread to excremeties. Labs- low WBC. CI- ASPIRIN.	152
2171282105	Measles (rubeola)	Incubation 1-2 wks; prodrome 3-4 days w/ cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, weakness, congestion, photophobia, rhinitis; rash- enlargin red/pink fine spots starting over forehead, behind ears, and upper neck, spreading towards face, trunk, and then arms (koplik spots); rash associated with fever, rash disappears with fine skin peeling. complicates- conjunctivits, otitis media, hearing loss, diarrhea, pneumonia, encephalitis, seizures. Tx- Vit A.	153
4185012197	Biliary atresia (direct hyperbilirubinemia develops with jaundice in first 2 months of life; MC indication for liver transplant in pediatrics; conjugated hyperbilirubinemia always pathologic; first get an U/S)	Most likely cause of a 3wk old infant jaundice for last 1 week. + acholic stools/dark urine, hepatomegaly, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, mild elevation in transaminases.	154
4185052963	Breast milk jaundice (generally benign, but may require phototherapy)	Most likely cause of jaundice in a 3 wk old infant with jaundice for last 1 week. + Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (10-30mg/dL).	155
4185072744	Physiologic jaundice (resolves after 1 week)	Most likely cause of jaundice appearing in the first 24 hrs of life in a neonate. + unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.	156
4185102753	Alloimmune hemolytic anemia (erythroblatosis fetalis; maternal ABO or Rh or minor blood group antigens)	Most likely cause of jaundice in a neonate with + unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, positive coombs test, anemia.	157
4185148778	ventricular septal defect	Most likely cause of a heart murmur in a neonate presenting with micrognathia, microcephaly, rocker bottom feet, overlapping fingers and absent palmer creases.	158
4185162343	congenital heart block (neonatal lupus)	Heart condition most likely with a mother who presented with malar rash and hematuria during pregnancy. She was found to be + anti-dsDNA.	159
4292540952	Ebstein's anomaly (atrialization of right ventricle and malformed tricuspid valve)	Lithium exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk development of this condition in the fetus.	160
4292655136	Hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis b vaccine	These two steps should be taken following the confirmed vertical transmission of hepatitis B from a pregnant mother to the neonate.	161
4594142619	chemical irritation (conjunctivitis)	Most likely cause of conjunctivitis in a neonate after 1 day post delivery.	162
4594144039	Neisseria gonorrheae (conjunctivitis; tx ceftriaxone)	Most likely cause of conjunctivitis in a neonate after 2-7 days post delivery.	163
4594146499	Chlamydia trachomatis (conjunctivitis; tx oral erythromycin)	Most likely cause of conjunctivitis in a neonate after more than 7 days post delivery.	164
4594148796	herpes (conjunctivitis; systemic acyclovir and topical vidarabine)	Most likely cause of conjunctivitis in a neonate after 3 weeks or more post delivery.	165
4594411282	glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (von gierks)	Most likely diagnosis of a 3-4 month old infant presenting with hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia on labs. physical exam shows doll-like face, thin extremeties, short/protuberant abdomen with enlarged liver and kidneys.	166
4594421602	acid maltase deficiency (pompe disease)	Most likely diagnosis of a 3 week old presenting as a floppy-baby since birth with feeding difficulties, macroglossia, heart failure, and hepatomegaly.	167
4594429590	glycogen debranching enzyme deficiency	Most likely diagnosis of a newborn presenting with hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, growth retardation, increased liver transaminases, fasting ketosis, normal blood lactate and uric acid.	168
4594442718	glycogen branching enzyme deficiency	Most likely diagnosis of an 18 month old with hepatosplenomegaly and failure to thrive. Progresses to cirrhosis of liver.	169
4594593573	HBIG (hepatitis B immunoglobulin)	additional treatment option for an infant with a mother who was positive HBs-Ag in addition to a vaccine.	170
4594717366	4 hours	If tachypnea lasts longer than this period of time in a newborn it is considered sepsis and must be followed up with a blood and urine culture. A lumbar puncture is done only if signs of irritability, lethargy, temperature irregularity, and feeding problems.	171
4599066510	Mccune albright syndrome	Most likely diagnosis with a clinical presentation of precocious puberty, cafe au lait spots, and multiple bone defects (polyostic fibrous dysplasia). Accounts for 5% of female precocious puberty and may be associated with hyperthyroidism.	172
4599140742	friedreich ataxia (trinucleotide repeat AR; tocopherol transport protein)	Most likely diagnosis with a clinical presentation of a child with progressive limb and gait ataxia, dysarthria, loss of joint position and vibration senses, absent tendon reflexes in the legs, and extensor plantar responses. Typically develop myocarditis/CHF, are wheelchair bound by 25yo, and dead by 30-35 yo.	173
4599328224	wilms tumor (WAGR- wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformations, mental retardation)	Most likely etiology of an abdominal mass felt in an infant with a history of vomiting, constipation, hypospadias, delayed mental development and the pictured symptoms.	174

2502577801	Black-Bellied Plover	0
2502577959	Black-Bellied Plover	1
2502578060	Black-Bellied Plover	2
2502578365	Wilson's Plover	3
2502578928	Wilson's Plover	4
2502578977	Wilson's Plover	5
2502579042	Wilson's Plover	6
2502579174	Wilson's Plover	7
2502579350	Wilson's Plover	8
2502579557	Semipalmated Plover	9
2502579598	Semipalmated Plover	10
2502579629	Semipalmated Plover	11
2502579674	Semipalmated Plover	12
2502579722	Semipalmated Plover	13
2502579930	Semipalmated Plover	14
2502580390	Semipalmated Plover	15
2502580534	Killdeer	16
2502580807	Killdeer	17
2502580808	Killdeer	18
2502581025	Killdeer	19
2502581026	Killdeer	20
2502581027	Killdeer	21
2502581028	Killdeer	22
2502581200	Killdeer	23
2502581511	Black-Necked Stilt	24
2502582024	Black-Necked Stilt	25
2502582025	Black-Necked Stilt	26
2502582026	Black-Necked Stilt	27
2502582027	Black-Necked Stilt	28
2502582028	Black-Necked Stilt	29
2502582029	Black-Necked Stilt	30
2502582030	Black-Necked Stilt	31
2502582847	American Avocet	32
2502583045	American Avocet	33
2502583046	American Avocet	34
2502583047	American Avocet	35
2502583048	American Avocet	36
2502583049	American Avocet	37
2502583871	Greater Yellowlegs	38
2502583988	Greater Yellowlegs	39
2502583989	Greater Yellowlegs	40
2502583990	Greater Yellowlegs	41
2502583991	Greater Yellowlegs	42
2502583992	Greater Yellowlegs	43
2502585118	Lesser Yellowlegs	44
2502585430	Lesser Yellowlegs	45
2502585506	Lesser Yellowlegs	46
2502585845	Lesser Yellowlegs	47
2502585846	Lesser Yellowlegs	48
2502585847	Solitary Sandpiper	49
2502586660	Solitary Sandpiper	50
2502586966	Solitary Sandpiper	51
2502586716	Solitary Sandpiper	52
2502587285	Solitary Sandpiper	53
2502587337	Solitary Sandpiper	54
2502587338	Solitary Sandpiper	55
2502587339	Willet	56
2502587765	Willet	57
2502587902	Willet	58
2502588046	Willet	59
2502588337	Willet	60
2502588806	Willet	61
2502588807	Willet	62
2502589155	Spotted Sandpiper	63
2502589264	Spotted Sandpiper	64
2502589265	Spotted Sandpiper	65
2502589573	Upland Sandpiper	66
2502589723	Upland Sandpiper	67
2502589724	Upland Sandpiper	68
2502589725	Upland Sandpiper	69
2502589726	Upland Sandpiper	70
2502589727	Upland Sandpiper	71
2502589728	Upland Sandpiper	72
2502589729	Upland Sandpiper	73
2502590297	Marbled Godwit	74
2502590627	Marbled Godwit	75
2502590628	Marbled Godwit	76
2502590629	Marbled Godwit	77
2502590630	Marbled Godwit	78
2502590631	Marbled Godwit	79
2502590632	Marbled Godwit	80
2502591029	Ruddy Turnstone	81
2502591611	Ruddy Turnstone	82
2502591612	Ruddy Turnstone	83
2502591613	Ruddy Turnstone	84
2502591614	Ruddy Turnstone	85
2502591615	Ruddy Turnstone	86
2502591616	Ruddy Turnstone	87
2502591617	Ruddy Turnstone	88
2502592101	Sanderling	89
2502592306	Sanderling	90
2502592307	Sanderling	91
2502592308	Sanderling	92
2502592309	Sanderling	93
2502592310	Sanderling	94
2502592311	Sanderling	95
2502592312	Sanderling	96
2502593003	Least Sandpiper	97
2502593170	Least Sandpiper	98
2502593171	Least Sandpiper	99
2502593172	Least Sandpiper	100
2502593173	Least Sandpiper	101
2502593174	Least Sandpiper	102
2502593175	Least Sandpiper	103
2502593176	Least Sandpiper	104
2502594050	Dunlin	105
2502594053	Dunlin	106
2502594054	Dunlin	107
2502594087	Dunlin	108
2502594984	Stilt Sandpiper	109
2502595378	Stilt Sandpiper	110
2502595379	Stilt Sandpiper	111
2502595380	Stilt Sandpiper	112
2502595381	Stilt Sandpiper	113
2502595382	Stilt Sandpiper	114
2502595860	Short-Billed Dowitcher	115
2502596108	Short-Billed Dowitcher	116
2502596218	Short-Billed Dowitcher	117
2502597938	Short-Billed Dowitcher	118
2502597998	Short-Billed Dowitcher	119
2502598248	Wilson's Snipe	120
2502598435	Wilson's Snipe	121
2502598436	Wilson's Snipe	122
2502598437	Wilson's Snipe	123
2502598438	Wilson's Snipe	124
2502598439	Wilson's Snipe	125
2502598440	Wilson's Snipe	126
2502598441	Wilson's Snipe	127

3248213909	economic venture	journey with the goal to make money	0
3248240086	wealth and power	reason England started a colony in the New World	1
3248295614	gold and silver	what England hoped was in Virginia	2
3248338846	1607	the year Jamestown was founded	3
3248338909	founded	started	4
3248370366	Jamestown	First permanent English settlement in America	5
3248374885	stockholders	People who own part of a company	6
3248380674	Stockholders of the Virginia Company of London	the men who financed the trip to Jamestown	7
3248382200	financed	paid for	8
3248406022	island	a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides	9
3248426383	peninsula	a piece of land surrounded by water on 3 sides and land on 1 side	10
3248437732	inland	away from the ocean	11
3248442507	fresh water	reason for choosing Jamestown site	12
3248459996	deep enought for ships to dock	reason for choosing Jamestown site	13
3248459997	go inland	instructions given as a reason for choosing Jamestown site	14
3248462771	easily defended from British invaders	reason for choosing Jamestown site	15
3248456572	charter	important government document	16
3248964751	English rights	rights granted to the colonists in the charter	17
3248967797	establish a settlement	what the charter gave Virginia Company of London the right to do	18
3248977201	1640s	decade the House of Burgesses became a separate legislative body	19
3248986965	General Assembly	first elected legislative body in English America	20
3248997516	Virginia General Assembly	Virginia's current legislative body	21
3248992332	House of Burgesses	legislative body that became a became its own separate legislative body in the 1640s	22
3249004359	legislative	law-making	23
3249007760	burgess	representative	24
3249037050	two burgesses	number of burgesses or representative from each of the divisions of Virginia elected to the General Assembly	25
3249049208	control their own government	reason the General Assembly is so important in Virginia history	26
3249059163	women	had families and made Jamestown a more permanent settlement	27
3249068552	Africans	expanded the tobacco economy and made Jamestown a more permanent settlement	28
3249075440	Portuguese sailors	brought African men and women to Virginia against their will from what is now present-day Angola	29
3249086968	Africans and women	two groups of people that made Jamestown more diverse	30
3249105071	marshy	ground that is wet all the time	31
3249108730	marshy site with unsafe water	hardship faced by the Jamestown settlers	32
3249113225	men lacked survival skills	hardship faced by the Jamestown settlers	33
3249118106	died of starvation and disease	hardships faced by the Jamestown settlers	34
3249121156	arrival of supply ships	change that resulted in survival	35
3249126997	forced work program	" You don't work; you don't eat."	36
3249129591	Captain John Smith	strong leader who instituted the forced work program	37
3249136692	Pocahontas	daughter of Powhatan who served as a contact between the native peoples and the English	38
3249146733	trading relationship	Captain John Smith initiated this relationship with the native peoples	39
3249157633	invaders	how the native peoples began to see the English colonists	40
3249165551	corn and tobacco	what the native peoples showed the settlers how to grow	41
3249168632	Powhatan	chief of many tribes who provided leadership to his people and taught the settlers survival skills	42

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