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orthotic fitters study guide Flashcards

3778593289	trapezius muscle	triangular muscle extending over back of neck & shoulders, moving the neck and shoulder blades	0
3778600847	Primary function of the trapezius muscle?	elevate the shoulders	1
3778605885	most important fitting of a spinal orthosis?	a very snug full hip measurement	2
3778614989	To which landmark should the anterior inferior margin of any spinal or abd support be located?	at the level of the symphysis pubis	3
3778622572	the inferior margin of the sacrum can be found?	at the top crease of the buttocks	4
3778630788	How should the application or addition of Compression support be done?	from the bottom up	5
3778635221	what is the purpose of bridging posterior uprights in an LSO?	to allow some flexion of the L-spine	6
3778648362	why is the lumbosacral joint the most vulnerable region in the spinal column?	L5 vertebra sits on the sacrum at a 45 degree angle	7
3778659819	what degree of flexion is commonly built into custom fit LSO's & TLSO's?	15 degrees	8
3778711284	when the patient is seated how much space should there be between the bottom of he LSO/TLSO and a firm sitting surface?	2 inches	9
3778773468	what is the anterior length measurement for most spinal hyperextension orthoses?	from the sternal notch to the symphysis pubis, less 2 inches	10
3778783033	what is the name of an LSO with APL?	Knight type orthosis	11
3779021223	genu-recurvatum	Hyperextension of the knee	12
3779063756	isolated genu-recurvatum is typically controlled with which device?	Knee hyperextension orthosis	13
3779068371	a lateral retinacular release helps address issues relating to?	PCL,& ACL instability & patellar allignment	14
3779079248	inversion sprains of the ankle comprise of what percentage of sprains?	80%	15
3779083035	what is fossa	a cavity or indentation	16
3779089131	the radius rotates around the?	Ulna	17
3779094075	the bottom of a TLSo should align with?	the level of the sacro-coccygeal joint	18
3779102059	spinal stenosis	narrowed foramen, facet subluxation & loss of disc height	19
3779111810	the anterior lateral aspect of the pelvic band of an LSO shold align with?	crest of the ilium and greater trochanter	20
3779119266	a common application for a thoracolumbar spinal hyperextension orthosis	anterior compression fractures	21
3779131516	sitting in flexion for extended periods of time allows which structure to adaptively shorten?	Anterior longitudinal ligament	22
3779134204	Kyphosis	an increased thoracic curve	23
3779139711	low-tone abd muscles place which structures at jeopardy?	intervertebral discs	24
3779147356	a sacroiliac (SI) belt can help address which of the following conditions?	SI hypermobility	25
3779155989	in what plane of motion do most gross motions occur during gait?	Frontal (coronal) Plain	26
4656387030	retinaculum	a structure that retains an organ or tissue in place	27

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Orthotic Fitter Course Flashcards

Stephanie's

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1807953098	What is the primary function of the Trapezius left and right	Elevate the shoulders	0
1807953099	In fitting spinal orthoses, what is an important measurement left and right?	A very snug full hip measurment	1
1807953100	What's the landmark for the anterior inferior margin of any spinal or abdominal support?	At the level of the symphysis pubis	2
1807953101	What is the" brown bag syndrome?	Failure to teach the patiient to remove and re-apply the product.	3
1807953102	The inferior margin of the sacrum can be found?	At the top of the crease of the buttocks	4
1807953103	How to apply compressive support	From bottom up	5
1807953104	What is the purpose for bridging posterior uprights in an LSO?	To allow some flexion of the lumbar spine	6
1807953105	Why is the lumbosacral joint is the most vulnerable region in the spinal column?	L5 vertebra sits on the sacrum at a 45 degree angle	7
1807953106	What degree of flexion is commonly built into custom fit LSOs and TLSOs?	15 degrees	8
1807953107	When pt is seated, how much space should be between the bottom of the LSO and TLSO and a firm sitting surface?	2"	9
1807953108	What is the anterior length measurment for most spinal hyperextension orthoses?	From the sternal notch to the symphysis pubis, less 2"	10
1877962547	The hip is what kind of joint?	A ball and socket type joint.	11
1877962548	What is the Largest joint?	The Knee	12
1877962549	Hip abduction orthoses are usually set at what degree?	15 degrees of abduction. (Max is 30/ 10 flexion)	13
1877962550	The ham strings are made up of 3 main components?	The semimembranious, semitendinosis and the bicep femoris	14
1877962551	What is the Largest muscle?	gluteus medius. (hip external rotator, hip abductor- open chain, decelerates hip internal rotation)	15
1877962552	ACL injuries usually lead to ?	Rotational instablilites	16
1877962553	Genu Recurvatum involves disruption of the ?	PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament) located back of knee	17
1877962554	AFO 's generally help pick up the toe during swing, assisting?	Anterior tibialis (stage for gait walking)	18
1877962555	Bursitis is?	inflammation of the bursa causing swelling and pain	19
1877962556	The longest bone in the body?	The femur	20
1877962557	The strongest bone in the body?	The teeth	21
1877962558	The strongest muscle ?	The tongue	22
1877962559	In open chain, Hamstrings serve to flex the knee and ?	extend the hip	23
1877962560	A lateral retinacular release helps address?	Patellar alignment.	24
1877962561	Chondromalasia Patella is ?	a condition from, overuse, injury or other factors. ex. weak gluteus medius.	25
1877962562	Patella subluxation ususally occurs?	laterally	26
1877962563	Proprioceptive rehab can only occur:	during controlled motion weight-bearing	27
1877962564	Wrap around knee supports are indicated when?	the leg is asymmetrical	28
1877962565	What is Chondromalasia patella?	a roughening of the articulating surface of the patella	29
1877962566	The function of any joint is to provide?	motion	30
1877962567	The popliteal fossa is ?	The cavity posterior to the knee	31
1877962568	The calcaneous what degree of frontal plane ROM?	30 degrees	32
1877962569	What is an A-C joint?	The acromio-clavicular joint	33
1877962570	What is the humerus?	the long bone of the upper arm	34
1877962571	The shoulder joint is?	a shallow ball & socket joint, muscle dominated joint and Able to move in all planes	35
1877962572	What does SITS mean?	acronymn for the rotator cuff muscles (Super,IMM, Term, Sub)	36
1877962573	The rhomboid muscels help the shoulders?	retract	37
1877962574	Triceps are antagonists to the ?	Biceps	38
1877962575	Wrist pronation involves?	Hands with palm side down	39
1907112165	Isolated genu-recurvatum is typically controlled with which device?	Knee hyperextension orthosis	40
1907112166	Which kind of ankle sprain comprise over 80%?	Inversion sprains (ankle rolls our laterally)	41
1907112167	What is the definition of a fossa?	A cavity or indentation	42
1907112168	What's involved with a forearm rotation?	The radius rotates around the ulna	43
1907112169	The bottom posterior border of a TLSO should align to what level?	At the level of the sacro-coccygeal joint.	44
1907112170	What (4) tools may be needed to custom fit a plastic body jacket?	scissors, marking pencil, skiving tool and heat gun.	45
1907112171	All spinal orthoses should be worn?	Over cotton undergarments	46
1907112172	What can cause spinal stenosis?	Narrowed forearm, facet subluxation, loss of disc height	47
1916942185	The anterior lateral aspect of the pelvic band of an LSO should align with which 2 landmarks?	crest of the ilium and greater trochanter (noch)	48
1916942186	Which condition is a common application for a thoracolumbar spinal hyperextension orthosis?	anterior compression fractures	49
1916942187	Sitting in flexion for extended periods of time allows which structure to adaptively shorten?	Anterior longitudinal ligament	50
1916942188	Define kyphosis	is an increased thoracic curve	51
1916942189	Low -tone abdominal muscles place which structures at jeopardy?	intrervertebral discs	52
1916942190	A Sacroiliac Belt (SI) can help address which of the following conditions?	SI hypermobility	53
2078634288	Concentric muscle activity?	Accelerates mass	54
2078635156	Tendons function by attaching?	Muscle to bone	55
2078636300	Joint stability requires (3)?	Adequate strength, appropriate range of motion, adequate proprioception	56
2078640229	Proprioception is?	The body's position sense in space	57
2078760639	Most gross motions during gait occur in what plane?	Sagittal Plane	58
2078762812	Superior- inferior positions refer to components of the ?	Trunk	59
2086825097	What is Frontal Plane?	Divides the body into front & back portions	60
2100205568	Abdomen	The large cavity of the body, situated between the thorax and the pelvis, which contains the viscera or organs	61
2100205569	Abduction	The lateral movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body	62
2100205570	Abductor	A muscle which, upon contraction, draws a part away from the median plane of the body or axial lin	63
2100205571	Acetabulum	The cup-shaped cavity, or the external surface of the hip bone which recieves the head of the femur	64
2100205572	Acquired	Not present at birth, developed as a result of environment, use or misuse, as distinguished from inherited	65
2100205573	Acromial Process	The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula, forming the highest point of the shoulder	66
2100205574	Acromioplasty	Surgical removal of the anterior lip of the acromion and coracoacromial ligaments of the shoulder	67
2100205575	Acute	Sharp, severe Having a rapid onset, short course (not chronic)	68
2100205576	Adduction	Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body	69
2100205577	Adipose	Fatty, fat like	70
2100205578	Ankylosis	Abnormal immobility and consolidation of a joint. Stiffness or fixation of a joint	71
2100205579	Annulus Fibrosis	The fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc	72
2100205580	Anomaly	Marked by deviation from the usual, expecially as a result of congenital or hereditary defects	73
2100205581	Antebrachium	The lower arm	74
2100205582	Antecubital	The anterior surface of the elbow	75
2100205583	Ante Partum	Before delivery (birth)	76
2100205584	Anterior	Situated in front of (ventral) or in the forward part of	77
2100205585	Anterior dislocation of the Humerus	Commonly type of shoulder dislocation., displacement of the humeral head and a disruption of the shoulder capsule	78
2100205586	Anteroposterior	From front to back	79
2100205587	Anteversion	The tipping , tilting, or displacement forward, of an entire organ, especially the uterus	80
2100205588	Aperture	an opening or ofifice	81
2100205589	Aplasia	Imcomplete or defective development of tissue	82
2100205590	Aponeurosis	An expanding tendon serving to connect a muscle with the parts it moves	83
2100205591	Articulation	A joint, the junction between two or more bones	84
2100205592	Ataxia	Failure of muscular coordination	85
2100205593	Ligament	Dense strap-shaped tissue connecting bone to bone	86
2100205594	Tendon	band of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone	87
2100205595	Concentric	lower to high - acceletaror	88
2100205596	Eccentric	high to low - decelerator	89
2100205597	isometric	between concentric & eccentric	90
2100205598	Subluxation	An incomplete or partial dislocation	91
2100205599	Rotation	The process of turning around on an axis	92
2100205600	Sagittal Plane	The section parallel to the median plane of the body (any plane that divides body into right and left portions) -plane of motion most gross motions occur during gaitA	93
2100205601	Scapula	the shoulder blade	94
2100205602	Scoliosis	A lateral curvature in one or more regions of the spine	95
2100205603	Spondylitis	Inflammation of the vertebra	96
2100205604	Spondyloisthesis	Forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower segment	97
2100205605	Sternal notch	notch created by the bilateral sterno-clavicular joints at the superior edge of the Manubrium	98
2100205606	Supine	lying face upward	99
2100330636	Kyphosis	increased thoracic curve	100
2100330637	Articular surfaces derive nutrients through	synovial fluids and motion	101
2100330638	Ligaments heal best with	controlled stress motion	102
2100330639	3 major veins in the leg	femoral, great saphenous, small saphenous	103
2100330640	Veins carry	un-oxygenated blood from the cells to the heart, with the help of muscles	104
2100330641	Peristaltic action, an upward type of "milking" occurs in the	veins	105
2100330642	post-phlebitic edema in the ankle	should be fitted with a venous pressure gradient stocking	106

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ORTHOTIC FITTER TERMS Flashcards

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4379622370	Firm Cervical Collar, Philedelphia Collar, Soft Foam Collar	The measuring guidlines for these 3 cervical supports is the neck circumference and necessary height to position a support to the cranium as desired	0
4379632218	Dorsolumbar Corset	The measuring guidelines for this thoracolumbaosacral support is the anterior height from him angle to comfortable clearance below breasts when seated, hip circumference, posterior height from superior angle of the shoulder blade to sacrococcylgeal joint and waist circumference.	1
4379672903	Jewett Brace	The measuring guidelines for this thoracolumbosacral support is the anterior height from 1 inch below the sternal notch to the symphysis pubis, hip circumference, and thoracic circ.	2
4379682812	Knight-Taylor Brace (TLSO)	The measuring guidelines for this thoracolumbosacral support is the posterior height from mid sacrum to 1 inch behind the superior anghle of the shoulder blade circ.	3
4379686149	Milwaukee Brace	____________ is a thoracolumbar scoliosis support that should be worn for 23 hours per day What is the name of the braces used to correct scoliosis?	4
4379702471	Chairback Brace, Knight Spinal Brace (LSO)	The measuring guidelines for these 2 lumbo-sacral support is the posterior height from mid-sacrum to lower thoracic region, according to patient's comfort and hip circumference.	5
4433250220	Lumbosacral Corset	The measuring guidelines for this lumbo-sacral support is the anterior height from hip angle to comfortable clearance below breasts when seated, hip circumference, posterior height from lower thoracic area to sacrococcygeal joint, and hip circumference.	6
4433262649	Sacroiliac Girdle	The measuring guidelines for this lumbo-sacral support is hip circumference.	7
4433266855	Trochanteric Belt	The sacroiliac girdle for the SI joints is called a _______.	8
4433271239	Williams Brace	The measuring guidelines for this lumbo-sacral support is the psoterior height to mid sacrum to lower thoracic region, according to patients comfort and hip circ.	9
4433274920	Cockup Splint	The measuring guidelines for this extremity is circumference of the wrist _______ wrist braces should be used for carpal tunnel syndrom	10
4433281484	Figure 8 (Louisiana Strap)	The measuring guidelines for this extremity brace is the circumference of the ankle	11
4433284680	Lennox-Hill Brace	the measuring guidlines for this extremity brace is the circumference of the knee	12
4433298611	1) Strapping 2) Taping 3) Braces 4) Casts 5) Corsets 6) Canes 7) Crutches 8) Collars 9) Slings 10) Shoe Lifts 11) Bandages 12) Foot Orthotics	12 different types of mechanical supports	13
4433449730	1) Immobilization 2) Supportive 3) Corrective 4) Protective	Supports are classified by these 4 terms of use	14
4433470242	1) Decrease abdominal muscle activity 2) decrease intradiscal pressure 3) increase intra-abdominal pressure 4) Relieve weight bearing 5) Limit mobilization 6) Immobilization 7) Relieve Muscle Spasm & Pain 8) Decrease Muscle Activity 9) Reverse or Correct Spinal Curvatures 10) Correct Biomechanical Faults or Weakness	10 physiological effects of using bracing and supports.	15
4433473678	1 Month	One should not use braces for longer than _____.	16
4433478558	1) Acute IVD Snydrome 2) Acute Sprains/Strains 3) DJD 4) Hyperkyphosis 5) Hyperlordosis 6) Joint Instability 7) Muscle Spasm and Guarding 8) Postural Backache 9) Scoliosis 10) Spinal fractures 11) Extremity Fractures 12) Congenital Weakness 13) Foot/Ankle weakness	13 Indications for the use of bracing/support	17
4433522951	1) When immobilization tends to promote muscular atrophy and weakness 2) When immoboilzation tends to promote adhesions or fibrosis 3) When it may produce congestion, ischemia, or vascular stasis 4) When it may produce dependence	The use of supports in contraindicated in these 4 situations.	18
4433524916	Heel cups	__________ are foot braces used for heel spurs or plantar fasciitis	19
4433528963	Heel Lifts	_______ are foot braces used for structural or functional short legs.	20
4433533543	Orthotics	__________ are foot braces used to correct over pronation/supination of the foot	21
4433536959	Soft Elastic Braces	_____ are ankle braces used to support ankle sprains	22
4433546120	Hard Ankle braces	______ are ankle braces used to prevent excessive inversion/eversion	23
4433550164	Soft Knee Braces	______ are ankle braces used to support grade 1 MCL or LCL ligament strains and muscle strains	24
4433559032	DOUGHNUT	________ is a coccyx brace that a patient with coccyodyna sits on	25
4433563427	Soft Braces	________ lumbar braces should be used for sprain/strain injuries	26
4433573727	Soft braces with rigid Stays	_____ lumbar braces should be used for IVD or Sprains	27
4433579373	Hard/Rigid braces	______ lumbar braces should be used post surgery or to correct scoliosis	28
4433581849	Figure 8	_______ thoracic braces should be used for clavicular or AC injuries	29
4433588742	RIB Belts	_______ thoracic braces should be used for non displaced rib fractures, pleurisy or intercostal nerualgia	30
4433593200	Soft Collars	_______ cervical braces should be used for muscle strains, torticollis, or whiplash injuries	31
4433601217	Rigid Collars	_______ cervical braces should be used for mild compression fractures, avulsion fractures, or ligamentous tearing.	32
4433604020	Shoulder slings	_______ shoulder braces should be used for bursitis, tendonitis, strains, AC separations, and rotator cuff injuries	33
4433619122	Soft Compressive Support	_______ elbow braces should be used for bursitis, strains, tennis and golfers elbow. _______ wrist braces should be used for strain injuries	34
4433633480	Finger Splints	_______ finger braces should be used mild sprains.	35
4433637343	Philedelphia Collars	What is the name of the cervical collars?	36
4433643949	1) Jewett Brace, 2)Knight-Taylor Brace	2 names for thoraco-lumbar braces	37
4433655087	1) Chairback Brace, 2) Williams Brace, 3) Knight Taylor Spinal Brace, 4) Trochanteric Belt	4 names for lumbar and sacroilliac braces	38
4433656716	1) Louisiana Brace, 2) Lennox-Hill Brace, 3) Cockup Splint	3 names for extremity braces	39

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Certification for Orthotic fitters exam Flashcards

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3695816904	Patient records should be kept	in locked cabinets outside of patient access areas	0
3695822368	understanding patients expectations relative to outcomes is	an important fitting consideration	1
3695825255	the function of the skeletal system is	to provide a flexible framework and to manufacture red blood cells	2
3695832508	ligaments heal best with	controlled stress motion	3
3695847157	In common practice, an avulsion is	Torn tendon	4
3695895702	Concentric muscle activity	Accelerates mass	5
3695939607	Tendons function by attaching	muscle to bone	6
3695942917	Joint stability requires	adequate strength, appropriate range of motion, adequate proprioception	7
3695952024	Proprioception is	the body's position sense in space	8
3695956945	Most gross motions during gait occur in the	Frontal plane	9
3695962278	Superior - inferiodr positions refer to components of the	trunk	10
3695967759	adduction - abduction is determined by ending posture of the	distal segment	11
3695973642	Transvers plane indicates	Rotatory motion	12
3695981954	A partial dislocation is referred to as a	subluxation	13
3695984375	Pressure points are	the patients worst enemy, the fitter's worst enemy, The referring physician's worst enemy	14
3695990252	Documentation of a gait deficit prior to fitting a wrist orthosis is	important	15
3696000402	The definition f a joint is	a connective tissue between bones	16
3696024322	Normally tendons, when torn loose by a sudden force, seldom break in the middle; rather,	they pull away from the bone at the end	17
3696046296	Pronation involves	Motion in three joints at the same time in one plane	18
3696048623	an example of autonomic muscle function is	Heart muscle pumping	19
3696052339	Orthotics can aid in	eccentric musce activity, reactive muscle activity, concentric muscle activity	20
3696055360	eccentric is the	motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under load	21
3696107246	isometric is	no movement in a muscle	22
3696110928	concentric is	the contraction of a muscle	23
3696114011	sarcomeres	the overlapping work units within muscle structues are known as	24
3696122901	the hip is a	ball and socket joint	25
3696130406	the ham strings are made up of	semimembranosis, semitendinosis and the bicep femoris	26
3696160697	The gluteus medius	is a hip external rotator, a hip abductor and decelerates hip internal rotation	27
3696167435	The posterior cruciate ligament can be injured by	Excessive ankle dorsiflexion and a so-called dash board injury	28
3696174546	Genu Recurvate involves disruption of the	PCL	29
3696185855	Bursistis is	inflammation of the bursa causing swelling and pain	30
3696192480	Chondromalasia patella may be caused by	Over pronated foot, weak vastus medialis obliquis, weak gluteus medius	31
3696198058	patella subluxation usually occurs	medially	32
3696201190	Proprioceptive rehabilitation (re-education) can only occur	during controlled motion weight bearing	33
3696204287	Plantarfacsiitis can lead to	heal spurs	34
3696206842	wrap around knee supports are especially indicated when	the leg is asymmetrical	35
3696209320	chondromalasia of the patella is	a roughening of the articulating surface of the patella	36
3696210650	the function of any joint is to provide	motion	37
3696211870	the popliteal fossa is	the cavity posterior to the knee	38
3696215492	the calcaneus has how much frontal plane ROM	20 degrees	39
3696217861	a long leg ROM brace can be used as	a knee immobilizer	40
3696220420	acromio-clavicular joint	A-C joint in the shoulder	41
3696223263	the long bone of the upper arm	Humerus	42
3696224709	the shoulder joint is	a shallow ball and socket joint, a muscle dominated joint, able to move in all planes	43
3696228289	the four ,muscles of the rotator cuff also known as SITS	supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis	44
3696240879	the rhomboid muscles help the shoulders	shrug	45
3696242566	Triceps are antagonists to the	biceps	46
3696244017	epicondylitis is	tennis elbow	47
3696250616	abbreviation for Carpal tunnel syndrome	CTS	48
3696251400	abbreviation for Carpometacarpal joint	CMC	49
3696260340	gamekeepers thumb involves what joint	CMC joint	50
3696456601	abduction	the lateral movement of a limb or limb segment away from the midline of the body	51
3696459313	adduction	the movement of a limb or limb segment towards the midline of the body	52
3696479522	closed kinetic chain	a series of connected joints in which the distal segment is in a fixed position ( weight bearing)	53
3696484175	circumduction	circular movement of a limb	54
3696505401	collateral ligament	any ligament running along the sides (lateral or medial ) of a joint; named for a specific joint or bone	55
3696572408	The foot/ankle complex serves three purposes	flexible adapter to the terrain, flexible stabilizer during weight-bearing, rigid lever arm to propel off the terrain	56
3696578345	Apropulsive gait is	foot drop, partial foot amputation, soft tissue dysfunction	57
3696583007	ataxic gait	an unsteady, uncoordinated walk, with a wide base and the feet thrown out, coming down first on the heel and then on the toes with a double tap.	58
3696589105	antalgic gait	a limp adopted so as to avoid pain on weight-bearing structures, characterized by a very short stance phase.	59
3696591108	double-step GAIT	gait in which there is a noticeable difference in the length or timing of alternate steps.	60
3696595228	drag-to gait	a gait in which the feet are dragged (rather than lifted) toward the crutches.	61
3696602012	scissor gait	A gait marked by excessive hip adduction in swing phase. As a result, the swing leg crosses in front of the stance leg.	62

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Certified Orthotic Fitters Program Flashcards

Study Guide

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1581708775	Epithelial Tissue	Smooth, extnal layers of skin or lining of body cavities & internal organs	0
1581708776	Connective Tissue	Supportive or structural materials such as bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, fat & fascia	1
1581708777	Nervous Tissue	Conductive pathways which transmit information between the brain and the body	2
1581708778	Blood Tissue	Carries Oxygen and nourishment to all cells of the body. Contains red and white blood cells, platelets and plasma.	3
1581708779	Seven Organ Systems	-Skeletal -Muscular -Nervous -Circulatory -Respiratory -Visceral (Abdominal) -Lymphatic	4
1581708780	Anatomic Position	The erect body, with feet together and the palms of the hands facing forward.	5
1581708781	Flexion	Bending movement that DECREASES the angle between two parts. (Ex: Bending the elbow or clenching a hand into a fist). When sitting down, the knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or shoulder moves the limb forward (towards the anterior side of the body).	6
1581708782	Extension	Opposite of flexion. A straightening movement that INCREASES the angle between two parts. (Ex: Conventional handshake, fingers fully extended). Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the limb backward (towards the posterior side of the body).	7
1581708783	Abduction	A motion that pulls a structure or part AWAY FROM the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes,spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot). Ex: Raising the arms laterally to the sides	8
1581708784	Adduction	A motion that pulls a structure or part TOWARDS the midline of the body or towards the midline of the limb. (Ex: Dropping the arms to the sides, bringing knees together). Regarding fingers & toes, closing the digits together.	9
1581708785	Ulnar Deviation	Adduction of the wrist	10
1581708786	Radial Deviation	Abduction of the wrist	11
1581708787	Internal Rotation (Medial Rotation)	Internal Rotation of the shoulder or hip would point the toes or the flexed forearm inwards (towards the midline)	12
1581708788	External Rotation (Lateral Rotation)	Opposite of External Rotation. It would turn the toes or the flexed forearm outwards (away from the midline)	13
1581708789	Elevation	Movement in a superior direction	14
1581708790	Depression	Movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation	15
1581708791	Surfaces Of Hands & Feet	Palm of hand (palmar) corresponds to the Sole of foot (plantar). Dorsum of hand (back) corresponds to the Dorsum of foot (top)	16
1581708792	Pronation	a rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior facting position to a posterior facing positing (or palm facing down) NOT Medial Rotation-must be performed when the arm is half flexed)	17
1581708793	Supination	Opposite of Pronation. a rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (palm facing up). Hand is SUPINE (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position	18
1581708794	Eversion	the movement of the sole of the foot AWAY FROM the median plane	19
1581708795	Inversion	the movement of the sole TOWARDS the median plane (ex: same as when ankle is twisted)	20
1581708796	Protrusion	The Anterior movement of an object. Often applied to the jaw	21
1581708797	Retrusion	opposite of protrusion. Moving a part posteriorly	22
1581708798	Protraction	Anterior movement of the arms at the shoulders	23
1581708799	Retraction	Posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders	24
1581708800	Anterograde Motion	Motion is in the normal direction of flow (Ex: passage of food from the mouth to the stomach)	25
1581708801	Retrograde Motion	reversed flow (Ex: gastric reflux)	26
1581708802	Rotation	occurs when a part turns on its axis. (Ex: The head rotates on the neck, as in shaking the head "no")	27
1581708803	Circumduction	the circular movement of a body part (Ex: ball and socket joint or the eye.) It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. (Ex: "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist)	28
1581708804	Opposition	a motion involving a grasping motion of the thumb and fingers	29
1581708805	Reposition	to release an object by spreading the fingers and thumb	30
1581708806	Superior or Cranial	Toward the head end of the body; upper (Ex: the hand is part of the superior extremity)	31
1581708807	Inferior or Caudal	Away from the head; lower. (Ex: the foot is part of the inferior extremity)	32
1581708808	Anterior or Ventral	Front (Ex: the kneecap is located on the anterior aspect of the leg)	33
1581708809	Posterior or Dorsal	Back (Ex: the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body)	34
1581708810	Lateral	Away from the midline of the body (Ex: the little tow is located at the lateral side of the foot)	35
1581708811	Proximal	toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (Ex: the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone)	36
1581708812	Distal	away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (Ex: the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm)	37
1581708813	Supine	lying on back, face up	38
1581708814	Prone	Lying face down	39

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Orthotic Fitter Guide Flashcards

Orthotic Fitter Course Summer 2014

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1556153605	What motion causes whiplash?	Hyperextension or hyperflexion of the cervical spine.	0
1556153606	What part of the anatomy is affected by whiplash?	The cervical spine.	1
1556153607	Define Stenosis	The abnormal narrowing of a passage of the body.	2
1556153608	What part of the anatomy is affected by degenerative disc disease?	Anywhere in the spine.	3
1556153609	What part of the anatomy is affected by clavicle fracture/shoulder subluxation?	The clavicle and the shoulder socket. Specifically the humerus, scapula and shoulder socket.	4
1556153610	What is the goal of orthotic treatment regarding clavicle fracture and shoulder subluxation?	To prevent movement of the injured area while providing compressive support which gives proprioceptive feedback and allowing normal range of motion of anatomy within the vicinity.	5
1556153611	How is tennis elbow related to lateral and medial epicondylitits?	Tennis elbow is the inflammation of the extensor forearm muscle/tendon origins at the lateral epicondyle. Golfers elbow is inflammation of the flexor forearm muscle/tendon origins at the medial epicondyle.	6
1556153612	What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?	The median nerve.	7
1556153613	What is De Quervain's syndrome?	A condition affecting the tendons on the thumb side of your wrist making it hard to grasp anything.	8
1556153614	What is the difference between a strain and a sprain?	A sprain is an injury of a ligament while a strain is the injury of a muscle or tendon.	9
1556153615	What population is most affected by osteoporosis?	Most common in older women.	10
1556153616	What is degenerative joint disease?	Osteoarthritis	11
1556153617	What proper lifting techniques prevent lower back pain?	Lifting with your legs keeping the spine in normal alignment.	12
1556153618	What are two orthotic treatment options for herniated discs?	Cervical collars and LSO's.	13
1556153619	Why is physical therapy important regarding herniated discs?	Strengthening the spine muscles helps to offload the discs.	14
1556153620	Related anatomy to herniated disc?	An intervertebral disc is made up of an inner nucleus pulposus surrounded by an outter annulus fibrosus.	15
1556153621	Related anatomy to laminectomy syndrome?	The anatomy of the spine that is operated on with failure to achieve outcomes.	16
1556153622	Related anatomy to anterior compression fractures?	Fracture of the spine related to neurological problems usually. These are rare.	17
1556153623	Define spondylolysis as well as related anatomy.	A defect in the vertebrae of the lower spine. Specifically at L5 and S1. 90% at L5 Degeneration of the pars interarticularis which is what joins the upper and lower joints. If fractured vertebrae do not articulate correctly.	18
1556153624	Define spondylolisthesis as well as related anatomy.	L5 slides anteriorly on S1 leading to discomfort and possibly pinched nerves.	19
1556153625	Define geriatric kyphosis.	Increased hunchback curvature of the back caused by disc degeneration in the elderly.	20
1556153626	Explain diabetes mellitus.	Metabolic disease causing high blood sugar categorized as type one and type two.	21
1556153627	Orthotic treatment for venous insufficiency?	Devices that offer compression to help return blood to the heart.	22
1556153628	Orthotic treatment for deep vein thrombosis?	Compression stockings.	23
1556153629	What is the role of the lymphatic system?	It is part of the immune system that helps fight infection and disease.	24
1556153630	Measurement and comparison of limb size can aid in the what?	The diagnosis of lymphedema.	25
1556153631	What role does an orthotic fitter have in managing lymphedema?	Use of compressive stockings and orthotics that aid in movement to cycle lymph.	26
1556153632	How is leg length discrepancy measured?	Measure between the anterior superior illiac spine and medial malleolus.	27
1556153633	How is chondromalacia (patellofemoral syndrome) impacted by the q angle?	A Q angle of greater than 15 degrees can cause symptoms.	28
1556153634	Regarding osteoarthritis, what compartment is involved if genu varum is seen?	Medial	29
1556153635	How is osteoarthritis managed with orthotics?	Compressive as well as offloading functional knee braces and wedged shoes.	30
1556153636	What population is affected by Osgood Schlatter's disease?	Children and adolescents going through growth spurts during puberty.	31
1556153637	What part of the anatomy is damaged by Osgood Schlatter's disease?	A painful lump forms on the tibial tuberosity just below the knee cap.	32
1556153638	Treatment plan for ACL/PCL/LCL/MCL insufficiency?	Bracing to support the joint as well as rest and physical therapy to strengthen the joint over time. MCL most common.	33
1556153639	Patient experiences what with a meniscus tear?	A large pop.	34
1556153640	What are the treaments for bursitis/tendonitis?	Limiting the movement in the inflamed areas, rest, "rice", nsaids, or surgery in extreme cases.	35
1556153641	What is the purpose of a bursae?	Fluid filled sacs that aid in smooth movement of bones, tendons and muscles.	36
1556153642	What are the risk factors for bursitis/tendonitis?	Age, occupations, and hobbies.	37
1556153643	What does R.I.C.E. stand for?	Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation	38
1556153644	What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?	Shooting pain during first steps of the day.	39
1556153645	Heel spurs are common with what diagnosis?	Plantar fasciitis.	40
1556153646	What are pressure ulcers?	Open wounds caused by excess pressure or friction on a body part.	41
1556153647	What orthotic treatment plan would be used for posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction?	A foot orthotic to treat flatfoot.	42
1556153648	Define peripheral neuropathy.	Damage of the peripheral nerve usually in the hands and feet.	43
1556153649	Regarding peripheral neuropathy the patient education needs to include what?	Life style management.	44
1556153650	What orthotic treatment would be used for achilles tendon rupture?	An orthotic with an elevated heel to allow the tendon to heal properly.	45
1556153651	What anatomy is involved in midfoot/metatarsal fractures?	Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms and metatarsals.	46
1556153652	A gait cycle starts with heel strike and ends with what?	Heel strike of the same limb.	47
1556153653	Stance is what approximately percentage of the gait cycle?	60%	48
1556153654	Swing is approximately what percentage of the gait cycle?	40%	49
1556153655	Double limb support or double stance is what percentage of the gait cycle?	20-25%	50
1556153656	List the four components of the stance phase.	Loading response, Midstance, Terminal Stance, and Preswing.	51
1556153657	List the three components of the swing phase.	Initial swing, midswing, and termial swing.	52
1556153658	Why do most gait problems become apparent during the stance phase?	It is the weight bearing phase.	53
1556153659	In the sagittal plane at midstance the ankle is what?	In a neutral position with the tibial shank perpendicular to the floor.	54
1556153660	The ankle is held in blank during swing phase?	Neutral	55
1556153661	At what point in gait does the knee reach maximum knee flexion and why?	60-65 degrees of knee flexion occurs at midswing for the purpose of foot clearance.	56
1556153662	After initial contact or heel strike, the knee flexes to absorb what?	Shock.	57
1556153663	The hamstrings blank the thigh.	Decelerate	58
1556153664	After heel strike, the ankle blank.	Plantarflexes	59
1556153665	What muscles dorsiflex the foot?	Anterior tibialis, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus, fibularis(peroneus) tertius	60
1556153666	A foot slap occurs due to weakness of what muscle group?	Dorsiflexors	61
1556153667	Right step length plus left step length equals blank length.	Stride	62
1556153668	In normal gait, the right step length and left step length are blank.	Equal	63

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International Political Theory Flashcards

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243854484	Realism	Nation-states are highest authority, are selfish in pursuing their interests, are wary of other states in an anarchic world; personal and state morality separate; pessimistic about human nature; individual lvl of analysis Philosophers: Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes	0
243854483	Neorealism	"Structural" or "defensive" realism; systemic lvl of analysis; internat'l anarchy is cause of competition between states; automatic balance of power occurs	1
244275043	Neoclassical Realism	"Offensive" realism; anarchic system encourages military development to improve odds of survival Philos: John Mearsheimer	2
243854486	Liberalism	Emphasis on ethical principles, internat'l institutions, free trade and cooperation between states; League of Nations Philos: John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith	3
243854485	Neoliberalism	...	4
244275044	Constructivism	Ideas and perception of reality mold beliefs about what is immutable or changeable; government type and social structure determine function and behavior of nation Philos: Max Horkheimer, Jurgen Habermas; Institute for Social Research ("Frankfurt School" of thought)	5
243854499	Anarchy	...	6
243854487	Zero-sum game	One party wins, the other loses	7
243854481	Balance of Power	National survival in an anarchic world is most likely when military power is distributed in order to prevent a hegemon from dominating the region	8
243854482	Rational Decision Making Model	Define the problem Gather information Weigh options Choose best one Evaluate results	9
243854489	Levels of analysis	A set of three types of factors and causes that affect foreign policy decisions; factors from all three may affect a given event, but importance will vary depending on the situation	10
243854488	Systemic/Global analysis	...	11
243854491	State analysis	Analysis emphasizing how internal attributes of states influence foreign policy behavior	12
243854490	Individual analysis	Analysis emphasizing the psychological characteristics of individuals enacting foreign policy decisions on states' and other global actors' behalf.	13
243854492	Global South	...	14
243854493	Global North	...	15
243854494	Foreign policy	...	16
243854495	Autocracy	...	17
243854496	Democracy	...	18
243854497	Republic	...	19
243854498	Treaty of Westphalia	...	20
243854500	Hard/Kinetic power	...	21
243854501	Diplomacy (soft power)	...	22
244275045	Transnational Relations	Interactions across state boundaries involving one or more non-governmental actor/intergovernmental organization	23
244275046	Complex interdependence	A model which says: -States are not the only important actors -Security is not the dominant nat'l goal -Military force is not the only significant foreign policy tool	24
244275052	Norms	General, collective expectations about appropriate conduct	25
244275047	International Regime	A set of principles, norms, and rule governing behavior within a specified issue area	26
244275048	Absolute gains	Win/win scenarios for multiple nations; may involve compromise and cooperation toward mutual or aligning goals	27
244275049	Moral hazard	a situation in which international institutions incentivize reckless behavior	28
244275050	High politics	Military and security aspects of relations between governments and people	29
244275051	Low politics	Economic, social, environmental relations between governments and people	30

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Animals in English Flashcards

Basic Animals in English (TEFL) - Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1125462043	Ant	0
1125462044	Bat	1
1125462045	Bear	2
1125462046	Bee	3
1125462047	Butterfly	4
1125462048	Cat	5
1125462049	Cow	6
1125462050	Crocodile	7
1125462051	Deer	8
1125462052	Dog	9
1125462053	Dolphin	10
1125462054	Donkey	11
1125462055	Duck	12
1125462056	Elephant	13
1125462057	Frog	14
1125462058	Giraffe	15
1125462059	Goat	16
1125462060	Hen / Chicken	17
1125462061	Hippo / Hippopotamus	18
1125462062	Horse	19
1125462063	Kangaroo	20
1125462064	Ladybird (GB) / Ladybug (US)	21
1125462065	Lamb	22
1125462066	Lion	23
1125462067	Mole	24
1125462068	Monkey	25
1125462069	Mouse	26
1125462070	Ostrich	27
1125462071	Penguin	28
1125462072	Pig	29
1125462073	Rabbit	30
1125462074	Rat	31
1125462075	Rhino / Rhinoceros	32
1125462076	Sheep	33
1125462077	Snake	34
1125462078	Spider	35
1125462079	Tiger	36
1125462080	Tortoise	37
1125462081	Turtle	38
1125462082	Whale	39
1125462083	Wolf	40
1125462084	Fox	41
1140371582	Gorilla	42
1140371583	Fly	43
1140371584	Mosquito	44
1140371585	Pony	45
1140371586	Puppy	46
1140371587	Worm	47
1140371588	Badger	48
1140371589	Camel	49

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the sounds of English Flashcards

Phonetic symbols of English

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1151177336	about	0
1151177337	age	1
1151177338	baby	2
1151177339	bad	3
1151177340	bed	4
1151177341	sea	5
1151177342	boy	6
1151177343	cat	7
1151177344	cheese	8
1151177345	day	9
1151177346	dog	10
1151177347	eye	11
1151177348	Car	12
1151177349	foot	13
1151177350	fox	14
1151177351	gate	15
1151177352	house	16
1151177353	judge	17
1151177354	Jury	18
1151177355	letter	19
1151177356	mouth	20
1151177357	mud	21
1151177358	mum	22
1151177359	near	23
1151177360	nice	24
1151177361	nurse	25
1151177362	odd	26
1151177363	pen	27
1151177364	rat	28
1151177365	blue	29
1151177366	shoe	30
1151177367	short	31
1151177368	show	32
1151177369	sing	33
1151177370	sit	34
1151177371	Square	35
1151177372	sun	36
1151177373	tea	37
1151177374	thing	38
1151177375	mother	39
1151177376	use	40
1151177377	view	41
1151177378	wet	42
1151177379	zero	43

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the sounds of English Flashcards

Phonetic symbols of English

Terms : Hide Images

1151177336	about	0
1151177337	age	1
1151177338	baby	2
1151177339	bad	3
1151177340	bed	4
1151177341	sea	5
1151177342	boy	6
1151177343	cat	7
1151177344	cheese	8
1151177345	day	9
1151177346	dog	10
1151177347	eye	11
1151177348	Car	12
1151177349	foot	13
1151177350	fox	14
1151177351	gate	15
1151177352	house	16
1151177353	judge	17
1151177354	Jury	18
1151177355	letter	19
1151177356	mouth	20
1151177357	mud	21
1151177358	mum	22
1151177359	near	23
1151177360	nice	24
1151177361	nurse	25
1151177362	odd	26
1151177363	pen	27
1151177364	rat	28
1151177365	blue	29
1151177366	shoe	30
1151177367	short	31
1151177368	show	32
1151177369	sing	33
1151177370	sit	34
1151177371	Square	35
1151177372	sun	36
1151177373	tea	37
1151177374	thing	38
1151177375	mother	39
1151177376	use	40
1151177377	view	41
1151177378	wet	42
1151177379	zero	43

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