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ap bio chapter 44 osmoregulation and excretion master list Flashcards

3269523841	organisms can be	regulators or conformers	0
3269524700	regulators	regulate internal environment	1
3269525200	conformers	conform to external environment	2
3269525601	regulators aka	endotherms	3
3269525602	endotherms aka	regulators	4
3269526053	conformers aka	ectotherms	5
3269526054	ectotherms aka	conformers	6
3269526680	regulators maintain relatively constant	internal conditions	7
3269527218	conformers allow internal conditions to	change with external conditions	8
3269527933	examples of things animals need to coordinate	temperature blood sugar intracellular waste	9
3269528352	temperature blood sugar intracellular waste are all things that	animals need to coordinate	10
3269529304	temperature blood sugar waste balance intracellular waste are all things that animals need to coordinate in order to maintain	homeostasis	11
3269530162	examples of regulation	adjustment of heat exchange evaporative heat loss behavioral responses fur	12
3270873465	some animals have behavioral responses like _______________ in order to regulate temperature	hibernation	13
3269530744	adjustment of heat exchange evaporative heat loss behavioral responses fur are examples of	regulation	14
3269539082	hibernation and fur are examples of	regulation	15
3269540487	when organism gets too hot, vessels	constrict	16
3269540769	when organism gets too hot, vessels constrict to	keep heat in	17
3269540770	when organism gets too hot, ____________ are opened	sweat glands	18
3269542178	when organism gets too hot, sweat glands are	opened	19
3269546621	animal systems have evolved to support	multicellular life	20
3269548380	to support multicellular life, animal systems had to overcome	limitations of diffusion	21
3269548858	animals have evolved exchange systems for	distributing nutrients and removing wastes	22
3269549464	what exchange system was evolved to distribute nutrients	circulatory system	23
3269549465	circulatory system job	distribute nutrients	24
3269549842	what exchange system was evolved to remove wastes	excretory system	25
3269551317	excretory system job	remove wastes	26
3269553412	fish in freshwater have to	excrete a lot of water	27
3269553413	fish in freshwater have to excrete a lot of water because they are	hypertonic to environment	28
3269553821	what kinds of fish excrete a lot of water	freshwater fish	29
3269554422	fish in saltwater have to	conserve water	30
3269555130	fish in saltwater have to conserve water, so they	avoid excreting water	31
3269555855	fish in saltwater have to conserve water because they are	hypotonic to environment	32
3269556568	what kinds of fish avoid excreting water	saltwater fish	33
3269556952	land organisms need to	conserve water	34
3269557597	land organisms need to conserve water because they	live in dry environment	35
3269558017	land organisms may also need to	conserve salts	36
3269558469	how do land organisms prevent water loss	body coverings	37
3269558470	land organisms have body covering to	prevent water loss	38
3269559094	examples of body coverings to prevent water loss	shells keratinized skin cells	39
3269560009	some land organisms are ______________ to prevent water loss	nocturnal	40
3269560010	why are some land organisms nocturnal to prevent water loss	no sun	41
3269560892	we digest carbohydrates into	C H O	42
3269560893	we digest lipids into	C H O	43
3269561466	we digest proteins into	C H O N	44
3269562202	we digest nucleic acids into	CHOPN	45
3269562203	proteins and nucleic acids create a lot of	nitrogenous waste	46
3269562876	which macromolecules create a lot of nitrogen waste	proteins and nucleic acids	47
3269563255	ammonia aka	NH3	48
3269563256	NH3 aka	ammonia	49
3269564191	ammonia is	very toxic	50
3269564743	ammonia is very toxic and	carcinogenic	51
3269565413	carcinogenic means that something can	cause cancer	52
3269565414	can ammonia cause cancer	yes	53
3269565846	ammonia is very soluble in	water	54
3269565847	is ammonia very soluble in water	yes	55
3269566673	body needs to _______ ammonia	dilute	56
3269566674	body needs to dilute ammonia and	get rid of it fast	57
3269567964	how an organism gets rid of nitrogenous wastes depends on	evolution and habitat	58
3269568295	evolution and habitat determine how an organism gets rid of	nitrogenous wastes	59
3269577400	how do aquatic animals get rid of nitrogenous wastes	just excrete ammonia	60
3269578175	to get rid of nitrogenous wastes, aquatic animals just	excrete ammonia	61
3269578573	what kinds of organisms just excrete ammonia	aquatic animals	62
3269579516	aquatic animals just excrete ammonia because	they can afford to lose water	63
3269580146	how do land animals get rid of nitrogenous wastes	excrete urea in urine	64
3269580820	to get rid of nitrogenous wastes, land animals	excrete urea in urine	65
3269581271	what kinds of organisms excrete urea in urine	land animals	66
3269584999	to get rid of nitrogenous wastes, egg-laying land animals	excrete uric acid	67
3269585558	to get rid of nitrogenous bases, land animals excrete urea in urine because	they need to conserve water	68
3269586752	how do egg-laying land animals get rid of nitrogenous bases	excrete uric acid	69
3269587578	to get rid of nitrogenous bases, egglaying land animals excrete uric acid because	they need to conserve water and protect embryo in egg	70
3269592032	kinds of nitrogenous wastes	ammonia urea uric acid	71
3269592033	ammonia urea uric acid are kinds of	nitrogenous wastes	72
3269592677	most toxic nitrogenous waste is	ammonia	73
3269593520	least toxic nitrogenous waste is	uric acid	74
3269595938	intermediate toxic nitrogenous waste	urea	75
3269596777	freshwater animals use surplus water to	dilute ammonia	76
3269597459	freshwater animals use surplus water to dilute ammonia so they can	excrete it	77
3269598903	freshwater animals use ________________ to dilute ammonia so they can excrete it	surplus water	78
3269599490	freshwater animals excrete ammonia as a	very dilute urine	79
3269600508	freshwater animals urine is	very dilute	80
3269601055	freshwater animals diffuse __________________ continuously through gills	ammonia	81
3269601056	freshwater animals diffuse ammonia _____________ through gills	continuously	82
3269602493	freshwater animals diffuse ammonia continuously through	gills	83
3269603627	why is urea less toxic than ammonia	larger and therefore less soluble	84
3269604148	urea is larger and therefore less soluble, making it	less toxic	85
3269604149	2NH2 + CO2 =	urea	86
3269604607	urea is produced in the	liver	87
3269605083	liver in land animals produces	urea	88
3269605084	urea formula	2NH2 + CO2	89
3269605487	urea costs	some energy to build	90
3269606872	what organ filters solutes out of blood and reabsorbs useful solutes	kidney	91
3269609095	kidney also	excretes waste	92
3269609096	does kidney also excrete waste	yes	93
3269609715	urine in land animals is made up by	urea salts sugars h2o	94
3269610571	urea salts sugar h2o make up ______________ in land animals	urine	95
3269610572	urine in land animals is	very concentrated	96
3269611518	urine in land animals is very concentrated because	concentrated ammonia would be too toxic	97
3269612271	egglaying land animals dispose of nitrogen in	eggs	98
3269612926	egglaying land animals dispose of nitrogen in eggs, but there is	no place to get rid of waste in egg	99
3269616248	there is no place to get rid of waste in egg, so egglaying land animals need to get rid of nitrogenous bases with a	not very soluble molecule	100
3269616669	uric acid is less toxic than urea because it is	larger and therefore less soluble	101
3269618253	examples of egg laying land animals	birds reptiles insects	102
3269618254	uric acid aka	polymerized urea	103
3269618645	polymerized urea aka	uric acid	104
3269620046	uric acid precipitates	out of solution	105
3269620625	uric acid precipitates out of solution, meaning it	comes out as a solid	106
3269621074	does uric acid precipitate out of solution	yes	107
3269621075	uric acid comes out as a solid and doesn't	hurt embryo in egg	108
3269621395	does uric acid hurt embryo in egg	no	109
3269622019	white dust in egg is actually	uric acid	110
3269622945	uric acid in eggs looks like	white dust	111
3269623532	adult egglaying land animals excrete uric acid as	white paste	112
3269624261	adult egglaying land animals excrete uric acid as white paste and excrete no	liquid waste	113
3269624688	do adult egglaying land animals excrete liquid waste	no	114
3269552166	fish in freshwater have to	excrete a lot of water	115
3283521383	unicellular organisms excretory system	Contractile vacuole	116
3283525090	Examples of a unicellular organism	Paramecium	117
3283527742	What kind of organisms have contractile vacuoles as excretory system	Unicellular organisms	118
3283531120	Phylum platyhelminthes aka	Flat worms	119
3283531697	Flat worms aka	Phylum platyhelminthes	120
3283533360	Phylum annelidas aka	Round worms	121
3283536884	Round worms aka	Phylum annelidas	122
3283537962	Example of a round worm	Earthworm	123
3283540567	Phylum platyhelminthes excretory system	Protnephrindium	124
3283543251	Protnephrindium in flat worms	Little excretion tube	125
3283545935	What kinds of organisms have protnephrindium as excretory system	Phylum platyhelminthes	126
3283549412	Phylum annelida excretory system	Metanephridia	127
3283552832	What kinds of organisms have metanephridida as excretory system	Phylum annelidas	128
3283554963	Metanephridia in round worms	Little excretion tube	129
3283556786	Insects excretory system	Malpighian tube	130
3283563833	What kinds of organisms have Malpighian tube as excretory system	Insects	131
3283566219	Malpighian tube in insects	Little excretion tube with diffusion	132
3283572021	Unfiltered blood enters kidney through	Renal artery	133
3283572022	_________________ enters kidney through renal artery	Unfiltered blood	134
3283572023	Filtered blood leaves kidney through	Renal vein	135
3283572024	_______________ leaves kidney through renal vein	Filtered blood	136
3283572025	filtered blood exits the _________ through the renal vein	Kidney	137
3283572026	Urine exits the kidney through the	Ureter	138
3283572027	______ exits the kidney through the ureter	Urine	139
3283575454	Ureter drains into the	Bladder	140
3283577452	_______ drains into the bladder	Ureter	141
3283579586	Urine exits the bladder through the	Urethra	142
3283582115	______ exits the bladder through the urethra	Urine	143
3283584602	Urine exits the ________ through the urethra	Bladder	144
3283586946	Four key functions of kidney	Filtration reabsorption secretion excretion	145
3283593002	Filtration reabsorption secretion excretion are the	Four key functions of kidney	146
3283594344	Kidney has four	Key functions	147
3283596889	Kidney functions: filtration	Kidney filters water and solutes out of blood	148
3283600195	Kidney functions: reabsorption	Kidney selectively reabsorbs needed water and solutes back into blood	149
3283607116	For reabsorption, kidney uses	Selective reabsoprtion	150
3283622061	Kidney functions: secretion	Kidney secretes unwanted solutes to bladder	151
3283625935	Kidney functions: secretion: kidney pumps out unwanted solutes to	bladder	152
3284867124	kidney functions: secretion: kidney pumps out unwanted solutes to urine using	active transport	153
3284870156	does kidney secretion require active transport	yes	154
3284870157	kidney functions: excretion	kidney excretes concentrated urine to bladder	155
3284873219	mammals have how many kidneys	two	156
3284875833	kidneys have how many regions	two	157
3284877732	two regions of kidney	renal cortex and renal medulla	158
3284879179	renal cortex and renal medulla are the	two regions of kidney	159
3284879180	renal cortex aka	outer region of kidney	160
3284880716	outer region of kidney aka	renal cortex	161
3284882975	renal medulla aka	inner region of kidney	162
3284882976	inner region of kidney aka	renal medulla	163
3284885248	both renal cortex and renal medulla are	packed with nephrons	164
3284887022	are renal cortex and renal medulla packed with nephrons	yes	165
3284887024	nephrons	functional units of kidney	166
3284889349	there are one million nephrons in	each kidney	167
3284890996	how many nephorns in each kidney	one million	168
3284894611	nephrons function	filter h2o and solutes out of blood	169
3284897903	nephrons filter out urea and other solutes like	sugars and salts	170
3284899525	blood plasma is filtered into	nephron	171
3284902204	________________ is filtered into nephron at high pressure	blood plasma	172
3284902205	blood plasma is filtered into nephron at	high pressure	173
3284920530	blood plasma is filtered into nephron at high pressure because it is	coming from arteries (which are built for high pressure pumping of blood)	174
3284924415	nephrons perform	selective reabsorption	175
3284926168	nephrons perform selective reabsorption using	counter current system	176
3284927434	kidney interacts with	circulatory system and excretory system	177
3284930541	does kidney interact with circulatory system and excretory system	yes	178
3284944172	which part of kidney interacts with circulatory system	glomerulus	179
3284944173	glomerulus	ball of capillaries	180
3284945994	ball of capillaries in nephron aka	glomerulus	181
3284945995	glomerulus is basically a	capillary bed	182
3284947765	which parts of kidney interacts with excretory system	all of nephron	183
3284950756	all of neprhon interacts with	excretory system	184
3284956136	parts of nephron	bowman's capsule loop of henle proximal tubule descending limb ascending limb distal tubule collecting duct	185
3284961166	bowman's capsule loop of henle proximal tubule descending limb ascending limb distal tubule collecting duct are the	parts of nephron	186
3284964648	where on nephron is glomerulus located	bowman's capsule	187
3284973323	high blood pressure in nephrons forces filter to	push h2o and solutes out of blood	188
3284976447	high blood pressure in nephrons forces filter to push h2o and solutes out of vessel based on their	size	189
3284976448	nephron filter filters things out based on	size	190
3284978564	hypertension causes	kidney damage	191
3284978565	why does hypertension cause kidney damage	high blood pressure in system becomes super high blood pressure in kidneys	192
3284981623	does hypertension cause kidney damage	yes	193
3284983484	hco3 aka	bicarbonate ion	194
3284983485	bicarbonate ion aka	hco3	195
3284989460	in proximal tubule, what is reabsorbed back into blood	Na Cl H2o glucose hco3	196
3284994045	in proximal tubule, NaCl h2o glucose h2co3 are	reabsorbed	197
3284996867	descending limb is highly permeable to	h2o	198
3284996942	descending limb is not very permeable to	salts	199
3284999832	is descending limb highly permeable to h2o	yes	200
3285001131	is descending limb highly permeable to salts	no	201
3285002906	why is descending limb highly permeable to h2o	lots of aquaporin	202
3285004834	why is descending limb not very permeable to salts	not many salt channels	203
3285007866	in loop of henle, what is reabsorbed	h2o	204
3285009762	ascending limb is not very permeabele to	h2o	205
3285009763	is ascending limb very permeable to h2o	no	206
3285014448	ascending limb is very permeable to	salts	207
3285016208	ascending limb is very permeable to salts and has lots of	chloride pumps	208
3285018845	in proximal tubule, Na+ is reabsorbed by	active transport	209
3285020654	in proximal tubule, Cl- is reabsorbed by	diffusion	210
3285022184	in ascending limb, Cl- is reabsorbed by	active transport	211
3285025057	in proximal tubule, Na+ is reabsorbed by	active transport	212
3285025059	where is Na+ reabsorbed by active transport	proximal tubule	213
3285027920	where is Cl- reabsorbed by active transport	ascending limb	214
3285030101	distal tubule aka	distal convoluted tubule	215
3285031935	distal convoluted tubule aka	distal tubule	216
3285033907	distal tubule reabsorbs	Na Cl h2o hco3	217
3285035519	collecting duct reabsorbs	h2o	218
3285037241	through collecting duct, concentrated urine is	passed to bladder	219
3285040802	through collecting duct, ___________________ is passed to bladder	concentrated urine	220
3285040803	bladder lining	impermeable lining	221
3285042314	why is it good that bladder has an impermeable lining	full of waste	222
3285045065	urine is made up of	all the stuff body doesn't need	223
3285067271	nephrons use __________ instead of active transport whenever possible	diffusion	224
3285068673	nephrons use diffusion instead of __________________ whenever possible	active transport	225
3285068740	nephrons use diffusion instead of active transport	whenever possible	226
3285073030	nephrons use diffusion instead of active transport whenever possible to	save energy	227
3285077375	how do nephrons maximize use of diffusion	counter current system	228
3285079996	blood in nephrons and blood outside nephrons flow in	opposite directions	229
3285083425	blood in nephrons and blood outside nephrons flow in opposite directions to create	constant diffusion gradient	230
3285090776	what things are not filtered out of blood at kidney	cells and proteins	231
3285090777	cells and proteins are	not filtered out	232
3285094295	cells and proteins aren't filtered out because	they are too big	233
3285096581	what things are reabsorbed to blood by active transport	Na Cl amino acids glucose	234
3285098153	Na Cl amino acids glucose are reabsorbed to blood by	active transport	235
3285100852	what things are reabsorbed to blood by diffusion	Na Cl h2o	236
3285104797	Na Cl h2o are reabsorbed to blood by	diffusion	237
3285104798	what things are excreted by kidney	urea excess h2o excess solutes toxins	238
3285107120	urea excess h2o excess solutes toxins are	excreted by kidney	239
3285109351	examples of toxins that kidney would excrete	drugs	240
3285112265	high blood osmolarity level	less water more solute (too many solutes in blood)	241
3285115395	what things cause high blood osmolarity	dehydration sweating salty diet diarrhea	242
3285119121	dehydration salty diet sweating diarrhea cause	high blood osmolarity	243
3285125015	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases	ADH	244
3285125016	ADH aka	antidiuretic hormone	245
3285126889	antidiuretic hormone aka	ADH	246
3285126890	ADH makes you	not pee	247
3285130265	to deal with high blood osmolarity, _________________ releases ADH	pituitary gland	248
3285134225	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases ADH, which	increases thirst	249
3285136471	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases ADH, which increases thirst, which	increases water consumption	250
3285142728	to deal with high blood osmolarity, pituitary gland releases ADH, which increases thirst, which increases water consumption, which	decreases blood osmolarity	251
3285144767	alcohol inhibits	ADH	252
3285144768	what inhibits ADH	alcohol	253
3285146700	alcohol inhibits ADH, causing	excessive urination	254
3285148804	alcohol inhibits ADH, causing excessive urination and	extreme dehydration	255
3285153728	low blood osmolarity causes	low blood pressure	256
3285153729	low blood pressure aka	low blood osmolarity	257
3285155997	to deal with low blood osmolarity, JGA releases	renin protein	258
3285158251	JGA aka	juxtaglomerular apparatus	259
3285160020	juxtaglomerular apparatus aka	JGA	260
3285162085	renin protein job	converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin	261
3285163986	who converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin	renin protein	262
3285198130	to deal with low blood osmolarity, JGAn releases renin protein, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which causes	arterioles to constrict	263
3285198131	angiotensin causes	arterioles to constrict	264
3285202207	to deal with low blood osmolarity, JGAn releases renin protein, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which causes arterioles to constrict, which	increases blood pressure	265
3285203705	anginotensin also triggers	release of aldosterone	266
3285209155	anginotensin also triggers release of aldosterone from	adrenal gland	267
3285209156	adrenal gland is	hat of kidney	268
3285209283	hat of kidney aka	adrenal gland	269
3285220639	to deal with low blood osmolarity, anginotensin triggers release of aldosterone, which increases	reabsorption of NaCl and H2o (in kidneys)	270
3285222205	aldosterone increases	reabsorption of NaCl and H2o	271
3285228479	to deal with low blood osmolarity, anginotensin triggers release of aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of Nacl and H2o, which increases	blood osmolarity	272
3289856112	Does ADH increase thirst	Yes	273
3289856271	ADH increases	Thirst	274
3289856415	Descending limb is permeable to	H2o	275
3289856505	Ascending limb is permeable to	Salts	276
3289865513	What triggers release of aldosterone	Angiotensin	277
3294285999	JGA and renin protein help fix	low blood osmolarity	278
3294287797	ADH helps with	high blood osmolarity	279
3294302231	path of urine in body	kidney ureter bladder urethra	280
3294302232	kidney ureter bladder urethra aka	path of urine in body	281
3294305192	why is ascending limb not very permeable to h2o	not many aquaporins	282
3294422809	what hormone increases reabsorption of Na Cl H2o?	aldosterone	283
3294430686	name three places counter current takes place	fish gills nephron alveoli	284
3294430687	fish gills nephron alveoli are all home to	counter current systems	285

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AP Bio Chapter 45 Endocrine System Flashcards Flashcards

Hormones

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1191713092	Hormone	Signal that is secreted into extracellular fluid, carried by circulatory system and communicates regulatory messages	0
1191713093	Hormones vs. other chemical regulators	Hormones elicit a slower but longer-acting response	1
1191713094	What two systems of internal communication do animals have?	Nervous system and endocrine system	2
1191713095	Endocrine system	All of an animal's hormone-secreting cells	3
1191713096	Endocrine glands vs. exocrine glands	Endocrine glands are ductless, exocrine glands use ducts, exocrine glands are NOT part of the endocrine system	4
1191713097	Neurosecretory cells	Nerve cells that release hormones	5
1191713098	Neurohormones	Hormones produced by neurons (serve as both hormones in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters, chemical signals in the nervous system)	6
1191713099	Examples of neurohormones	Epinephrine, dopamine, oxytocin	7
1191713100	Relationship between nervous and endocrine system	They regulate each other, a nerve impulse can cause the secretion of neurohormones which will eventually alter nervous signals as well. Many endocrine glands are located in the nervous system (but they're not neurosecretory cells)	8
1191713101	Basic control pathway	receptor detects stimulus → sent to control center → compares value with a reference value → sends signal that directs effector to respond → efferent signal is a hormone or neurohormone	9
1191713102	Control pathways are often regulated by	negative feedback loop, like in controlling blood calcium or glucose levels	10
1191713103	Why isn't positive feedback a common part of control pathways	Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis because the response reduces the initial stimulus. Positive feedback amplifies signals, which isn't good for maintaining homeostasis. There are a lot of positive feedback loops, just not within control pathways. Hence the word "control"	11
1191713104	Simple endocrine pathway	Signal → receptor on the endocrine cell → endocrine cell/control center → secretes hormone and goes into blood → targets effectors like organs → elicits response	12
1191713105	Endocrine glands can act as both	the receptor and control center	13
1191713106	Neuroendocrine glands can only act as	the control center (receptor is a sensory neuron)	14
1191713107	Simple neurohormone pathway	Signal → sensory neuron → neuroendocrine cell/control center → secretes neurohormone and goes into blood → targets effectors like organs → elicits response	15
1191713108	Simple neuroendocrine pathway	Signal → sensory neuron → neuroendocrine cell/control center → secretes neurohormone and goes into blood → receptor on endocrine cell → endocrine cell/control center → secretes hormone and goes into blood → targets effectors like organs → elicits response	16
1191713109	Neuroendocrine pathway vs. neurohormone pathway	In neuroendocrine, the neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone that triggers an endocrine gland that in turn secretes another hormone that brings about the desired response. Neurohormone pathways bypass the intermediate endocrine gland	17
1191713110	What three types of molecules can function as hormones?	Proteins, amines derived from amino acids and steroids	18
1191713111	Which hormones are water soluble?	Proteins and amines	19
1191713112	Which hormones are lipid soluble?	Steroids	20
1191713113	Receptors for water-soluble hormones are embedded in	plasma membrane	21
1191713114	Receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are	inside the cell, usually on the nucleus or cytoplasm (hormone penetrates cell and binds to intracellular receptor)	22
1191713115	Binding of hormone to receptor causes	signal transduction pathway (like we learned in cell signaling, the hormone is the signal molecule)	23
1191713116	Evidence that hormone interaction with surface receptor is a requirement for signaling	if you inject the hormone directly into the cell, nothing happens because there's no transduction pathway	24
1191713117	Unlike extracellular hydrophilic receptors, intracellular receptors	perform the entire act of transduction (directly triggers the response). Extracellular responses have more steps	25
1191713118	The activated intracellular receptor is usually a__	transcription factor which causes change in gene expression	26
1191713119	Paracrine signaling	Local signaling, not as specific	27
1191713120	Neurotransmitters that are local regulators are	amino acid derivatives	28
1191713121	Protein local regulators are	cytokines and growth factors	29
1191713122	Growth factors allow	cells to grow, divide and develop normally	30
1191713123	Nitric oxide local regulator	relaxes smooth muscle to dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow when oxygen levels decrease	31
1191713124	Prostaglandin (PG) local regulators	modified fatty acids, stimulate smooth muscles of uterine wall to contract, induces fever and inflammation	32
1191713125	Pituitary gland located	in hypothalamus	33
1191713126	Parts of the pituitary gland	posterior pituitary (oxytocin and ADH), and anterior pituitary (growth hormone, FSH, LH, TSH). The pituitary gland as a whole is a FUSED endocrine and neuroendocrine gland	34
1191713127	Embryonic origin of pituitary gland	posterior pituitary grows downward toward mouth and anterior pituitary grows upwards toward mouth	35
1191713128	Oxytocin	Causes uterine muscles to contract, and causes breast milk production, POSTIVE FEEDBACK	36
1191713129	Tropic hormones	hormones that regulate functions of endocrine organs. Many of the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary regulate these endocrine glands	37
1191713130	The three tropic hormones produced by anterior pituitary	FSH, LH and TSH	38
1191713131	Growth Hormone	Has both tropic and nontropic effects, signals liver to release insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which stimulate bone growth. Also raises glucose levels	39
1191713132	Thyroid gland	two lobes on the trachea, produces T3 and T4-thyroxine (number of iodine atoms) and calcitonin	40
1191713133	Which is more common, T3 or T4?	Animals have more T4, but it's converted into T3 because receptors are more sensitive to T3	41
1191713134	Thyroid hormone feedback loop	Hypothalamus makes TSH releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates anterior pituitary to make TSH which uses cAMP to make T3 and T4. When T3 and T4 are too high, TRH production inhibited and levels decrease (NEGATIVE feedback	42
1191713135	Thyroid hormones regulate	growth, blood pressure, digestion, heart rate	43
1191713136	Deficiency of iodine causes	goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)	44
1191713137	Two hormones that maintain calcium levels	parathyroid hormone and calcitonin	45
1191713138	Calcium regulation	low calcium levels trigger release of parathyroid hormone which raises calcium levels. High calcium levels trigger release of calcitonin which lowers calcium levels (PTH and calcitonin are antagonistic)	46
1191713139	How parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium levels	induces bones to release calcium, or kidneys to reabsorb calcium. Liver and kidney can activate vitamin D, which stimulates intestines to intake calcium	47
1191713140	Endocrine cells in pancreas	Islets of Langerhans	48
1191713141	Two types of cells in the islets	alpha cells produce glucagon, beta cells produce insulin	49
1191713142	Insulin and glucagon are	antagonistic	50
1191713143	Glucose regulation pathway	Rising glucose level stimulates beta cells to release insulin which causes liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Insulin also slows glycogen breakdown in liver and conversion of amino acids/lipids to glucose. Glucose levels start to decline and insulin decreases while glucagon is released. Glucagon causes liver to break down glycogen and release glucose. This up and down motion continues until homeostasis (that's why you can't eat too much sugar)	51
1191713144	The brain can take up glucose without insulin	has access to energy all the time	52
1191713145	What cells store sugar as glycogen?	Liver and muscles	53
1191713146	What cells store sugar as fat?	adipose tissue	54
1191713147	Diabetes mellitus	Caused by deficiency of insulin or decreased sensitivity. Body can't absorb all the glucose that's taken in, so it's excreted (sweet urine). This causes more water to be excreted also, so causes thirst. Fat is used for respiration since there's not enough glucose	55
1191713148	Type I diabetes	immune system destroys beta cells, so no insulin is produced. Usually genetic	56
1191713149	Type II diabetes	Reduced sensitivity to insulin (it's still produced), usually not genetic	57
1191713150	Adrenal glands	next to the kidneys	58
1191713151	Adrenal glands made of	adrenal cortex (outer layer) and adrenal medulla (inner layer). The adrenal gland as a whole is a FUSED endocrine and neuroendocrine gland, like the pituitary gland	59
1191713152	Which part of the adrenal gland is endocrine?	Adrenal cortex	60
1191713153	Which part of the adrenal gland is neuroendocrine?	Adrenal medulla	61
1191713154	Catecholamines	Hormones synthesized from tyrosine amino acid, e.g epinephrine and norepinephrine	62
1191713155	Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the	adrenal medulla (it's not neuroendocrine, but it can still function as a neurotransmitter)	63
1191713156	How epinephrine and norepinephrine work	increase glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles, liver releases glucose, glucose used to provide energy. Blood pressure, breathing and metabolic rate increase	64
1191713157	Epinephrine vs. norepinephrine	Norepinephrine keeps blood pressure up while epinephrine increases other rates too	65
1191713158	Adrenal medulla stimulated by	Sympathetic division of CNS	66
1191713159	Adrenal cortex stimulated by	Endocrine signals, unlike the adrenal medulla	67
1191713160	What hormone causes adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids?	Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH (tropic hormone) which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids	68
1191713161	Two main types of corticosteroids	glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids	69
1191713162	Short term vs. long term stress response	Short term is epinephrine and norepinephrine, long term is glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids	70
1191713163	Primary source of sex hormones	gonads (testes in males, and ovaries in females)	71
1191713164	Three major categories of steroids	androgens, estrogens and progestins	72
1191713165	Are all sex hormones found within each gender?	Yes! But in different proportions	73
1191713166	Testes make	androgens like testosterone. Androgens regulate reproductive system development	74
1191713167	Estrogens	Most important is estradiol, maintains female reproductive system	75
1191713168	Progestins	Protect uterus	76
1191713169	Pineal gland	Near center of brain, secretes melatonin	77
1191713170	What controls amount of melatonin secreted?	Length of night, that's why you get jet lag	78
1191713171	Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)	Body's biological clock, target of melatonin	79

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AP Bio Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards

Campbell Reece 7th Edition

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62659321	Osmoregulation	How animals regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water	0
62659322	Excretion	How animals get rid of nitrogenous waste products of metabolism	1
62659323	Osmolarity	Total solute concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution	2
62659324	Osmoconformer	Animal that does not actively adjust internal osmolarity	3
62659325	Osmoregulator	Animal that must control its internal osmolarity	4
62659326	Stenohaline	Animals that are not tolerant of substantial changes in external osmolarity	5
62659327	Euryhaline	Animals that can withstand large fluctuations in external osmolarity.	6
62659328	Anhydrobiosis	Animals that can lose almost all of their body water and survive in a dormant state.	7
62659329	Transport epithelium	Layer(s) of epithelial cells that regulate solute movements and are essential components of osmotic regulation and metabolic waste disposal	8
62659330	Ammonia	NH3, a very toxic molecule due to its tendency to form strong acids through hydrogen bonds.	9
62659331	Urea	Substance produced in vertebrate liver by metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with CO2. Used by mammals, adult amphibians, sharks, and some fishes.	10
62659332	Uric acid	Substance used to dispose of ammonia by being excreted in a dry white paste. Used by insects, land snails, and many reptiles (birds).	11
62659333	Filtration	The passage of body fluid through selectively permeable membranes which forces small particles like salts, sugars, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes into excretory system.	12
62659334	Filtrate	Fluid consisting of water and salts, sugars, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes which will eventually, after more filtration, be excreted.	13
62659335	Selective reaborption	The cleansing of filtrate by re-adding some solutes to the body fluids through active transport.	14
62659336	Secretion	The deposit of unnecessary or undesirable solutes to the filtrate after filtration through active transport.	15
62659337	Protonephridum	Network of dead-end tubules without internal openings. They branch throughout the body and smallest branches are capped by flame bulbs.	16
62659338	Metanephridia	Type of tubular excretory system with internal openings that collect body fluids. Found in earthworms.	17
62659339	Malpighian tubules	Remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation in insects and terrestrial arthropods. Open into the digestive tract and dead end at tips in circulatory fluid.	18
62659340	Renal artery	Artery that supplies kidney with blood	19
62659341	Renal vein	Vein that takes blood from the kidney	20
62659342	Ureter	Duct through which urine exits each kidney	21
62659343	Urinary bladder	Container in which urine resides until drained. Ureters lead into this.	22
62659344	Urethra	Tube that leads from urinary bladder to the outside of the organism (vagina in males or penis in males)	23
62659345	Renal cortex	Outer region of kidney	24
62659346	Renal medulla	Inner region of kidney	25
62659347	Nephron	Functional unit of vertebrate kidney - consists of a long tubule and ball of capillaries called the glomerulus	26
62659348	Glomerulus	Ball of capillaries which resides at the end of the nephron.	27
62659349	Bowman's capsule	Cup-shaped swelling at the end of a tubule which surrounds the glomerulus.	28
62659350	Cortical nephrons	80% of kidney's nephrons, with reduced loops of henle and reside in the renal cortex	29
62659351	Juxtamedullary nephrons	Nephrons with well-developed loops of henle, and extend deeply into renal medulla.	30
62659352	Afferent arteriole	Branch of renal artery that supplies an individual nephron with blood.	31
62659353	Efferent arteriole	Convergent capillaries at the exits of glomeruli.	32
62659354	Vasa recta	Capillaries that serve the loop of Henle.	33
62659355	Countercurrent multiplier systems	System in which liquids run against and next to each other, which expend energy to create concentration gradients.	34
62659356	Antidiuretic hormone	Hormone that, when released when the osmolarity of the blood drops below a certain level, causes the permeability of the epithelium in the kidney to water, which reduces urine volume in order to conserve water.	35
62659357	Juxtaglomerular apparatus	When blood pressure in afferent arteriole drops, this releases the enzyme renin which converts plasma proteins to angiotensin II	36
62659358	Angiotensin II	Raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles in order to reduce the amount of salt and water excreted in urine.	37
62659359	Aldosterone	Hormone that causes nephrons' distal tubes to reabsorb more sodium to increase blood volume and pressure.	38
62659360	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	Complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis to conserve salt and water by regulating blood pressure.	39
62659361	Atrial natriuretic factor	Hormone that opposes RAAS by reducing blood pressure by inhibiting release of renin.	40

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Natural Health care products Flashcards

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3388049819	What is a natural health care product?	Natural health care products are those products found in nature that are extracted manufactured and sold for medical and health related uses, such as preventing disease	0
3388051151	What do natural health care products include?	-Botanicals -Homeopathic medications -Vitamins and minerals -Probiotics -Plant isolates -Essential fatty acids -AA -Traditional medicines (Chinese medicines)	1
3388055819	What types of drugs are excluded from NHP?	-Schedule C (radiopharmaceuticals) -Schedule D (biologics) however homeopathic and probiotics are NHP -Tobacco act -Controlled drug act (Marijuana, Khat, Doddea, etc..)	2
3388058500	What are some other definitions that are commonly used to describe NHP?	Alternative, Complementary, CAM, Natural health care products, Dietary supplements (Americans call it this)	3
3388063585	What is mind and body medicine?	-Yoga -Qi jong -Acupunture	4
3388064535	In Canada who are the highest users of NHP?	BC and Alberta	5
3388064776	What is the education level of people who use NPH?	University educated	6
3388065204	Do the rich or poor use more NPH?	Rich those who make more the $66K	7
3388066154	Do women or men use NPH more?	Women	8
3388068777	How are NPH regulated?N	Regulated under the Natural health product directorate since 2004	9
3388070404	Is there a regulatory compromise for NHP?	These regulations have implemented quality and safety standards for manufacturers, while relaxing the standards for product efficiency claims If RCT are not done, manufacturers can make claims based on traditional uses	10
3388073385	Are herbs drugs? When did they become	Yes, in 2004 under the food & drug act	11
3388095142	How do we know if a NHP has a license?	-Look for NPN, or DIN-HM on label -Homeopathic meds are given DIN-HM b/c they are allowed to have materials restricted in NHP (ex arsenic)	12
3388096797	If a pharmacy is going to sell NHP do they need to know everything about them?	Yes they need to know everything	13
3388097080	Is it ethical for pharmacists to provide NHP?	-It is our obligation as a pharmacist -We must respect patients beliefs and autonomy -Safer for patients to buy them from us then online or in a health foods store -Many NHP have emerging evidence	14
3388098810	But are there some NHP that could be "unethical", if so why?	Yes, there are some: -Some NHP's do not have significant studies to back them up -Many pharmacists do not have the education to counsel on NHP's -Almost 60% of patients do not ask pharmacists about the NHP's	15
3388104599	What are the ethical tensions with NHP's?	-We want to allow patients to have choice (autonomy) but at the same time we want what is best for the patient (beneficence) -If pharmacies sell the NHP that means they are credible, but this is not always the case -Sell but do not have the knowledge	16
3388108277	What are 3 points to follow that give a good framework for thinking critically about NHP's?	1) Asses issues/problems (is the NHP necessary, what does the patient expect it to do?) 2) Analyze the NHP (Look for evidence of efficacy, safety, adherence, benefits vs risks) 3) Advise & recommend NHP	17
3388110422	What are some challenges with NHP clinical trials?	- Inadequate identification of NHP in study - Pooling of data from different dosage forms - Small sample sizes - Short studied - Insufficient info on blinding	18
3388114052	What is CONSORT for herbal medicine?	Guidelines to help improve clinical trial standards CONSOlidate Standards of Reporting Trials	19
3388115062	What are the main points of CONSORT?	-Use Latin binomial for NHP -Provide the product name - Tell us what part of the plant is used	20
3388116390	What are 4 reasons that a NHP could cause a patient harm?	1) Lack of quality (Purity) (using wrong plant, or part of the plant, can have heavy metals, or microorganisms) Lack of quality (potency) (may have too much or little of the dose in the NHP) 2) Inappropriate use 3) Allergic reaction 4) NHP interactions	21
3388118665	What NHP reacts the most with Rx? What Rx drugs interact the most with NHP?	St.johns wart Anti-coagulants (warfarin)	22
3388120057	Why must we make sure to explain adherence to our patients with regards to NHP's?	-Cost -Many NHP's take 2-3 months to cause benefit - Try to give patients higher doses, b/c many NHP's require frequent doses	23
3388121284	What are the three types of NHP interactions?	1) Pharmacokinetic: Involves the P450 system -St.Johns wart can induce P450- Major 2) Pharmacodynamic: -These affects can be synergistic or antagonistic 3) NHP-NHP interactions: -Herbs that are: Sedative, anticoagulants, NHP-Condition interactions: -Ginseng + diabetes (Ginseng will reduce blood sugar levels) -SJW + Bipolar depression	24

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Contemporary Nutrition Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapters 1, 2, and 3

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1683128170	Nutrition	the study of food and health, nutrients, their action, process by which it ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances	0
1683128171	List two risk factors for chronic diseases	poor diet and sedentary lifestyle	1
1683128172	Nutrients	nourishing substances that come from food, provide energy, provide building blocks, vital for growth and maintenance	2
1683128173	Six classes of nutrients	vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, water, proteins	3
1683128174	Essential nutrients	nutrients the body cannot make for itself and must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies	4
1683128175	Three characteristics of essential nutrients	omission leads to decline, regain normal function when restored to diet, and has specific biological function	5
1683128176	Carbohydrate make up	Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen	6
1683128177	Number of kilocalories yielded by carbohydrates	4 kcal/gm	7
1683128178	Example of a monosaccharide	glucose	8
1683128179	Example of a disaccharide	sucrose (fructose + glucose)	9
1683128180	Example of a polysaccharide	Starch	10
1683128181	Examples of dietary fiber	hemicelluloses, pectins, gurns, mucilages, cellulose, lignin	11
1683128182	Lipids make up	Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen	12
1683128183	Number of kilocalories yielded by lipids	9 kcal/gm	13
1683128184	Triglycerides	major storage form of energy, fats and oils	14
1683128185	Saturated fatty acids	butter, do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds	15
1683128186	Unsaturated fatty acids	corn oils, contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds	16
1683128187	Proteins make up	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen	17
1683128188	Number of kilocalories yielded by protein	4 kcal/gm	18
1683128189	Proteins are a part of what?	Muscle, blood, enzymes, immune factors, body cells	19
1683128190	Function of vitamins	To enable chemical reactions	20
1683128191	Fat soluble vitamins	A, D, E, K	21
1683128192	Water soluble vitamins	B and C	22
1683128193	Function of minerals	Function in cellular processes, nervous system, water balance, structural systems	23
1683128194	Two kinds of minerals	Major minerals and trace minerals (less than 100 mg)	24
1683128195	Water make up	hydrogen, oxygen	25
1683128196	Recommended intake of water	9 to 13 cups per day	26
1683128197	Function of water	solvent, lubricant, medium for transport, chemical processes, and temperature regulator	27
1683128198	Phytochemicals	Chemicals found in plants that may provide significant benefits of health	28
1683128199	Examples of phytochemicals	Resveratrol, curcumin (from turmeric), lycopene, lutein, anthocyanins, EGCG	29
1683128200	Amount of fat recommended by the food and nutrition board	20% to 35%	30
1683128201	Amount of carbohydrates recommended by the food and nutrition board	45% to 65%	31
1683128202	Amount of proteins recommended by the food and nutrition board	10% to 35%	32
1683128203	Food sources of polyphenols	blueberries, strawberries, raspberries	33
1683128204	Food sources of flavonoids	citrus fruits, onions, apples, grapes, chocolate	34
1683128205	Food sources of indoles	Broccoli, cabbage, kale	35
1683128206	Food sources of phytosterals	soybeans	36
1683128207	Examples of complex carbohydrates	fiber, starch, glycogen	37
1683128208	Examples of electrolyte minerals	potassium, chloride, sodium	38
1683128209	True statements about fiber	Not digestible by human enzymes, type of carbohydrate, adds bulk to the feces	39
1683128210	Nutrients that do not dissolve in water	Lipids	40
1683128211	Nutrients that are inorganic	Minerals	41
1683128212	Main structural material in the body	Proteins	42
1683128213	Main function of vitamins in the body	Aid chemical reactions that release energy	43
1683128214	Metabolism	The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells	44
1683128215	Nutrient that does not promote growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues	Carbohydrates	45
1683128216	Chronic disease	A disease that develops over a long period of time	46
1683128217	Hunger	physical biological drive	47
1683128218	Appetite	psychological drive	48
1683128219	Satiety	Temporary halt of desire to eat	49
1683128220	Hormones that increase hunger	Ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), endorphins	50
1683128221	Hormones that cause satiety	Leptin, serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK)	51
1683128222	Nutrient density	Comparison of vitamin and mineral content with amount of calories it provides	52
1683128223	Energy density	Comparison of calorie content with weight of food	53
1683128224	Examples of food high in energy density	nuts, cookies, fried foods, mayonnaise, butter	54
1683128225	Anthropometric assessment	height, weight, waist circumference, skinfold thickness	55
1683128226	Biochemical assessment	blood and urine assays, enzyme activities, glucose, cholesterol, etc.	56
1683128227	Clinical assessment	appearance of skin, eyes, tongue, sense of touch, ability to walk	57
1683128228	Dietary assessment	usual intake or record of foods consumed	58
1683128229	Environmental assessment	living conditions, education level and the ability of the person to purchase food, transport and cook foods needed to maintain health	59
1683128230	What's on the food label?	product name, manufacturer's name and address, uniform serving size, amount in the package, ingredients in descending order by weight, nutrient components, macronutrients	60
1683128231	What food requires a label?	a packaged food or a processed meat product	61
1683128232	Which population group should obtain synthetic sources of vitamin B-12 by consuming fortified foods or dietary supplements?	Adults age 50 and older	62
1683128233	Dietary supplements or herbal products can be marketed in the United States under DSHEA _______ approval	without FDA's	63
1683128234	UL	highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects	64
1683128235	EER	estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level	65
1683128236	AI	nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA	66
1683128237	RDA	nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender	67
1683128238	Optional components on the Nutrition Facts panel of a food label	Potassium, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat	68
1683128239	The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994	Outlines that FDA must prove the product is unsafe before preventing its sale. Classifies vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal medicines as foods. Restrains FDA from regulation vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal medicines as drugs and food additives.	69
1683128240	Nutrient components that must appear on the nutrition facts food label	sugar, total calories, fiber	70
1683128241	Cytoplasm	fluid and organelles within the cell. anaerobic metabolism.	71
1683128242	Mitochondria	major site of energy production. aerobic. not in red blood cells.	72
1683128243	DNA	genetic material	73
1683128244	RNA	transcribes information on DNA through a "messenger" (transcription). directs protein synthesis (translation).	74
1683128245	Nutrigenomics	how your nutrition control your genes	75
1683128246	Rough endoplasmic reticulum- ribosomes function	protein synthesis	76
1683128247	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function	fat synthesis	77
1683128248	Gogli complex	packaging site for protein as secretory vesicles	78
1683128249	Lysosomes	cell's digestive system- involved in digesting foreign organisms	79
1683128250	Peroxisomes	contain enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals	80
1683128251	Epithelial tissue	lines outside surfaces and external passages	81
1683128252	Epithelial tissue function	secretion, absorption, and excretion	82
1683128253	Example of epithelial tissue	skin	83
1683128254	Connective tissue	holds structures together	84
1683128255	Connective tissue function	protect, store fat, produce blood cells	85
1683128256	Connective tissue example	bone marrow	86
1683128257	Muscle tissue	contraction: to cause movement	87
1683128258	Nervous tissue	brain and spinal cord	88
1683128259	Nervous tissue function	conduct nerve impulses	89
1683128260	Artery	carries blood away from heart	90
1683128261	Vein	carries blood to the heart	91
1683128262	Capillary	microscopic blood vessels connection arteries and veins- site of nutrient exchange	92
1683128263	Portal circulation	transports nutrients from the small intestine and delivers to the liver	93
1683128264	Portal vein	Carries blood to the liver	94
1683128265	Lymphatic system role	important role in fat absorption	95
1683128266	Three kinds of digestion	mechanical, chemical, autonomic	96
1683128267	Five basic tastes	sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)	97
1683128268	Saliva enzyme	salivary amylase- breaks down starch	98
1683128269	Esophagus	connects pharynx to stomach	99
1683128270	Epiglottis	not to get choked	100
1683128271	Peristalsis	wave of muscle contraction- propel food down	101
1683128272	Lower esophageal sphincter	to prevent backflow of acidic stomach contents	102
1683128273	Stomach	gastric juice, chyme	103
1683128274	Pyloric sphincter	releases chyme to small intestine	104
1683128275	Mucous neck cells	mucus for protection from stomach acid and enzyme	105
1683128276	Primary cause of ulcers	bacterial infection- helicobacter pylori	106
1683128277	Heartburn cause	Movement of acid from stomach into esophagus	107
1683128278	Length of small intestine	10 feet long	108
1683128279	Most of the digestion and absorption occur here	small intestine	109
1683128280	Structure of small intestine	folded walls	110
1683128281	Passive diffusion	down a conc. gradient	111
1683128282	Examples of passive diffusion	fats, water, minerals	112
1683128283	Facilitated diffusion	utilizes carrier protein, down a conc. gradient	113
1683128284	Examples of facilitated diffusion	fructose	114
1683128285	Active absorption	involved carrier protein + energy - against a conc. gradient	115
1683128286	Examples of active absorption	glucose, amino acids	116
1683128287	Phagocytosis & pinocytosis	cells engulf solids and liquids	117
1683128288	Between small intestine and large intestine	ileocecal sphincter	118
1683128289	Large intestine absorption	water, some minerals (sodium and potassium), vitamins	119
1683128290	Accessory organs in digestion	Liver, gallbladder, pancreas	120
1683128291	Enterohepatic circulation	recycling of bile between small intestine and liver	121
1683128292	Liver	produces bile	122
1683128293	Gallbladder	stores bile	123
1683128294	Pancreas	secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon)	124
1683128295	Synapse	space between 2 neurons	125
1683128296	Composition of immune system	skin, intestinal cells, white blood cells	126
1683128297	Skin health requires	fatty acids, vitamin A, niacin, and zinc	127
1683128298	Intestinal cells	packed close together, barrier to invading microbes, protein, vitamins A, B-6, B-12, C, folate, and zinc	128
1683128299	White blood cells	attack microorganism	129
1683128300	Appropriate nutrient intake required for white blood cells	iron, copper, vitamin B-6, B-12, C	130
1683128301	Insulin lowers blood glucose by	promoting the uptake of glucose into body cells	131
1683128302	ATP	high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells	132
1683128303	Adipose tissue stores what	fat	133
1683128304	Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the...	vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function, pH of the environment in which they function, type of chemical reaction they catalyze	134
1683128305	During the depolarization phase of nerve impulse transmission, _______ ions flow into the neuron and ______ ions flow out of the neuron	sodium, potassium	135
1683128306	Parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract	Duodenum, jejunum, ileum	136
1683128307	Nutrients that enter the lymph system	fat-soluble	137
1683128308	Nutrients that enter portal circulation	water-soluble	138
1683128309	Roles of protein in the cell membrane	gatekeeper for what flows in and out of the cell, provides structural support for the cell membrane, catalyzes chemical reactions	139
1683128310	Storage form of glucose in the body	glycogen	140
1683128311	Where all the chemical reactions that generate energy occur in the red blood cells	cytoplasm	141
1683128312	Two nutrients produced by bacteria in the large intestine	Vitamin K, biotin	142
1683128313	Hormone targeting adipose tissue and muscle cells	Insulin	143
1683128314	Hormone targeting most cells	growth hormone	144
1683128315	Hormone targeting heart, blood vessels, brain, and lungs	Epinephrine	145
1683128316	Hormones secreted by pancreas	Insulin and glucagon	146
1683128317	Hormone secreted by adrenal glands	Epinephrine and norepinephrine	147
1683128318	Hormone secreted by pituitary gland	growth hormone	148
1683128319	Hormone secreted by thyroid gland	thyroid hormone	149

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Contemporary Nutrition A Functional Approach Chp 1 Review Flashcards

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2745917170	Our primary psychological drive to eat that is affected by many external food-choice mechansims is called	Appetite	0
2745917424	Energy -yielding nutrients include	Carbohydrated, proteins, and fats	1
2745917750	The essential nutrients	Cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health	2
2745918128	Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of	Minerals	3
2745918387	Which nutrient classes are most important in the regulation of body processes?	Vitamins & minerals	4
2745918938	A kcal is a	Measure of heat energy	5
2745919495	A food that contains 10 grams of fat would yield ______ kcal.	10g * 9 kcal = 90	6
2745921623	If you consume 300 grams of carbohydrate in a day that you consume 2400 kcal, the carbohydrates will provide _____% of your total energy intake.	50	7
2745927822	Which of the following is true about the North American diet?	About half of the carbohydrates come from simple sugars.	8
2745928054	A behavior that will decrease the risk of weight gain in college is to	Stock your fridge with nutritious snacks.	9

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Ch 2: Function Approach to Contemporary Nutrition Flashcards

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2872650039	Energy Density	a measurement that best describes the calorie content of food - determined by comparing the calorie content with the weight of food	0
2872650720	Nutrient Density	a characteristic used to determine its nutritional quality - determined by comparing its protein, vitamins, or mineral content with the amount of calories it provide	1
2872651596	Limitations of myplate.gov	new icon is too simple, does not provide information about overall calories, serving sizes, or number of servings to choose from each food group; does not provide the types of foods to choose from in each group	2
2872651597	Advantages of myplate.gov	shows how to build a healthy plate, shows variety, proportionality, and moderation	3
2872652164	Dietary Guideline goals	1. Balance calories with physical activity to manage weight 2. Consume more of certain foods and nutrients, such as fruits, veggies, whole grains, fat-free, dairy, and seafood 3. Consume fewer foods with sodium (2300 mg), saturated fats, trans fat, cholesterol, added sugars and refined grains	4
2872653620	RDA	used to evaluate your current intake for a specific nutrient - the further you stray above or below this value, the greater you chance of nutritional problems	5
2872654353	Adequate intake	Nutrient intake amount set for any nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish and RDA - based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage	6
2872658563	Estimated Energy Requirements	Estimate the calorie needs needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage	7
2872663264	Tolerable Upper Intake Level	Maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage	8
2872668300	Daily Value	Rough guide used for comparing the nutrient content of a good to approximate human needs	9
2872673986	Requirements for food labels	manufacturer's name and address, uniform serving size, amount in package, ingredients in descending order by weight, allergies	10
2872674730	Enrinched	refers to replacing nutrients lost in processing	11
2872674731	Fortified	adding nutrients not originally present	12

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Contemporary nutrition chapter 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4505510605	Tissue	groups of similar cells	0
4505510606	Cell	A functioning building block of life that forms both plant and animals.	1
4505520806	organ	One or more tissues that work together	2
4505520807	organ system	A group of organs with a common purpose	3
4505522731	DNA	A double-stranded molecule that contains genetic material	4
4505522732	RNA	A molecule that copies and transmits the DNA's genetic information	5
4505523572	ribosomes	A protein-production site in a cell	6
4505523573	mitochondria	The organelle in a cell that creates the cell's energy from nutrients, oxygen, water, and other substances	7
4505525982	aerobic	Requires oxygen to function	8
4505525983	Cytoplasm	The material in the interior of a cell, excluding the nucleus	9
4505526706	nucleus	The central portion of a cell, which contains the cell's DNA	10
4505526707	organelle	A section of a cell's cytoplasm that performs a function for the cell	11
4505530624	neuron	A nervous system cell that transmits chemical and electrical messages	12
4505535092	insulin	A pancreatic hormone that helps to regulate blood glucose, among other tasks	13
4505535093	epithelial tissue	absorbs nutrients and secretes substances. This tissue covers all exterior surfaces and all passages throughout the body , such as the skin and the small intestine	14
4505553914	Connective tissue	supports the body, creates blood cells, and stores some fat. Tendons and cartilage are made from ..	15
4505553915	Muscle tissue	helps you more by contracting. The contains a large amount.	16
4505553916	Nervous tissue	Sends messages throughout your body. Spinal cord contains...	17
4505561905	immunoglobin	An immune substance in the intestine that binds to microorganisms	18
4510033436	Immunoglobulin		19
4505562922	phagocytosis		20
4505562923	cell-mediated immunity		21
4505565751	white blood cells	destroy invaders.	22
4505571337	Liver	produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile enters the small intestine and breaks down fats, so they can be absorbed more easily. Also creates substances that filter the blood	23
4505571338	pancreas	produces hormones. such as insulin, and pancreatic juice, which breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The pancreatic juice also neutralizes the acid in chyme, so that the acid does not harm the small intestines.	24
4505582300	Chyme	A mixture of food and gastric juices created in the stomach	25
4505585246	peristalsis		26
4505585247	bile	created by the liver helps break down fats in the small intestine	27
4505588428	Ulcer		28
4505590159	Heartburn	occurs when stomach acid moves into the esophagus	29
4505591141	GERD	gastroesophageal reflux disease, it is caused by a weak esophageal sphincter muscle, it can erode the esophagus	30
4505597357	Irritable bowel syndrome		31
4505597358	Gallstones		32
4505598737	Constipation		33
4505599836	hemorrhoids		34

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Contemporary Nutrition Chapter 1, Memory Terms and Overview Flashcards

Designed for my Straighterline Contemporary Nutrition Course. Terms and quotes are from G.M. Wardlaw and A.M. Smith's Contemporary Nutrition book, 8th Edition.

Terms : Hide Images

2015968864	Number one nutrition problem in North America...	Poor diet, excessive food intake, and too little physical activity.	0
2015968865	Nutrition	The science that links food to health and disease. It includes the processes by which the human organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, and excretes food.	1
2015968866	Nutrients	Chemical substances in food that contribute to health, many of which are essential parts of a diet. Nutrients nourish us by providing calories to fulfill our bodies energy needs, nutrients for building body parts, and factors to regulate necessary chemical processes in the body.	2
2015968867	Essential Nutrient	A substance that, when left out of the diet, leads to signs of poor health. The body either can't produce this nutrient or simply can't produce enough to meet the body's requirements. Then, if added back to the diet before permanent damage occurs, the affected aspects of health are restored. Essential Nutrient.	3
2015968868	Glucose	A six-carbon sugar that exists in a ring form; found as such in blood, and in table sugar bound to fructose. Also known as dextrose, it is one of the simple sugars.	4
2015968869	Fructose	A six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form; found in fruits and honey; also known as fruit sugar.	5
2015968870	Risk Factors	Actions or behaviors that represent a potential health threat	6
2015968871	Cancer	A condition characterized by uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells.	7
2015968872	Cardiovascular Disease	A general term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system. This disease is generally characterized by the deposition of fatty material in the blood vessels. This leads to the hardening of the arteries, which can lead to organ damage and death. Also called CHD, or Coronary Heart Disease, since the vessels of the heart are the primary sites of disease.	8
2015968873	Cholesterol	A waxy lipid found in all body cells; it has a structure containing multiple chemical rings. Cholesterol is found only in foods of animal orgin.	9
2015968874	Chronic	Long standing, developing over time. When referred to as a disease, it indicates that the disease processes, once developed, is slow and lasting.	10
2015968875	Diabetes	A metabolic syndrome characterized by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin (Hypoinsulinism) resulting in hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar). Over 90% of diabetes mellitus falls into two main groups: Type 1 or Type 2.	11
2015968876	Hypertension	A condition in which blood pressure remains persistently elevated. Obesity, inactivity, alcohol, excessive salt, and genetics all may influence hypertension.	12
2015968877	Kilocalorie	A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories: the amout of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water 1 degree Celcius	13
2015968878	Obesity	A condition characterized by excess body fat.	14
2015968879	Osteoperosis	Decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging and estrogen loss, genetic background, and poor diet.	15
2015968880	Top two preventable causes of death in the US	Smoking and obesity	16
2015968881	Leading caues of death in the US	Heart Disease (26%), Cancer (22.8%), Stroke (5.9%)	17
2015968882	Classes and sources of nutrients	Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water.	18
2015968883	Carbohydrate	A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Most are known as sugars, starches, or fibers.	19
2015968884	Lipid	A compound containing much carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen, and sometimes other atoms. Lipids do not dissolve in water. Includes fats, oils, and cholesterol.	20
2015968885	Protein	Food and body compounds made from Amino Acids; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes other atoms, in a specific configuration. Proteins contain the form of nitrogen most easily used by the human body.	21
2015968886	Vitamin	Compound needed in very small amounts in a diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body.	22
2015968887	Mineral	Element used to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures.	23
2015968888	Water	The universal solvent; chemically H2O. The body is composed of about 60% water. Water needs are about 9 cups a day for women and 12 cups a day for men.	24
2015968889	kilocalorie (2)	A unit of heat and energy. Includes the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree on the Celsius scale.	25
2015968890	Element	A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes. Common elements in nutrition include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and iron.	26
2015968891	Simple Sugar	Monosaccharide or Disaccharide in the diet.	27
2015968892	Monosaccharide	Simple sugar, such as glucose, that is not broken down further during digestion.	28
2015968893	Disaccharide	Class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of two monosaccharides.	29
2015968894	Polysaccharide	Class of complex carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 10-1000 or more.	30
2015968895	Complex Carbohydrate	Carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide molecules. Examples include glycogen, starch, and fiber.	31
2015968896	Cell	The structural basis of plant and animal organization. Cells contain genetic material and systems for synthesizing energy yielding compounds. Cells contain genetic material and systems for synthesizing energy-yielding compounds. Cells have the ability to take up compounds from and excrete compounds into their surroundings.	32
2015968897	Macronutrient	A nutrient needed in gram quantities in a diet.	33
2015968898	Micronutrient	A nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in a diet.	34
2015968899	Bond	A linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons or attractions.	35
2015968900	Fiber	Substances in plant food not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine. As indigestible material, they add bulk to feces. Fiber naturally found in foods is called dietary fiber.	36
2015968901	Atom	Smallest combining unit of an element, such as iron or calcium. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.	37
2015968902	Triglyceride	The major form of lipids in the body and in food. It is composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.	38
2015968903	Fatty Acid	Major part of most lipids; primarily composed of a chain of carbons flanked by hydrogen.	39
2015968904	Lipids	Lipids are composed primarily of the elements carbon and hydrogen. They contain fewer oxygen atoms than do carbohydrates. Lipids dissolve in certain solvents but never water.	40
2015968905	Saturated Fatty Acids	A fatty acid containing no carbon-carbon double bonds. (ex. Butter)	41
2015968906	Unsaturated Fatty Acids	A fatty acid containing one of more carbon-carbon double bonds. (ex. Olive Oil)	42
2015968907	Trans Fatty Acid	A form of an unsaturated fatty acid (usually a monosaturated one when found in food) in which the hydrogens on both carbons forming that double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond, rather than on the same side, as in most natural fats. Margarine, shortening, and deep-fat-fried foots and rich sources.	43
2015968908	Enzyme	A compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction. Almost all enzymes are proteins (some are made up of genetic material)	44
2015968909	Amino Acid	The building block for proteins containing a central carbon atom with nitrogen and other atoms attached.	45
2015968910	Chemical Reaction	An interaction between two chemicals that changes both chemicals.	46
2015968911	Inorganic	Any substance lacking carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure.	47
2015968912	Organic	Any substance that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in chemical structure.	48
2015968913	Electrolytes	Substances that separate into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride, and potassium.	49
2015968914	Solvent	A liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.	50
2015968915	Metabolism	Chemical processes in the body by which energy is provided in useful forms and vital activities are sustained.	51
2015968916	Phytochemical	A chemical found in plants. Some phytochemicals may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly.	52
2015968917	Genes	A specific segment on a chromosome. Genes provide the blueprints for production of all body parts.	53
2015968918	Alcohol	Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is the compound in alcoholic beverages.	54
2015968919	Compound	A group of different types of atoms bonded together in definite proportion.	55
2015968920	Ion	An atom with an unequal number of electrons and protons; positive ions have more protons then electrons.	56
2015968921	Salt	A compound of sodium and chloride in a 40:60 ratio.	57
2015968922	Hunger	The primary physiological drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by innate cues to eating.	58
2015968923	Appetite	The primary psychological influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of physical hunger.	59
2015968924	Satiety	State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction	60
2015968925	Hypothalamus	A region at the base of the brain that contains cells that play a role in the regulation of hunger, respiration, body temperature, and other body functions.	61
2015968926	Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)	The main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients,	62
2015968927	Hormone	A compound secreted into thee bloodstream by one type of cell that acts to control the function of another type of cell. For example, certain cells in the pancreas produce insulin, which, in turn, acts on muscle and other types of cells to promote uptake of nutrients from the blood.	63
2015968928	Endorphins	Natural body tranquilizers that may be involved in the feeling response.	64
2015968929	Ghrelin	A hormone made by the stomach that increases the desire to eat.	65
2015968930	Neuropeptide Y	A chemical substance made in the hypothalamus that stimulates food intake. The hormone Leptin inhibits the production of neuropeptide Y.	66
2015968931	Leptin	A hormone made by adipose tissue in proportion to total fat stores in the body; it regulates fat mass. Leptin also influences reproductive functions, as well as other body processes, such as the release of insulin.	67
2015968932	Adipose Tissue	Fat storing cells/	68
2015968933	Seratonin	A neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid trytophan that affects mood, behavior, and appetite, and induces sleep.	69
2015968934	Cholecystokinin (CCK)	A hormone that participates in enzyme release from the pancreas, bile release from the gallbladder, and hunger regulation.	70
2015968935	Factors that affect food choices	1. Food marketing 2. Food availability 3. Food flavor, texture, and appearance. 4. Preference 5. Psychological needs 6. Social Needs 7. Social network- family + friends 8. Food customs + culture 9. Food cost and expense 10. Education, occupation, and income 11. Routines and habits 12. Lifestyle 13. Health and nutrition concerns, knowledge, and beliefs.	71

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Contemporary Nutrition Chapter 1, Memory Terms and Overview Flashcards

Designed for my Straighterline Contemporary Nutrition Course. Terms and quotes are from G.M. Wardlaw and A.M. Smith's Contemporary Nutrition book, 8th Edition.

Terms : Hide Images

2015968864	Number one nutrition problem in North America...	Poor diet, excessive food intake, and too little physical activity.	0
2015968865	Nutrition	The science that links food to health and disease. It includes the processes by which the human organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, and excretes food.	1
2015968866	Nutrients	Chemical substances in food that contribute to health, many of which are essential parts of a diet. Nutrients nourish us by providing calories to fulfill our bodies energy needs, nutrients for building body parts, and factors to regulate necessary chemical processes in the body.	2
2015968867	Essential Nutrient	A substance that, when left out of the diet, leads to signs of poor health. The body either can't produce this nutrient or simply can't produce enough to meet the body's requirements. Then, if added back to the diet before permanent damage occurs, the affected aspects of health are restored. Essential Nutrient.	3
2015968868	Glucose	A six-carbon sugar that exists in a ring form; found as such in blood, and in table sugar bound to fructose. Also known as dextrose, it is one of the simple sugars.	4
2015968869	Fructose	A six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form; found in fruits and honey; also known as fruit sugar.	5
2015968870	Risk Factors	Actions or behaviors that represent a potential health threat	6
2015968871	Cancer	A condition characterized by uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells.	7
2015968872	Cardiovascular Disease	A general term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system. This disease is generally characterized by the deposition of fatty material in the blood vessels. This leads to the hardening of the arteries, which can lead to organ damage and death. Also called CHD, or Coronary Heart Disease, since the vessels of the heart are the primary sites of disease.	8
2015968873	Cholesterol	A waxy lipid found in all body cells; it has a structure containing multiple chemical rings. Cholesterol is found only in foods of animal orgin.	9
2015968874	Chronic	Long standing, developing over time. When referred to as a disease, it indicates that the disease processes, once developed, is slow and lasting.	10
2015968875	Diabetes	A metabolic syndrome characterized by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin (Hypoinsulinism) resulting in hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar). Over 90% of diabetes mellitus falls into two main groups: Type 1 or Type 2.	11
2015968876	Hypertension	A condition in which blood pressure remains persistently elevated. Obesity, inactivity, alcohol, excessive salt, and genetics all may influence hypertension.	12
2015968877	Kilocalorie	A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories: the amout of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water 1 degree Celcius	13
2015968878	Obesity	A condition characterized by excess body fat.	14
2015968879	Osteoperosis	Decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging and estrogen loss, genetic background, and poor diet.	15
2015968880	Top two preventable causes of death in the US	Smoking and obesity	16
2015968881	Leading caues of death in the US	Heart Disease (26%), Cancer (22.8%), Stroke (5.9%)	17
2015968882	Classes and sources of nutrients	Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water.	18
2015968883	Carbohydrate	A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Most are known as sugars, starches, or fibers.	19
2015968884	Lipid	A compound containing much carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen, and sometimes other atoms. Lipids do not dissolve in water. Includes fats, oils, and cholesterol.	20
2015968885	Protein	Food and body compounds made from Amino Acids; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes other atoms, in a specific configuration. Proteins contain the form of nitrogen most easily used by the human body.	21
2015968886	Vitamin	Compound needed in very small amounts in a diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body.	22
2015968887	Mineral	Element used to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures.	23
2015968888	Water	The universal solvent; chemically H2O. The body is composed of about 60% water. Water needs are about 9 cups a day for women and 12 cups a day for men.	24
2015968889	kilocalorie (2)	A unit of heat and energy. Includes the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree on the Celsius scale.	25
2015968890	Element	A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes. Common elements in nutrition include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and iron.	26
2015968891	Simple Sugar	Monosaccharide or Disaccharide in the diet.	27
2015968892	Monosaccharide	Simple sugar, such as glucose, that is not broken down further during digestion.	28
2015968893	Disaccharide	Class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of two monosaccharides.	29
2015968894	Polysaccharide	Class of complex carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 10-1000 or more.	30
2015968895	Complex Carbohydrate	Carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide molecules. Examples include glycogen, starch, and fiber.	31
2015968896	Cell	The structural basis of plant and animal organization. Cells contain genetic material and systems for synthesizing energy yielding compounds. Cells contain genetic material and systems for synthesizing energy-yielding compounds. Cells have the ability to take up compounds from and excrete compounds into their surroundings.	32
2015968897	Macronutrient	A nutrient needed in gram quantities in a diet.	33
2015968898	Micronutrient	A nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in a diet.	34
2015968899	Bond	A linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons or attractions.	35
2015968900	Fiber	Substances in plant food not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine. As indigestible material, they add bulk to feces. Fiber naturally found in foods is called dietary fiber.	36
2015968901	Atom	Smallest combining unit of an element, such as iron or calcium. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.	37
2015968902	Triglyceride	The major form of lipids in the body and in food. It is composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.	38
2015968903	Fatty Acid	Major part of most lipids; primarily composed of a chain of carbons flanked by hydrogen.	39
2015968904	Lipids	Lipids are composed primarily of the elements carbon and hydrogen. They contain fewer oxygen atoms than do carbohydrates. Lipids dissolve in certain solvents but never water.	40
2015968905	Saturated Fatty Acids	A fatty acid containing no carbon-carbon double bonds. (ex. Butter)	41
2015968906	Unsaturated Fatty Acids	A fatty acid containing one of more carbon-carbon double bonds. (ex. Olive Oil)	42
2015968907	Trans Fatty Acid	A form of an unsaturated fatty acid (usually a monosaturated one when found in food) in which the hydrogens on both carbons forming that double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond, rather than on the same side, as in most natural fats. Margarine, shortening, and deep-fat-fried foots and rich sources.	43
2015968908	Enzyme	A compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction. Almost all enzymes are proteins (some are made up of genetic material)	44
2015968909	Amino Acid	The building block for proteins containing a central carbon atom with nitrogen and other atoms attached.	45
2015968910	Chemical Reaction	An interaction between two chemicals that changes both chemicals.	46
2015968911	Inorganic	Any substance lacking carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in the chemical structure.	47
2015968912	Organic	Any substance that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms in chemical structure.	48
2015968913	Electrolytes	Substances that separate into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride, and potassium.	49
2015968914	Solvent	A liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.	50
2015968915	Metabolism	Chemical processes in the body by which energy is provided in useful forms and vital activities are sustained.	51
2015968916	Phytochemical	A chemical found in plants. Some phytochemicals may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly.	52
2015968917	Genes	A specific segment on a chromosome. Genes provide the blueprints for production of all body parts.	53
2015968918	Alcohol	Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is the compound in alcoholic beverages.	54
2015968919	Compound	A group of different types of atoms bonded together in definite proportion.	55
2015968920	Ion	An atom with an unequal number of electrons and protons; positive ions have more protons then electrons.	56
2015968921	Salt	A compound of sodium and chloride in a 40:60 ratio.	57
2015968922	Hunger	The primary physiological drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by innate cues to eating.	58
2015968923	Appetite	The primary psychological influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of physical hunger.	59
2015968924	Satiety	State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction	60
2015968925	Hypothalamus	A region at the base of the brain that contains cells that play a role in the regulation of hunger, respiration, body temperature, and other body functions.	61
2015968926	Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)	The main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients,	62
2015968927	Hormone	A compound secreted into thee bloodstream by one type of cell that acts to control the function of another type of cell. For example, certain cells in the pancreas produce insulin, which, in turn, acts on muscle and other types of cells to promote uptake of nutrients from the blood.	63
2015968928	Endorphins	Natural body tranquilizers that may be involved in the feeling response.	64
2015968929	Ghrelin	A hormone made by the stomach that increases the desire to eat.	65
2015968930	Neuropeptide Y	A chemical substance made in the hypothalamus that stimulates food intake. The hormone Leptin inhibits the production of neuropeptide Y.	66
2015968931	Leptin	A hormone made by adipose tissue in proportion to total fat stores in the body; it regulates fat mass. Leptin also influences reproductive functions, as well as other body processes, such as the release of insulin.	67
2015968932	Adipose Tissue	Fat storing cells/	68
2015968933	Seratonin	A neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid trytophan that affects mood, behavior, and appetite, and induces sleep.	69
2015968934	Cholecystokinin (CCK)	A hormone that participates in enzyme release from the pancreas, bile release from the gallbladder, and hunger regulation.	70
2015968935	Factors that affect food choices	1. Food marketing 2. Food availability 3. Food flavor, texture, and appearance. 4. Preference 5. Psychological needs 6. Social Needs 7. Social network- family + friends 8. Food customs + culture 9. Food cost and expense 10. Education, occupation, and income 11. Routines and habits 12. Lifestyle 13. Health and nutrition concerns, knowledge, and beliefs.	71

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