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Introduction to Occupational Therapy O'Brien/Hussey Chapter 12 Flashcards

3101072299	Occupational Therapy Process	the interaction between the practitioner and client. Its a collaborative relationship that involves problem solving to support the client's occupational performance.	0
3101112464	Referral	a request for service for a particular client. The OT is responsible for accepting, and responding to these. They may come from a physician, another professional or a client. Federal, state, and local regulations and the policies of third party payers determine the type that is required.	1
3101149772	screening	gathers preliminary information about the clint and determines whether further evaluation and occupational therapy intervention are warranted. It involves a review of the client's records, the use of brief screening tests, and interview with the client or caregiver, observation of the client, discussion of the client with a referral source.	2
3101176228	During this screening process what initiates and directs this process?	The client's developmental level, gender, cultural background, and medical functional status.	3
3101183294	assessment instruments	standardized or non-standardized measurements used to obtain information about the clients	4
3101195721	occupational profile	this is where the OT practitioner obtains initial information about the client , including their age, gender, and reason for referral, their diagnosis, and medical history, prior living situation and level of functioning. Their social, educational, and vocational background.	5
3101272959	interview	is the primary mechanism for gathering information for the occupational profile. IT is planned and organized way to collect pertinent information It is used as a way to trust and build rapport with the client. There are three steps to this. Initial contact, information gathering, and closure.	6
3101294753	assessment procedures	include tests, instruments, or strategies that provide specific guidelines. It informs OT practitioners about what is examined, how it is to be examined, how data is communicated, and how the information is applied in clinical problem-solving.	7
3101312506	validity	if research testing shows that it is to be a true measure of what it claims to measure	8
3101316118	reliability	is a measure of how accurately the scores obtained from the test reflect the true performance of the client.	9
3101331972	test-retest reliability	is an indicator of the consistency of the results of a given test from one administration to another.	10
3101357934	interrater reliability	is an indicator of the likelihood that test scores will be the same no matter who is the examiner.	11
3101361135	Standardized test	is one that has gone through a rigorous process of scientific inquiry to determine its reliability and validity. each of these has its carefully established protocol for its administration	12
3101411138	Normative data	often called norms collected from a representative sample that can then be used by the examiner to make comparisons with his or her subjects	13
3101419581	Nonstandardized tests	this measures function. It has guidelines for administering and scoring, but may not have normative data or established reliability and validity. An example of this is manual muscle testing, and sensory testing	14
3101448093	Problem Identification	initial step in developing the intervention plan, where the OT reviews the results of the evaluation and identifies the client's strengths and deficits in occupational performance areas, performance skills, performance patterns, client factors, and contexts. It also involves developing a hypothesis about the cause of the problem.	15
3101463421	Solution development	is the process of identifying alternatives for intervention and forming goals and objectives. Forming a model of practice, and frame of reference from which the OT practitioner operates is an important component.	16
3101476802	Plan of Action	is creation of long and short-term goals for the client that address the problems that have been identified. The goals are prioritized according to the needs of the client.	17
3101523013	Intervention	involves working with the client through therapy to reach the clients goals. There are five approaches used by OTs; create/promote, establish, restore, maintain, modify, and prevent.	18
3101531389	Consulting	Practitioners frequently perform this with other professionals, family members, and clients regarding intervention strategies. When the practitioner performs this, he or she is not directly responsible for the implementation and subsequent outcome of the intervention. It requires advice, knowledge, the ability to communicate clearly with others, and knowledge of the context in which the consultation occurs.	19
3101707650	Education	This may be formal or informal and is required for the client, family, and caregivers about the activities that support the intervention plan. This may be provided through a workshop to a parent group regarding a particular frame of reference. It must be tailored to the clients level.	20
3101719203	Transition Services	Are the coordination of facilitation of services for the purpose of preparing the client for a change. It may involve a change to a new functional level, life stage, program, or environment.	21
3101735088	discharge plan	this is developed and implemented to address the resources and supports that may be required upon discharge. This includes recommendations for continued services, equipment recommendations, and any therapy the client is required to follow after discharge.	22

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Classical Civilizations and Empires Flashcards

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2657871894	Mandate of Heaven = China	Rule from God.	0
2657880294	Ancient Chinese Society	(1027 B.C. - A.D. 220)	1
2657874589	Dynastic Cycle = China	Change in Dynasty	2
2657875630	Dynasty	Family Ruler	3
2657877139	Contributions of China	Astronomy Silk The Great Wall of China Civil Service Examinations	4
2657882548	Ancient Greek Civilization	(1750 B.C.- 133 B.C.)	5
2657884155	Greek Geography	Mountains and Islands Cause City States	6
2657885845	Sparta and Athens	City States Sparta = War Athens = Education	7
2657888799	Direct Democracy	Power from People Government	8
2657917004	Alexander the Great	Hellenistic Age = Cultural Diffusion	9
2657921706	Ancient Roman Civilization	(509 B.C. - A.D. 476)	10
2657924308	Republic	People Vote Government	11
2657926323	Mediterranean Sea	Geography of Rome	12
2657927622	Pax Romana	Roman Golden Age = Achievement Science Math	13
2657930617	Contributions of Rome	System of Law (Twelve Tables) Arch Dome Aqueducts	14
2657931463	Ancient Indian Civilization	(1500 B.C. - 185 B.C.)	15
2657934315	Mauryan Empire	Empire in India	16
2657936752	Mauryan Empire had...	organized government	17
2657937835	Asoka	Leader = Religious Tolerant	18
2657941322	Han Empire = China	Civil Service System Development of Silk Road Ended because of problems	19
2657942914	Silk Road	Trade from China to Rome	20
2657945607	Roman Empire = Italy	Strong Emperors Very Big Ended because of problems	21
2681760142	Twelve Tables	Laws of the Romans	22
2681761429	Why did Rome fall?	Too Big Became Byzantine Empire	23
2685168283	African Kingdoms	Mali Ghana Songhai	24
2685169384	Trade	Gold and Salt	25
2685169385	African Desert	Sahara Trade Routes	26
2685169972	Mansa Musa	Leader of Mali Muslim Mecca	27

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Quantitative Skills for AP Biology Flashcards

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1542509908	hypothesis	A plausible and testable explanation for observed phenomena.	0
1542509909	independent variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	1
1542509910	dependent variable	The variable that responds to manipulations of the independent variable. The data.	2
1542509911	confounding variable	Any extraneous variable that affects the variables being studied so that the results do not reflect an actual relationship between the variables under investigation.	3
1542509912	quantitative data	Data based on quantities (numerical data).	4
1542509913	qualitative data	Data based on qualities (non-numerical data).	5
1542509914	continuous data	Data that can be any value on a range.	6
1542509915	discrete data	Data that is capable of assuming only particular values. Usually the result of counting or grouping.	7
1542509916	control group	The empirical group that does not receive the independent variable. Serves as a basis for comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	8
1542509917	experimental group	The empirical group that is exposed to the independent variable.	9
1542509918	correlational study	A research method that can determine the degree to which two variables are related, but cannot show which variable caused a change in the other variable.	10
1542509919	pseudoscience	A body of ideas clothed in the jargon and outward appearance of science but was not created with the standards required of the scientific method.	11
1542509920	extrapolation	Estimating a value outside the range of measured data.	12
1542509921	statistics	The study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.	13
1542509922	population (N)	A complete set of items (people, animals, etc.) that have at least one thing in common and are the subject of the statistical analysis.	14
1542509923	sample (n)	A subset of individuals selected from the population.	15
1542509924	descriptive statistics	Statistics that quantitatively describe the main features of a data set, especially measures of central tendency and dispersion.	16
1542509925	inferential statistics	Statistics that draw conclusions from sample data. Used to test hypotheses and make estimations about the population.	17
1542509926	sampling bias	A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	18
1542509927	normal distribution	A unimodal, symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution of data.	19
1542509928	parametric data	Data that show an approximate normal distribution on a histogram.	20
1542509929	nonparametric data	Data that do not show an approximate normal distribution on a histogram. Can be qualitative data.	21
1542509930	frequency or count data	Recordings of discrete, or qualitative, data. Generated by counting.	22
1542509931	comparative statistics	Statistics that compare variables.	23
1542509932	association statistics	Statistics that look for correlations between variables.	24
1542509933	standard deviation	A measurement measures the amount of variation or dispersion from the mean.	25
1542509934	standard error	A statistic used to make an inference about how well the sample mean matches up to the true population mean.	26
1542509935	linear regression	Defines a line of best fit for correlational data that can be used as a prediction of the relationship between two variables.	27
1542509937	histogram	A graphical representation of tabulated frequencies.	28
1542509938	scatterplot	A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.	29
1542509939	bar graph	A graph drawn using rectangular bars to show how large each value is.	30
1542509940	box-and-whisker plots	A way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles.	31
1542509941	bins	Ranges of numerical values into which data are sorted in statistical analysis.	32
1542509943	mean	A measure of central tendency determined by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores. Often referred to as the statistical average.	33
1542509944	sampling	The selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.	34
1542509945	68-95-99.7 Rule	In a normal distribution, about 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.	35
1542509946	error bars	A graphical representation of the variability of data and are used on graphs to indicate the error, or uncertainty in a reported measurement.	36
1542509947	median	A measure of central tendency, represented by the score that separates the upper half of the scores in a distribution from the lower half.	37
1542509948	mode	Measure of central tendency that refers to the most frequently occurring scores.	38
1542509949	Chi-square test	A statistical hypothesis test that measures the difference between observed frequencies and expected frequencies.	39
1542509950	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables.	40
1542509951	alternative hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts a relationship DOES EXIST between variables.	41
1542509954	degrees freedom	The number of ways by which a dynamic system can move without violating any constraint imposed on it. (n-1)	42
1542509955	critical value	A cutoff value corresponding to a given significance level.	43
1542509956	p-value	A predetermined choice of test certainty. The smaller the p-value, the more confidence can be claimed.	44
1542509957	mathematical modelling	A description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.	45
1542509958	r-value	The correlation coefficient that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer it is to 0, the less two variables are related.	46
1542509959	hypothesis testing	A method of statistical inference that determines if a result is statistically significant or if it is likely to have occurred by chance alone.	47
1542509960	Occam's razor	A principle that states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.	48
1542509961	type I error	False positive. Mistakenly reject the null hypothesis.	49
1542509962	type II error	False negative. Mistakenly reject the null hypothesis.	50

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The American Pageant Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 1: New World Beginnings (18 terms)
pages 4-26;
Transcribed by alexwyllie

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1649847769	Canadian Shield	First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.	0
1649851272	Incas	Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.	1
1649855856	Aztecs	Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.	2
1649864680	Cahokia	Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.	3
1649866350	Three-sister farming	Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.	4
1649868698	Middlemen	In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.	5
1649890190	Caravel	Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to the prevailing winds on the homeward journey.	6
1649896214	Plantation	Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settles established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American South.	7
1649900185	Columbian Exchange	The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1942.	8
1649904539	The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of the territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.	9
1649908668	Conquistadores	Sixteenth century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.	10
1649911152	Capitalism	Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.	11
1649915496	Encomienda	Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.	12
1649920121	Noche Triste	"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.	13
1649924080	Mestizos	People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.	14
1649925997	Battle of Acoma	Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.	15
1649929909	Popé's Rebellion	Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.	16
1649932357	Black Legend	False notion that Spanish Conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.	17

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Biology Unit-4: Genetics Flashcards

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3867008485	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A nucleic acid molecule consisting of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine arranged in a double-helix; the genetic material of all organisms	0
3867035859	DNA replication	The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis; the double-helix opens, the two strands separate, and each is used as a template for producing a new opposing strand	1
3867061464	ribonucleic acid (RNA)	A nucleic acid consisting of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses	2
3867097747	messenger RNA (mRNA)	A type of RNA synthesized using a DNA template that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein	3
3867117638	transfer RNA (tRNA)	An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA	4
3867132228	codon	A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code	5
3867146085	anticodon	A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	6
3867171666	protein synthesis (gene expression)	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins	7
3867189846	transcription	The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template	8
3867206053	RNA processing	Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends	9
3867256705	translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide (a protein) using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids	10
3867275034	mutation	A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus	11
3867292625	intron	A region of DNA separating two parts of a gene; transcribed but later removed from mRNA during RNA processing	12
3867318137	exon	A sequence transcribed from DNA that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the segments of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	13
3867345179	virus	An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and in some cases a membranous envelope	14
3867359482	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage	15
3867403778	allele	A particular form of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects	16
3867437918	trait	One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character; a feature of an organism	17
3867455111	dominant allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote	18
3867479919	recessive allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote	19
3867506423	homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene	20
3867514026	heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene	21
3867530199	genotype	The genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism	22
3867538434	phenotype	The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genotype	23
3867549194	incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele	24
3867580612	codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways	25
3867599733	monohybrid cross	A cross involving parents that differ only by a single trait, or a cross in which only a single trait is followed	26
3867632234	dihybrid cross	A cross between two genotypically identical dihybrids	27
3867651976	multiple alleles	The alleles of a gene locus when there are are more than two alternatives in a population	28
3867664416	sex-linked gene (sex linked trait)	A gene located on either sex chromosome; most sex-linked genes are on the X-chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y-chromosome	29
3867686470	sex chromosome	A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual	30
3867702136	pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations	31
3867711100	karyotype	The display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape (researchers do this; it does not occur naturally)	32
3867387358	biotechnology	The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.	33
3867368105	restriction enzyme	A type of enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites)	34

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Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a.

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4274661467	Autotrophic	An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.	0
4274661468	Chloroplasts	absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	1
4274661469	Photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.	2
4274661470	Heterotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.	3
4274661471	Stomata	pores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters	4
4274661472	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	5
4274661473	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	6
4274661474	Chlorophyll	Green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.	7
4274661475	Light Reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	8
4274661476	Calvin cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.	9
4274661477	Carbon Fixation	The conversion of inorganic carbon (for example, CO2) into organic forms (for example, sugars).	10
4274661478	Carotenoids	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, they broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.	11
4274661479	C3 plants	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.	12
4274661480	Photorespiration	A series of reactions in plants in which O2 replaces CO2 during the Calvin Cycle, preventing carbon fixation; this wasteful process dominates when C3 plants are forced to close the stomata to prevent water loss	13
4274661481	C4 Plants	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. (sugar cane, corn, and members of the grass family)	14
4274661482	CAM plants	A plant that uses a metabolism adapted for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.	15
4274661483	6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2	What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?	16
4274661484	H2O	What provides electrons for the light reactions? .	17
4274661485	Carbon dioxide (CO2)	What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?	18
4274661486	The stroma	Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?.	19
4274661487	pigment	Light-absorbing molecule	20
4274661488	ATP	(Adenosine triphosphate molecule) main energy source that cells use for most of their work.	21
4274661489	ADP	(Adenosine diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP. When all related reactions occur, energy is released. Can also be converted back to ATP in effect storing potential energy	22

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Orthotic Fitter Guide Flashcards

Orthotic Fitter Course Summer 2014

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3732593755	What motion causes whiplash?	Hyperextension or hyperflexion of the cervical spine.	0
3732593756	What part of the anatomy is affected by whiplash?	The cervical spine.	1
3732593757	Define Stenosis	The abnormal narrowing of a passage of the body.	2
3732593758	What part of the anatomy is affected by degenerative disc disease?	Anywhere in the spine.	3
3732593759	What part of the anatomy is affected by clavicle fracture/shoulder subluxation?	The clavicle and the shoulder socket. Specifically the humerus, scapula and shoulder socket.	4
3732593760	What is the goal of orthotic treatment regarding clavicle fracture and shoulder subluxation?	To prevent movement of the injured area while providing compressive support which gives proprioceptive feedback and allowing normal range of motion of anatomy within the vicinity.	5
3732593761	How is tennis elbow related to lateral and medial epicondylitits?	Tennis elbow is the inflammation of the extensor forearm muscle/tendon origins at the lateral epicondyle. Golfers elbow is inflammation of the flexor forearm muscle/tendon origins at the medial epicondyle.	6
3732593762	What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?	The median nerve.	7
3732593763	What is De Quervain's syndrome?	A condition affecting the tendons on the thumb side of your wrist making it hard to grasp anything.	8
3732593764	What is the difference between a strain and a sprain?	A sprain is an injury of a ligament while a strain is the injury of a muscle or tendon.	9
3732593765	What population is most affected by osteoporosis?	Most common in older women.	10
3732593766	What is degenerative joint disease?	Osteoarthritis	11
3732593767	What proper lifting techniques prevent lower back pain?	Lifting with your legs keeping the spine in normal alignment.	12
3732593768	What are two orthotic treatment options for herniated discs?	Cervical collars and LSO's.	13
3732593769	Why is physical therapy important regarding herniated discs?	Strengthening the spine muscles helps to offload the discs.	14
3732593770	Related anatomy to herniated disc?	An intervertebral disc is made up of an inner nucleus pulposus surrounded by an outter annulus fibrosus.	15
3732593771	Related anatomy to laminectomy syndrome?	The anatomy of the spine that is operated on with failure to achieve outcomes.	16
3732593772	Related anatomy to anterior compression fractures?	Fracture of the spine related to neurological problems usually. These are rare.	17
3732593773	Define spondylolysis as well as related anatomy.	A defect in the vertebrae of the lower spine. Specifically at L5 and S1. 90% at L5 Degeneration of the pars interarticularis which is what joins the upper and lower joints. If fractured vertebrae do not articulate correctly.	18
3732593774	Define spondylolisthesis as well as related anatomy.	L5 slides anteriorly on S1 leading to discomfort and possibly pinched nerves.	19
3732593775	Define geriatric kyphosis.	Increased hunchback curvature of the back caused by disc degeneration in the elderly.	20
3732593776	Explain diabetes mellitus.	Metabolic disease causing high blood sugar categorized as type one and type two.	21
3732593777	Orthotic treatment for venous insufficiency?	Devices that offer compression to help return blood to the heart.	22
3732593778	Orthotic treatment for deep vein thrombosis?	Compression stockings.	23
3732593779	What is the role of the lymphatic system?	It is part of the immune system that helps fight infection and disease.	24
3732593780	Measurement and comparison of limb size can aid in the what?	The diagnosis of lymphedema.	25
3732593781	What role does an orthotic fitter have in managing lymphedema?	Use of compressive stockings and orthotics that aid in movement to cycle lymph.	26
3732593782	How is leg length discrepancy measured?	Measure between the anterior superior illiac spine and medial malleolus.	27
3732593783	How is chondromalacia (patellofemoral syndrome) impacted by the q angle?	A Q angle of greater than 15 degrees can cause symptoms.	28
3732593784	Regarding osteoarthritis, what compartment is involved if genu varum is seen?	Medial	29
3732593785	How is osteoarthritis managed with orthotics?	Compressive as well as offloading functional knee braces and wedged shoes.	30
3732593786	What population is affected by Osgood Schlatter's disease?	Children and adolescents going through growth spurts during puberty.	31
3732593787	What part of the anatomy is damaged by Osgood Schlatter's disease?	A painful lump forms on the tibial tuberosity just below the knee cap.	32
3732593788	Treatment plan for ACL/PCL/LCL/MCL insufficiency?	Bracing to support the joint as well as rest and physical therapy to strengthen the joint over time. MCL most common.	33
3732593789	Patient experiences what with a meniscus tear?	A large pop.	34
3732593790	What are the treaments for bursitis/tendonitis?	Limiting the movement in the inflamed areas, rest, "rice", nsaids, or surgery in extreme cases.	35
3732593791	What is the purpose of a bursae?	Fluid filled sacs that aid in smooth movement of bones, tendons and muscles.	36
3732593792	What are the risk factors for bursitis/tendonitis?	Age, occupations, and hobbies.	37
3732593793	What does R.I.C.E. stand for?	Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation	38
3732593794	What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?	Shooting pain during first steps of the day.	39
3732593795	Heel spurs are common with what diagnosis?	Plantar fasciitis.	40
3732593796	What are pressure ulcers?	Open wounds caused by excess pressure or friction on a body part.	41
3732593797	What orthotic treatment plan would be used for posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction?	A foot orthotic to treat flatfoot.	42
3732593798	Define peripheral neuropathy.	Damage of the peripheral nerve usually in the hands and feet.	43
3732593799	Regarding peripheral neuropathy the patient education needs to include what?	Life style management.	44
3732593800	What orthotic treatment would be used for achilles tendon rupture?	An orthotic with an elevated heel to allow the tendon to heal properly.	45
3732593801	What anatomy is involved in midfoot/metatarsal fractures?	Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms and metatarsals.	46
3732593802	A gait cycle starts with heel strike and ends with what?	Heel strike of the same limb.	47
3732593803	Stance is what approximately percentage of the gait cycle?	60%	48
3732593804	Swing is approximately what percentage of the gait cycle?	40%	49
3732593805	Double limb support or double stance is what percentage of the gait cycle?	20-25%	50
3732593806	List the four components of the stance phase.	Loading response, Midstance, Terminal Stance, and Preswing.	51
3732593807	List the three components of the swing phase.	Initial swing, midswing, and termial swing.	52
3732593808	Why do most gait problems become apparent during the stance phase?	It is the weight bearing phase.	53
3732593809	In the sagittal plane at midstance the ankle is what?	In a neutral position with the tibial shank perpendicular to the floor.	54
3732593810	The ankle is held in blank during swing phase?	Neutral	55
3732593811	At what point in gait does the knee reach maximum knee flexion and why?	60-65 degrees of knee flexion occurs at midswing for the purpose of foot clearance.	56
3732593812	After initial contact or heel strike, the knee flexes to absorb what?	Shock.	57
3732593813	The hamstrings blank the thigh.	Decelerate	58
3732593814	After heel strike, the ankle blank.	Plantarflexes	59
3732593815	What muscles dorsiflex the foot?	Anterior tibialis, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus, fibularis(peroneus) tertius	60
3732593816	A foot slap occurs due to weakness of what muscle group?	Dorsiflexors	61
3732593817	Right step length plus left step length equals blank length.	Stride	62
3732593818	In normal gait, the right step length and left step length are blank.	Equal	63

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ORTHOTIC FITTERS STUDY GUIDE - VENOUS Flashcards

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3749338299	Medical stockings apply the greatest comprssion in the ------- area?	Ankle	0
3749341764	Fashion support stockings	areavailable for men and women in a wide range of sizes and colors	1
3749355135	Vascular Insufficiency can lead to	poor wound healing, amputation, dry, cracked skin	2
3749362599	Diabetes has its initial effect on	nerve function	3
3749367639	on touch examination the insensate foot will typically feel	cool and dry	4
3749370670	type 1 diabetes requires	Mandatory insulin therapy	5
3749377451	the major veins in the legs are	femoral, great saphenous & small saphenous	6
3749381632	varicose veins occur do to	increased pressure, weakened walls of veins, blood pooling	7
3749412820	veins perform what function?	carry un-oxygenated blood from the cells to the heart	8
3749421850	veins contain	valves	9
3749424664	graduated compression stockings are used for	lymphedema and varicsities	10
3749433861	the single compartment compression pump is designed specifically to prevent	DVT	11
3749441046	sequential pneumatic compression therapy can be used in the prevention of	DVT	12
3749446634	Gradiated sequential pumps may provide beneficial treatment for	primary and secondary lymphedema	13
3749460063	Peristaltic action	an upward type of "Milking"	14
3749464810	Peristaltic actin occurs within the	vein	15
3749468857	varicose veins can be caused by	inherent weakness of the vein walls, in conjunction of long periods of standing	16
3749475036	the circulatory system consists of	heart, blood vessels, and blood-forming organs with their contained blood	17
3749483969	muscles aid in	blood flow back to the heart	18
3749492501	an ambulatory patient diagnosed with post-phlebitis edema in the ankle should be fitted with	venous pressure gradient stockings	19

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Orthotics Fitter: spinal and lower extremities Flashcards

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4640340699	Pre or Post Operative Laminectomy	Prefabricated Knight Spinal (chairback): Apron Front, Corsette Front (HD use), Modified Bennett	0
4640349135	Pre or Post Operative Laminectomy	Molded LSO (lumbar body jacket low profile): Clamshell Opening, Anterior Opening	1
4640357656	Pre or Post Operative Fusion (S/P Fusion) L1 Thru L4	Prefabricated APML LSO: Knight Spinal, Apron Front (mild), Corset Front (HD use)	2
4640385653	Pre or Post Operative Fusion (S/P Fusion) L1 Thru L4	Prefabricated Molded LS (Lumbar Body Jacket Low Profile): Clamshell, Anterior Opening	3
4640392744	Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease MILD	Warm and Form Style Corset, firm non-elastic lumbosacral corset	4
4640393993	Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease MODERATE	firm non-elastic corset, Knight Spinal Orthosis	5
4640399449	Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease SEVERE	Knight Spinal Orthosis-corset front	6
4640401146	Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease PREFAB	Molded SLO: clamshell or anterior opening	7
4640402422	Thoracolumbar Pain	Molded Thoracolumbar Corset	8
4640403702	Thoracolumbar Pain	Non-elastic Side Pull Corset with staves	9
4640406463	Thoracolumbar Pain	Taylor Type Orthosis: apron front, corset front	10
4640406464	Thoracolumbar Pain	Prefabricated Molded TLSO	11
4640408154	Kyphosis	Posture Training Orthosis	12
4640409026	Kyphosis	Molded Posterior Panel Thoracolumbar Orthosis	13
4640409573	Kyphosis	Dorsolumbar Orthosis (taylor type)	14
4640411129	Kyphosis	Hyperextension Orthosis: Jewett (young & active), CASH (RA, elderly)	15
4640422211	Lordosis/spondolisthesis	Firm Lumbar Corset, Knight Spinal Orthosis (apron or corset), Williams Flexion Orthosis, Prefab Molded Lumbar Jacket (anterior)	16
4640427117	WOS-weekend overuse syndrome	Lumbar Corset: custom molded plastic panel style, elastic with staves, 2 or 3 pull type	17
4640432894	WOS-weekend overuse syndrome ACUTE PAIN	Knight Spinal, Prefab Molded LSO (low profile design)	18
4640434124	Anterior Compression Fracture	CASH Hyperextension Orthosis, Jewett Hyperextension Orthosis, Taylor Style Orthosis, Prefab TLSO Molded Jacket (anterior or clamshell)	19
4640436980	Osteoporosis	Molded Panel Style Thoracolumbar Orthosis, Elastic Thoracolumbar Orthosis, Non-elastic Thoracolumbar Orthosis, Taylor Style, Soft TLSO Style Jacket, Prefab Molded TLSO Jacket	20
4640443727	Post Operative Dislocated Hip	Hip Abduction Pillow (supine), Hip Abduction Orthosis (newport or equivalent)- 70degree flexion stop, 15degree abduction	21
4640447377	Knee Ligament Damage LATERAL/MEDIAL INSUFFICIENCY	Hinged Elastic Knee Sleeve, Knee Orthosis (rigid frame)	22
4640449671	Knee Ligament Damage ACL INSUFFICIENCY	Knee orthosis (rigid frame), Custom Knee Orthosis	23
4640453632	Knee Ligament Damage PCL INSUFFICIENCY	Knee Orthosis (rigid frame), Custom Fit (rigid frame)- 10degree extension stop	24
4640456057	Stroke (CVA): peroneal palsy	Posterior AFO (prefab), Sold Ankle (toe lift, articulated)	25
4640459003	Genu Recurvatum	Molded AFO (prefab solid ankle, articulated ankle)- double adjustable type w/ limiting pins set to slight dorsiflexion	26

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Orthotics Fitters Course Flashcards

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432325375	Tissues of the Body	Epithelial, Connective, Nerve, Blood	0
432325376	Epithelial Tissue	tissue covers internal and external surfaces of body	1
432325377	Connective Tissue	tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together	2
432325378	Nerve Tissue	carry messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.	3
432325379	Blood	classified as a sperate primary tissue because it consists of white and red cells	4
432325380	Systems of the Body	skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, visceral (abdominal), lymphatic	5
432325381	Skeletal system	has 206 bones	6
432367111	Abdomen	The large cavity of the body, situated between the thorax and the pelvis, which contains the viscera or organs.	7
432367112	Abduction (AB-Duction)	The lateral movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body.	8
432367113	Abductor	A muscle which, upon contraction, draws a part away from the median plane of the body or axial line.	9
432367114	AC joint	Bony articulation between the acromium and the clavicle.	10
432367115	Acetabulum	The cup-shaped cavity, or the external surface, of the hip bone which receives the head of the femur.	11
432367116	Acromial Process	The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula, forming the highest point of the shoulder.	12
432367117	Adduction (AD-Duction)	Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.	13
432367118	Anterior	Situated in front of (ventral), or in the forward part of.	14
432367119	Aponeurosis	An expanding tendon serving to connect a muscle with the parts it moves.	15
432367120	Artery	Blood vessels which carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart.	16
432367121	Articulation	A joint, the junction between two or more bones.	17
432367122	Atlas	The first cervical vertebra.	18
432367123	Axilla (Axillary)	The small hollow beneath the arm where it joins the body at the shoulder; the armpit.	19
432367124	Axis	The second cervical vertebra.	20
432374303	Ball and Socket Joints	Joints formed by a spherical head of a bone fitting into a cup-shaped cavity in another bone.	21
432374304	Biceps	The muscles of the upper arm, which function to flex the forearm.	22
432374305	Bilateral	Relating to two sides; pertaining to, or affecting, both sides of the body.	23
432374306	Bone	Osseous tissue, the hardest connective tissue that forms the framework of the body.	24
432374307	Brachium	The upper arm.	25
432374308	Bridging (Steel Stays)	The method of leaving a space between the lumbar curve and the steel stay. Opposite of contouring.	26
432374309	Bunion	Prominence of the medial eminence of the first metatarsal head. Often associated with a lateral deviation of the great toe (hallux valgus) and a widening of the angle between the first and second metatarsals. Often associated with improper fitting footwear.	27
432374310	Calcaneous	The heel bone, the largest of the tarsals.	28
432374311	Carpal	Refers to the wrist.	29
432374312	Carpals	The eight bones of the wrist.	30
432374313	Cartilage	Semi-opaque non-vascular connective tissue between bones.	31
432374314	Cervical	The first seven vertebrae of the spinal column.	32
432374315	Chairback Brace	A spinal orthosis with anterior, posterior and lateral motion control. Knight-type.	33
432374316	Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)	Blood pooling in the distal lower extremities due to incompetent valves.	34
432374317	Circumduction	Circular movement of a limb.	35
432374318	Clavicle	The collar bone, which articulates the sternum and scapula, and lies horizontally at the root of the neck.	36
432374319	Closed Kinetic Chain	A series of connected joints in which the distal segment is in a fixed position (i.e., weight bearing).	37
432374320	Clubfeet	A congenital defect in which the soles of the feet face medially and the toes point inferiorly.	38
432374321	Coccyx	The last bone in the spinal column, formed by the union of four or five rudimentary vertebrae.	39
432374322	Coccygeal	Refers to the most inferior region of the vertebral column.	40
432374323	Collateral Ligament	Any ligament running along the sides (lateral or medial) of a joint; named for a specific joint or bone.	41
432374324	Contour (Steel Stays)	The method of shaping to the outline of the lumbar curve. The opposite of bridging.	42
432374325	Coracoid Process	A projection from the upper part of the neck of the scapula, overhanging the shoulder joint.	43
432374326	Coronal	Any vertical plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.	44
432374327	Costa	A rib.	45
432374328	Costal Flare	The distal portion of the rib cage superior to the abdomen.	46
432374329	Coxa	A hip bone.	47
432374330	Crepitus	Joint grating sensation caused by rubbing together of dry synovial joint surfaces.	48
432374331	Crest	A narrow ridge on a bone.	49
432374332	Cruciate	Anterior and posterior ligaments, the two deep ligaments within the knee, that are crossed.	50
432374333	Cubital	Refers to the elbow.	51
432374334	Deltoid	A triangular muscle which flexes, abducts, extends and rotates the upper arm.	52
432374335	Denis Browne Splint	A splint to hold the feet in internal or external rotation for the correction of clubfoot or tibial torsion.	53
432374336	Dens (Ondontoid Process)	The projecting part of the second cervical vertebra about which the first cervical vertebra rotates, allowing head movement.	54
432374337	Diaphragm	The partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.	55
432374338	Diaphysis	The shaft of a long bone.	56
432374339	Diplegia	Paralysis affecting like parts on both sides of body.	57
432374340	Disc (Disk)	A circular or rounded plate.	58
432374341	Dislocation	Displacement of a bone from a joint.	59
432374342	Distal	Farthest from the center, from the median, or from the trunk (usually pertaining to extremities).	60
432374343	Dorsal	Pertaining to the back or posterior. The top of the foot as opposed to the plantar or bottom of the foot. The top of the hand as opposed to the palm side of the hand.	61
432374344	Dorsal Vertebrae	Thoracic vertebrae.	62
432374345	Dorsiflexion	Upward movement of the foot and toes at the ankle resulting in the foot moving toward the leg.	63
432374346	Dupoytren's Contracture	Flexion deformity of the fingers or toes due to shortening, thickening, and fibrosis of the palmer or plantar fascia.	64
432374347	Dynamic	Relating to energy or physical force in motion.	65
432374348	Edema	Excessive accumulation of fluid in connective tissue.	66
432374349	Elephantiasis	Enlargement and thickening of tissues. Hypertrophy and fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, especially of the lower extremities and genetalia, due to long-standing obstructed lymphatic vessels, caused chiefly by the presence of filarial worms.	67
432374350	Elevation	Movement of a bone upward vertically.	68
432374351	Epigastrium	The end of a long bone, wider than the shaft, usually cartilage, responsible for growth of the bone.	69
432374352	Epiphysis	Cartilaginous center that growth in length of bone occurs.	70
432374353	Eversion	Turning or rotating outward.	71
432374354	Evert	To turn outward (eversion = movement of the sole of the foot outward or away from midline).	72
432374355	Extension	The straightening out of a limb at the joint (increases the angle between bones in a joint).	73
432374356	Extensor	Any muscle that extends a joint or other body part.	74
432395152	Facet	A smooth, flattened articular surface.	75
432395153	Fascia	A sheet or band of fibrous tissue under the skin for sheathing muscles, nerves and blood vessels.	76
432395154	Femur	The long bone of the thigh.	77
432395155	Fibrosis	Formation of fibrous tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue.	78
432395156	Fistula	An abnormal, tube-like passage within tissue or between organs that permits passage of fluids or secretions.	79
432395157	Fixation	Held in a fixed position.	80
432395158	Flexion	The act of bending or the condition of being bent (decreases the angle between bones).	81
432395159	Flexor	A muscle that bends a joint. Opposite of extension.	82
432395160	Foramen	A perforation or opening, especially in a bone.	83
432395161	Fossa	An anatomical pit, groove, or depression.	84
432395162	Fracture	The breaking of a bone or cartilage.	85
432395163	Simple or Hairline Fx	Condition in which the bone breaks but does not protrude to the surface or damage the surrounding tissue.	86
432395164	Compound Fx	Condition in which sharp pieces of bone damage the surrounding tissue, in some cases protruding from the skin.	87
432395165	Comminuted Fx	Condition in which one bone is crushed.	88
432395166	Compression Fx	Condition in which one bone is crushed into another.	89
432395167	Dislocation Fx	Condition in which the broken bone is dislocated from its socket.	90
432395168	Frontal Plane	Divides body into front and back portions.	91
432395169	Genu	The knee.	92
432395170	Genu Recurvatum	Knee joint hyperextension.	93
432395171	Gibbus	Hump or kyphosis.	94
432395172	Glenoid Cavity	Depression in the lateral angle of the scapula for articulation with the humerus.	95
432395173	Gluteal	Of or pertaining to the region of the buttocks.	96
432395174	Gluteal Fold	The crease between the thigh and the buttocks.	97
432395175	Gluteus Maximus	The large muscle of the buttocks which is attached to the ilium and the femur.	98
432395176	Gradient	Rate of change of temperature, pressure, or other variable as a function of distance, time, etc.	99
432395177	Groin	The linear depression between the abdomen and the thigh; the inguinal region.	100
432395178	Hallux	Refers to the big toe.	101
432395179	Hammertoe	Common flexion deformity of the lesser toes.	102
432395180	Head	A rounded projection beyond a constricted part or "neck" of a bone.	103
432395181	Hamstrings	The muscles of the posterior thigh, which flex and rotate the leg laterally and extend the hip.	104
432395182	Hemi	Combining form referring to half.	105
432395183	Hyperextension	An extreme or abnormal extension, beyond the neutral plane.	106
432395184	Iliac Crest	The outer, uppermost border of the ilium.	107
432395185	Ilium	The wide upper portion of the innominate bone.	108
432395186	Impinge	To put pressure on or against another structure. To encroach.	109
432395187	Impingement Syndrome	Common shoulder problem in which the arm is abducted past 90 degrees. The greater tuberosity of the humerus compresses the rotator cuff against the acromion, causing pain and decreased motion in the shoulder.	110
432395188	Inferior	Situated below; pertaining to trunk (away from the head).	111
432395189	Inguinal	Pertaining to the groin.	112
432395190	Innervation	The supply of nerves to a body part or area.	113
432395191	Innominate	The hip bone, formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis.	114
432395192	Insertion	The site of attachment, as a tendon to the movable bone, in contrast to the origin.	115
432395193	Inter	Combining form; between.	116
432395194	Intercostal	Situated or extending between the ribs.	117
432395195	Interosseus	Between bones.	118
432395196	Interphalangeal	Between the fingers.	119
432395197	Intervertebral	Between the vertebrae.	120
432395198	Inversion	Movement of the sole of the foot inward or toward the midline.	121
432395199	Irreducible	Not capable of being placed in a normal position.	122
432395200	Ischium	The lower portion of the innominate bone.	123
432395201	Jewett-Type Brace	A spinal hyperextension brace with anterior, posterior and lateral control.	124
432395202	Joint	The point, or articulation, where two bones come together. Types of joints include: Gliding, ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, saddle, and pivot-trochoid.	125
432395203	Klenzac	A short leg orthosis with dorsiflexion assist.	126
432395204	Knee	The joint in the middle part of the leg between the femur proximally and the tibia and fibula distally, with the patella located centrally.	127
432395205	Knight-Type Brace	A lumbosacral orthosis with anterior, posterior and lateral motion control.	128
432395206	Kyphosis	Exaggeration of normal thoracic spine producing a humpback or "Dowager's Hump".	129
432395207	Lamina	A thin, flat plate of bone, e.g. between the transverse process and spine of a vertebra.	130
432395208	Lateral	Towards the side (pertaining to direction away from the midline of the body).	131
432395209	Ligament	Dense, strap-shaped connective tissue connecting bone to bone.	132
432395210	Linea Alba	A tendinous band in the center of the abdominal wall.	133
432395211	Lordosis	Exaggeration of the normal lumbar spine, curving anteriorward (swayback).	134
432395212	Lumbar	The last five vertebrae of the spinal column.	135
432395213	Lymph	Fluid inside the lymphatic vessels.	136
432395214	Lymphedema	Swelling (especially in subcutaneous tissues) as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes and the accumulation of large amounts of lymph in the affected region.	137
432395215	Hereditary Lymphedema	Permanent pitting edema usually confined to the lower extremities; the two types are congenital (Milroy's Disease), or with onset at about the age of puberty (Meige's Disease), autosomal dominant inheritance.	138
432395216	Primary Lymphedema	Precox, a form of lymphedema, observed in young women and girls, characterized by diffuse swelling of the lower extremities.	139
432395217	Secondary Lymphedema	Secondary to lymph infection or traumatic or surgical disruption of lymph nodes.	140
432395218	Malleolus	A rounded process at each side of the ankle joint.	141
432395219	Mallet Finger	Involuntary flexion of the distal phalanx of a finger caused by avulsion of the distal interphalangeal joint.	142
432395220	Malunion	Fracture that does not heal properly.	143
432395221	Mandible	The bone of the lower jaw.	144
432395222	Manus	The hand.	145
432401303	Maxilla	Bone of the upper jaw.	146
432401304	Medial	Movement toward the midline of the trunk.	147
432401305	Membrane	A thin layer of tissue surrounding a part, separating adjacent parts or cavities, lining a cavity, or connecting adjacent structures.	148
432401306	Menisci	Medial and lateral fibrocartilaginous pads on the proximal surfaces of the tibia that act as shock absorbers in the knee joint.	149
432401307	Meniscus Tears	Overstretching or tearing of the menisci through flexing and twisting the knee under weight-bearing stress.	150
432401308	Metacarpal	Part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.	151
432401309	Milwaukee-Type Brace	An orthosis used for the treatment of scoliosis.	152
432401310	Modality	Method of treatment.	153
432401311	Monoplegia	Paralysis of a single limb, muscle, or muscle group.	154
432401312	Muscle	A body of connective tissue consisting of long cells that contract to produce movement.	155
432401313	Muscle Tone	The resistance of muscles to passive elongation or stretch.	156
432401314	Neural	Pertaining to the nervous system.	157
432401315	Neuralgia	Acute pain in the nerve.	158
432401316	Neuromuscular	Pertaining to the combined function of the muscles and nerves.	159
432401317	Non-union	Failure of the ends of fractured bone to unite.	160
432401318	Notch	Recess or depression in a bone.	161
432401319	Nucleus Pulposus	Jelly-like; the center of the intervertebral disc.	162
432401320	Obesity	A condition characterized by excessive body fat.	163
432401321	Oblique	Slanting, inclined; between a horizontal and a vertical position. Any of several oblique muscles.	164
432401322	Occiput	The back of the skull.	165
432401323	Occlude	To close or obstruct.	166
432401324	Odontoid Process	same as Dens.	167
432401325	Open Kinetic Chain	A series of connected joints in which the distal segment is free to move (i.e. non-weight bearing).	168
432401326	Opposition	Movement of the thumb to touch one or more of the fingertips.	169
432401327	Origin	The attachment end of a muscle that stays relatively fixed during muscle contraction, as opposed to insertion.	170
432401328	Orthopedic	Relating to the skeletal system, including bone, ligament, muscle/tendon, cartilage and proprioceptive sub-systems.	171
432401329	Orthosis	An orthopedic appliance or apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of moveable parts of the body.	172
432401330	Orthotics	Pertaining to the use of an orthosis.	173
432401331	Orthotist	A person skilled in orthotics.	174
432401332	Osseus	Relating to, or composed of, bone.	175
432401333	Osteo	Combining form, pertaining to bone.	176
432401334	Osteotomy	Excision of a bone, or portion of bone.	177
432401335	Osteoarthritis	A degenerative joint disease, causing increasing porosity of bones with resulting weakening.	178
432401336	Osteochondritis	Inflammation of bone and cartilage.	179
432401337	Osteogenesis	The formation and development of bone.	180
432401338	Osteoporosis	Abnormal degeneration of bone, resulting in thinning, translucence, loss of bone density, and fragility.	181
432401339	Palmar	Relating to or involving the palm of the hand.	182
432401340	Palpation	The act of feeling with the hand to determine the location or condition of body parts.	183
432401341	Paraspinal	Adjacent to the spinal column.	184
432401342	Patella	The knee cap.	185
432401343	Pavlik Harness	Orthosis used for hip abduction in congenital hip dysplasia.	186
432401344	Pelvis	The lower portion of the trunk of the body forming a basin bounded by the innominate bones and the sacrum.	187
432401345	Periosteum	The membrane of connective tissue covering the surface of bones.	188
432401346	Phalanges	The long bones of the fingers and toes.	189
432401347	Philadelphia-Style Collar	An orthosis with occipital and mandible rests and a circumference adjustable collar.	190
432401348	Pistoning	Describes the motion of an orthosis during movement of an extremity in an up and down motion.	191
432401349	Plantar	Pertaining to the sole of the foot.	192
432401350	Plantar Flexion	With the foot or toes pointing downward.	193
432401351	Plexus	A network of blood vessels and nerves.	194
432401352	Pollex	The thumb.	195
432401353	Polydactylism	Occurrence of more than usual number of fingers or toes.	196
432401354	Posterior	Situated behind or to the rear.	197
432401355	Process	A prominence or outgrowth.	198
432401356	Prolapse	The falling or sinking downward of a body part from its usual position.	199
432401357	Prone	Facing downward.	200
432401358	Pronate	Pertaining to the locomotor system, tri-planar movements that occur as the body absorbs the shock of initial contact during gait; pertaining to the hand with the palm in a downward position.	201
432401359	Proprioception	The body's position sense in space and its ability to respond to stimulus.	202
432401360	Protuberance	An outgrowth, swelling, or knob.	203
432401361	Proximal	Nearest to the body or the central part of the body, or some other point of a system; opposite of distal.	204
432401362	Ptosis	Prolapse or sagging of an organ or body part.	205
432401363	Pubis	The anterior portion of the hip bone. Pubic bone.	206
432401364	Quadriceps	Muscles of the anterior thigh, functioning to extend the leg.	207
432401365	Radius	Bone located on the lateral or outer side of forearm.	208
432401366	Rectus	Describes something that is straight.	209
432401367	Recurvatum	Abnormal backward bending of a joint.	210
432401368	Reduction	To restore a body part to its original position.	211
432401369	Reflex	An automatic response to a stimulus.	212
432401370	Retro	Combining form; backward.	213
432401371	Rotation	The process of turning around on an axis.	214
432401372	Rotator Cuff	Shoulder muscles which help move and maintain the center of rotation of the joint.	215
432401373	Rupture	A forcible tearing of a tissue.	216
432406596	Sacral	Relating to, or lying near the sacrum.	217
432406597	Sacrum	A curved, roughly triangular bone situated between the last lumbar vertebra above and the coccyx below, and the innominate bones on each side, forming the posterior body of the pelvis.	218
432406598	Sacroiliac Joint	Joint between the sacrum and adjacent surface of the ilium.	219
432406599	Sagittal Plane	The section parallel to the median plane of the body (any plane that divides body into right and left portions).	220
432406600	Scapula	The shoulder blade.	221
432406601	Sciatica	Pain radiating down the sciatic nerve into the posterior thigh and leg. Caused by irritation of the sciatic nerve in the back or hip region.	222
432406602	Sclerosis	A pathological condition in which a tissue has become hard.	223
432406603	Scoliosis	A lateral curvature in one or more regions of the spine.	224
432406604	Slipped Disc	Lay term for a protrusion of a vertebral disc.	225
432406605	Spina Bifida	Congenital absence of a large portion of the posterior spine, usually in the lumbosacral region, with hernial protrusion of the meninges.	226
432406606	Spinal Column	The vertebral column.	227
432406607	Splinting	The act of applying an appliance to support and limit movement of a joint.	228
432406608	Spondylitis	Inflammation of the vertebra.	229
432406609	Spondylolisthesis	Forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower segment.	230
432406610	Spondylolysis	The breaking down of a vertebra; e.g., non-displaced fracture of the lamina.	231
432406611	Spondylosis	Stiffness or fixation of a vertebral joint.	232
432406612	Sprain	Wrenching or twisting of a joint, producing partial disruption of ligaments.	233
432406613	Sternal Notch	Notch created by the bilateral sterno-clavicular joints at the superior edge of the manubrium.	234
432406614	Sternum	Breastbone.	235
432406615	Strain	Excessive stretching or overuse of a part, causing injury.	236
432406616	Styloid	An elongated and tapered bony process for muscle attachment.	237
432406617	Subluxation	An incomplete or partial dislocation.	238
432406618	Superficial Veins	Near the surface or shallow, as opposed to deep.	239
432406619	Superior	Situated above, pertaining to the trunk (toward the head).	240
432406620	Supination	Lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm of the hand to face anteriorly; opposite of pronation.	241
432406621	Supine	Lying face upward.	242
432406622	Supinate (Motion) Supination (Position)	Pertaining to closed chain position of the foot and ankle, a combination of motions in all three planes involving abduction, dorsiflexion and eversion. Pertaining to the hand and wrist, the position with the palm facing upward.	243
432406623	Supraspinatus	Muscle which originates at the scapula and inserts at the humeral head, functioning to abduct the arm.	244
432406624	Symphysis Pubis	The anterior joint between the innominate bones.	245
432406625	Synovial Joint	A freely movable joint with a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by a joint capsule.	246
432406626	Synovium	Membrane lining a joint capsule.	247
432406627	Tailor's Bunion or Bunionette	Prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint, which may result from a widened fifth metatarsal head.	248
432406628	Talipes	Clubfoot.	249
432406629	Talus	Ankle bone.	250
432406630	Tarsus	Refers to the ankle; the seven proximal bones of the foot.	251
432406631	Taylor-Type Brace	A thoracolumbar orthosis with anterior and posterior motion control.	252
432406632	Tendon	A band of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.	253
432406633	Tendon Avulsion Injuries	Avulsion of a tendon at its insertion point tearing bone from its foundation.	254
432406634	Tennis Elbow (Epicondylitis)	Microscopic disruption of the extensor muscle origin, which may result in chronic pain on the lateral aspect of the elbow.	255
432406635	Thoracic	Pertaining to the thorax.	256
432406636	Thorax	The chest.	257
432406637	Thrombosis	Formation or presence of blood clots within a blood vessel	258
432406638	Tonus	Slight, continuous contraction of a muscle which, in skeletal muscles, aids in the maintenance of posture and blood flow.	259
432406639	Torticollis	A contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head.	260
432406640	Traction	Exertion of a pulling force.	261
432406641	Trochanter	A large process for muscle attachment.	262
432406642	Transverse	Extending from side to side.	263
432406643	Transverse Plane	Divides body into superior and inferior portions.	264
432406644	Trendelenburg Position	A supine position on a surface inclined with the head at the lowest point.	265
432406645	Triceps	Muscles that extend the elbow.	266
432406646	Trochanter	A large process on the upper end of the femur for the attachment of muscles.	267
432406647	Truss	A device worn to reduce a hernia by pressure.	268
432406648	Tubercle	A nodule or small eminence, especially on a bone for attachment of a ligament.	269
432406649	Tuberosity	An elevation or protrusion of a bone serving to attach tendons or ligaments.	270
432406650	Ulna	The inner, larger bone portion of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.	271
432406651	Unilateral	Affecting one side of the body or one of its parts.	272
432406652	Valgus	Toward midline; knock-knee position.	273
432406653	Varus	Towards the midline of the body, distal to joint described.	274
432406654	Vein	Blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart.	275
432406655	Venous	Pertaining to the veins.	276
432406656	Ventral	Pertaining to the abdomen or abdominal surface; opposite of dorsal.	277
432406657	Vertebra	Any of the bony segments that make up the spinal column.	278
432406658	Volar	The flexor surface of the forearm, wrist, or hand; pertaining to the sole of the foot.	279
432406659	Whiplash	Non-medical term that describes a sudden hyperextension of the neck, followed by flexion, or vice versa. Classic symptoms are due to injuries of the vertebrae and soft tissues of the head and neck.	280
432406660	Xyphoid	A process connected to the end of the sternum.	281
432410099	Transverse Processes	two lateral projections from the vertebral arch	282
432410100	Spinous Processes	Single process out back of vertebra, This is the posterior extension of vertebrae that you can feel when you run your fingers or thumb down the spine.	283

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