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APUSH Review Encomienda System Flashcards

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2900423625the SpanishWho benefited from encomiendas?0
2900426192the Spanish CrownWho granted land to the Spaniards?1
2900428323Christianize themIn return for land, what did the Spanish promise to do to the Natives living on the land?2
2900430744tributeWhat did the Spanish gain from the Natives?3
2900432297harshlyHow were most of the Natives treated by the Spanish?4
2900433320heavy manual laborWhat were the Natives forced to do?5
2900434313the discovery of gold and silverHow did encomiendas become wealthy?6
2900436074CatholicsWho began to protest the harsh treatment of the Natives?7
2900437453mestizosWho were individuals of Spanish and Native Ancestry?8
2900438429Bartolome de Las CasasWho was instrumental in the decline of encomiendas?9
2900440558mestizosWho could not be forced to work in the encomienda system?10
2900441336African slave laborWhat gradually replaced the encomienda system11
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City Upon a Hill Flashcards

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3100484908Christopher Columbus1451-1506. Genoeses mariner who discovered the Americas while searching for a new trade route to India.0
3100489751Corporate CommunitiesColonial settlements established for economic or financial purposes by various companies. Although usually chartered by the Crown, their remote circumstances helped foster the idea and practice of self-governance.1
3100496070John Rolfe1585 - 1622. Virginia colonist who pioneered the cultivation of tobacco as a profitable agricultural enterprise. _____ also married Pocahontas in 1614.2
3100504136Indentured ServitudeLand owners would pay the passage of those willing to come to the colonies in exchange for an agree-upon term of service, after which the indentured servant was released from his obligation and was then free to seek his own fortune.3
3100511322House of BurgessesAn assembly of representatives elected by the common people of the Virginia colony, similar to the House of Commons.4
3100515782Covenant CommunitiesSettlements based on religious or moral values, mostly interested in being an example to Europe or living according to their own moral liberty.5
3100519749PilgrimsSmall congregation of separatists seeking to distance themselves physically and spiritually from the Church of England by emigrating to New England.6
3100525564Robert Brown1550 - 1630. Writer and proponent of the Separatist movement that demanded separation from the Church of England. His writings inspired groups such as the Pilgrims to emigrate to America for religious freedom.7
3100533175PuritansBritish religious emigrants who wanted to reform the Church of England rather than sever all ties with it; their beliefs in the Christian Calling, Moral Self-Governance, and in being God's Elect would help shape the Founding and American national character.8
3100542113John Calvin1509 - 1564. ___________ was a French theologian during the Protestant Reformation who greatly influenced Puritan beliefs. He taught that the Bible was the final authority for matters of faith and that salvation came through grace only (not works). He also taught the doctrine of predestination.9
3100551134God's ElectFrom John Calvin's predestination theology, the doctrine that God has already chosen those who will be saved. These elect people are to build a holy community as an example.10
3100556840The Christian CallingFrom the theology of John Calvin -- People should pursue a "calling" in some sort of worldly work where they are to rise early in the morning, work hard, save their money, and invest it wisely. Prosperity indicates God's approval.11
3100564126Moral Self-GovernancePuritan ideal that all must live a righteous life largely on their own, with each man being responsible for his own actions and those of his family -- with an eye on his neighbor as well.12
3100569343John Winthrop1582 - 1649. _____________ was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony before their departure from England and re-elected many times. He is know for his sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," in which he stated that the Puritan colony would be "a city upon a hill."13
3100578970Tabula RasaLatin for clean slate or blank slate. Puritans felt that the new world was a ___________ on which mankind could begin the human story anew.14
3100583113City on a HillBiblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world.15
3100589300Natural LibertyWhere men are free to do what they please without regard for the moral value of their actions.16
3100591743Civil LibertyAccording to John Winthrop, "Where men are free to do only that which is good, just, and honest."17
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Pueblo Revolt Flashcards

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4040405994Why was the Pueblo Revolt successful?The Native Americans joined together to conquer the Spanish0
4040419992Where did the Spanish retreat to?El Paso1
4040424191What did the Pueblo People use to help coordinate their attack?knotted yucca plants2
4040428447What 3 things did Pope outlaw?Spanish crops, speaking Spanish, church traditions3
4040507551What day was the revolt planned for?August 11th, 16804
4040572183On what day did the Pueblo Revolt actually start?August 9th, 16805
4040749605When did the Pueblo People surround Santa Fe?August 15th, 16806
4040752694When did the Spanish abandon Santa Fe?August 22nd, 16807
4040759640How did the Native Americans get the Spanish give up Santa Fe?cut off water supply8
4040762409What happened to the governor of New Mexico?He was arrested by the head of the church9
4040768947What problems did the Pueblo People face?A massive fire10
4040773347What were the Spaniards forced to eat to survive?cow hides11
4040776003How many medicine men did the Spanish arrest?4712
4040780890How many medicine men died when arrested?313
4040783788What made the Navajos and Apaches much more dangerous?They stole the Spaniards horses14
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Chapter 48 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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4357798567NeuronA nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane.0
4357798568BrainOrgan of the central nervous system where information is processed and integrated.1
4357798569Ganglion (Ganglia)A cluster (functional group) of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system.2
4357798570Sensory NeuronA nerve cell that receives information from the internal or external environment and transmits signals to the central nervous system.3
4357798571InterneuronAn association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and/or motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor input.4
4357798572Motor NeuronA nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.5
4357798573Central Nervous System (CNS)Neurons that carry out integration are organized here. Includes the brain and a longitudinal nerve cord.6
4357798574Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)The sensory and motor neuron that connect to the central nervous system.7
4357798575DendriteOne of usually numerous short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.8
4357798576AxonA typically long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.9
4357798577Axon HillockThe conical region of a neuron's axon where it joins the cell body; typically the region where nerve impulses are generated.10
4357798578SynapseThe junction where one neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap. Neurotransmitter molecules released by the neuron diffuse across the synapse, relaying messages to the other cell.11
4357798579Synaptic TerminalA bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and from which they are released.12
4357798580NeurotransmitterA molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response.13
4357798581Presynaptic CellThe transmitting cell at a synapse14
4357798582Postsynaptic CellThe target cell at a synapse.15
4357798583GliaSupporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons.16
4357798584Membrane PotentialThe difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential effects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.17
4357798585Resting PotentialThe membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside.18
4357798586Ion ChannelA transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient.19
4357798587Equilibrium PotentialThe magnitude of a cell's membrane voltage at equilibrium; calculated using the Nernst equation.20
4357798588Gated Ion ChannelA gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or closing of such channels may alter the membrane potential.21
4357798589HyperpolarizationA change in a cell's membrane potential such that the inside of the membrane becomes more negative relative to the outside. hyperpolarization reduces the chance that a neuron will transmit a nerve impulse.22
4357798590DepolarizationA change in a cell's membrane potential such that the inside of the membrane is made less negative relative to the outside. For example, a neuron membrane is depolarized if a stimulus decreases its voltage from the resting potential of -70 mV in the direction of zero voltage.23
4357798591Voltage-Gated Ion ChannelA specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.24
4357798592Action PotentialA rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.25
4357798593ThresholdThe potential that an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated.26
4357798594Refractory PeriodThe short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels.27
4357798595Myelin SheathAround the axon of a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membranes from Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes. It is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, where action potentials are generated.28
4357798596OligodendrocytesA type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.29
4357798597Schwann CellA type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.30
4357798598Node of RanvierGap in the myelin sheath of certain axons where an action potential may be generated. In saltatory conduction, an action potential is regenerated.31
4357798599Saltatory ConductionRapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.32
4357798600Synaptic VesicleMembranous sac containing neurotransmitter molecules at the tip of an axon.33
4357798601Synaptic CleftA narrow gap separating the synaptic terminal of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or an effector cell.34
4357798602Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSPs)An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell to generate an action potential.35
4357798603Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSPs)An electrical change (usually hyperpolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more difficult for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.36
4357798606AcetylcholineOne of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane.37
4357798607Biogenic AmineA neurotransmitter derived from an amino acid.38
4357798608SerotoninA neurotransmitter, synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, that functions in the central nervous system.39
4357798609DopamineA neurotransmitter that is a cetecholamine, like epinephrine and norepinephrine.40
4357798610EpinephrineA catecholamine that, when secreted as a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.41
4357798611NorepinephrineA catecholamine that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine and acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter, also known as noradrenaline.42
4357798612Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates.43
4357798613GlutamateAn amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.44
4357798614NeuropeptideA relatively short chain of amino acids that serves as a neurotransmitter.45
4357798616EndorphinAny of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.46
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World History: Early Civilzation Flashcards

These flashcards contain information about the early civilzations from Unit 1, including Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, etc.

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2585404165Where did agriculture first emerge?Mesopotamia0
2585404166What did the development of sedentary agriculture lead to?Domestication of animals and growth of towns.1
2585404167What was the first real code of law?Hammurabi's Code2
2585404168Who united all of Mesopotamia?The Babylonians3
2585404169What was the first major monotheistic religion?Judaism4
2585404170Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?Pharaoh Narmer5
2585404171How much power did the pharaoh have?He was regarded as a god.6
2585404172How did Egyptians prepare their dead for the afterlife?With massive funeral momuments (pyramids) and mummification.7
2585404173How can we read ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics?The discovery of the Rosetta Stone.8
2585404174What major component did the Mesopotamians and Egyptians have in common?Social stratification of class ranking.9
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AP US History: The American Pageant, Chapter 3:Vocab Flashcards

Vocab words highlighted for test from The American Pageant: Chapter 3

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1691039426Martin LutherLeader of protestantism. Nailed his 95 thesis to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. Believed that people are saved by faith alone and that the Bible was the only source of God's word.0
1691039427John CalvinLeader of Calvinism which stressed Predestination.1
1691039428PredestinationBelief stating that those going to Heaven or Hell had already been determined by God.2
1691039429ConversionsSigns that were expected of Calvinists to indicate that they were one of the predestined, or "elect", after this they were expected to lead sanctified lives.3
1691039430PuritansPeople who wanted to totally reform/purify the church of England4
1691039431"Visible Saint"The only people who were allowed to enter the Puritan congregations5
1691039432John WinthropGovernor of the Bible Commonwealth for 19 years who helped Massachusetts succeed in trading fur, fish, and shipbuilding6
1691039433Anne HutchinsonLady who was banned from the Bible Commonwealth due to her belief in "antinomianism"7
1691039434Roger WilliamsRadical idealist who hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Bible Commonwealth in 1635 and led the way for the Rhode Island Colony8
1691039435King PhillipAnother name for Metacom. An Indian who led a war against the English9
1691039436QuakersFaith based religion named so because it's members "quaked" with deep religious emotion. They refused to take oaths and do military service; on the whole, they were a very friendly religious people.10
1691039437William PennA well-borne Englishman who embraced the Quaker faith and established Pennsylvania as a religious experiment.11
1691039438MassasoitChief of the Wampanoags12
1691039439the "elect"the name for the people who are the ones who God has chosen to save in predestination. This is the belief of the Calvinism religion and that only these people can be saved and ordinary people cannot earn salvation. This belief was started by John Calvin in 1536 in France when he published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and is still the belief of Calvinists today.13
1691039440Massachusetts Bay CompanyA group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay.14
1691039441Great Migration1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World15
1691039442General CourtA Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's16
1691039443Plymouth BayPlace where pilgrims finally settled17
1691074235callingIn Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work. "Like John Winthrop, the [the Puritans] believed in the doctrine of a 'calling' to do God's work on this Earth."18
1691074236heresyDeparture from correct or officially defined belief. "... she eventually boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God. This was even higher heresy."19
1691074237seditiousConcerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. "[His was] a seditious blow at the Puritan idea of government's very purpose."20
1691074238commonwealthAn organized civil government or social order. "They were allowed, in effect, to become semi autonomous commonwealths."21
1691074239autocraticAbsolute or dictatorial rule. "An autocratic spirit survived, and the aristocratic element gained strength...."22
1691074240passive resistanceNonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious or moral beliefs. "As advocated of passive resistance, [the Quakers] would ... rebuild their meetinghouse on the site where their enemies had torn it down."23
1691074241asylumA place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate. "Eager to establish an asylum for his people...."24
1691074242proprietaryConcerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. "Penn's new proprietary regime was unusually liberal...."25
1691074243naturalizationThe granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. "No restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturalization was made easy."26
1691074244blue lawsLaws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. "Even so, there were some 'blue laws' aimed at 'ungodly revelers.'...."27
1691074245ethnicConcerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background. "...Pennsylvania attracted a rich mix of ethnic groups."28
1691074246(Peter) StuyvesantGovernor of New Netherland, the precursor to New York29
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Chapter 3 APUSH American Pageant 13th Edition Flashcards

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540851393calvinismDominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. They believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.0
540851394predestinationCalvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect."1
540851395conversionIntense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.2
876041092puritansEnglish Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout ones believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.3
867550200separatistsSmall group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English ones made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.4
237085614mayflower compactAgreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.5
645954111massachusetts bay colonyEstablished by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.6
895654320great migrationMigration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.7
485711478antinomianismBelief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.8
485711479fundamental ordersDrafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.9
463795642pequot warSeries of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.10
463795643king philip's warSeries of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.11
49887200new england confederationWeak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War.12
46814493english civil warArmed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.13
903547320dominion of new englandAdministrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.14
903547321navigation lawsSeries of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.15
761032043glorious (or bloodless) revolutionRelatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.16
761032044salutary neglectUnofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.17
266176939patroonshipsVast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.18
833877869quakersReligious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.19
833877870blue lawsAlso known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.20
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APUSH: American Pageant 13th Edition: Chapter 3 Flashcards

Chapter 3 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.

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883978626What factors united the English colonies?A common language and an allegiance to their home country, England. (Pg: 43)0
883978627Briefly describe Calvin's belief in predestination. (Use correct terminology)God chose the people that would go to heaven (the elect) and those who would go to hell. Nothing could change this. (Pg: 43)1
883978628What was conversion?The receipt of God's free gift of saving grace. (Pg:44)2
883978629Why was the king of England so worried about Separatists' beliefs?Because he thought that if they would go against him being their spiritual leader, they may also defy him being their political leader. (Pg: 44)3
883978630How did the Pilgrims end up in Plymouth Bay?By having preliminary surveys of where they would land. (Pg: 44)4
883978631Why did the Pilgrims feel the need to write the Mayflower Compact? Why is this document so important to American history?Because they wanted a written agreement to form a sort of government. It was a step towards self-government (a vital attribute of liberty) which is why it is so important to American history. (Pg: 44)5
883978632Why did Puritans bring their charter with them to the Massachusetts Bay colony?Because they were a small unimportant group and they needed larger support. (Pg: 45)6
883978633What was the 'Great Migration'?It was during the 1630s. It was when about 70,000 refugees left England and came to Massachusetts and the West Indies. (Pg: 46)7
883978634What did the Puritans mean by 'We shall be as a city upon a hill'?They meant that (they believed) they had a covenant with God and that they would build a holy city as a model for the rest of mankind. (Pg: 46)8
883978635How was the government of Massachusetts liberal for its time and yet not democratic?Because they had elections, but not everyone could vote, only adult males who were church members. They had a type of provincial government, but since it wasn't completely free (with non-church members still having to pay taxes to the Church and not everyone being able to take part in the government) it wasn't a democracy yet. (Pg: 46-47)9
883978636Why is Massachusetts Bay referred to as the "Bible Commonwealth"?Because of the tremendous influence that the religious leaders had there. (Pg: 47)10
883978637Why didn;t clergymen serve as governors of Massachusetts Bay?Because the people didn't want there to be a strong union between church and state since it had caused problems in England. (Pg: 47)11
883978638What activities did Puritans participate in that most people today are unaware of?The Puritans 'ate plentifully, drank heartily, sang songs occasionally, and made love monogamously'. (Pg: 47)12
883978639How did the ideas of Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams threaten the Puritan leaders of Massachusetts Bay?They went against what the traditional views of the Puritans church were and did not coincide with what they were trying to instill. They caused some unrest and uproar and were seen as 'heresy'. (Pg: 47-48)13
883978640Explain the statement that Rhode Island is 'the traditional home of the otherwise minded'.People who didn't necessarily agree with the views of the majority of society lived in Rhode Island. Since they had different views than most people, Rhode Island became known as 'the traditional home of the otherwise minded'. (Pg: 48)14
883978641Although the ends were similar, how was the Pequot War different from King Philip's War?In the Pequot War, Puritans attacked Indian villages and in King Philip's War, Indians attacked Puritans villages. (Pg: 52)15
883978642What was the purpose and the significance of the New England Confederation?The purpose of the New England Confederation was for protection against enemies and potential enemies (esp. Indians, French, and Dutch). The significance was that it was part of the beginning steps towards the unity of the colonies. (Pg: 52)16
883978643How did Charles II take an active role in colonial affairs?He gave Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter that would legalize the squatter settlements. He also gave a charter to Rhode Island and took away Bay Colony's charter in 1654. (Pg: 53)17
883978644What was the Dominion of New England and what was its purpose?It was a dominion created by the royal authority of England. Its purpose was the promote the need for efficiency in the English Navigation Law's administration. (Pg: 53)18
883978645Why were the colonists outraged at Edmund Andros?Because he was openly affiliated with the Church of England and he had noisy and terrible soldiers. (Pg: 54)19
883978646How did the Glorious Revolution in England affect the colonies?During it, the Dominion of New England collapsed. It caused a crazy revolution of sorts. (Pg: 54)20
883978647For what purpose did the Dutch settle New Netherlands?To gain riches and by the Dutch- West India Company for its fur trade. (Pg: 56)21
883978648How did New Netherlands become New York?Charles II granted the land to his brother, the Duke of York. (Pg:57)22
883978649For what purpose was Pennsylvania settled?For religious toleration for Quakers. (Pg: 59)23
883978650How did Penn try to create an experiment in liberal government in Pennsylvania?He advertised a lot. He also welcomed many good citizens and hard-working people. Also, he implemented a liberal land policy which encouraged substantial holdings. (pg: 59)24
883978651What are the common characteristics of the Middle Colonies?They had fertile soil, expansive land, rivers that were vital, and a surprising amount of industry. (Pg: 62)25
883978652Why did Pennsylvania not succeed in its benevolent treatment of Indians?Because the more people that moved in, the more people opposed this treatment. (Pg: 60)26
883978653Why are the Middle Colonies considered the 'most American part of America'?Because they were more ethnically diverse than other colonies, had religious toleration, democratic control, and land was easier to obtain. (Pg: 62)27
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AP US History Period 1 Flashcards

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4714073311maize cultivationThe growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.0
4714073312hunter-gatherer economyA nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants1
4714073313western hemisphereThe Americas2
4714073314west africaA area of Africa that was previously unreachable until the invention of the caravel by the Portuguese, leading to exploitation of the region for its gold and slaves3
4714073315plantation-based agricultureLarge scale agriculture worked by slaves4
4714073316capitalismEconomic system based on private investment and possessions5
4714073317Cultural autonomyFreedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy6
4714073318great basinDesert area with no drainage to the ocean7
4714073319agricultural economyeconomy based on the production of crops8
4714073320spanish explorationColonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god9
4714073321encomienda systemA government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity.10
4714073322empire buildingThe Spanish increasing their empire through grafting their culture onto the natives and taking over the land11
4714073323white superiorityThe European idea they were superior to other cultures/ races and needed to enforce European culture/religion on them12
4714073324great plainsThe open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback13
4714073325permanent villagesThe settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture14
4714073326Portuguese explorationDue to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies15
4714073327slave laborForced labor of people considered property by the people in charge16
4714073328feudalismA political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection17
4714073329political autonomythe ability of a state to govern themselves without outside control18
4714073330Colombian exchangethe exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills19
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India and China World History Flashcards

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3140797307Where did the Indus River run through?north India0
3140812176What were the Indus River sources?Hindu Kush and Himalayas1
3143067698What river was more predictable than the Nile?Indus2
3143069850What 3 things were cultivated in Indus Valley?wheat, cotton, barley3
3143075377What were the two main cities of the Harappa society?Harappa and Mohenjo-daro4
3143079358What did Harappa and Mohenjo-daro do?standardized weights, measures, architectural styles and brick sizes5
3143089288What did the Harappan religious beliefs emphasize?fertility6
3143090628When did the Harappan society decline?1900 BCE onward7
3143094152What led to subsistence crisis of the Harappan society?ecological degradation8
3143099117When did the entire Harappan society ALMOST collapse?1500 BCE9
3143111116What was the Bhagavad Gita?short poetic work10
3143112752Whom was the Bhagavad Gita a dialogue between?Vishnu and warrior11
3143114842What did the Bhagavad Gita illustrate?expectations of Hinduism and promise of salvation12
3143126917Mahabrata with Baghavad GitaSmriti texts13
3143130132Smriti sacred textsremember texts, great epic stories14
3143130133Avatarwhen a g descends to interact with humans15
3143133302Moksharelease Atman and reunite with divine16
3143135398Darsanseeing the deity (but not worshipping an idol)17
3143140017Guruspiritual leader in Hinduism18
3143144766VishnuPreserver god19
3143144767Pujamaking offerings to and decorating deity images20
3143147212Shivaconstructive destruction god21
3143148447Atmansoul22
3143148448Bhakti YogaPath of Devotion23
3143151143BrahmanUltimate, impersonal deity24
3143152398UpanishadsHindu writings focused on What is there and What is it like25
3143154000Samsarareincarnation26
3143154001Karmaspiritual impurity27
3143155557Prasadeating food shared with deity28
3143155558Paja YogaPath of Meditation29
3143159950VedasHindu writings focused on rituals and gods30
3143161471Aryansmigrated to Indus River Valley31
3143161472Brahmacreator god32
3143162777Vedas and UpanishadsShruti texts33
3143167549Shruti Sacred textsheard texts, oldest within Hinduism34
3143170096Who practices Hinduism?the Indian people35
3143176463What 3 other religions did Hinduism give birth to?Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism36
3143183643How many deities are there in Hinduism?many37
3143185849How many impersonal Ultimate Realities are there?single38
3143195888Does every Hindu worship all of the (millions) of deities?no39
3143207743What are all the gods forms of?reality40
3143209622What is the Ultimate Reality?mystic, cosmic-scale presence41
3143214465What type of religion is Hinduism? (Think: polytheistic, monotheistic)both, polytheistic, monotheistic and neither42
3143219496What is Hinduism a philosophy of?way of life43
3143221306What is Hinduism focused on?this world and beyond44
3143224775What is Hinduism (sometimes) also classified by some?culture45
3143226495Who was the founder of Hinduism?no particular founder46
3143229613Name 2 sacred Hindu textsShruti and Smriti47
3143231287What are Shruti texts?heard oldest and most authoritative48
3143233434What are Smriti texts?remembered great epic stories49
3143239484What, according to Hindu, is the true essence of lifeAtman (the soul)50
3143246009Confucian ideas say that you are ___ and ___in charactermoral and ethical51
3143300255Who was the founder of Confucianism?Confucius and Mencius52
3143249531Who was Confucius?educator and political advisor53
3143253598What did Confucian ideas center information on?junzi54
3143254939What is junzi?superior indiviudals55
3143259910List 4 key confucian valuesRen Li Xiao Morality/Junzi56
3143261806What is Ren?a sense of humanity, kindest, benevolence57
3143263514What is Li?a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders58
3143265143What is Xiao?filial piety, family obligation59
3143270727Who was Mencius?spokesman for Confucian school60
3143272167What did Mencius believe?in the goodness of human nature (red)61
3143274592What did Mencius advocate government by?benevolence and humanity62
3143279049What type of view did Xunzi have on human nature?less positive63
3143280429What did Xunzi believe about humans?purely selfish, pursue own interests64
3143285328What did Xunzi prefer in order to bring organization to societyharsh social discipline65
3143291093What did Xunzi advocate?moral education and good public behavior66
3143294629What did Daoism feature?prominent critics of Confucian activism67
3143296140What did Daoism prefer?philosophical reflection and introspection, a life in harmony with nature68
3143298077Who was the founder of Daoism?Laozi69
3143311001What did Laozi allegedly write?Daodejing70
3143312432What was the Daodejing?Classic of the Way and of Virtue71
3143318688What is Zhuangziwritings; compendium of Daoist philosophy72
3143321739What is the Dao?the way of nature, the way of the cosmos73
3144289404How does the Dao accomplish everything?by doing nothing74
3144295010According to the Dao, how should humans tailor their behavior?to the passive and yielding nature of the Dao75
3144299381According to the Dao, what has only brought this world chaos?ambition and activism76
3144303484What type of communities did the Dao advocate?small, self-sufficient77
3144332157What were the political implications of Daoism?served as counterbalance to Confucian activism78
3144336456What is Legalism?the doctrine of practical and efficient statecraft (no concern with ethic and morality) (no concern with the principles governing nature)79
3144341982Who was Shang Yan?chief minister of Qin and Legalist writer80
3144343799Who Han Feizi?synthesized Legalist ideas in essays81
3144348539Name the 6 things the Legalist doctrine did1. the state's strength was in agriculture and military force 2. discouraging commerce, education and the arts 3. harnessing self-interest of the people for the needs of the state 4. called for harsh penalties even for minor infractions 5. advocated collective responsibility before the law 6. not popular among Chinese, but practical; put end to Period of Warring States82
3144367582Who founded Buddhism?Siddhartha Gautama (became the Buddha)83
3144372428Why did Siddhartha Gautama give up his comfortable life?to search for the cause of suffering84
3144374298Where did Siddhartha Gautama receive enlightenment?under the bo tree85
3144376692Where was Siddhartha Gautama the first sermon at?Deer Park of Sarnath86
3144386682Who did Siddhartha Gautama organize and what were they made into?group of followers into community of monk87
3144390091What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine?the dharma88
3144393521According to Buddhism, what are the ways to end suffering?Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path89
3144397000According to Buddhism, what is suffering caused by?desire90
3144407796What is the religious goal of Buddhismpersonal salvation (nirvana) state of perfect spiritual independence91
3144411073Who did Buddhism appeal to?members of lower castes because it did not recognize social hierarchies of castes and jati92
3144416417What was one of the reasons Buddhism became more popular?less demanding than Jainism93
3144418979Rather than using Sanskrit, what did Buddhism use?vernacular tongues94
3144426444Where was Qin located?west China95
3144431087What policies did Qin dynasty adopt?legalist96
3144433176What did the Qin dynasty encourage? Why?agriculture; resulted in strong economy97
3144438707What type of weapons did they use? (Think: material)iron98
3144440691How did the Qin dynasty unify China in 221 BCE?conquered other states99
3144440692Who was the first emperor?Qin Shihuangdi100
3144444042What did Qin Shihuangdi establish?centralized imperial rule101
3144447169What project did Qin Shihuangdi do?connecting and extending the Great Wall102
3144450334Why did Qin Shihuangdi bury 460 scholars alive?their criticism against the Qin103
3144451776What books did Qin Shihuangdi not burn?some with utilitarian value104
3144456480During the Qin dynasty where were the tombs placed and what were they?underground; palaces with life-sized terra cotta figures105
3144467147How did the Qin dynasty collapse? (2 reasons)1. massive public works generated tremendous ill among people 2. waves of revels overwhelmed Qin court106
3144479233The Huang He and the Yangtze Rivers flow into the ___ which is formed by the ____ ____.Tibetan Plateau; Himalaya Mountains107
3144486667Why did India used to be a separate piece of land, but it moved north and is still moving north today?plate tectonics108
3144489802Because India is constantly moving, what formed?Himalaya Mountains109
3144495495Where does the snow from the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau flow through?rivers into the East China, Yellow and South China seas110
3144499474What River Valley does Eastern Zhou grow out of?Huang He111
3144502515Where does Western Zhou expand to?coastal areas of Huang He and Yangtze valleys112
3144506704Where does the Xin Dynasty emerge from?where Western Zhou was113
3144511462Because the empire in the Zhou Dynasty became so large, where did another ruler rule from?Xi'an114
3144515283Where was the local power entrusted to?regional rulers who collected tribute for the Zhou rulers115
3144518121What was the Zhou Dynasty's religion governed by? (2 things)local beliefs nature spirits116
3144522516What did the Zhou Dynasty introduce and popularize?Mandate of Heaven117
3144524295What did the Mandate of Heaven state? (2 things)1. earthly power of rulers was given by heavens 2. right to rule could be taken away by heavens if ruler was not observing high standards of honor and justice, ensuring order and harmony118
3144533554What type of writing-language was used during the Zhou Dynasty?pictographic language119
3144535914What did pictographic language look like?just like what the characters represented120
3145196507What was the Zhou Dynasty's social structure order?Zhou ruler regional governor province magistrates noblemen gentry gentlemen yeoman commander peasant slaves121
3145217572Where did the Zhou Dynasty trade?Asia122
3145222072Where did the Zhou Dynasty get the horse-drawn chariots?central Asia123
3145226855Where did the Zhou Dynasty get tin for metallurgy?Malay peninsula124
3145232375Where did the Zhou Dynasty get shells?Burma and Maldive Islands125
3145237991Where did the Zhou Dynasty (possibly) get pottery from?Mohenjo-daro and Harappa126
3145248131What is 1 reason the Zhou Dynasty ended?1. towards end of the dynasty, they began to fight127
3145255085What is the name of the dynasty after the Zhou?Xin Dynasty128
3143135204Darsan129
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