| CourseNotes

Chapter 55: Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards

AP Biology

1792979911	ecosystem	the sum of all organisms in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact.	0
1792979912	Two main processes in an ecosystem	1. energy flow 2. chemical cycling	1
1792979913	Energy ____ while matter cycles ______ an ecosystem.	flows through; within	2
1792979914	1st law of thermodynamics	Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed	3
1792979915	2nd law of thermodynamics	Every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe	4
1792979916	law of conservation of mass	matter cannot be created nor destroyed	5
1792979917	primary producers	autotrophs that ultimately support all other trophic levels; most convert sunlight (solar energy) to chemical energy	6
1792979918	primary consumers	herbivores that feed on primary producers	7
1792979919	secondary consumers	carnivores that feed on herbivores	8
1792979920	tertiary consumers	carnivores that eat other carnivores	9
1792979921	detritivores/decomposers	organisms that derive their energy from detritus	10
1792979922	detritus	nonliving organic material	11
1792979923	primary production	the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period	12
1792979924	gross primary production	total primary production; the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy per unit time.	13
1792979925	net primary production	NPP= GPP-R	14
1792979926	Standing crop	total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time	15
1792979927	In marine and freshwater ecosystems, both ____ and _____ control primary production.	light and nutrients	16
1792979928	Light Limitation:	depth of light penetration affects primary production in the photic zone of an ocean or a lake	17
1792979929	limiting nutrient	element that must be added for production to increase in an area	18
1792979930	_______ and _____ are typically the nutrients that most often limit marine and terrestrial production.	nitrogen and phosphorus	19
1792979931	eutrophication	cyanobacteria and algae grow rapidly in response to nutrients by sewage runoff from farms and yards, reducing the oxygen concentration and clarity of H20; leads to loss of most fish species	20
1792979932	In terrestrial ecosystems, both ____ and ____ affect primary production.	temperature and moisture	21
1792979933	actual evapotranspiration	water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape	22
1792979934	secondary production	amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period	23
1792979935	production efficiency	percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration	24
1792979936	trophic effciency	percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next	25
1792979937	pyramid of net production	loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain	26
1792979938	turnover time	ratio of standing crop biomass to production	27
1792979939	Green World Hypothesis	proposes that herbivores are held in check by a variety of factors: interspecific and intraspecific competition, abiotic factors, plant defenses, and low nutrient competition.	28
1792979940	biogeochemical cycles	decomposition that replenishes the pools of inorganic nutrients that plants and other autotrophs use to build new organic matter.	29
1792979941	Carbon Cycle	carbon reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, C02.	30
1792979942	Nitrogen Cycle	Main reservoir: N2 component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins	31
1792979943	Phosphorus Cycle	largest reservoirs: sedimentary rocks; major constituent of phospholipids, ATP, and nucleic acids	32

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ecosystems Ecology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4016185656	ecosystems energy budget	the total amount of photosynthetic production; sets the spending limit	0
4016187648	global energy budget	only 1% of light is used for photosynthesis; most hits ice, soil, or water and is reflected or absorbed by water	1
4016197701	net primary production	gross primary production minus the energy used by primary producers	2
4016199538	gross primary production	amount of energy produced by the conversion of sunlight over time	3
4016205348	net ecosystems production	total biomass accumulated over time	4
4016212045	NPP= GPP-Ra	net primary production equation?	5
4016214319	1/2	net primary production is generally how much of gross primary production?	6
4016222392	NEP = GPP-Rt	net ecosystems production equation?	7
4016244146	light, nutrition	what types of limitations for primary production exist in aquatic environments?	8
4016252059	1/2, 15	according to light limitation, ______ of radiation is absorbed in the first _______ m of water	9
4016255669	limiting nutrient	element that must be added for production to increase; in marine environments, for example, this is nitrogen and phosphorus	10
4016262415	O2, clarity	increased algae leads to a decrease in what?	11
4016284282	fish loss	eutrophication leads to what?	12
4016286023	eutrophication	this leads to fish loss; controlling it requires knowledge of the polluting factor	13
4016288290	moisture, temperature	what are the main controlling factors of terrestrial environments?	14
4016290831	high	wet and warm environments have what kind of productivity?	15
4016292448	low	dry, cold, or hot environments have what kind of productivity?	16
4016295455	secondary production	amount of energy in a consumer's food that is converted into new biomass	17
4016301268	1/6	herbivores conserve what fraction of total plant production?	18
4016310177	detritivores	the vast majority of an ecosystem's production is ultimately consumed by what?	19

Powered by Quizlet.com

Food Chains and Food Webs (Source: The Princeton Review--APES Book) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3846560437	Autotrophs	Organisms that can produce their own organic compounds from inorganic chemicals	0
3846560438	Heterotrophs	Organisms that obtain food energy by consuming other organisms or products created by other organisms	1
3846560439	Producers	Organisms that are capable of converting radiant energy, or chemical energy, into carbohydrates.	2
3846560440	Examples of producers include...	Plants and algae	3
3846560441	Plants and algae carry out...	Photosynthesis	4
3846560442	What is the unbalanced chemical reaction of photosynthesis?	H2O+CO2+Solar Energy -> CH2O+O2	5
3846560443	Anaerobic	Without oxygen	6
3846560444	Some producers make food through anaerobic environments. Instead of photosynthesis, they use the process of...	Chemosynthesis	7
3846560445	Chemotrophs	Few specialized bacteria fit this niche. They use chemosynthesis.	8
3846560446	Where are many chemotrophs found?	Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean	9
3846560447	What is the unbalanced chemical equation of chemosynthesis?	O2+H2S+O2+Energy -> CH2O+S+H2O	10
3846560448	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	The amount of energy that plants pass on to the community of herbivores in an ecosystem	11
3846560449	How is NPP calculated?	By using the Gross Primary Productivity and subtracting from it the amount of energy the plants need for growth, maintenance, repair, and reproduction.	12
3846560450	Gross Primary Productivity	The amount of sugar that the plants produce in photosynthesis	13
3846560451	Consumers	Organisms that must obtain food energy from secondary sources.	14
3846560452	Primary consumers	Herbivores	15
3846560453	Herbivores	Consume producers	16
3846560454	Secondary consumers	Consumes primary consumers/herbivores	17
3846560455	Tertiary consumers	Consumes secondary consumers	18
3846560456	Detritivores	Derive energy from consuming nonliving organic matter such as dead animals or fallen leaves	19
3846560457	Decomposers	Bacteria or fungi that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter and wastes of living organisms and corpses.	20
3846560458	What do decomposers convert nonliving organic matter, living organisms, and corpses into?	Inorganic forms	21
3846560459	Each feeding level in a food chain is called a....	Trophic level	22
3846560460	As you increase in tropic levels, energy...	decreases	23
3846560461	Only __% of the energy from one tropic level is passed to the next.	10	24
3846560462	What trophic level has the most usable energy?	Producers	25
3846560463	Biomagnification	The increasing concentration of toxin molecules at successively higher trophic levels in a food chain	26
3846560464	What pesticide biomagnifies and was also written about by Rachel Carson?	DDT	27
3846560465	Bioaccumulation	The accumulation of a substance in the tissues of a living organism	28
3846560466	Food web	A more realistic type of food chain	29

Powered by Quizlet.com

Bio I Ch 15 Tufts Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

3209443769	Producers (autotrophs)	capture their own energy and make organic molecules	0
3209451210	Plants	Type of producers in terrestrial ecosystems	1
3209457431	Protists and bacteria	type of producers in aquatic ecosystems	2
3209466594	Gross (primary productivity)	rate in which producers in an ecosystem capture energy	3
3209472293	Biomass	Amount of organic material in an ecosystem	4
3209477681	Net (primary productivity)	Rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem	5
3209482506	Light	Factor that effects net primary productivity (L)	6
3209485474	Temperature	Factor that effects net primary productivity (T)	7
3209490595	Precipitation	Factor that effects net primary productivity (P)	8
3209497824	Consumers (heterotrophs)	Get energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organims	9
3209501615	Herbivores	`Type of consumer that eat only plants	10
3209504356	Carnivores	Type of consumer that only eats meat	11
3209508775	Omnivores	type of consumer that eats meat and plants	12
3209512510	Detritivores	Type of consumer that eats detris (garbage)	13
3209516138	Decomposers	Detritivores that break down the food they eat and cause decay	14
3209522494	Trophic level	level in a food chain or food web	15
3209529659	1st trophic level	Producers trophic level	16
3209531170	2nd Trophic level	carnivores and omnivores trophic level	17
3209535384	3rd Trophic level	detritivores and decomposers Trophic level	18
3209542961	Food chain	Single path ways of feeding relationships	19
3209547008	Food web	Interrelated collection of food chain	20
3209551984	10 percent rule	about 10 percent of the energy consumed in one trophic level is incorporated into the organism at the next trophic level	21
3209568169	energy lost in trophic levels	1. Energy is used to keep organism alive 2. Organism avoids being eaten 3. Parts of organism are not broken down 4. Energy is lost in heat	22
3209583106	Biological magnification	Increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web	23
3209593546	Biochemical cycle	movement of important atoms through the biotic and abiotic portion of the environment	24
3209599852	evapotranspiration	The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants.	25
3209602848	important processes in water cycle	1. evaporation 2. transpiration 3. Precipitation	26
3209608642	evaporation	Liquid water to gas water vapor	27
3209612523	transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant	28
3209617860	carbon dioxide (CO2)	this greenhouse gas acts as a greenhouse on the planet	29
3209733297	Amino Acids and Nitrogen Bases	nitrogen is important for life to exist because nitrogen is the building block of _______ and ________	30
3209833611	79	Percent of nitrogen in atmosphere	31
3209835349	20	percent of oxygen in atmosphere	32
3209843066	Beans (peas, clover, alfalfa)	plants that have mutualistic relationship with bacteria to allow them to get nitrogen	33
3209850686	Ammonification	Turning atmospheric nitrogen or decomposed detris into ammonia	34
3209871182	Biomes	Large terrestrial ecosystems determined by their dominant plant life	35
3209881523	Aquatic biomes	large aquatic ecosystems, determined by location	36
3209890739	Tropical Rain forest	A LOT of rain, tall trees, high temp, along equator, poor soil, 20% of all species in the world live here, trees being cut down for agriculture	37
3209905245	Desert	barely any rain, fairly small biomass, a lot of nocturnal life, hot in day cold at night, animals are small, no trees, very poor soil	38
3209919061	Temperate deciduous forest	mild amount of precipitation, warm summer, cold winter, deciduous trees, have had many trees cut down, fair soil	39
3209932221	Grassland	Little rain, very inland, very fertile soil, a lot of land is being farmed	40
3209946474	Chaparral	Cool winter, hot winter, many wildfires, little rain, Mediterranean	41
3209966815	savannas	tropical or subtropical grasslands, wet season and dry season	42
3209971645	Temperate rain forest	A lot of rain, lukewarm cool climate, tall trees, damp, poor soil, much rain	43
3209979649	taiga	Mountainous, very cold winter, some rain, cool summer, conifer trees, dry cold soil, south of tundra, cone bearing plants, evergreens, moose, bears, wolves	44
3210004708	Tundra	northernmost biome, permafrost, treeless, extremely cold winter, mini lakes form during summer, flat terrain, foxes, lemmings, arctic hair	45
3210031133	Eutrophic	Rich in organic matter, murky water	46
3210880927	Oligotrophic	clear, rocky bottom, low in organic matter	47
3210886617	Nutrients	Slower moving streams and rivers have more________	48
3210892783	Intertidal zone	habitat area of the ocean between the high tide and the low tide line on the sea shore	49
3210894651	Neritic zone	Area of ocean that extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf, most productivity	50
3210898461	Oceanic zone	low productivity, no light (aphotic), cold water	51
3210902694	Estuaries	Fresh water from rivers goes into oceans, slat marshes, mud flats, very productive, aquatic version of rainforest	52
3212779161	Nitrites	NO2	53
3212779162	Nitrates	NO3	54

Powered by Quizlet.com

Biology 2: FINAL EXAM Ch. 55 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

266103822	Has a very low net primary production per square meter	an open ocean	0
266103823	Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by	converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb	1
266103824	What has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?	the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem	2
266103825	Hubbard Brook watershed experiment concluded	most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem, the flow of minerals out of a natural watershed was offset by minerals flowing in, deforestation increased water runoff, and the nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high	3
266103826	Consequence of biological magnification	toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers	4
266103827	Main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is	the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels	5
266103828	The biggest difference between the flow of energy and the flow of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem is that _____.	nutrients are recycled, but energy is not	6
266103829	In an ecosystem, all incoming energy will eventually be _____.	dissipated into space as heat	7
266103830	According to the law of conservation of energy	the total amount of energy stored in organic molecules plus the amounts reflected and dissipated as heat must equal the total solar energy intercepted by the Earth	8
266103831	Autotrophs	photosynthetic organisms that use light energy to synthesize sugars and other organic compounds	9
266103832	Most of the solar energy that reaches Earth _____.	is not captured for use by living things	10
266103833	Net productivity	the rate at which producers convert solar energy to the chemical energy of organic compounds, minus the energy used during respiration	11
266103834	Net primary productivity (NPP)	gross primary productivity (GPP) minus the energy used for respiration (R)	12
266103835	A study of metabolic rates in a terrestrial community showed that the energy released by respiration exceeded the energy captured in photosynthesis. Which one of the following situations is most likely?	community biomass is decreasing	13
266103836	Open ocean	contributes more primary production than any other single ecosystem; however, this is only because it is so large	14
266103837	Terrestrial ecosystems	contribute two-thirds of global net primary production	15
266103838	Marine ecosystems	contribute about one-third of global net primary production	16
266103839	How do iron levels affect phytoplankton populations in a marine ecosystem?	Iron stimulates the growth of cyanobacteria, which convert atmospheric N2 to nitrogenous minerals, stimulating the growth of phytoplankton.	17
266103840	Secondary production	the amount of chemical energy in a consumer's food that is converted to its own new biomass over a period of time	18
266103841	The base of net production	contains the energy captured by photosynthesis	19
266103842	Green world hypothesis' factors that keep herbivores in check	plants have defenses against herbivores, intraspecific competition can limit herbivore numbers, abiotic factors limit herbivores, and interspecific interactions check herbivore densities	20
266103843	Over oceans	evaporation exceeds precipitation	21
266103844	Transpiration	evaporative water loss from terrestrial plants	22
266103845	The global hydrologic cycle supports a net flow of atmospheric water vapor ______.	from the oceans to land	23
266103846	Carbon cycle	carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms and removed by photosynthesis	24
266103847	Respiration	process in which carbon dioxide is released from plants back to the atmosphere	25
266103848	NH3	Ammonia, the direct product of nitrogen fixation	26
266103849	NH4+	Ammonium, product of nitrogen fixation in the soil before being taken up into the plants	27
266103850	In the nitrogen cycle	Nitrite is converted to nitrate (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria	28
266103851	Phophorus' cycle lacks an __________ component.	atmospheric	29
266103852	Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest found that	the amount of nutrients leaving an intact forest ecosystem is controlled by the plants	30
266103853	How have human activities increased the supply of fixed nitrogen available to primary producers?	use of nitrogen fertilizers, increased cultivation of legumes, and deliberate burning of fields	31
266103854	Why are freshwater ecosystems in North America and northern Europe particularly sensitive to the effects of acid rain?	the lakes have a poor buffering capacity	32
266103855	A possible consequence of rising CO2 levels	increased vegetative productivity	33
266103856	Climatologists estimate past atmospheric CO2 concentrations by	measuring the CO2 concentrations in air bubbles trapped in glacial ice	34
266103857	Ozone	is beneficial in the upper atmosphere	35
266103858	The destruction of the ozone layer is most directly linked to _____.	release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere	36

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4705337196	consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact	ecosystem	0
4705341048	autotrophs	primary producers	1
4705341527	herbivores	primary consumers	2
4705342843	carnivores	secondary consumers	3
4705343170	carnivores that feed on other carnivores	tertiary consumers	4
4705343172	Energy and nutrients pass from - - - -	primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers	5
4705344554	are consumers that derive their energy from detritus	Detritivores, or decomposers	6
4705344849	nonliving organic matter	detritus	7
4705345129	Prokaryotes and fungi are important _____	detritivores	8
4705347535	_____ connects all trophic levels	Decomposition	9
4705347974	_____ in an ecosystem is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period	Primary production	10
4705348218	Total primary production is known as the ecosystem's	gross primary production (GPP)	11
4705348366	is GPP minus energy used by primary producers for respiration	Net primary production (NPP)	12
4705348543	Only ____is available to consumers	NPP	13
4705350118	Tropical rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs are among the most ___ ecosystems per unit area	productive	14
4705351126	Marine ecosystems are relatively_____ per unit area	unproductive	15
4705351127	contribute much to global net primary production because of their volume	Marine ecosystems	16
4705465448	In marine and freshwater ecosystems, both _____ and _____ control primary production	light and nutrients	17
4705466402	Depth of light penetration affects _______ in the photic zone of an ocean or lake	primary production	18
4705466619	More than light, _____ limit primary production in geographic regions of the ocean and in lakes	nutrients	19
4705467228	A_____ is the element that must be added for production to increase in an area	limiting nutrient	20
4705467498	_____and ____ are typically the nutrients that most often limit marine production	Nitrogen and phosphorous	21
4705467721	The addition of large amounts of nutrients to____has a wide range of ecological impacts	lakes	22
4705468053	sewage runoff has caused _____of lakes, which can lead to loss of most fish species	eutrophication	23
4705468557	In terrestrial ecosystems,_____ and ____affect primary production on a large scale	temperature and moisture	24
4705468784	______ is the water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape	Actual evapotranspiration	25
4705468785	It is related to net primary production	Actual evapotranspiration	26
4705469776	______ of an ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time	Secondary production	27
4705470503	When a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, only about one-sixth of the leaf's energy is used for _____	secondary production	28
4705470602	An organism's______ is the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration	production efficiency	29
4705470937	_____ is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next	Trophic efficiency	30
4705471662	It usually ranges from 5% to 20%	Trophic efficiency	31
4705471663	is multiplied over the length of a food chain	Trophic efficiency	32
4705475727	Dynamics of energy flow in ecosystems have important implications for the human population		33
4705475728	Eating meat is a relatively inefficient way of tapping __________	photosynthetic production	34
4705475924	Worldwide agriculture could feed many more people if humans ate only plant material		35
4705476345	Life depends on _____chemical elements	recycling	36
4705476346	Nutrient circuits in ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic components and are often called ______	biogeochemical cycles	37
4705559780	Gaseous _____,____,____ and ____ occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally	carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur	38
4705559781	Less mobile elements such as _____,____, and ____ cycle on a more local level	phosphorus, potassium, and calcium	39
4705560958	All elements cycle between organic and inorganic reservoirs		40
4705561380	____ is essential to all organisms	Water	41
4707381112	____ of the biosphere's water is contained in the oceans, ___ is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and ____ is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater	97%; 2%; 1%	42
4707382307	_____-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms	Carbon	43
4707382547	____ reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere	Carbon	44
4707382548	____ is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration	CO2	45
4707383059	volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute ____to the atmosphere	CO2	46
4707383537	_____ is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids	Nitrogen	47
4707383884	The main reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere ____	(N2)	48
4707384133	nitrogen must be converted to NH4+ or NO3-; for uptake by plants, via _______ by bacteria	nitrogen fixation	49
4707384668	Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4+ by ________, and NH4+ is decomposed to NO3- by ______	ammonification; nitrification	50
4707384669	______ converts NO3- back to N2	Denitrification	51
4707384983	____ is a major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP	Phosphorus	52
4707385755	_____ is the most important inorganic form of phosphorus	Phosphate (PO43-)	53
4707385912	The largest reservoirs are _____ of marine origin, the oceans, and organisms	sedimentary rocks	54
4707386174	_____ binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized	Phosphate	55
4707417236	_________ play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling	Decomposers (detritivores)	56
4707418199	The rate of decomposition is controlled by _____, _______, and ______availability	temperature, moisture, and nutrient	57
4707418749	_____ decomposition results in relatively low levels of nutrients in the soil	Rapid	58
4707419336	_____strongly regulates nutrient cycling	Vegetation	59
4707481418	The___________ has been used to study nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem since 1963	Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest	60
4707482035	______ help return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state	Restoration ecologists	61
4707482220	______ seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems	Restoration ecology	62
4707482449	Two key strategies are _____ and ______of ecosystem processes	bioremediation and augmentation	63
4707419897	_____ is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems	Bioremediation	64
4707420072	The organisms most often used for Bioremediation are _____,____, and _____.	prokaryotes, fungi, or plants	65
4707420703	These organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, ____ molecules	toxic	66
4707420704	_______ uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem	Biological augmentation	67

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ch. 19 & 20 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4380464000	Ecology	The science that studies the relations between organisms and their environment and among various ecosystems	0
4380477203	Habitat	A physical location to which an organism is biologically suited. Most species have specific habitat parameters and limits	1
4380490653	photosynthesis	The process by which plants produce their own food from carbon dioxide and water, powered by solar energy	2
4380504477	Chlorophyll	a light-sensitive pigment that resides within chloroplasts in leaf cells of plants; the bases of photosynthesis	3
4380515651	Respiration	The process by which plants oxidize carbohydrates to derive energy from their operations; essentially, the reverse of the photosynthetic process; release carbon dioxide, water and heat energy into the environment	4
4380544695	Biomass	The total mass of living organisms on Earth or per unit of a landscape	5
4380548805	Net Primary Production	The net photosynthesis minus respiration for a given community	6
4380557643	Life Zones	A zonation by altitude of plants and animals that form distinctive communities	7
4380570397	Limiting Factors	The physical or chemical factor that most inhibits biotic processes through either lack or excess	8
4380578266	Producers	Organism (plant) in an ecosystem that uses carbon dioxide as it sole source of carbon, which it chemically fixes through photosynthesis to provide its own nourishment; also called an autotroph	9
4380588709	Consumers	Organism in an ecosystem that depends on producers	10
4380597565	Food Chain	The circuit along which energy flows from producers, which manufactures their own food, to consumers	11
4380614686	Herbivore	The primary consumer in a food web, which eats plant material formed by a producer that has photosynthesized organic molecules	12
4380624035	Carnivore	A secondary consumer that principally eats meat for sustenance	13
4380636708	Understory	a layer of vegetation beneath the main canopy of a forest.	14
4380638812	Overstory	The highest layer of vegetation in a forest, usually forming the canopy.	15
4380638813	Ground Cover	low-growing, spreading plants that help to stop weeds from growing.	16
4380645296	Shade Tolerance	refers to a plant's ability to tolerate low light levels. The term is also used in horticulture and landscaping, although in this context its use is sometimes sloppy, especially with respect to labeling of plants for sale in nurseries.	17
4380650474	Tundra	a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term tundra comes through Russian тундра (tûndra) from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr "uplands", "treeless mountain tract"	18
4380659567	Boreal Forest	is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches. The taiga is the world's largest terrestrial biome.	19
4380664256	Deciduous Forest	dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas with warm, moist summers and mild winters. The three major areas of this forest type occur in the Northern Hemisphere: eastern North America, East Asia, and Europe.	20
4380670650	Coniferous Forest	a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest.	21
4380702190	Rain Forest	a luxuriant, dense forest rich in biodiversity, found typically in tropical areas with consistently heavy rainfall.	22
4380710012	Symbiotic	any diverse organisms that live together, but in this case, the relationship is not necessarily beneficial to both. Parasites, for example, have a symbiotic relationship with their hosts, but only the parasite benefits.	23
4380713572	Ecotone	a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).	24
4380721313	Pioneer Community	The variety of plants, animals and fungi that first colonize a barren habitat	25
4380729847	Desertification	A type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities.	26
4380734556	Chaparral	vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes.	27
4380738751	Fire Ecology	a branch of ecology that focuses on the origins of wildland fire and it's relationship to the environment that surrounds it, both living and non-living. A wildland fire is defined as any fire that is burning in a natural environment.	28
4380740962	Stomata	minute aperture structures on plants found typically on the outer leaf skin layer, also known as the epidermis. They consist of two specialized cells, called guard cells that surround a tiny pore called a stoma	29
4380754163	Slash and Burn	a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, typically used as a method for clearing forest land for farming.	30
4380748946	Tropical Savanna	a rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees, which can be found between a tropical rainforest and desert biome. Not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests. Savannas are also known as tropical grasslands.	31
4380775324	Biodiversity	The variety of life. It can be studied on many levels. At the highest level, you can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. On a much smaller scale, you can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park.	32
4380781878	Monoculture	the cultivation of a single crop in a given area.	33

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 55 {Campbell Biology} Flashcards

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Terms : Hide Images

2801512270	Ecosystem	All organisms in a given area and the abiotic factors with which they interact; involves energy flow and chemical cyling	0
2801514134	Law of Conservation of Mass	Matter cannot be created or destroyed	1
2801514373	Primary Producers	Autotrophs, usually photosynthetic, who create sugars to use as food	2
2801516121	Primary Consumers	Herbivores who eat producers	3
2801516356	Secondary Consumers	Carnivores that eat herbivores	4
2801516783	Tertiary Consumers	Carnivores that eat carnivores	5
2801517540	Detritivore (Decomposer)	Heterotrophs that gain energy from detritus	6
2801519654	Primary Production	Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period	7
2801520764	Gross Primary Production	Total primary production in an ecosystem (i.e amount of glucose produced during photosynthesis)	8
2801521103	Net Primary Production	GPP minus the energy used by primary producers for cellular respiration (i.e. biomass that is added to the plant which consumers can now eat)	9
2801523481	Net Ecosystem Production	Measure of total biomass accumulated in a given time period. GPP - the total respiration of all organisms in the system	10
2801527174	Limiting Nutrient	Element that must be added for production to increases	11
2801529072	Eutrophication	Process of increasing the nutrients in lakes and thus decreases oxygen and clarity	12
2801530342	Light and nutrients	Limits of primary production in aquatic ecosystems	13
2801530559	Temperature and moisture	Limits of primary production in terrestrial ecosystems	14
2801531504	Secondary Production	Amount of chemical energy in a consumer's food that is converted to their own new biomass in a period of time	15
2801532476	Net Secondary Production	The gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R).	16
2801534719	Production Efficiency	Percent of energy stored in assimilated food which is not used for respiration	17
2801535526	Trophic Efficiency	Percent of production transferred from one level to the next, only about 10%	18
2801539386	Biogeochemical Cycles	Cycling of nutrients involving both biotic and abiotic factors	19
2801543926	Carbon Cycle	Key processes in this cycle involve photosynthesis and cellular respiration.	20
2801547740	Phosphorous Cycle	Key processes include weathering, leaching, and decomposition/ excretion	21
2801551116	Nitrogen Cycle	Key processes include dentrification, ammonification, nitrification, and fixation	22
2801580097	Nitrogen fixation	Conversion of N2 into forms of nitrogen that can be used by organisms	23
2801582174	Nitrification	Process by which bacteria oxidizes NH4 into nitrite and then nitrate	24
2801583709	Denitrification	Bacteria releases nitrogen back into the air	25
2801584032	Bioremediation	Using organisms like prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems	26
2801585536	Biological Augmentation	Adding organisms to speed up succession of ecosystem	27
2909305021	Evapotranspiration	Amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape	28

Powered by Quizlet.com

Campbell Biology 7th Edition Chapter 54 Ecosystems Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2804562853	Detritivores	mainly bacteria and fungi, recycle rotting matter for essential chemical elements	0
2804562854	Energy flow	enters an ecosystem as light and exits as heat	1
2804562855	Gross primary production (GPP)	Total primary production in an ecosystem	2
2804562856	Net primary production (NPP)	Is equal to GPP minus the energy used by the primary producers for respiration	3
2804562857	Consumers only have access to energy from this	Net primary production (NPP)	4
2804562858	Light and Nutrients	Are important limits in controlling primary production in marine and freshwater ecosystems	5
2804562859	What nutrients are limited in marine primary production?	Nitrogen and Phosphorus	6
2804562860	eutrophication	a process where water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth e.g.nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage,into an aquatic system	7
2804562861	Trophic efficiency	percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next	8
2804562862	secondary production of an ecosystem	Is the amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period of time	9
2804562863	Energy transfer between trophic levels	is inefficient, usually less than 20% efficient between levels	10
2804562864	The trophic levels consist of	Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers	11
2804562865	Most biomass pyramids:	Show a sharp decrease of biomass produced at successively higher trophic levels (except phytoplankton vs zooplankton biomass)	12
2804562866	Biomass	biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials	13
2804562867	green world hypothesis	Terrestrial herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by a variety of factors	14
2804562868	A Factor that supports green world hypothesis that herbivores are limited in the amount of biomass they consume is:	Plants have defenses against herbivores e.g. unedible	15
2804562869	Factors that support the green world hypothesis that herbivores are limited in the amount of biomass they consume are:	that Nutrients, not energy supply, usually limit herbivores, Abiotic factors limit herbivores, Intraspecific competition can limit herbivore numbers, Interspecific interactions check herbivore densities	16
2804562870	Nutrient circuits that cycle matter through an ecosystem:	Involve both biotic and abiotic components and are often called biogeochemical cycles	17
2804562871	These nutrients cycle on a local level	Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, potassium, and calcium	18
2804562872	These nutrients cycle on a global level	Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen	19
2804562873	Detrivores	are decomposers that play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling	20
2804562874	The main nutrient lost through agriculture	Nitrogen	21

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 55 {Campbell Biology} Flashcards

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Terms : Hide Images

4330752646	Ecosystem	All organisms in a given area and the abiotic factors with which they interact; involves energy flow and chemical cyling	0
4330752647	Law of Conservation of Mass	Matter cannot be created or destroyed	1
4330752648	Primary Producers	Autotrophs, usually photosynthetic, who create sugars to use as food	2
4330752649	Primary Consumers	Herbivores who eat producers	3
4330752650	Secondary Consumers	Carnivores that eat herbivores	4
4330752651	Tertiary Consumers	Carnivores that eat carnivores	5
4330752652	Detritivore (Decomposer)	Heterotrophs that gain energy from detritus	6
4330771858	detritus	nonliving organic material, such as the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood	7
4330752653	Primary Production	Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period	8
4330752654	Gross Primary Production	Total primary production in an ecosystem (i.e amount of glucose produced during photosynthesis)	9
4330752655	Net Primary Production	GPP minus the energy used by primary producers for cellular respiration (i.e. biomass that is added to the plant which consumers can now eat) NPP = GPP - Ra NPP = GPP/2	10
4330780471	autotrophic respiration	Ra	11
4330752656	Net Ecosystem Production	Measure of total biomass accumulated in a given time period. GPP - Rt	12
4330788911	total respiration of all organisms in the system	Rt	13
4330752657	Limiting Nutrient	Element that must be added for production to increases	14
4330752658	Eutrophication	Process of increasing the nutrients in lakes and thus decreases oxygen and clarity	15
4330752659	Light and nutrients	Limits of primary production in aquatic ecosystems	16
4330752660	Temperature and moisture	Limits of primary production in terrestrial ecosystems	17
4330752661	Secondary Production	Amount of chemical energy in a consumer's food that is converted to their own new biomass in a period of time	18
4330752662	Net Secondary Production	The gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R).	19
4330752663	Production Efficiency	Percent of energy stored in assimilated food which is not used for respiration	20
4330752664	Trophic Efficiency	Percent of production transferred from one level to the next, only about 10%	21
4330752665	Biogeochemical Cycles	Cycling of nutrients involving both biotic and abiotic factors	22
4330752666	Carbon Cycle	Key processes in this cycle involve photosynthesis and cellular respiration.	23
4330752667	Phosphorous Cycle	Key processes include weathering, leaching, and decomposition/ excretion	24
4330752668	Nitrogen Cycle	Key processes include dentrification, ammonification, nitrification, and fixation	25
4330752669	Nitrogen fixation	Conversion of N2 into forms of nitrogen that can be used by organisms	26
4330752670	Nitrification	Process by which bacteria oxidizes NH4 into nitrite and then nitrate	27
4330752671	Denitrification	Bacteria releases nitrogen back into the air	28
4330752672	Bioremediation	Using organisms like prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems	29
4330752673	Biological Augmentation	Adding organisms to speed up succession of ecosystem	30
4330752674	Evapotranspiration	Amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape	31

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

Chapter 55: Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards

Ecosystems Ecology Flashcards

Food Chains and Food Webs (Source: The Princeton Review--APES Book) Flashcards

Bio I Ch 15 Tufts Flashcards

Biology 2: FINAL EXAM Ch. 55 Flashcards

Chapter 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology Flashcards

Ch. 19 & 20 Flashcards

Chapter 55 {Campbell Biology} Flashcards

Campbell Biology 7th Edition Chapter 54 Ecosystems Flashcards

Chapter 55 {Campbell Biology} Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org