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AP US History -Review Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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782487173The CrusadesHad whetted the petites of Europeans for the luxury goods provided by Asia, further encouraging exploration.0
782487174Albany CongressWhich colonies attempted to coordinate their policies concerning further westward settlement and concerning Native Americans.1
782487175Chancellor of the ExchequerHad a large hand in creating policy concerning the American colonies, decided to follow policies of Green village and try to extract more income for government from colonial trade.2
782487176Samuel AdamsEstablished a committee of Correspondence designed to share info on British activities in the Americas and share other important info on British activities in the Americas and share other important info, was the first permanent machinery of protest in colonies.3
782487177Second Continental CongressClear to get American colonies for war it authorized the printing of paper money to buy supplies for the war, established a committee to surprise foreign relation with other countries created a continental army.4
782487178William & Mary of OrangePledged their support to a parliamentary system, believed in firm control by Britain over colonial affairs.5
782487179George I , George IIHelped foster a desire for more self-government in the American colonies. British politics during this era weakened the British control in the Americas.6
782487180Alexander HamiltonArtillery took part in Washington's successful capture of Trenton, New Jersey. He was elected to the New York legislature.7
782487181James MadisonScholar and member of Virginia legislature behind the Virginia Plan.8
782487182Constitutional ConventionIn 1787 and 55 delegates from different states met to create the Constitution for the federal republic.9
7824871833/5 CompromiseThe three-fifths compromise was designed by the new national government during the Convention when slave states in the South wanted to count the slave votes in their total population for determining their representation of the state in House of Representatives They deciding that three-fifths or the slave states would be counted.10
782487184Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights were created when the Constitution was being written and James Madison did not want to include the bill thinking it would limit the rights of the citizens. First their were 12 amendments proposed but only 10 were ratified and added to the Bill of Rights protecting the citizens.11
782487185Laissez-faire economic policyThe Laissez-faire economic policy was favored by the Republicans which involved Thomas Jefferson who at the time was part of the Washington administration as Secretary of State. He believe that American should remain largely agricultural with industry serving only as "a handmaiden to agriculture".12
782487186Marbury v. MadisonIn 1803 the Supreme Courts power was increased during the Marbury vs. Madison decision where the court had the right of juridical review of any federal laws to decided weather or not it was constitutional.13
782487187Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase was massive land purchase from Emperor Napoleon of France. This purchase double the size of the United States. Jefferson fear that the purchase would decrease their economic and political power.14
782487188War of 1812This was the war between the British and the Americans. A treaty was placed to end the war and it restored relations between the two countries. The war was June of 1812, Federalist opposed the war the saw Great Britain as potential trading partners15
782487189Missouri CompromiseSlavery was growing more urgent and when settlers were moving west they wanted to know it those territories would be free or slave states.Debates in Congress started when Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state. The Compromise was created by Henry Clay where Maine joined the Union as a free slave and then any states north of Louisiana 36 degrees and 30 minutes could join as free states.16
782487190Monroe DoctrineThis was a proclamation that Western hemisphere were not considered subjects of future colonization by the European power. "America was beginning to consider itself a major world power", this was stated by President Monroe in 1823.17
782487191Indian Removal ActThis Act was referred to as the Removal Act of 1830 when Native Americans were moved west of the Mississippi River. This removal was also known as the "Trail of Tears".18
782487192Trail of Tears20,000 members of the Cherokee tribe were forced to march their new designated homes in Oklahoma. This was in 1838 when federal troops forced the tribe west, many died from hunger, disease or exhaustion during this painful journey.19
782487193Whig partyThis was a political party in 1834 during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Whigs opposed Jackson's use of the spoils system and the extensive power held by him. Whig's favored an activist federal government.20
782487194Manifest DestinyThis was a term first use in the 1840s. It was the concept of America's expansion westward stated by journalist John O'Sullivan "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for free development of our yearly multiplying millions"21
782487195US-Mexico WarThe war started because both American and Mexico wanted possession of Texas. The war ended by American getting the northern part of Texas territory and the territories of New Mexico and California.22
782487196Compromise of 1850This was a agreement that temporarily settled tensions between the Northern and Southern political leaders and prevented secession crisis. The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthen to help the North and California entered the Union as a free state.23
782487197Kansas-Nebraska ActThis act of 1854 was created by Stephen Douglas which allowed the settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to decided if they were free or slave states.24
782487198Dred Scott decisionSupreme Court case stating that man who was born a slave but lived in both non-slave and a non-slave territory and they were then deciding if he had legal freedom. In 1857 the Court ruled that slaves were not people but property and could not be citizens of the United States.25
782487199Navigation Acts1660 measures passed by Charles II that were designed to increase the dependent of the colonies on England for trade. Charles mandated that certain goods like tobacco should be sold only to England. Colonies had to send merchandise to England on England ships.26
782487200Indentured ServantsLegal arrangements to work for somebody, usually 3-10 years for a free passage to the American colonies. Many early Virginia colony settlers.27
782487201Middle PassageAfrican slaves brought to Americas, South Carolina in 1739. Many brought diseases and 20% didn't make the trip.28
782487202Stono RebellionSlave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina in 1739. 100 slaves killed plantation owners. slaves were treated more harshly after.29
782487203Salem Witch TrialsIn 1692 many would be put on trail for strange behavior or suspicion of witchcraft . 120 men, women, and children were arrested in Salem. Many of the accusers were farmers and the ones accused were locals interested in the commercial part of the town.30
782487204Great Awakening: 1720-40Minister of the movement claimed that local ministers were not devoted enough to God and practiced "cold" preaching. Entire congregation were stirred ti greater religious devotion. The movement introduced a sense of social equality to the colonies.31
782487205Salutary NeglectAS long as the American colonies remained politically loyal and continued their trade with Great Britain, the British government would relax re-enforcement of various measures restricting colonial activity enacted in the 1600's.32
782487206French & Indian WarThe British and the French fought for the right to expand their empire in the Americas. Colonists and Native Americans on both sides of the war.33
782487207Stamp ActPassed in 1765 to help pay for the British army in North America, under which all legal documents in te colonies had to be issued on officially stamped paper.34
782487208Boston Tea PartyIn response to the Tea Act and additional British taxes on tea, Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans threw nearly 350 chests of tea into the Boston harbor on December 16, 1773.35
782487209Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770 a confrontation occurred, with laborers throwing snowballs filled with rocks at soldiers. Soldiers shot back, killed 5 men and wounded 8.36
782487210Continental Congress56 delegates from every colony met up except Georgia, in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. Also said to train militia and to get ready for war.37
782487211Common SenseVery popular in 1776 publication in the colonies written by Englishman, Thomas Pain, who had come to Americas in 1774, repudiated the entire concept of government by monarchy.38
782487212Declaration of IndependenceIn 1776, in Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson wrote a document that declared sovereignty to the people of America and declared independence from Greta Britain.39
782487213Articles of ConfederationRatified in 1781, this document established the first official government of the U.S: allowed possessing much power to remain in the states. Federal government limited powers.40
782487214Fort SumterFederal fort located in Charleston harbor.41
782487215Confederate States of AmericaIt was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by southern slave states. The seceded from the union because up north slavery wasn't legal and they did not want to free there slaves.42
782487216Emancipation ProclamationJanuary, 1 1863, proclamation that freed slaves in Southern territories was controlled by the Union army; this executive proclamation by president Lincoln also committed the Union to the abolition of slavery.43
782487217AppomatoxVirginia courthouse where General Robert E. Lee surrender Confederate forces of April 9, 186544
78248721813th Amendmentpassed after the civil war and ended slavery45
78248721914th Amendmentgave citizenship regardless of race if you were born in the us46
78248722015th Amendmentgave voting rights for everyone regardless of race.47
782487221ReconstructionPeriod after the Civil War which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the union.48
782487222Radical Republicanscongressional group that wished to punish the South for it's secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South.49
782487223Black CodesLaws adopted by the southern states in the Reconstruction era that greatly limited the freedom of Southern blacks; in several states blacks could not move, own land, or do anything but farm.50
782487224Andrew Johnsonohnson was vice president under Lincoln, six weeks after Johnson was inaugurated Lincoln was assassinated. He took a moderate approach to restoring the South to the Union, and clashed with Radical Republicans. In 1868, he was impeached by Congress, but he was not removed from office.51
782487225Freedmen's BureauThe Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by Congress in March 1865 to assist for one year in the transition from slavery to freedom in the South.52
782487226Ku Klux Klanfounded in Tennessee in 1866; it's oftentimes violent actions during the Reconstruction era represented the resentments felt by many white southerners toward the changing political, social and economic conditions of the Reconstruction era.53
782487227CarpetbaggersNortherners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by carpetbaggers during this period.54
782487228Compromise of 1877political compromise ending the disputed presidential election of 1876; by terms of this compromise Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana & South Carolina, thus giving him the presidency.55
782487229Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution (1820-1870) was of great importance to the economic development of the United States. It refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and factory.56
782487230Labor unionsan organization of wage earners or salaried employees for mutual aid and protection and for dealing collectively with employers; trade union.57
782487231Gilded AgeA depiction late-nineteenth-century America that emphasizes a surface of great prosperity hiding problems of social inequality and cultural shallowness.'58
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American Pageant 13th Edition Chapter 6 Flashcards

Flashcards for Chapter 6. It may be a bit too thorough since some of the questions are on some insignificant occurrences but there are around 5 questions from each section of the chapter.

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1709101699Protestant HuguenotsFrench Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France.0
1709101700King Louis XIVAbsolute French monarch who reigned for seventy-two years.1
1709101701BeaverAnimal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological cost.2
1709101702JesuitsFrench Catholic missionary order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians.3
1709101703Coureurs de BoisFar-running, high-living French fur trappers4
1709101704Jenkin's EarPart of a certain British naval officer's anatomy that set off an imperial war with Spain.5
1709101705Fortress LouisburgStrategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759.6
1709101706Ohio River ValleyInland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists.7
1709101707GermanyBloodiest European threater of the Seven Years' War, where Frederick the Great's troops drained French strength away from North America.8
1709101708Albany CongressUnification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly inspired to success by eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry.9
1709101709George WashingtonMilitary aide of British General Braddock and defender of the frontier after Braddock's defeat.10
1709101710QuebecFortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France.11
1709101711minute menThe "buckskin" colonial soldiers whose military success did nothing to alter British officers' contempt.12
1709101712OttawaAllies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement in 1763.13
17091017137 Years WarThe larger European struggle of which the French and Indian War was part.14
1709101714Samuel de ChamplainThe Father of New France, who established a fateful alliance with the Huron Indians.15
1709101715Robert de la SalleFrench empire builder who explored the Mississippi basin and named it after his monarch.16
1709101717War of Austrian SuccessionConflict that started with the War of Jenkins Ear and ended with return of Louisburg to France.17
1709101718Fort DuquesneStrategic French stronghold, later renamed after a great British statesman.18
1709101719George WashingtonMilitia commander whose frontier skirmish touched off a World War19
1709101720Benjamin FranklinAdvocate of colonial unity at the unsuccessful Albany Congress.20
1709101721General BraddockBlundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early phase of the war.21
1709101722William PittSplendid British political orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in the North America.22
1709101723Plains of AbrahamSite of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New world empire also perished23
1709101724Seven Years' WarConflict that, in Europe, pitted France against Britain's ally Frederick the Great of Prussia.24
1709101725PontiacIndian leader whose frontier uprising caused British to attempt to limit colonial frontier expansion.25
1709101726Proclamation of 1763British Document that aroused colonial anger but failed to stop frontier expansion.26
1709101727New OrleansStrategic French outpost at the mouth of the Mississippi River.27
1709101728Acadians (Cajuns)French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by the victorious British & shipped to Louisiana28
1719460426Edict of NantesFrench Protestants were granted toleration by the29
17194604271608Quebec established in30
1719460428King William's War and Queen Anne's WarThe English colonists fought the French coureurs de bois and their Indian allies.31
1719460429Fort NecessityWashington's hastily constructed Fort32
1719460430Battle of Quebec175933
1719460431Peace Treaty at Paris176334
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AP US history new world beginnings terms Flashcards

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1665175352marco polo(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.0
1665175353francisco pizarroA Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him (atahualpa) and took over the Inca empire1
1665175354juan ponce de leonSpanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.2
1665175355montezumaAztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.3
1665175356christopher columbusAn Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.4
1665175357hernan cortes1519 he led soldiers to Tenochtitlan, placed it under siege with help of natives, defeated Aztec empire and began Spanish empire in Mesoamerica5
1665175358francisco coronadoA Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.6
1665175359robert de la salleFrenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV7
1665175360jacques cartier1491-1557 French explorer who began the first of his voyages to Canada in search of the NorthWest Passage. During his second voyage, 1535-1536, Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as the present site of Quebec city. Cartier's voyages established France's claims to North America.8
1665175361giovanni de verrazanoAn explorer in service of the French, who explored the Atlantic Coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor. (in search for a northwest passage)9
1665175362john cabotEnglish explorer who claimed Newfoundland (canada) for England while looking for Northwest Passage (unsuccessful)10
1665175363vasco nunez balboaSpanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama11
1665175364ferdinand of aragonAlong with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.12
1665175365isabella of castileMarried Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 to unite the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Together, they subdued their realms, secured their borders, Christianized Spain and venture abroad. They conquered the Moors and Granada and Naples in Italy. Also, they won the allegiance of the Hermanidad, a powerful league of cities and towns that served them against stubborn land owners. They exercised almost total control over the Spanish church as they placed religion in the service of national unity. They appointed higher clergy and established the Inquisition. They arranged several anti-French marriage alliances and promoted overseas exploration by sponsoring Christopher Columbus13
1665175366quetzalcoatl(Nahuatil: Feathered Serpent) Mesoamerican creator god worshiped at Teotihuacan and by the Toltecs; believed by the Aztecs to have presided over a golden age. This god's earthly representative was Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl (Nahuatl: Our Young Prince the Feathered Serpent), a legendary Toltec priest-king14
1665175367bartholomeu dias1450-1500. Circumnavigated Africa using the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean in 1487-1488, driven by desire to find faster trade routes in the far east.15
1665175368hiawathalegendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.16
1665175369bartolome de las casasA Catholic missionary (first bishop of chiapas) who renounced the Spanish practice of coercively converting Indians and advocated the better treatment for them. In 1552, he wrote "A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies", which described the Spanish's cruel treatment of the Indians.17
1665175370ferdinand magellan(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.18
1665523937vasco de gamaThis Portuguese sea captain sailed around the Cape of Africa and went on to reach India in 1498. He thus established the first all-sea route to sites of valuable trade.19
1665523938renaissance"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome: 1300-145020
1665523939mestizosA person of mixed Native American and European ancestory21
1665523940treaty of tordesillas1494: divided the Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west22
1665523941"three sister" farmingBy the time the cultivation of maize had reached the southeastern Atlantic around 1,000 B.C., it had changed dramatically. Instead of just growing the corn, the Creek Choctaw, and Cherokee indians all created a new way of farming in which corn was grown, beans were grown on the stalks of the corn, and squash underneath. Large amounts of these crops were produced through this way.23
1665523942great ice ageBeginning about 2 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago, the Ice Age was not only responsible for reshaping the North American landscape into almost exactly what we know it to be today, but it was also responsible for North America's human history; when the sea-level dropped about 35,000 years ago due to the oceans congealing into ice glaciers, the Bering Strait - a land bridge connecting Asia and North America - was uncovered. Asian nomads chased game across the bridge into the Americas until the sea rose above the land bridge again when the ice melted about 10,000 years ago24
1665523943canadian shieldA huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada.25
1665523944mound buildersnative american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places26
1665523945spanish armada"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.27
1665523946black legendConcept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit28
1665523947conquistadoresSpanish for conquerors. Men who traveled extensively through the Americas, leading small armies of men, and who established themselves as imperial rulers. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.29
1665523948aztecsA Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.30
1665523949pope's rebellionAn Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.31
1665523950pueblo indiansLived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe, Indians of New Mexico who Oñate took the lands of for Spain. Over time relations between them and Spain improved and substantial numbers were converted to Christianity under the influence of Spanish missionaries and they had a trading relationship with the Spanish. Important because these Indians were able to exist with the Spanish for a long time before the Spanish continued exploitation, leading to the Pueblo revolts beginning in 1608.32
1665523951iroquois confederacya powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida33
1665523952cartographyscience or art of making maps34
1665523953native americansAlso known as the American Indians; descendants of Asian migrants to North America, who travelled through Siberia and Russia to the Bering Strait chasing prey and later on settled throughout the americas35
1665523954vinelanda test that measure communication, socialization, daily living skills, motor skills, and maladaptive behaviors of people from early childhood to adulthood36
1665523955st. augustine, floridaSpanish erected fortress; erected 1565; oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the modern USA37
1665523956kivaA circular area, sometimes underground, where tribe members talk, work, or perform religious ceremonies.38
1665523957spice islandsEuropeans' name for the Moluccas, islands in Southeast Asia rich in cloves and nutmeg39
1665523958moorsA Muslim people who were kicked out of Spain by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile after years of Christian-Islamic warfare, the group of Muslims from North Africa who conquered Spain in the eighth century40
1665523959ecosystemA system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment41
1665523960encomiendaA grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.42
1665523961malinchistaA traitor. The word is taken from the name of the Indian wife of one of Hernan Cortes's soldiers, Malinche; she was Cortes's translator and ultimately made it possible for Hernan to conquer the Aztecs43
1665523962dia de la razaColumbus Day (October 12th, 1492); the day which Mexicans celebrate as the day the mestizo race was created44
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Midterm Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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4117223958run of the millaverage, ordinary0
4117223959the cream of the cropthe best of the group1
4117223961keep one's fingers crossedhope for positive result2
4117223962knuckle downbecome serious about one's work3
4117223963one's first crack at somethingone's first attempt at something4
4117223966slateschedule5
4117223967look into somethinginvestigate something6
4117223970up todoing, occupied with7
4117223971hook up with someonemeet someone8
4117223972hitchproblem9
4117223973two's company, three's a crowda third person isn't welcome10
4117223974ditch someonelose someone on purpose11
4117223975pull one's legjoke, kid12
4117223978make a fuss over somethingoverreact, go over the top13
4117223979crusheddevastated, emotionally destroyed14
4117223980getting ongetting old15
4117223981young at hearthave a youthful attitude16
4117223983doesn't look half badlooks pretty good17
4117223986chow down on something (to)eat something18
4117223987i don't know how to break this to youi don't know how to tell this to you19
4117223988something is on mei'll pay for you20
4117223989never let someone live something downnever let someone forget something21
4117223990let someone off the hooklet someone avoid punishment22
4117223992let someone downdisappoint someone23
4117223994come tocost, the total bill24
4117223995rip someone offovercharge someone25
4117223996jack-of-all-tradesa multitalented laborer26
4117223997in mint conditionin perfect condions27
4117224000in the buffin the nude, in the raw, naked28
4117224003stay on one's good side (to)make someone have a favorable opinion of you29
4117224004in the long runin the long term, over a long period of time30
4117224005doughcash, money31
4117224006work outexercise32
4117224008pop by somewhere (to)visit somewhere33
4117224009decadentindulgent34
4117224010fill me ingive me the details35
4117224011humongousenormous, gigantic, huge, immense36
4117224012pin someone up against somethingpush someone up against something37
4117224014stretch one's legsexcercise one's legs after a period of inactivity38
4117224016boozealcohol, liquor39
4117224017pester someoneconstantly harass/bother someone40
4117224020B.O.bad body odor41
4117224022on the bright sideon the positive side42
4117224023safe and soundsafely43
4117224024spoiledpamperde, get anything one wants44
4117224027settle downcalm down45
4117224028burst into tearsstart to cry suddenly and loudly46
4117224030get over something or someonerecover from something or someone47
4117224032come across somethingfind something by accident48
4117224033feel at homefeel comfortable in a new place49
4117224034put something behind someoneforget about a bad experience50
4117224035in no timequickly, soon51
4117224036bundle of nervesvery nervous52
4117224038keyed upvery nervous53
4117224039knot in one's stomacha nervous feeling in the stomach54
4117224046play it safebe careful55
4117224047as far as someone knowsto the best of one's knowledge56
4117224048get off the beaten pathgo to an area not visited by most people57
4117224049run out of somethinguse up all something58
4117224050bundlea lot of money59
4117224051wipe out somethingdestroy something60
4117224052shopping spreeshopping binge, shop a lot61
4117224053in checkunder control62
4117224054run up a billget into debt, spend a lot of money63
4117224055take it from metrust me64
4117224056draga bore65
4117224057kitty-cornerdiagonal in location66
4117224058take a breaktake a rest67
4117224059strollwalk slowly, saunter, wander68
4117224060check out something/someonelook at something/someone69
4117224061cover a lot of groundtravel a great distance70
4117224062know something like the back of one's handbe very familiar with something71
4117224063hit the booksstudy hard72
4117224064go over somethingreview something73
4117224066mind like a steel trapremembers everything74
4117224067on the tip of one's tonguecan almost remember it75
4117224068mull something overconsider, think something over76
4117224069hung up onstuck on something/ someone, unable to continue77
4117224070what's-(his/her)-faceused when a person's name can't be remembered78
4117224071come down hardpunish harshly79
4117224072tell someone offscold someone verbally80
4117224073chew someone outscold someone verbally (harshly)81
4117224074badmouth someonesay negative things about someone82
4117224075have it in forwant to harm or criticize83
4117224076run into someonemeet someone by accident84
4117224079come down with somethingget a cold or other illness85
4117224080come up with somethingthink of something86
4117224081vividcolorful, vibrant87
4117224082coming alongprogressing88
4117224084surf the netuse the internet89
4117224086hit somewhereVisit somewhere90
4117224089jam-packedCrowded,mobbed91
4117224090snap up somethingBuy/take something quickly92
4117224091right up one's alleyPerfectly suited to someone93
4117224092take inReduce the waist size of one's pants/skirt94
4117224093runCost95
4117224094steepExpensive96
4117224095shell outFork out,spend97
4117224099have one's name on itPerfectly suited to someone98
4117224100long goneBought/left/taken a long time ago99
4117224101get a load of something/someoneLook at something/someone100
4117224102clashDo not match in color or design101
4117224103there's no accounting for tasteThere's no explaining someone's style102
4117224104full of oneselfArrogant,conceited,smug,snobby103
4117224105dressed to killDressed up104
4117224106last resortA final option105
4117224107shoot one's mouth offSpeak in an inappropriate manner106
4117224108dressed to the ninesDressed up107
4117224109sell oneself shortUnderestimate oneself108
4117224110for the time beingFor now109
4117224111hit the spotSatisfying110
4117224112melt in one's mouthFood that easily dissolves in one's mouth111
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Geometry 1: Tools of Geometry Flashcards

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2811249357undefined terma point, line, or plane because they can only be explained using examples and descriptions0
2811249358pointLocation in space, it has no size1
2811250298lineA collection of an infinite number of points in a straight pathway with unlimited length and having no width.2
2811250299planea flat surface that extends forever3
2811250628collinearpoints on the same line4
2811250629coplanarpoints that lie in the same plane5
2811251275spaceThe set of all points6
2811252466line segmenta part of a line with two endpoints. It is named by its 2 endpoints.7
2811252832betweeness of pointsA point is "between" 2 other points only when all three points are collinear8
2811253666congruent segmentsline segments that have the same measure9
2811253667constructionA geometric drawing that uses a limited set of tools, usually a compass and straightedge.10
2811255388distanceLength of a path between two points11
2811255830midpointA point that divides a segment into two congruent segments12
2811255831segment bisectora segment, ray, line, or plane that intersects a segment at its midpoint13
2811256781raya part of a line that starts at one endpoint and extends forever14
2811256782angleA figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint15
2811257130vertexA point where two or more straight lines meet.16
2811257131degreea unit used to measure angles, equal to 1/360th of the circumference of a circle17
2811257581right anglean angle that measures exactly 90 degrees18
2811257582acute anglean angle that measures less than 90 degrees19
2811258031obtuse anglean angle that measures greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees20
2811258032adjacent anglesAngles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner point).21
2811258621linear paira pair of adjacent angles whose non-common sides are opposite rays22
2811260067vertical anglestwo nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines23
2811260068complementary angleshave a sum of 90 degrees24
2811261161supplementary angleshave a sum of 180 degrees25
2811261162perpendicularIntersecting at or forming right angles26
2811261602polygonA closed plane figure formed by three or more line segments that intersect only at their endpoints.27
2811262051vertex of a polygonthe point where two sides of a polygon meet28
2811263657equilateral polygona polygon with all sides congruent29
2811263658regular polygona polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular30
2811264286perimeterThe sum of the lengths of the sides of a polygon.31
2811264287circumferenceThe distance around a circle32
2811264954areaThe number of square units needed to cover a given surface33
2811265615polyhedrona solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces34
2811265616facea polygon side of a solid figure35
2811266247edgeThe line along which two surfaces of a solid meet.36
2811266826prismA solid figure that has two congruent, parallel polygons as its bases. Its sides are parallelograms37
2811267575pyramidA solid shape with a polygon as a base and triangular faces that come to a point (vertex or apex)38
2811267576cylindera solid with congruent circular bases that lie in parallel planes39
2811267946coneA solid figure that has a circlular base and a single vertex.40
2811267947sphereA solid shape that is perfectly round like a ball. No faces, edges, or vertices.40
2811269002regular polyhedrona convex polyhedron in which all of the faces are congruent regular polygons41
2811269407surface areathe sum of the areas of all the faces of a solid figure42
2811269003Platonic solida convex polyhedron in which all of the faces are congruent regular polygons43
2811269879volumeAmount of space an object takes up44
2813983465neta 2-dimensional diagram that can be folded to forma a 3-dimensional shape45
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AMERICAN HISTORY BRINKLEY CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

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2746016810The Indian empire that dominated modern Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest was the?Aztec0
2746016811At the time of the Spanish conquest, the economies of most of the Native Americans in South and Central America and Mexico were based on?Agriculture1
2746016812the eastern third of what is now the United States was inhabited by the?Woodland Indians2
2746016813Indian religions were?Tied closely to the natural world3
2746016814Indian societies in North America tended to?Divide tasks according ot gender4
2746016815Europe during the Middle Ages were?Too divided and decentralized to inspire great ventures5
2746016816Paralleling the rise of commerce in Europe, and in part responsible for it, was?the rise of united and powerful nation-states6
2746016817The first nation to fund exploriation beyond Europe was?Portugal7
2746016818Partly because of Columbus's voyages, Spain?Replaced Portugal as the foremost seafaring nation8
2746016819Through a combo of daring, brutality, and greed the conquistadors?made possible the creation of a Spanish empire in America9
2746016820The indians' conversion to Catholicism?most natives continued to practice their own religious rituals10
2746016821The Pueblo Revolt of 1680?allowed the Pueblos to regain temporary political control of their communities11
2746016822The first result of the meeting of native and European cultures was the?Importation of European diseases12
2746016823This was more important to Europe than gold and silver found in the new world.Importation of new crops that would feed larger numbers of people13
2746016824In matrilineal Indian and African societieswoman play a major, often dominant, role14
2746016825The Afriacan slave trade began in?the 8th century AD15
2746016826In the 16th century the market for slaves grew because?The rising European demand for sugar cane16
2746016827What were the reasons for English colonization?Escape religious strife, Escape the economic transformation, find new markets for English products, to defeat the Spanish Armada17
2746016828The members of the Church of England who proclaimed that the church ahd not given up Rome's offensive beliefs are?Puritans18
2746016829As a result of their experiences in Ireland, the English believed that?they must retain a rigid seperation from the native population.19
2746016830The country that produced the most successful fur traders and trappers wasThe French20
2746016831the first permanent English settlement was?Jamestown, Virginia21
2746016832The man to whom Queen Elizabeth granted the land on which the "lost colony" was planted was?Walter Raliegh22
2746016833In 1606, James I gave the exclusive right to colonize along the southeast coast to a group of London merchants. T/FTrue23
2746016834The large Indian trading center in the Mississippi River Valley near present-day St. Louis was Cahokia. T/FTrue24
2746016835The Iroquois Confederation consisted of tribes in the southernmost region of the eastern seaboard. T/FFalse25
2746016836Cortés might not have been able to defeat the Aztecs had it not been for an epidemic of smallpox that decimated the native population. T/FTrue26
2746016837The oldest permanent European settlement in the present-day United States is St. Augustine. T/FTrue27
2746016838New Mexico became one of the most important provinces in Spanish America. T/FFalse28
2746016839The riches of America ultimately hurt Spain because they caused that country to ignore attempts to promote agricultural and domestic growth in the colonies. T/FTrue29
2746016840The most important Native American crop brought back by the Europeans was squash. T/FFalse30
2746016841Europeans felt justified in their treatment of the Indians because they considered the Indians uncivilized savages. T/FTrue31
2746016842Spaniards seldom intermarried with the Native Americans. T/FFalse32
2746016843Today it is generally believed that there were fewer Native Americans when the Europeans arrived than there were a century later. T/FFalse33
2746016844Mercantilism was a theory that discouraged nations from having colonies. T/FFalse34
2746016845Joint-stock companies were the means by which investors could share the risks and the profits of colonizing ventures. T/FTrue35
2746016846The doctrine that God "elected" some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation was preached by Martin Luther. T/FFalse36
2746016847The English Reformation began with a political dispute between king and pope not with a religious dispute over matters of theology. T/FTrue37
2746016848England's first experience with colonization was in Virginia. T/FFalse38
2746016849The first Europeans to settle in the Hudson River Valley were the Dutch. T/FFalse39
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Prescott's Microbiology Chapters 9-12 Flashcards

Lecture test #3

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3219224430Paul EhrlichInterested in dyes that could destroy microbes0
3219224431Gerhard DomajkDiscovered sulfa drugs1
3219224432Alexander FlemingRediscovered penicillin2
3219224433Selman WaksmanDiscovered streptomycin (an antibiotic)3
3219224434Selective toxicityKills or inhibits the pathogen while doing as little damage as possible to the host cell4
3219224435Theraputic doseDrug level required for a chemical treatment of a particular infection5
3219224436Toxic doseDrug level @ which the agent becomes too toxic for the host6
3219224437Therapeutic indexToxic dose divided by theraputic dose. The larger, the better the drug.7
3219224438Semi-syntheticNatural antibiotics that have been structurally modified by the addition of chemical groups to make them less susceptible to stomach acids and inactivation by pathogens8
3219224439Narrow range of effectivenessEffective only against a limited variety of pathogens9
3219224440Broad range of effectivenessAttacks lots of different kinds of bacteria10
3219224441Minimal inhibitory concentrationLowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen11
3219224442Minimal lethal concentrationLowest drug concentration that kills the pathogen12
3219224443Inhibitors of cell wall synthesisPenicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, teicoplanin13
3219224444Inhibitors of protein sythensisAminoglycocides, tetracyclines, macrolides, chloramphenicol14
3219224445Metabolic anagonistsAntagonize or block the functioning of metabolic pathways; sulfa drugs and trimethoprim15
3219224446Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitionBlock replication or transcription; quinolones16
3219224447Hard to kill and differentiate from your cellsWhy is it important to remember that fungi are eukaryotic cells?17
3219224448Aspects of metabolismKnow these: 1. Life obeys the 1st & 2nd law of thermodynamics 2. Energy currency for cells = ATP 3. Oxidation reduction reactions are important 4. Chemical rxns are organized into pathways 5. Each rxn is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribosyme 6. Biochemical pathways are regulated18
3219224449Major types of work a cell needs to do1. Chemical 2. Transport 3. Mechanical19
3219224450Chemical workSynthesis of biomolecules20
3219224451Transport workTake up nutrients, eliminate wastes, maintain ion balance21
3219224452Mechanical workCell motility22
3219224453EnergyThe capacity to do work23
3219224454ThermodynamicsAnalyzes energy changes in a collection of matter24
32192244551st law of thermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed25
32192244562nd law of thermodynamicsWe are headed towards entropy (chaos)26
3219224457EnthalpyChange in heat content27
3219224458Free energy changeAmount of heat in a system28
3219224459Endergonic reactionsAnabolic reactions; take in energy29
3219224460MetabolitesProducts of reactions30
3219224461Biochemical pathwaysSome are linear, some are cyclic, some linear and branched31
3219224462Metabolic pathwaysConnected and form a complex network32
3219224463Exergonic reactionsEnergy is released from a cell's energy source; cells have catalysts that speed up reactions33
3219224464EnzymesProteins, great specificity for the rxn they catalyze34
3219224465SubstratesReacting molecules35
3219224466ProductsSubstances formed36
3219224467By lowering the energy of activationHow do enzymes speed up reactions?37
3219224468Michaelis constantIf more substrate molecules are present, enzyme binds substrate more often and velocity of reaction is greater38
3219224469DenaturationEnzyme structure is disrupted and its activity is lost39
3219224470Competitive inhibitorsDirect competition with the substrate and an inhibitor at the enzyme's active site. Prevents (if inhibitor binds) enzyme from forming product.40
3219224471Non-competitive inhibitorsAffect enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme at some location other than the active sit. Changes the enzyme's shape, making it less active or not active at all.41
3219224472RibozymesLatalytic RNA molecules42
3219224473Metabolic channelingThe localization of metabolites and enzymes into different parts of the cell43
3219224474CompartmentalizationMost common method of metabolic channeling; Differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles44
3219224475Regulation of gene expressionRegulation of the synthesis of a particular enzyme transcription and translation are altered to control the amount of an enzyme present in cell.45
3219224476Allosteric regulationAllosteric enzyme altered by a small molecule known as an allosteric effector. Binds to a regulatory site, not the active site. Causes confirmational change.46
3219224477Positive effectorIncreases enzyme activity47
3219224478Negative effectorDecreases enzyme activity48
3219224479Covalent modification of enzymesOccurs through the addition and removal of a particular chemical group -- methyl, phosphoryl, or adenylyl.49
3219224480Feedback inhibitionA-->B-->C-->D. The enzyme is inhibited BETWEEN A-->B. KNOW HOW TO DRAW THIS!!50
3219224481Autotrophs"Self-feeders" Can make their own food (ex. plants)51
3219224482HeterotrophsOrganic molecules from other organisms (ex. humans)52
3219224483PhototrophsEnergy source = light53
3219224484ChemotrophsOxidation of inorganic or organic compounds54
3219224485LithotrophsReduced inorganic molecules55
3219224486OrganotrophsOrganic molecules56
3219224487Aerobic respirationCan completely metabolize a reduced organic energy source to CO2 using glycolytic pathways and TCA (kreb's) cycle. O2 is the terminal electron acceptor.57
32192244883 main pathways from glucose to pyruvate1. Embden-Meyerhoff (glycolysis) 2. Entner-Doudoroff 3. Pentose-Phosphate58
3219224489Embden-MeyerhoffMost common pathway of glucose to pyruvate. Also known as glycolysis. KNOW THIS PROCESS. Gross gain of 4 ATP. Net gain is 2 ATP.59
3219224490Substrate level phosphorylationResults in formation of ATP by the direct transfer of phosphate to ADP from a phosphorylated reactive intermediate.60
3219224491Oxidative phosphorylationTakes place during cellular respiration. ATP is synthesized during the electron transport chain.61
3219224492Entner-Doudoroff PathywayUsed by soil bacteria, replaces 1st part of Embden-Meyerhoff62
3219224493Pentose-Phosphate PathwayCan be used at same time as the other 2 pathways, can be aerobic or anaerobic.63
3219224494Anaerobic RespirationMost common terminal electron acceptors --> nitrate, sulfate, and CO2. Used for many bacteria, archaea and some eukaryotic microbes64
3219224495Homolactic fermentorsPyruvate reduced to lactate with lactate dehydrogenase65
3219224496Heterolactic fermentorsLots of products other than lactate can produce ethanol and CO2.66
3219224497Alcoholic fermentorsPyruvate decarboxylated (COOH) to acetalaldehyde, then it is reduced to ethanol67
3219224498Mixed acid fermentationThe excretion of ethanol and a mixture of acids --> acetic, lactic, succinic, and formic68
3219224499ChemolithotrophyMicrobes donate electrons to the ETC's by oxidizing inorganic molecules rather than organic69
3219224500MacromoleculesLarge molecules made from small molecules70
3219224501AmphibolicLots of enzymes do double duty -- used in both catabolic and anabolic reactions71
3219224502TrueAnabolism requires energy. True/False72
3219224503CompartmentationCatabolism and anabolism physically separated73
3219224504TrueCatabolism and anabolism often use different cofactors74
3219224505PrecursorGive rise to all other molecules --> carbon skeletons75
3219224506AutotrophsPlants; use CO2 as principal carbon source76
3219224507PhotoautotrophsGet energy by trapping light during the light reaction of photosynthesis.77
3219224508CO2 Fixation Pathways1. Calvin cycle 2. Reductive TCA cycle 3. 3-hydroxypropionate bi-cyle 4. Reductive acetyl CoA-pathway 5. 3-hydroxypropionate-4-hydroxybutyrate 6. dicarboxylate/4-hydroxylbutrate cycle78
3219224509***BE ABLE TO DRAW A GENERIC AMINO ACID, SEE NOTES79
3219224510PeptidoglycanLarge, complex molecules made up of polysaccaride chains.80
3219224511Nitrogen assimilationOnly a few bacteria and archaea can reduce nitrogen gas and use it as a nitrogen source (eukaryotic cells can't). Ex. LEGUMES (beans)81
3219224512Nitrogen fixationThe reduction of atmospheric gaseous nitrogen to ammonia82
3219224513Sulfur assimilationNeeded for AA cysteine and methionine. Also needed for coenzyme A and biotin.83
3219224514Amino acid biosynthetic pathwaySome amino acids are made directly by transanimation of a precursor metabolite.84
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Prescott's Microbiology Chapters 6-8 Flashcards

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3606748188VirusesCan exist intracellularly OR extracellularly.0
3606748189InactiveWhen viruses are extracellular, they are this.1
3606748190IntracellularWhen viruses exist primarily as replicating nucleic acids2
3606748191VirionsComplete virus particle3
3606748192BacteriophagesViruses that infect bacteria4
3606748193NucleocapsidSimplest virion; nucleic acid + capsid5
3606748194CapsidCoating that protects the genome6
3606748195Helical capsidsHollow tubes with protein walls (ex. TMV)7
3606748196Icosahedral capidsRegular polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular faces + 12 vertices8
3606748197CapsomersRing-shaped, morphological unit of which Icosahedral capsids are constructed9
3606748198PentamersHave 5 protomer10
3606748199HexamersHave 6 protomer11
3606748200ProtomersCapsid proteins12
3606748201EnvelopeOuter membranous layer13
3606748202PeptomersScientific name for "spikes". Can be used for attachment to host cell.14
3606748203Viral genomesdsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA15
36067482043,000-4,000How many nucleotides does a small virus have?16
36067482051.2x10^6How many nucleotides does a large virus have?17
3606748206AttachmentFirst step in viral multiplication18
3606748207Entry into the hostSecond step in viral multiplication19
3606748208Synthesis stageThird step in viral multiplication20
3606748209AssemblyFourth step in viral multiplication21
3606748210Virion releaseLast step in viral multiplication22
3606748211VirulentBegin multiplying immediately upon entering the host, then release by lysis23
3606748212TemperateHave 2 options: 1. Enter host cell, multiply like virulent, and burst cell. (LYTIC) 2. Remain within host without destroying it. (LYSOGENIC)24
3606748213ProphageForm of the virus that remains within the host cell25
3606748214Lysogenic conversionWhen a temperate phage changes the phenotype of its host26
3606748215Cytopathic effectsDegenerative changes/abnormalities in host cells and tissues that are distinct from lysis.27
3606748216TumorGrowth or lump of tissue resulting from neoplasia28
3606748217NeoplasiaUnregulated, abnormal, new cell growth and reproduction29
3606748218AnaplasiaInvasive growth that forms unorganized cell masses30
3606748219Benign tumorTumors that remain in place31
3606748220Malignant tumorTumors that spread throughout the body32
3606748221OncogenesA gene that has the potential to cause cancer33
3606748222OncovirusesViruses associated with cancer34
3606748223ViroidsInfectious agents that only have RNA and cause plant diseases35
3606748224SatellitesHave either DNA OR RNA but can encode their own gene products36
3606748225ReplisomeCarries out replication37
3606748226SeptationForming a cross wall between 2 daughter cells38
3606748227CytokinesisCytoplasm of a single cell is divided and forms 2 daughter cells39
3606748228ExtremophilesOrganisms that live in harsh conditions40
3606748229Important environmental factors on microbial growth- Solutes - Water activity - pH - Temp - O2 levels - Pressure - Radiation41
3606748230HypertonicToo much water coming out. Cell shrivels up, higher concentration of solutes outside of cell42
3606748231HypotonicCell fills up with water and bursts. Lower osmotic pressure than surrounding medium43
3606748232IsotonicBalanced, normal state. Equal osmotic pressure between inside and outside of cell44
3606748233AcidophilesGrow @ optimum between pH of 0-5.545
3606748234NeutrophilesGrow @ optimum between pH of 5.5-8.046
3606748235AlkalophilesGrow @ optimum between pH of 8.0-11.547
3606748236Cardinal temperaturesMinimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures. Optimum usually closer to maximum.48
36067482370-75 degrees CelsiusOptima temperature for microorganisms49
3606748238PsychrophilesCold environments; grow well at 0 degrees Celsius. Optimum temp is 15 degrees, max is 20.50
3606748239PsychrotrophsGrow @ 0 degrees. Max = 35. Major cause of food spoilage in refrigerator!51
3606748240MesophilesModerate environments. Optimum = 20-45 degrees Celsius. Max = 45. Min = 15-20. Most human pathogens!!52
3606748241ThermophilesGrow @ 45-85 degrees Celsius. Optima = 55-65. Mostly bacteria and archae that love HOT environments.53
3606748242HyperthermophilesOptima = 85-115 degrees Celsius. Found in areas of the marine floor.54
3606748243Oligotrophic environmentsEnvironments in which nutrients are low. Starvation types of environments.55
3606748244Culture mediumSolid or liquid; used to grow, transport & store mircoorganisms.56
3606748245Defined (synthetic) mediaAll chemical components are known in this media57
3606748246Complex mediaHas some ingredients of unknown chemical composition58
3606748247AgarSolidifying agent59
3606748248Supportive mediaMedia that sustains the growth of many microorganisms60
3606748249Enriched mediaNutrients are added to support a media to encourage the growth of fastidia organisms61
3606748250Selective mediaAllows for the growth of particular microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others62
3606748251Differential mediaDistinguish among different groups of microbes and even permits tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics63
3606748252Growth curveLog # of viable cells vs. Time. Four "times" on the graph: Lag, Exponential (log), stationary phase, and death.64
3606748253LogFirst phase of growth curve. No immediate increase in cell #'s occurs. Cells are synthesizing new components. Eventually, cells begin to replicate, increase in weight, and divide.65
3606748254Exponential (log)Where microorganisms are growing and dividing at the maximum possible rate given their genetic potential and environmental conditions. Growth rate is constant.66
3606748255Stationary phaseNothing is happening, population growth ceases and the growth curve becomes horizontal67
3606748256SenescenceProgrammed cell death68
3606748257DeathA fraction of the microbial population is genetically programmed to die after growth stops69
3606748258Viable but not culturableVBNC70
3606748259Direct countsDirect measurements of cell numbers. A counting chamber.71
3606748260*Do practice examples*Dillutions72
3606748261BiocideA chemical agent capable of destroying living organisms73
3606748262SterilizationProcess by which all living spores, viruses, viroids, and prions are either destroyed or removed from a habitat.74
3606748263DisinfectionKilling, inhibiting, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease. Destruction of potential pathogens.75
3606748264DisinfecantsChemical agents used for disinfection. Used only on fomites (inanimate objects)76
3606748265SanitizationMicrobial populations are reduced to levels considered "safe" by public health standards. Inanimate objects are cleaned as well as being partially disinfected.77
3606748266AntisepticsChemical agents applied to tissue to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting pathogen growth. Not as toxic as disinfectants.78
3606748267AntisepsisDestruction of microorganisms on living tissues.79
3606748268ChemotherapyUse of chemical agents to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms within the host tissues. Includes antibiotics, antifungals, etc.80
3606748269D-ValueDecimal reduction time. The time required to kill 90% of microorganisms or spores in a sample under specified conditions.81
3606748270FiltrationReduce the # of organisms in solutions of heat-sensitive material.82
3606748271Kinds of filtersDepth, membrane, and HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filter)83
3606748272Heat control methodsMoist heat destroys viruses, bacteria and fungi. Kills by degrading nucleic acids and denatures proteins/enzymes.84
3606748273AutoclaveHeat sterilization contraption. 121 degrees Celsius at 15 PSI85
3606748274UV RadiationGood. Doesn't penetrate glass, dirt films, water and other substances. Used only in specific situations.86
3606748275Ionizing RadiationGreat! Penetrates deep into objects.87
3606748276PhenolicsFirst widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. Includes: cresols, xylenols, orthophenols and lysol.88
3606748277AlcoholsMost widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. Affects bacterial and fungicidal, NOT sporocidal. Includes: ethanol and isopropyl.89
3606748278HalogensAny of the 5 elements in group 7A of the periodic table. Iodine and chlorine are most important (antiseptics)90
3606748279IodophorWater soluble, stable and non-staining, used to clean pre-op skin.91
3606748280ChlorineUsed for disinfecting municipal water supplies, dairy and food industry.92
3606748281Heavy metalsNo longer used for cleaning because of how toxic they are. Mercury, silver, arsenic, and zinc.93
3606748282Quaternary Ammonium CompoundsDetergents with broad spectrum antimicrobial properties. Disinfectants.94
3606748283AldehydesFormaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Sporicidal "fixatives"95
3606748284Ethylene OxideSterilizing gas96
3606748285Antimicrobial agent effectivenessInfluenced by: Population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of antimicrobial agent, contact time, and temperatute.97
3606748286LargerFor antimicrobial agent effectiveness, ______ population requires longer time.98
3606748287CompositionEffectiveness of antimicrobial agent varies with the type of organism or population _________. Remember: spores.99
3606748288ConcentratedUsually the more ___________, the more rapidly organisms are killed. Exceptions include 70% ethanol water more effective than 90% ethanol.100
3606748289LongerThe ________ an organism is exposed, the more microbes that are killed. (Contact time)101
3606748290IncreaseAn __________ in temperature usually enhances the antimicrobial.102
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Atom Flashcards

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4757524958electronA subatomic particle that has a negative charge.0
4757525083protonA subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.1
4757525191neutronA subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.2
4757525398nucleusCenter of an atom.3
4757526174quarkParticles of matter that make up protons and neutrons4
4757527148chemical reactionA change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.5
4757527778nuclear reactionA reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom6
4757529698radioactivityA form of energy released as atoms decay.7
4757530344radioactive decayA spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation8
4757532716fissionThe splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.9
4757532866fusionCreation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.10
4757533833E= mc^2Einstein's formula?11
4757535513IsotopeAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons12
4757537797Conservation of massMass cannot be created or destroyed13
4766427036Energy shellsThe orbital paths of electrons found at varying distances from the nucleus14
4766428510PhotometryPhotometry describes the measurement of visible light.15
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AP US History Period 1 Flashcards

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4785591368maize cultivationThe growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.0
4785591369hunter-gatherer economyA nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants1
4785591370western hemisphereThe Americas2
4785591371west africaA area of Africa that was previously unreachable until the invention of the caravel by the Portuguese, leading to exploitation of the region for its gold and slaves3
4785591372plantation-based agricultureLarge scale agriculture worked by slaves4
4785591373capitalismEconomic system based on private investment and possessions5
4785591374Cultural autonomyFreedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy6
4785591375great basinDesert area with no drainage to the ocean7
4785591376agricultural economyeconomy based on the production of crops8
4785591377spanish explorationColonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god9
4785591378encomienda systemA government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity.10
4785591379empire buildingThe Spanish increasing their empire through grafting their culture onto the natives and taking over the land11
4785591380white superiorityThe European idea they were superior to other cultures/ races and needed to enforce European culture/religion on them12
4785591381great plainsThe open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback13
4785591382permanent villagesThe settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture14
4785591383Portuguese explorationDue to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies15
4785591384slave laborForced labor of people considered property by the people in charge16
4785591385feudalismA political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection17
4785591386political autonomythe ability of a state to govern themselves without outside control18
4785591387Colombian exchangethe exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills19
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