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US History Key Terms Flashcards

3753613203	Colony	Land controlled by a distant nation.	0
3753613204	Mercantilism	British colonies were moneymakers for the mother country.	1
3753614688	Salutary Neglect	Relax the enforcement of strict regulations.	2
3753614689	Mayflower Compact	Used to govern Plymouth colony. Example of democracy.	3
3753616912	Virginia House of Burgesses	1st representative governing body in colonial America.	4
3753621355	Proclamation of 1763	Forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.	5
3753621356	Sugar Act	Tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies.	6
3753621357	Stamp Act	Imposing a stamp duty/tax on newspapers and legal and commercial documents.	7
3753623578	Townshend Act	Taxes on tea and other goods to raise revenue in the colonies.	8
3753627525	Intolerable Acts	Passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea party. Meant to punish the colonists for throwing a large tea shipment into Boston harbor.	9
3753627540	Common Sense	Authored by Thomas Paine in support of the movement for independence.	10
3753629981	Declaration of Independence	Written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. Adopted July 4th, 1776.	11
3753629982	Loyalists	American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.	12
3753632783	Articles of Confederation	Document that established the government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain.	13
3753763917	Great Compromise	Bicameral plan for representation, to please both large and small states.	14
3753763918	3/5 Compromise	"Free persons" would count as one and "non-free persons" would count as three-fifths of a person.	15
3753763919	Congress	The legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.	16
3753765292	Senate	The upper house of the United States Congress. Two senators are elected from each state, regardless of state population, guaranteeing each state equal representation. Senators are elected for six-year terms.	17
3753766442	House of Representatives	The lower house of the United States Congress, with 435 popularly elected officials. (Based on population)	18
3753766443	Federalism	The division of power between federal and state level governments.	19
3753768068	Separation of Powers	Three separate branches: executive, judicial, and legislative. No one branch can gain absolute power.	20
3753769347	Checks and Balances	System that prevents any branch of the government from dominating the other two.	21
3753769348	Electoral College	Body of electors chosen by the voters in each state to elect the president and vice president of the U.S.	22
3753770476	Federalist	Supporters of a strong national government and the Constitution.	23
3753770477	Anti-Federalist	One who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1789, opposed strong centralized government.	24
3753772747	Bill of Rights	The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, including citizen's rights and freedoms.	25
3753773966	Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Supreme Court - Chief Justice John Marshall: The Court declared that a certain law passed by Congress should not be enforced, establishing the principle of "judicial review" that the Supreme Court has the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.	26
3753773967	Unwritten Constitution	Political practices that are followed, but are not part of the actual Constitution. Examples include political parties, and the Presidential Cabinet.	27
3753775738	Cabinet	A group of advisers to the president.	28
3753777577	Pinckney Treaty	1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans	29
3754041730	Jay Treaty	John Jay - It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley.	30
3754073894	Alien and Sedition Acts	Laws passed by congress in 1798 that enabled the government to imprison or deport aliens and to prosecute critics of the government	31
3754079240	Nullification	A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional	32
3754083047	Sectionalism	A devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole.	33
3754085411	Louisiana Purchase	1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	34
3754088055	War Hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.	35
3754094030	The American System	The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals.	36
3754109655	McCulloch v. Maryland	Chief Justice John Marshall continued to strengthen federal power through rulings like this which said that the states could not tax the national bank, which established national law over state law.	37
3754119223	Missouri Compromise	"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.	38
3754126008	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.	39
3754128746	Suffrage	The right to vote	40
3754130405	Spoils System	Andrew Jackson - system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.	41
3754136284	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians won their case, they could stay in Georgia. Jackson ignored the ruling. Many die on the Trail of Tears.	42
3754147006	Abolitionist	A person who wanted to end slavery	43
3754152714	Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by Lincoln on Sept. 22, 1862; declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free; not applied to border states; gov. actively enlists blacks into Union military; abolition of slavery was a Union war goal	44
3754160463	Habeus Corpus	The right of an accused person to be brought before a judge and informed of the charges and evidence against him or her	45
3754175833	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.	46
3754180768	13th Amendment	Abolished Slavery	47
3754182486	14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws	48
3754188149	15th Amendment	Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude	49
3754195597	Black Codes	Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War	50
3754197935	Plessy v. Ferguson	a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal	51
3754206973	Share Cropping	Unfair economic system replaced plantation slavery after civil war	52
3754210956	Monopoly	A company that controls all production and sales of a particular product or service	53
3754213394	Trust	A group of corporations run by a single board of directors	54
3754217064	Vertical Integration	The process of gaining control of all the steps used to change raw materials into finished products.	55
3754226211	Horizontal Integration	Occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product.	56
3790179131	Philanthropy	charity; a desire or effort to promote goodness	57
3790181809	Social Darwinism	Charles Darwin's ideas applied to humans, "survival of the fittest." Used by wealthy to justify their position in life	58
3790187159	Progressives	A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.	59
3790191736	Muckrakers	Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business	60
3790193247	Initiative	A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.	61
3790195450	Referendum	A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation.	62
3790199313	Recall	Procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.	63
3792564959	Emancipate	To set free	64
3792568424	Manifest Destiny	1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.	65
3792574539	Compromise of 1850	CA admitted as a free state, increased fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in Washington DC; popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War	66
3792583460	Fugitive Slave Act	(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders	67
3792590549	Dred Scott v Sandford	1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional	68
3800033119	16th Amendment	Federal income tax	69
3800033120	17th Amendment	Direct Election of Senators	70
3800034356	18th Amendment	Prohibition	71
3800035980	19th Amendment	Gave women the right to vote	72
3800084450	Square Deal	Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations , protect consumers and conserve natural resources.	73
3800099733	New Freedom	Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.	74
3947548659	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.	75
3947549929	Yellow Journalism	Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers	76
3947553032	Roosevelt Corallary	Added to the Monroe Doctrine. It declared that the United States would become the police in the Western Hemisphere to keep European from intervening. "Walk softly and carry a big stick"	77
4000487562	Selective Service Act	Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft	78
4000488569	Espionage Act	1917 law that set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities	79
4000490278	Sedition Act	1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government	80
4000493773	Schenck v. US	A United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule.	81
4000495409	Great Migration	Mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North during WWI for economic opportunities	82
4000499250	League of Nations	An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; suggested in Wilson's Fourteen Points.	83
4000500139	Treaty of Versailles	1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II	84
4335386572	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities	85
4335392144	21st Amendment	Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment	86
4335394377	Harlem Renaissance	A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art, music and literature flourished	87
4335403093	Scopes Monkey Trail	Known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, was a legal case in 1925 over a high school teacher who was accused of teaching evolution which violated Tennessee's Butler Act. Scopes lost, but the case was overturned on a technicality.	88
4335412357	Hawely Smoot Tariff Act	1930- Raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels.	89
4335432798	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.	90
4335434946	The New Deal	1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.	91
4335437587	Good Neighbor Policy	FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region	92
4335440029	Neutrality Acts	Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.	93
4335444220	Lend Lease Act	Allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S	94
4335448204	Korematsu v US	1944 Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor	95
4335451514	22nd Amendment	Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.	96
4335453888	GI Bill	law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations	97
4344626843	Containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world	98
4344628536	Truman Doctrine	1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey	99
4344638560	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	100
4344644651	Fair Deal	An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.	101
4451137024	New Frontier	President Kennedy's plan aimed at improving the economy, fighting racial discrimination, and exploring space	102
4451139270	Great Society	President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.	103
4451146524	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities	104

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US History Review Flashcards

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4479895347	Joint Stock Company	Early settlements were funded by shareholders. These companies maintained the colonies well-being.	0
4479898560	New England	Rocky soils, ship-building, fishing. Zero religious tolerance. Puritan religion.	1
4479898561	Middle Colonies	Staple Crops grown here. Also home to Quakers and other religious groups who broke away from the Puritans	2
4479900010	Southern Colonies	Cash crops grown here (Not cotton yet) Religion was not a settling factor or motive.	3
4479900011	Puritans	Lived in New England colonies. Had zero tolerance for other religions	4
4479901656	Quaker	Found throughout the middle colonies. Led by William Penn.	5
4479901657	Salutary Neglect	Great Britain's way of telling the colonies they could govern themselves as long as they cooperated economically	6
4479905075	Articles of Confederation	Established a very weak central government because of their distrust in a strong central government.	7
4479906407	Virginia Plan	Idea that representatives in the government should be based on population	8
4479906408	New Jersey Plan	Idea that representatives in the governments should be based on equal representation	9
4479906409	Great Compromise	The house is represented by population and the senate is represented equally regardless of population	10
4479908634	Federalist	Stressed a strong national government and Constitution. (James Madison, Alexander Hamilton)	11
4479908635	Anti-federalist	Opposed Constitution. Favored state government over national government.	12
4479911286	Marbury v. Madison	Court case that established judicial review. This allows the courts to decide if a law is unconstitutional or not.	13
4479913159	Alien and Sedition Acts	During times of war, individual liberties may be hindered	14
4479917462	Nationalism	Having a strong sense of pride for your country.	15
4479917463	Louisiana Purchase	Land bought in 1803 for $15 million from France. It double our size and gave America access to the New Orleans port	16
4479917464	Suffrage	Voting rights	17
4479919675	Indian Removal Act	The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.	18
4479919676	Trail of tears	In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.	19
4479919677	Nullification	South Carolina's response to tariff prices. The Federal Government responded by threatening to send troops, but a they resolved the issue before that.	20
4479921325	Manifest Destiny	Belief that Americans had the natural right and God given right to settle the entire continental America. From Pacific to Atlantic.	21
4479921326	Monroe Doctrine	Document that told European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Anyone who came across the line would be seen as a military aggressor.	22
4479922985	"54-40 or fight"	Land dispute between US and Great Britain. Oregon territory.	23
4479922986	Annexation of Texas (1845)	Texas became a state of the United States.	24
4479925125	Mexican American War (Result)	James K. Polk's belief of manifest destiny ultimately led to war with Mexico	25
4479925126	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Agreement reached where slave states and non-slave states were divided with a line.	26
4479927589	Abolitionist	Someone who is against slavery	27
4479927616	Underground Railroad	Route taken by slaves with the aide of others to get them to freedom	28
4479931154	Mexican Cession		29
4479931155	Harper's Ferry	Raided by John Brown in an attempt to begin a slave revolt.	30
4479933469	Popular Sovereignty	The fact that people can vote and that majority rules	31
4479933470	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Repealed the Missouri Compromise. Allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether or not their state would be a free state or a slave state.	32
4479939903	Dred Scott Decision	Ruled that any African American free or slave could not be an American citizen. Also stated that US Congress had no right to ban slavery in "slave territories"	33
4479939904	Anaconda Plan	Northern military plan against the Confederates. The idea was to squeeze the resources and ports so that the Confederates would run out of supplies	34
4479941696	Emancipation Proclamation	Document stating slaves in Confederate territories were now free. (1863)	35
4479941697	Total War	General Sherman's march through the south destroying everything in his path.	36
4479943528	Appomattox Courthouse	Where Generals from both the South and North came to agree that the war was over and that the North won.	37
4479943529	Reconstruction	Era in time after the Civil War. Attempted to rebuild the south diplomatically and physically.	38
4479943530	Black Codes	Attempts to limit black participation in society.	39
4479946384	Freedman's Bureau	U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States	40
4479948025	Sharecropping	Process in which many former slaves would share land with land owners in order to have a place to live for them and their family.	41
4479949222	Plessy v. Ferguson	Established "Separate but equal"	42
4479949223	Jim Crow Laws	State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.	43
4479951214	Poll Taxes/Literacy Tests	Ways that tried to prevent African Americans from voting	44
4479951215	Vocational Education	Booker T. Washington established the vocational training school named Tuskegee. These schools were designed to educate with a more hands on approach.	45
4479953827	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)	The oldest civil rights organization in the United States, founded in 1909. Among their achievements was a lawsuit that resulted in the Supreme Court 's landmark decision in Brown versus Board of Education, in 1954, which declared the segregation of public schools unconstitutional.	46
4479957305	Transcontinental Railroad	Completed in 1868 at Promontory Point, Utah. This helped establish a National Market as it connected the East Coast to the West Coast.	47
4479957306	Assimilation	When one culture is made to transform into another culture. (Native American culture into "White man culture)	48
4479957307	Wounded Knee	Last battle between Native Americans and the United States military.	49
4479958876	Chinese Exclusion Act	It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.	50
4479958877	Vertical Integration	the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.	51
4479960804	Horizontal Integration	is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that good or service.	52
4479960805	Robber Barons	a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.	53
4479960806	Monopoly	the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.	54
4479962550	Social Darwinism	"Survival of the fittest"	55
4479964514	Laissez-faire capitalism	Hands off approach to the economy. No government regulations	56
4479974292	Granger Laws	Laws put in place to help famers from the abuses of the railroads and their high prices.	57
4479974293	Inflation	a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money	58
4479976061	Strike	a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.	59
4479976062	Nativists	a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants.	60
4479979460	Muckraker	one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders	61
4479981226	Prohibition	Illegal sale/distribution of alcohol	62
4479983851	Isolationism	process in which America remained isolated from foreign affairs	63
4479985657	Yellow Journalism	journalism that often exaggerated the truth (USS Maine and the Spanish American War)	64
4479985658	USS Maine	Blew up in the Havana Harbor. Yellow Journalists wrote that Spain had blown it up in order to get Americans to want to fight Spain.	65
4479987312	Sphere of Influence	a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.	66
4479987313	Boxer Rebellion	a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.	67
4479987314	Panama Canal	Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from 1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama.	68
4479989620	Neutrality	the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartiality.	69
4479989621	U-boats	Unrestricted submarine warfare	70
4479991046	Zimmerman Telegram	Message from Germany to Mexico asking for their support in attacking America and in return they would get their land back.	71
4479991047	14 points	President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace. These points were later taken as the basis for peace negotiations at the end of the war.	72
4479991048	League of Nations	An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like.	73
4479993012	Red Scare	is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism.	74
4479993013	Treaty of Versailles	It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	75
4479997604	Good Neighbor Policy	was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt towards Latin America.	76
4479999813	Depression	a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies. It is a more severe downturn than an economic recession, which is a slowdown in economic activity over the course of a normal business cycle.	77
4479999814	Flapper	a fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior.	78
4479999815	Great Migration	movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. (Job opportunities and escaping Jim Crow Laws)	79
4480003305	"Birth of a Nation"	Originally called "The Clansmen" this film gave rise to the KKK once again in 1915. Helped reaffirm segregation and white supremacy.	80
4480003306	Xenophobia	Fear of foreigners. This phobia struck at the hearts of nativists.	81
4480005137	Palmer Raids	Series of raids that deported hundreds of suspected communists in America.	82
4480005138	Temperance Movement	The abstinence from alcoholic drink.	83
4480006837	Hoovervilles	Shanty towns formed during the Great Depression.	84
4480006838	Dust Bowl	Natural disaster that swept across the Mid-west of America during the 1930s causing farms and everyone to suffer even more.	85
4480006839	Court Packing	FDR's attempt to add more judges to the Supreme Court hoping he could get more legislation passed.	86
4480011364	Scarce Resources	During WW2 people had to ration these resources so the troops could have what they needed.	87
4480011365	Cold War	the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990.	88
4480012625	D-Day	Largest amphibious assault in history. Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy, France in order to help establish a 3rd front in the European theater.	89
4480012626	Battle of the Bulge	The last major offensive for the German forces in WW2	90
4480014443	Island hopping	The US strategy of regaining territory lost to the Japanese in order to get closer to mainland Japan to set up an assault.	91
4480014445	Arms Race	The competition between America and Soviet Union to have the biggest and baddest weapons post WW2.	92
4480016542	Anti-semitism	is hostility, prejudice or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite.	93
4480016543	Nuremberg Trials	Trial held to hold German leaders accountable for their actions towards the Jews during the Holocaust.	94
4480019546	Final solution	Hitler's plan to eliminate all of the Jews through death and concentration camps.	95
4480019547	"Iron Curtain"	the "barrier" separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.	96
4480021065	Truman Doctrine	the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.	97
4480021066	Sputnik	The first satellite launched into orbit. (Russia)	98
4480022747	Baby Boom	a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.	99
4480024377	Brown v. Board of Education	Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. De-segregated schools and other public places such as restaurants and movie theaters.	100
4480024378	Montgomery Bus Boycott	seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.	101
4480025945	Sit-in	Non-violent protests to end racial discrimination in public places.	102
4480025946	Freedom Rides	a person who challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race.	103
4480027446	March on Washington	was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history and demanded civil and economic rights for African Americans.	104
4480027447	Selma March	triumphant civil rights demonstrators led by Martin Luther King, Jr. marched into Montgomery, Alabama. It was the culmination of a fifty-mile procession from Selma.	105
4480029480	Civil Rights Act of 1964	is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	106
4480029481	Voting Rights Act of 1968	popularly known as the Fair Housing Act-prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex.	107
4480031617	Dixiecrats	any of the Southern Democrats who seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights.	108
4480031618	Roe v. Wade	Court case that made it illegal to tell a woman that getting an abortion is illegal.	109
4480033510	Affirmative Action	state as a fact; assert strongly and publicly.	110
4480033518	War on Poverty	Lyndon Johnson's Great Society was focused on the...	111
4480035843	Hawks	Anyone in favor of Vietnam war and defense spending.	112
4480035844	Doves	Someone against military spending and the Vietnam War.	113
4480037555	The Pentagon Papers	name given to a secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. Would later be connected to the Watergate Scandal.	114
4480037556	War Powers Act	federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.	115
4480039296	Reaganomics	A popular term used to refer to the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, the 40th U.S. President (1981-1989), which called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets.	116
4480039297	Deregulation	is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry.	117
4480041000	Globalization	is the tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen. The global economy is sometimes referred to as a globality, characterized as a totally interconnected marketplace, unhampered by time zones or national boundaries.	118
4480043609	First Persian Gulf War	US invasion of Kuwait that kicked out Saddam Hussein and Iraqi forces. Hussein deliberately went against UN policy in his occupation of Kuwait.	119

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US History Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4709911226	cash crop	were grown and were sold for a profit so that colonists could buy manufactured goods Crops that could be sold easily in markets in the colonies and overseas.	0
4709911227	staple crops	these were raw materials that had fairly large and constant markets. Tobacco, rice, blue purple dye called indigo are examples	1
4709911552	tidewater	Where the largest Southern plantations were located, it was flat low lying plains along the seacoast - sometimes located on rivers so crops could be shipped easily	2
4709911553	piedmont	the hilly upland region of the eastern US, located between the Atlantic coastal plain ad the Appalachians and stretching from southeast New York to central Alabama.	3
4709911814	Nathaniel Bacon	was a wealthy colonist of the Virginia Colony, famous as the instigator of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676, which collapsed when Bacon himself died from dysentery.	4
4709911815	middle passage	The inhumane part of the triangular trade, shipping enslaved Africans to the West Indies.	5
4709912053	overseer	plantation superviser who watched over and directed the work of others	6
4709912054	artisans	A worker in a skilled trade. a craftsperson	7
4709912669	mennonites	a member of a Protestant sect originating in Friesland in the 16th century, emphasizing adult baptism and rejecting church organization, military service, and public office.	8
4709912947	militarism	the policy of maintaining a strong military organization in aggressive preparedness for war.	9
4709913203	scotch-irish	Queen Elizabeth hoped that by moving this group of people to Ireland, their influence would abolish Catholicism. The migration of this group of people was a bad idea and they did not get along with the Irish. This group of people then left Ireland for America. They were accepted more in America then the Germans because they spoke English. They also took up farming.	10
4709914131	five basic themes of geography	Location, Place, Human-Enviorment Interactions, Movement, Region	11
4709918173	Large plantations were located near what and why	RIVERS, there was little reason for towns to develop. no need to city dock facilities or warehouses. goods could be stored on the plantations and shipped up the river.	12
4709921393	Bacon's Rebellion	Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.	13
4709923252	Triangular Trade	When colonial mechants DIDN'T go to England and back. Instead, sugar and molasses to West Indies, from West Indies to New England etc etc.	14
4709924418	Diversity	Germans, together with Dutch, Swedish and other non-English immigrants - with diversity came tolerance for religion and cultural differences. Not in New Enland.	15
4709924790	Back Country	Region west of the Tidewater were the hills and forests climbing up toward the Appalachian Mountains. Hardy newcombers - grew corn, and tabacco on small farms.	16
4709925281	Overseers	People who were hired to oversee the slaves and keep them working hard.	17
4709926012	Slave Codes	Strict rules governing the behavior and punishment of enslaved Africans.	18
4709926606	Mercantilism	English manufacturers used raw materials to produce finished good which they sold to the colonist.	19
4709927500	Export	to sell abroad	20
4709927794	Import	to buy from foreign markets	21
4709928407	Smuggling	to trade illegally with other nations - against the law.	22
4709929253	Charter Colonies	Connecticut and Rhode Island - established by settlers who had been given a charter, or a grant of rights and privileges.	23
4709929782	Proprietary colonies	Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania - were ruled by proprietors. Generally free to rule as they wish.	24
4709930083	Royal Colonies	Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina , South Carolina, and Virginal - ruled by Britain.	25
4709930295	Apprentices	Families arranged for their sons to work as indentured servants for farmers to learn the craft and trade.	26
4709930887	Southern Colonies : Crops of Maryland and Virginia	Tobacco	27
4709932709	Southern Colonies: Crops of South Carolina and Georgia	Rice - very popular in Southern Europe, price rose, South Carolina and Georgia had the fastest growing economies	28
4709933736	New England Colonies	New Hampshire, Massachusettes, Rhode Island, Conneticut	29
4709934028	Middle Colonies	New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware	30
4709934260	Southern Colonies	Georga, South Carolina, North Carolina Virginia, Maryland.	31
4709935117	13 Colonies	New Hampshire, Massachusettes, Rhode Island, Conneticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.	32
4709950871	What did the Germans bring to the New world.	Set up language school and newspapers. They were productive farmers.	33
4709951841	What were the Germans productive farmers in?	Wheat, Rye, Beef, huge hams, hides and leather goods.	34

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US History Ch 1 Flashcards

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4709114534	Bering Strait	36 miles (58 km) wide.	0
4709114535	Ice Age	a glacial episode during a past geological period.	1
4709114842	Aztecs	A Native American people who ruled Mexico and neighboring areas before the Spaniards conquered the region in the sixteenth century. Starting in the twelfth century, they built up an advanced civilization and empire.	2
4709114843	Mayas	A member of a Mesoamerican Indian people inhabiting southeast Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, whose civilization reached its height around ad 300-900. They are noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system.	3
4709114844	Incas	a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.	4
4709115403	Pueblos	are modern and old communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States. The first Spanish explorers of the Southwest used this term to describe the communities housed in apartment-like structures built of stone, adobe mud, and other local material.	5
4709115404	Plains Indians	a member of any of various North American Indian peoples who formerly inhabited the Great Plains	6
4709116081	Eastern Woodland Indians	They lived in the forests near lakes or streams, Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons and tools came from the forest. The Iroquois, Mound Builders, Algonquian and Shawnee	7
4709116751	League of Iroquois	tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations)	8
4709116898	Renaissance	The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.	9
4709117276	Christopher Columbus	Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.	10
4709117277	Amerigo Vespucci	was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts	11
4709117538	treaty of Tordesillas	agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.	12
4709118336	Hernando Cortes	was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico	13
4709118337	Conquistadors	a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.	14
4709118544	St. Augustine	a seacoast city in NE Florida: founded by the Spanish 1565; oldest city in the U.S.	15
4709118810	Phillip II	king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598)	16
4709118811	Jacques Cartier	French explorer known chiefly for exploring the St. Lawrence River and giving Canada its name.	17
4709119115	John Cabot	Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)	18
4709119702	Joint-stock Company	Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king	19
4709119703	Charter	is a document that gave colonies the legal rights to exist. This document, bestowing certain rights on a town, city, university or an institution. This document empowered when the king gave a grant of exclusive powers for the governance of land to proprietors or a settlement company.	20
4709119704	John Smith	served with the English Army abroad. Working as a soldier for hire (and professing to be highly successful in his military ventures), He eventually embarked on a campaign against the Turks in Hungary. There he was captured and enslaved. After receiving harsh treatment from his master, Smith killed him and escaped, eventually returning to England in the early 1600s. He eventually made his way to America to help govern the British colony of Jamestown. After allegedly being saved from death by Pocahontas, he established trading agreements with native tribes.	21
4709120038	Headright system	was originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed. New settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land	22
4709120039	Indentured Servants	was a labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a fixed term of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere.	23
4709120174	Burgesses	a representative in the popular branch of the colonial legislature of Virginia or Maryland. (formerly) a representative of a borough in the British Parliament.	24
4709120285	Puritans	a member of a group of Protestants that arose in the 16th century within the Church of England, demanding the simplification of doctrine and worship, and greater strictness in religious discipline: during part of the 17th century the Puritans became a powerful political party.	25
4709120286	Separatists	Independents, they were radical Puritans who, in the late sixteenth century, advocated a thorough reform within the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the slow pace of official reform, they set up churches outside the established order.	26
4709120426	Pilgrims	were a group of English people who came to America seeking religious freedom during the reign of King James I. After two attempts to leave England and move to Holland, a Separatist group was finally relocated to Amsterdam where they stayed for about one year. In August 1620 the group sailed for Southampton, England, where other English colonists who hoped to make a new life in America met them. September 1620 bound for the New World. They arrived as winter was settling in and endured significant hardships as they struggled to establish a successful colony at Plymouth.	27
4709120672	Mayflower Compact	signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States.	28
4709120673	John Winthrop	was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony. He led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.	29
4709121338	Proprietary Colonies	any of certain colonies, as Maryland and Pennsylvania, that were granted to an individual or group by the British crown and that were granted full rights of self-government. Colony fully governed by governors chosen by private land owners; granted permission by the Crown; are eventually reclaimed by the Crown and made into royal colonies; Ex. MD, PN, DE	30
4709121678	Roger Williams	A Puritan religious leader of the seventeenth century, born in England. After he was expelled from Massachusetts for his tolerant religious views, he founded the colony of Rhode Island as a place of complete religious toleration.	31
4709122017	Anne Hutchinson	(1591-1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.	32
4709122018	Sir George Calvert	was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together.	33
4709122361	Lord Baltimore	His father George Calvert was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together. When Calvert died his son organized an expedition to Chesapeake Bay in 1633. He requested that the Toleration Act be passed.	34
4709122362	Toleration Act	1689 granting freedom of worship to dissenters (excluding Roman Catholics and Unitarians) on certain conditions. Its real purpose was to unite all Protestants under William III against the deposed Roman Catholic James II.	35
4709122473	William Penn and what state did he establish?	He was Quaker interested in establishing a good society. Wanted Pennsylvania to be a Holy experiment. He helped plan the city of Philadelphia.	36
4709122474	Quaker	(or Friends) are members of a historically (and still predominantly) Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. Christians who use no scripture and believe in great simplicity in daily life and in worship. Their services consist mainly of silent meditation. The Society became the first organization in history to ban slaveholding Disapproved of War and refused to serve in it.	37
4709123472	James Oglethorpe	(22 December 1696 - 30 June 1785) was a British general, Member of Parliament, and philanthropist, as well as the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's worthy poor in the New World, initially focusing on those in debtors' prisons.	38

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American Revolution Flashcards

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3837450333	Battle of Lexington and Concord	Known as the "shot heard around the world"	0
3837452818	Minutemen	Ready to fight at a minute's notice	1
3837456422	Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill	Americans were forced to surrender when they ran out of gunpowder; the British attacked them three times	2
3837458049	Battle of Charleston	British attacked by blockading the harbor and cutting off American colonists supplies	3
3837466721	Declaration of Independence	Document written by Thomas Jefferson that reflected four major ideas.	4
3837468489	Battle of Cowpens	Partisan forces led the attack by tricking the British into thinking that the Americans were retreating and they were attacked.	5
3837470672	Battle of Yorktown	Final battle of the war; American colonists won with the help of the French navy by blocking the British on land and sea	6
3837476084	Samuel Adams	Most "dangerous man" in Boston. Leader of the Sons of Liberty	7
3837476758	Thomas Paine	Wrote a pamphlet called "Common Sense"	8
3837478071	George Washington	Commander-in-chief at the start of the American Revolution (1st President)	9
3837479231	John Adams	Signed the Treaty of Paris along with Benjamin Franklin (2nd President)	10
3837482068	Thomas Jefferson	Major writer of the DOI (3rd President)	11
3837483627	Patrick Henry	Said "Give me Liberty or Give me Death!"	12
3837485175	Benjamin Franklin	Helped formed alliances with France. Smart Man	13
3837487094	John Hancock	Was the first to sign the DOI nice and big so the British could see it	14
3837488113	Marquis De Lafayette	French soldier that fought on the side of the Continental Army during the American Revolution	15
3837490152	Redcoats	British	16
3837490805	Patriots	American colonists	17
3837491618	King George III	Responsible for taxing the colonists and was very stubborn	18
3838751288	Battle of Saratoga	Known as the "turning point" of the war. American colonists won with the help of the French	19
3838754696	General Cornwallis	British Army general	20
3838756774	General Washington	Continental Army general	21

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Empire to independence Flashcards

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1786707249	Popular sovereignty	Principle that emphasized parliaments compete legislative authority within the British constitution.	0
1786709549	Sugar act	Cut tax on sugar, adopted taxes to raise revenue, affected New England.	1
1786711253	Currency act	Prohibited colonies from printing money, lowered value on paper money	2
1786713238	Stamp act	Tax on all printed material-newspaper, deeds,playing cards ect. Effected all colonist.	3
1786722427	Quartering act	Colonies supply British tools with provisions and barracks, applied to all colonies, mainly affected NY	4
1786728524	Virtual representation	Colonist reactions to the laws passed. Each member of parliament represented the interest of the whole country and empire. Couldn't influence parliament 3000 miles away, colonist refused to obey the laws.	5
1786731359	Stamp act congress	Meeting to protest the stamp act.	6
1786734324	Declaration act	House of Commons passed this. A shrill defense of parliamentary supremacy over the Americans	7
1786736721	Townshend taxes	Levied new taxes on imports. Pay for governors and other officers do they wouldn't be dependent on colonial assemblies for wages.	8
1786737737	Sam Adams	Supreme genius of revolutionary agitation. Sons of liberty.	9
1786742307	Boston massacre	Confrontation between British troops and colonist of Boston. 5 citizens were killed when the troops fired. This inflamed anti British sentiment in Massachusetts.	10
1786781160	Boston tea party	Assault on British ships in which American insurgents threw chests of tea into the Boston harbor as a means of protesting British taxes.	11
1786786228	Tea act	Lowered price on tea	12
1786790040	Coercive "intolerable" acts	British response to BTP. Ports of Boston closed, trials of officials transferred to England, no town meetings.	13
1786795319	First continental congress	Meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in sept. 1774. Concedes parliaments rights to regulate commerce, sent petitions to king, boycott British goods, and endorses continental association.	14
1786798948	Lexington and concord	"Shots heard around the world"	15
1786804677	Second continental congress	Meeting in Philadelphia in May 1775. Named George Washington to lead continental army, and printed money to finance war.	16
1786810300	Battle of bunker hill	1st major fight. Colonial Militia held their own against seasoned British soldiers. 2 effects: high # of British casualties made the English generals cautious. Continental congress made all able men enlist Divided into loyalist and patriots	17
1786814614	Olive branch petition	Professed by loyalty to king George III and begged him to stop further hostilities, rejected independence but affirmed the colonists purpose to fight rather that submit to slavery, king refused to look at it and declared colonist as "open and avowed enemies"	18
1786836336	Prohibitory act	Act of 1775 was passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in the American colonies, which became known as the American Revolutionary War (or, to the British, the American War of Independence).	19
1786850677	Common sense	Revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine. It called for independence and the establishment of a republican government in America.	20
1786860876	Declaration of Independence	Role of Thomas Jefferson. July 4th 1776 Written to rest of the world, long list of grievances against king George III, abolished all ties with England.	21

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Period 2: 1607-1754 Flashcards

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2173449232	maroon communities	the communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States	0
2173462282	Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore	17th c., a Catholic English peer who was the first Proprietor and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland; founded Maryland as haven for Catholics	1
2173463069	Act of Toleration	1649, a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians in Maryland	2
2173495567	Roger Williams	an English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state; in 1636, he began the colony of Providence Plantation (RI), which provided a refuge for religious minorities	3
2173503567	Anne Hutchinson	17th c., female Protestant dissident who questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities and was eventually banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony	4
2173511654	Halfway Covenant	1660s and on, in order to bolster the numbers of church members, some churches allowed people to become a partial member of the church even if they did not experience an emotional conversion	5
2173522222	Quakers	Religious Society of Friends, believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service	6
2173525818	William Penn	17th c., Quaker and founder of the colony of Pennsylvania, which served as a haven for Quakers and other persecuted peoples	7
2173530517	Charter of Liberties	1701, Pennsylvania charter that guaranteed freedom of worship for all	8
2173545055	John Smith	17th c., a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown)	9
2173549682	Jamestown	1607, settlement in the Colony of Virginia; the first permanent English settlement in the Americas; Europeans experienced a "Starving Time" as well as struggles with the local Indians, the Powhatans; tobacco allowed the colony to survive	10
2173561988	Puritans	16th and 17th c., English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England did not go far enough; wished to purify the Anglican Church of anything reminiscent of Catholicism	11
2173565356	Separatists	16th and 17th c., English Protestants who wished to separate completely from the Church of England rather than simply purify it	12
2173567476	Pilgrims	17th c., a name commonly applied to early Puritan and Separtist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts	13
2173576072	Mayflower	17th c., the ship that transported mostly English Puritans and Separatists, collectively known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth in England to the New World	14
2173581678	Plymouth Colony	1620, the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region; started by the Pilgrims	15
2173860700	John Winthrop	1630, a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony; led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence; his writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies	16
2173867533	Thomas Hooker	17th c., a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts	17
2173871561	James Oglethorpe	17th-18th c., a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia; as a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World	18
2173878387	Wampanoags	the Native American tribe that lived in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, as well as within a territory that encompassed current day Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket	19
2173887520	Metacom	17th c., sachem (intertribal leader) of a confederation of indigenous peoples that included the Wampanoag and Narraganset; led one of the most costly wars of resistance in New England history, known as King Philip's War (1675-78)	20
2173889298	King Philip's War	1675-78, an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies	21
2173896672	Mayflower Compact	1620, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower; was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States	22
2173902959	Virginia House of Burgesses	1619, the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America; the House was established by the Virginia Company	23
2173904130	Sir William Berkeley	17th c., a colonial governor of Virginia; enacted friendly policies toward the Native Americans that led to the revolt by some of the planters in 1676 which became known as Bacon's Rebellion	24
2173912451	Bacon's Rebellion	1676, an unsuccessful armed rebellion by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley over the government's handling of hostilities between natives and western settlers	25
2173919279	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	1639, the first written constitution in North America	26
2173925022	Virginia Company	1606, a joint stock company chartered by James I with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America	27
2173930507	Navigation Acts	1651, a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies; mercantilist acts designed to maximize profits for the Mother Country	28
2173941419	Dominion of New England	1686-1689, an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America; the dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights; under Governor Sir Edmund Andros, the Dominion tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone, and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England	29
2173944990	Sir Edmund Andros	1686-1689, an English colonial administrator in North America; the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence	30
2173951823	Glorious Revolution	1688, the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) and his wife, Mary	31
2173955459	Indentured servants	17th-18th c., a labor system whereby young people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years	32
2173956461	headright system	1618, originally created in Jamestown, Virginia; it was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage; with the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed; new settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land	33
2173966483	triangular trade	17th-18th c., a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions, in this case Europe, Africa, and North America	34
2173970357	Middle Passage	17th-19th c., the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade	35
2174160875	Benjamin West	18th century, an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence	36
2174163385	John Copley	18th-early 19th c., an American painter, active in both colonial America and England; famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects	37
2174172127	Benjamin Franklin	18th c., one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and in many ways was "the First American"; a renowned polymath, he was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat	38
2174174931	Poor Richard's Almanack	1732-1758, a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose; it was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies	39
2174183243	John Bartram	18th c., an early American botanist, horticulturist and explorer	40
2174186273	Great Awakening	1730s-1740s, an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism	41
2174190690	Jonathan Edwards	18th c., a Reformed Protestant Christian preacher; played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening, and oversaw some of the first revivals in 1733-35 at his church in Northampton, Massachusetts; delivered the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"	42
2174195614	George Whitefield	18th c., an English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies	43
2174202955	Cotton Mather	17th c., a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer;known for his vigorous support for the Salem witch trials, he also left a scientific legacy due to his hybridization experiments and his promotion of inoculation for disease prevention	44
2174205924	John Peter Zenger	18th c., a German American printer, publisher, editor, and journalist in New York City; was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence; his lawyers, Andrew Hamilton and William Smith, Sr., successfully argued that truth is a defense against charges of libel	45
2174212666	Enlightenment	late 17th-18th c., a European intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith	46
2174215879	Molasses Act	1733, imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies; Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies; the Act was not passed for the purpose of raising revenue, but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies	47
2174227712	Wool Act	1699, the Act prohibited American colonists from exporting wool, wool yarn, or wool cloth to markets outside the individual colony in which it was produced, and also restricted the import of woolens and linens created in other areas of the British Empire; in effect, it forced all wool and wool products produced by colonies and dependent areas of the United Kingdom to be sold to British markets, and then resold to British citizens in all areas of the empire; each sale generated taxes on these goods	48
2174231549	praying towns	1646-1675, developed by the Puritans of New England in an effort to convert the local Native American tribes to Christianity; the Natives who moved into these towns were known as Praying Indians	49
2174235615	John Locke	17th c., an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers; his contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence, i.e. "life, liberty, and property"	50
2174240370	republicanism	the ideology of governing a society or state as a republic, where the head of state is a representative of the people who hold popular sovereignty	51
2174246798	Salem witch trials	1692-1693, a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts; the trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, most of them women	52
2174262736	Stono Rebellion	1739, a slave rebellion in the colony of South Carolina; it was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 21 whites and 44 blacks killed; resulted in much harsher slave codes	53
2174268674	salutary neglect	17th-18th c., term that refers to an unofficial and long-term British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England	54
2330526507	city on a hill	phrased used by John Winthrop to describe how the American colonists and colonies would serve as an example for Europe and the rest of the world	55
2330543720	Phyllis Wheatley	1753-1784, the first published African-American woman and first published African-American poet	56
2330548727	proprietary colony	a type of British colony especially in North America and the Caribbean in the 17th century used to reward allies, ex. Pennsylvania or Maryland	57
2330549413	royal colony	a colony ruled or administered by officials appointed by and responsible to the reigning sovereign of the parent state, ex. New York	58
2330549414	charter colony	a colony granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governeg, usually resulting in significantly more political liberty than other colonies	59
2330549415	Thomas Hobbes	an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy; is 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy	60
2330550165	Harvard College	founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world	61
2692963414	Pueblo Revolt	1680 — also known as Popé's Rebellion — was an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico; it succeeded for a short time before the Spanish reasserted their control	62
2692963744	Chesapeake	included the colonies of Virginia and Maryland	63
2692964372	Congregational Church	Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs	64
2692965936	Jacob Leisler	a German-born American colonist, he helped create the Huguenot settlement of New Rochelle in 1688 and later served as the acting Lieutenant Governor of New York. Beginning in 1689, he led an insurrection in colonial New York, seizing control of the colony until he was captured and executed in New York City for treason by William and Mary	65
2692966910	Massachusetts Bay Colony	an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, situated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston; the population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders	66
2692968405	Mercantilism	the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism	67
2692969401	Middle Ground	area along western borders of English settlement where Europeans and Indians lived together and neither side was able to establish clear dominance	68
2692969585	New Amsterdam	a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland territory	69
2692970046	Pequot War	an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) which occurred between 1634 and 1638; the Pequots lost the war	70
2692974268	Powhatan	a Native American people in Virginia; it may also refer to the leader of those tribes	71
2692974269	William Bradford	a signatory to the Mayflower Compact while aboard the Mayflower in 1620; he served as Plymouth Colony Governor five times covering about thirty years between 1621 and 1657; his journal, Of Plymouth Plantation, covered the period from 1620 to 1657 in Plymouth Colony	72
2692977707	theocracy	a form of government in which clergy have sovereignty over a territory and official policy is either governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group	73
2692978648	Enlightenment ideals	human autonomy, reason, progress, scientific inquiry	74
2692980396	Gullah	the descendants of enslaved Africans who live in the Lowcountry region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia, which includes both the coastal plain and the Sea Islands	75
2692980397	Huguenots	French Protestants	76
2692980932	John and Charles Wesley	an Anglican divines and theologians who, with fellow cleric George Whitefield, are credited with the foundation of the evangelical movement known as Methodism	77
2692981724	primogeniture	the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son	78
2692982476	slave codes	sets of laws during the colonial period and/or in individual states after the American Revolution, which defined the status of slaves and the rights and responsibilities of slave owners	79

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Bio Exam 2 Ch.3-4 Flashcards

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3924907102	Robert Hooke	Saw "little boxes" Aka cells. (Microgrania)	0
3924921008	Anton Van Leeuwenhoek	Saw the cells but he named them Animalcules.	1
3924932657	Robert Brown	Saw "Circular objects" aka nucleus	2
3924945676	Schleiden & Schwann	1st cell theory: "All organisms are composed of cells basis of life."	3
3924986315	Rudolf Vichow	He added on to the cell theory; "Cells come from other Cells"	4
3925007122	Unicelluar	Smallest of all organisms, composed of one cell.	5
3925027539	Multicellular	Larger organisms, composed of many cells.	6
3925041492	Microscopes	magnify objects too small to see with the naked eye	7
3925055267	Magnification	# of times larger the object appears than the object actually is.	8
3925063989	Resolution	clarity of the image	9
3925079330	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	Uses electrons to show a 3-D view of the SURFACE of an object.	10
3925092958	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	Uses electrons to show INTERIOR images.	11
3925105545	Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)	interaction between the sample & the tip of a scanning probe creates an image (allows individual atoms to be seen)	12
3925335246	2 types of cells	Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes	13
3925348186	Prokaryotes	- Cell size: (smallest, unicellular) - NO well-defined nucleus - Cell Components; 1. Cell Wall: layer protection and shape, (Capsule or slimy layer) 2. Cell Membrane: a phospholipid bilayer 3. Cytoplasm: Fluid of the cell (Exam for sure) 4. Nucleoid Region: Holds genetic info 5. Flagella: for movement 6. Plants DON'T have ORGANELLES except, Ribosomes; small particles composed of protein and RNA. (Exam)	14
3925455094	Eukaryotes	- Cell size: (Large) - TRUE nucleus	15
3925493335	Animal Cell	No Center Vacuole or Chloroplast	16
3925497972	Plant Cell	No Centriole	17
3925570877	Manufacturing (makes)	1. Nucleus 2. Nucleolus- Making ribosomal subnits (exam) 3. Ribosomes 4. Rough ER 5. Smooth ER 6. Golgi Appataus	18
3926193998	Breakdown	1. Lysosomes 2. Vacuoles 3. Peroxisomes	19
3926240960	Energy Processing (Which two organells are tide to energy?)	1. Mitochondria (chemical NRG of food TO chemical NRG of ATP) 2. Chloroplasts (light to sugar)	20
3926284498	Support, movement, and communication	1. Cytoskeleton 2. Cilia and Flagella 3. Cell Wall	21
3926295611	Plant Cell Wall	made up cellulose (lots of sugar)	22
3926302495	Plasmodesmata	Channels between adjacent cells that allows passing of nutrients.	23
3926326099	Tight Junction	"zipper-like" prevents substance from passing between cells.	24
3926344207	Anchoring (adhering) Junction	adjacent cells are held together by filaments to create strong sheets.	25
3926355674	Gap (communication) Junction	allows small molecules to pass between cells	26
3926375121	Energy	capacity to perform work. **required by all living organisms.	27
3926385187	2 types of Energy	Kinetic and Potential	28
3926389221	Kinetic	NRG that is actually doing work. (push,pull,moving)	29
3926396501	Potential	NRG stored (stop, paused, not moving)	30
3926409342	Thermodynamics	study of NRG relationship or transformation (changing)	31
3926420618	2 Laws of Thermodynamics	1. NRG can change but can not be CREATED or DESTROYED. (Name; Law of Energy conversion) 2. NRG tranfromation are INEFFICIENT due to reaction losing some NRG as heat.	32
3926691493	Chemical Reactions	It begins with one set of substance, called Reaction and converts them into another set called the Products.	33
3926718127	Exergonic (exit)	if the reactants have more NRG than the Product (ex: Respiration)	34
3926744036	Endergonic (take in)	if the Products have more NRG than the reactant (ex: photosynthesis)	35
3926763014	Electrons	can carry NRG	36
3926781008	Oxidation	lose of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion. aka exergonic	37
3926797852	Reduction	gain of electrons. aka endergonic	38
3926811063	LEO the lion goes GER	LEO- Loss of Electrons Oxidation GER-Gain of Electrons Reductions	39
3926840963	ATP to ADP	this happens thanks to the last phosphate that breaks off.	40
3949917261	ATP	adenosine triphosphate	41
3949921761	ADP	adenosine diphosphate	42
3949932660	Enzymes	speed up the cell's chemical reactions without being consumed. Doesn't add NRG nut speeds up a reaction by lowering the Energy of Activation (EA) barrier. - They are made up of protein (Tertiary) - ase' hint for enzymes	43
3949954360	Enzymes's Subtrate	a REACTANT in chemical reaction. (specific active sites)	44
3949968504	CoFactors	-Not proteins (inorganic) -Ex: Zine & Iron -Help with chemical Reactions -Not Consumed	45
3949972462	CoEnzymes	- Organic - Vitamins - Ex: B12 & Carbon	46
3949981107	Enzyme Inhibitors (stoppers)	Chemical that interfere with an enzymes Activity.	47
3949986696	2 types of Enzyme Inhibitors	1. Competitive Inhibitors 2. Non-Competitive Inhibitors	48
3949986717	Competitive Inhibitors	Resembles the normal substrates and competes with the substrates for a spot on the enzyme's active site.	49
3949989664	Non-Competitive Inhibitors	doesn't enter the active site, but blinds somewhere else and causes a change in the active site shape.	50
3949999542	Selectively Permeable Membrane	somethings can go in and out the cell but some can't	51
3950009381	Some solutes are ________ inside than ______ some are _______.	Higher, Outside, Lower	52
3950016189	Different way of transporting across the Membrane	1. Passive transport 2. Active Transport 3. Use of Vesicles	53
3950025129	Passive Transport	moves across membrane without using NRG.	54
3950027318	3 ways of Passive Transport:	1. Simple diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion	55
3950047596	Simple Diffusion	when chemicals move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration until they are equal. - no proteins are involved	56
3950059815	Osmosis	The movement of water	57
3950063424	3 ways of Osmosis	a. Hypertonic b. Hypotonic c. Isotonic	58
3950069014	Hypertonic	the solution has a HIGHER concentration of solutes.	59
3950073371	Hypotonic	the solution that has a LOWER concentration of solutes.	60
3950079251	Isotonic	the solution is EQUAL (homeostasis)	61
3950086901	Animal cell	normal, lysing (pop), or shriveled (shrink)	62
3950091512	Plant cell	Flaccid , turgid, shriveled	63
3950099172	Facilitated diffusion	proteins required, no NRG, Pores in proteins help, aquaporins - more water to move.	64
3950108833	Active Transport	Transport protein helps to move substances against its concentration gradient. (Sodium-Potassium Pumps & Hydrogen (H+) Pumps) Low Concentration to High Concentration, Requires NRG. ATP	65
3949983687	Use of Vesicles	Exocystosis vs Endocytosis	66
3974455467	Exocystosis	cell gets rid of bulky materials	67
3974459486	Endocytosis	cell takes in material	68
3974464261	3 kind of Endocytosis	1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3.Receptor	69
3974473657	Phagocytosis	Cellular eating (soild)	70
3974478080	Pinocytosis	Cellular drinking (liquid)	71
3974491951	Receptor	mediated- more specific	72

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Population and Health Flashcards

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4863693476	Population Density	The number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometer or square mile (which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers). Commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world.	0
4863699892	Arithmetic density	The total number of people / area of land (measured in square miles or square kilometers ).	1
4863704682	Physiological density	The total population / area of arable land.	2
4863717087	population distribution	the arrangement or spread of people living in a given area; also, how the population of an area is arranged according to variables such as age, race, or sex	3
4863717629	Dot Map	A dot distribution map (also known as dot density map) is a map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature or phenomenon. Dot maps rely on a visual scatter to show spatial pattern.	4
4863725899	Megapolis	a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas.	5
4863725900	Census	an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.	6
4863729153	Total Fertility Rate	The number of children who would be born per woman (or per 1,000 women)	7
4863731425	Old-age dependency ratio	The dependency ratio is a measure showing the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64. It is also referred to as the "total dependency ratio."	8
4863733689	Child-dependency ratio	The dependency ratio is a measure showing the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64. It is also referred to as the "total dependency ratio."	9
4863733690	Doubling time	The period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth	10
4863736464	Population explosion	a sudden large increase in the size of a population.	11
4863782582	Zero population Growth	the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population.	12
4863784309	Crude birth rate	The crude birth rate is the number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.	13
4863784310	crude death rate	The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.	14
4863787037	natural increase	The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by a factor (usually 1,000). It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.	15
4863787038	demographic transition	the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.	16
4863789546	Stationary Population Level	Level at which national population ceases to grow	17
4863789547	Population Composition	The description of a population according to characteristics such as age and sex.	18
4863792812	Population Pyramids	A population pyramid, also called an age pyramid or age picture diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.	19
4863794516	Infant Mortality Rate	the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the given geographical area during the same year.	20
4863794517	Child Mortality Rate	also known as under-5 mortality or child death, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five or between the age of one month to four years depending on the definition	21
4863796578	Life Expectancy	the average period that a person may expect to live.	22
4863799271	Infectious diseases	disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person.	23
4863891247	Chronic Diseases	A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more, by the definition of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear.	24
4863900032	Genetic disorder	A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth (congenital). Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions.	25
4863906823	Endemic	(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.	26
4863906824	Epidemic	a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.	27
4863908979	Pandemic	(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.	28
4863908980	Malaria	an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.	29
4863910453	AIDS	a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy.	30
4863912467	Expansive Population Policies	government policies that encourage large families.	31
4863913874	Eugenic Population Policies	Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others.	32
4863918518	Restrictive Population Policies	government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase	33
4863920083	One-child Policy	The one-child policy was a policy implemented by the Chinese government as a method of controlling the population. The one-child policy was introduced in 1979 in response to an explosive population growth, and mandated that couples from China's Han majority could only have one child.	34

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Chemistry Flashcards

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2438631127	acid	compound that gives off H+ ions in solution	0
2438632469	acidic	describes a solution with a high concentration of H+ ions	1
2438633405	anion	ions with a negative charge	2
2438633406	anode	the electrode where electrons are lost (oxidized) in redox reactions	3
2438636306	atmospheres	common units for measuring pressure	4
2438636899	atom	the smallest object that retains properties of an element. Composed of electrons and a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons)	5
2438639047	atomic number	number of protons in an element	6
2438639554	Avogadro's number	number representing the number of molecules in (1) mole: 6.022 * 10 to the 23 power	7
2438641892	base	substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution	8
2438643385	basic	having the characteristics of a base	9
2438647056	Bohr's atom	He made significant contributions to the atom. He understood the line spectra--the reason why only certain wavelengths are emitted when atoms jump down levels	10
2438652073	buffer solutions	solutions that resist change in their pH, even when small amounts of acid or base are added	11
2438654175	catalyst	substances that speed up a chemical process without actually changing the products of reactions	12
2438655798	cathode	electrode where electrons have gained (reduction) in redox reactions	13
2438656888	cations	ion with positive charge	14
2438657432	central atom	in a Lewis structure, usually the atom that is the least electronegative	15
2438658515	charge	describes an object's ability to repel or attract other objects. Protons have a positive ...while electrons have a negative... Like ...repel each other, while opposites attract.	16
2438663665	chemical changes	processes or events that have altered the fundamental structure of something	17
2438664653	chemical equation	an expression of a fundamental change in the chemical substance	18
2438666110	colligative properties	properties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles dissolved in it, not the properties of the particles themselves. The main ones are boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.	19
2438669327	combustion	when substances combine with oxygen and release energy	20
2438671253	compound	two or more atoms joined together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds	21
2438671874	concentration	the amount of a substance in a specified space	22
2438673205	conjugate acid	a substance which can lose H+ ion to form a base	23
2438674592	conjugate base	a substance which can gain H+ ion to form an acid	24
2438675919	covalent bonds	when two atoms share at least one pair of electrons	25
2438676809	decay	change of an element into a different element, usually with some other particle(s) of energy emitted	26
2438678469	density	mass per unit volume of a substance	27
2438680053	dipole-dipole forces	intermolecular forces that exist between polar molecules. Active only when the molecules are close together. The strengths of intermolecular attractions increase when polarity increases	28
2438688215	dispersion forces (London dispersion forces)	dispersion is an intermolecular attraction force that exists between all molecules. These forces are the result of the movement of electrons which cause slight polar moments. Generally very weak, when their molecular mass increases, so does their strength	29
2438693835	dissociation	breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an ionic substance	30
2438694965	double bond	when an atom is bonded to another atom by two sets of electron pairs	31
2438697803	effusion	movement of gas molecules through a small opening	32
2438698558	electrochemical cell	gives an electric current with a steady voltage as a result of an electron transfer reaction	33
2438700118	electrodes	device that moves electrons into or out of a solution by conduction	34
2438701164	electrolysis	changing the chemical structure of a compound using electrical energy	35
2438702193	electromagnetic spectrum	complete range of wavelengths which light can have. These include infrared, ultraviolet and all other types of radiation as well as visible light	36
2438704503	electrong	one of the parts of an atom having a negative charge. Indivisible particle with a charge of -1	37
2438705716	electronegativity	measure of a substance's ability to attract electrons	38
2438706972	electrostatic forces	forces between charged objects	39
2438707587	element	substance consisting of only one type of atom	40
2438708539	empirical formula	formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a compound	41
2438709327	endothermic	process that absorbs heat from its surroundings as the reaction proceeds	42
2438712085	energy	ability to do work	43
2438712087	enthalpy	change in heat at constant pressure	44
2438712956	entropy	measure of the disorder of a system	45
2438740282	equilibrium	when the reactants and products are in a constant ratio. The forward reaction and the reverse reactions occur at the same rate when a system is in this state	46
2438744591	equilibrium constant	value that expresses how far the reaction proceeds before reaching equilibrium. A small number means that equilibrium is towards the reactants side while a large number means that the equilibrium is towards the product side	47
2438747793	equilibrium expression	the expression giving the ratio between the products and reactants. It is equal to the concentration of each product raised to its coefficient in a balanced chemical equation and multiplied together, divided by the concentration of the product of reactants to the power of their coefficients	48
2438751799	equivalence point	occurs when the moles of acid equal the moles of base in a solution	49
2438752796	exothermic	process that gives off heat to the environment	50
2438794654	frequency	number of events in a given unit of time. When describing a moving wave, means the number of peaks which would pass a stationary point in a given amount of time	51
2438796674	Geiger counter	instrument that measures radiation output	52
2438797371	Gibb's free energy	the energy of a system that is available to do work at a constant temperature and pressure	53
2438798542	Graham's law	the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass	54
2438820466	half life	the amount of time it takes for half an initial amount to disintegrate	55
2438822345	Heisenberg uncertainty principle	the principle states that it is not possible to know a particle's location and momentum precisely at any time	56
2438825708	hydrogen bonding	strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N	57
2438826741	hydrolysis	the reactions of cations with water to produce a weak base or of anions to produce a weak acid	58
2438827701	ideal gas law		59
2438829412	intermolecular forces	forces between molecules	60
2438830033	intramolecular forces	forces within molecules. Forces caused by the attraction and repulsion of charged particles	61
2438830884	ion	removing or adding electrons to an atom creates an ... (a charged object very similar to an attom)	62
2438832278	ionic bond	when two oppositely charged atoms share at least one pair of electrons but the electrons spend more time near one of the atoms than the other	63
2438834185	ionization energy	energy required to remove an electron from a specific atom	64
2438834946	isotopes	elements with the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons, and thus different masses	65
2438835790	Kelvin	The SI unit of temperature. It is temperature in degrees Celsius plus 273.15	66
2438836720	kinetic energy	energy an object has because of its mass and velocity. Objects that are not moving do not have this.	67
2438838464	Le Chatlier's Principle	states that a system at equilibrium will oppose any change in the equilibrium conditions	68
2438839471	Lewis structures	a way of representing molecular structures based on valence electrons	69
2438840449	limiting reagent	the reactant that will be exhausted first	70
2438841082	mass number	the number of protons and neutrons in an atom	71
2438841787	mixture	composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties	72
2438842500	molality	the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per kilogram of solvent (what the solute is dissolved in)	73
2438843630	molar	a term expressing molarity, the number of moles of solute per liters of solution	74
2438844541	molarity	the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per liter of solution. used to express the concentration of a solution	75
2438846069	mole	a collection of 6.022 * 10 to the 23 power number of objects. Usually used to mean molecules	76
2438848301	molecular formula	shows the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule	77
2438849694	molecular geometry (VSEPR)	shape of a molecule, based on the relative position of the atoms	78
2438852225	molecular mass	the combined mass (as given on the periodic table) of all the elements in a compound	79
2438853486	molecule	two or more atoms chemically combined	80
2438854288	mole fraction	the number of moles of a particular substance expressed as a fraction of the total number of moles	81
2438855433	neutral	an object that does not have a positive or negative charge	82
2438855976	neutron	a particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is almost identical in mass to a proton, but carries no electrical charge	83
2438857980	nm	abbreviation for nanometers. A nanometer is equal to 10 to the -9 power meters	84
2438861044	nucleus	the central part of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons. Plural=nuclei	85
2438862114	octet	In Lewis structures, the goal is to make almost all atoms have this structure. This means they will have access to (8) electrons regularly, even if they do have to share some of them	86
2438864684	orbitals	an energy state in the atomic model which describes where an element will likely be	87
2438865790	oxidation number	a number assigned to each atom to help keep track of the electrons during a redox-reaction	88
2438867781	oxidation-reduction-reaction	a reactions involving the transfer of electrons	89
2438868387	parent isotopes	an element that undergoes nuclear decay	90
2438869459	partial pressure	the pressure exerted by a certain gas in a mixture	91
2438869967	particle	small portion of matter	92
2438870418	percent composition	expresses the mass ratio between different elements in a compound	93
2438871897	periodic table	grouping of the known elements by their number of protons. There are many other trends such as size of elements and electronegativity that are easily expressed in terms of the periodic table	94
2438874309	pH	measures the acidity of a solution. It is the negative log of the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a substance	95
2438875069	photon	massless packet of energy, which behaves like both a wave and a particle	96
2438875773	physical property	a property that can be measured without changing the chemical composition of a substance	97
2438880603	Planck	What is h?	98
2438881741	Planck	He contributed to the understanding of the	99
2471630916	pOH	Measures the basicity of a solution. It is the negative log of the concentration of the hydroxide ions	100
2471632534	polar molecules	Molecule with a partial charge	101
2471633873	potential energy	The energy an object has because of its composition or position	102
2471636198	pressure	Force per unit area	103
2471637711	principal quantum number (n)	The number related to the amount of energy an electron has and therefore describing which shell the electron is in	104
2471639985	products	The compounds that are formed when a reaction goes to completion	105
2471640832	proportion	An equality between two ratios	106
2471641938	proton	Particle found in a nucleus with a positive charge. Number of these gives the atomic number	107
2471643719	quantum	Something that comes in discrete units	108
2471645389	quantum numbers	Set of numbers used to completely describe an electron	109
2471646381	radiant energy	Energy which is transmitted away from its source, for example, energy that is emitted when electrons transition down one level to another	110
2471649197	radiation	Energy in the form of photons	111
2471650091	radioactive	Substance containing an element which decays	112
2471651508	ratio	The relative size of two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other; a:b or a/b	113
2471656023	reactants	Substances initially present in a chemical reaction	114
2471657396	reduction reaction	A reaction in which a substance gains at least one electron	115
2471659489	salts	Ionic compounds that can be formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen ions of an acid with another positive ion	116
2471661858	shells (orbitals)	Where the electrons generally are; they are composed of four types of sub...; s, p, d and f	117
2471664164	single bond	When an electron pair is shared by two atoms	118
2471665160	SI Unit	Standards for Systeme International d'Unites, an international system which establishes a uniform set of measurement units	119
2471667969	solute	The substance (solid, liquid or gas) dissolved in a solution, for example, the salt in saltwater	120
2471669330	solution	Mixture of a solid and a liquid where the solid never settles out, for example, saltwater	121
2471670787	solvent	Liquid in which something is dissolved, for example the water in saltwater	122
2471672035	specific heat	The amount of heat it takes for a substance to be raised by one degree Celsius	123
2471674473	spontaneous reaction	A reaction that will proceed without any outside energy	124
2471676634	states of matter	Solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Plasma is a "soup" of disassociated nuclei and electrons, normally found only in stellar objects	125
2471678894	stoichiometry	The study of the relationships between amounts of products and reactants	126
2471680670	STP	Standard Temperature and Pressure. 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm	127
2471683254	subshell (suborbital)	One part of a level, each of which can hold different numbers of electrons	128
2471685416	thermodynamics	The study of temperature, pressure, volume and energy flow in chemical reactions	129
2471687980	titration	The process used to take a solution of unknown concentration with a solution of a known concentration for the purpose of finding out more about the unknown solution	130
2471690220	valence electrons	The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom	131
2471690803	van der Waals equations	An equation for non-ideal gases that accounts for intermolecular attraction and the volumes occupied by gas molecules	132
2471692863	velocity	Speed of an object; the change in position over time	133
2471694204	volume	Measures the size of an object using length measurements in three dimensions	134
2471695561	wave	A signal which propagates through space	135
2471698832	wavelength	On a periodic curve, the length between two consecutive troughs (low points) or peaks (high points)	136
2471700760	weak acid	Substances capable of donating hydrogen but do not completely ionize in solution	137
2471702319	weak bases	Substances capable of accepting hydrogen but do not completely ionize in solution	138
2471704900	work	Expression of the movement of an object against some force	139

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