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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 25 Flashcards

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2746003441arterial bleedingbleeding from an artery, which is characterized by bright red blood that is rapid, profuse, and difficult to control.0
2746003442capillary bleedingbleeding from capillaries, which is characterized by a slow, oozing flow of blood.1
2746003581cardiogenic shockshock, or lack of perfusion, brought on not by blood loss, but by inadequate pumping action of the heart. It is often the result of a heart attack or congestive heart failure.2
2746003582compensated shockwhen the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion. See also shock.3
2746003859decompensated shockwhen the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion. Late signs such as decreasing blood pressure become evident. See also shock.4
2746005984hemorrhagebleeding, especially severe bleeding.5
2746006346hemorrhagic shockshock resulting from blood loss.6
2746006445hemostatic agentssubstances applied as powders, dressings, gauze, or bandages to open wounds to stop bleeding.7
2746006522hypoperfusioninability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. Also called shock. See also perfusion, shock.8
2746006705hypovolemic shockshock resulting from blood or fluid loss.9
2746006926neurogenic shockhypoperfusion due to nerve paralysis (sometimes caused by spinal cord injuries) resulting in the dilation of blood vessels that increases the volume of the circulatory system beyond the point where it can be filled.10
2746007165perfusionthe supply of oxygen to, and removal of wastes from, the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.11
2746007258pressure dressinga bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped bandage, which applies pressure to help control bleeding.12
2746007631shockthe body's inability to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients, which is a life-threatening condition. Also known as hypoperfusion.13
2746007632tourniqueta device used for bleeding control that constricts all blood flow to and from an extremity.14
2746007757venous bleedingbleeding from a vein, which is characterized by dark red or maroon blood and a steady, easy-to-control flow.15
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Cellular Transport Flashcards

Terms related to passive & acitive transport

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4971326686DiffusionMovement of particles or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration0
4971326687OsmosisDiffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane1
4971326688Selectively permeable membraneA membrane that allows certain materials to pass through, but not others2
4971326689-tonic (suffix)A solution. A solution is when you have a solute (solid) mixed with a solvent (liquid).3
4971326690EquilibriumThe condition that exists in systems when there is a relatively equal distribution of a particular molecule4
4971326691HypertonicA solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another.5
4971326692HypotonicA solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another.6
4971326693IsotonicTwo solutions that have an equal concentration of solutes.7
4971326694Solutesubstance that is dissolved in a solution8
4971326695Solventthe liquid that contains the dissolved solute in a solution.9
4971326696Cell Membraneregulates and controls what enters or leaves the cell10
4971326697Facilitated DiffusionUse of carrier PROTEINS for diffusion, does not require energy for a molecule to travel across the membrane Moves molecules from high to low solute concentration11
4971326698Active Transportmovement of molecules or ion into or out of the cell against its concentration gradient (from low to high) and requires an input of energy.12
4971326699EndocytosisMovement of substances into the cell by creating a new vacuole at the cell membrane. Requires energy.13
4971326700ExocytosisMovement of substances out of a cell by merging a vacuole with the cell membrane. Requires energy.14
4971326701Hypertonicthe left side is _____ compared to the right side.15
4971326702HypotonicThe right side is _____ compared to the left side.16
4971326703right, left, osmosisWater will move from the _____ to the _____ by _____.17
4971326704HypotonicThe left side is _____ compared to the right side.18
4971326705HypertonicThe right side is _____ compared to the left side.19
4971326706left, right, osmosisWater will move from the _____ to the _____ by _____.20
4971326707Cell MembraneComposed of a phospholipid bilayer21
4971326708Phospholipidmolecule that makes up cell membranes. It has a hydrophilic "head" and two hydrophobic "tails".22
4971326709Hydrophilicwater loving. substances that easily mix with water.23
4971326710Hydrophobicwater hating. substances that will not mix with water.24
4971326711Transport ProteinProteins within the cell membrane that function to move substances into or out of the cell.25
4971326712Passive Transportmolecules move with the concentration gradient from high to low concentration NO energy required.26
4971326713Types of Passive TransportDiffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated Diffusion27
4971326714Types of Active TransportEndocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) Exocytosis, and Protein Pumps - Lower Concentration to Higher Concentration28
4971326716phagocytosis"Cell eating" a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals.29
4971326718fluid mosaic modelthe currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.30
4971326725concentration gradientprocess of particles (solutes) moving through a solution from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles31
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Zinn Chapter 18 Flashcards

The Impossible Victory: Vietnam
Johhny&Brielle

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1471998210Why did America get involved with Vietnam?To prevent the unification of Vietnam0
1471998211When did America get involved with Vietnam?1964-19721
1471998212What is the NLF?National Liberation Front, US-imposed Saigon government, enacting significant social changes, like land reform and promising greater self control for the peasants.2
1471998213Who is Ngo Dinh Diem?Head of the government in Saigon, appointed by America when they stepped in South Vietnam.3
1471998214Who's side was US on during FrenchVSVietminh war? How did they support them?French, America funded 80% of the French War efforts.4
1471998215Why did US help the French in their war?To try to stop the spread of Communism.5
1471998216The Nation Security Council recalls the "Domino Theory" as...Like a row of dominoes, if one country fell to Communism, the next one would do the same,etc.6
1471998217What 2 major events lead even more Americans to the Anti-War Movement?The Gulf of Tonkin- lies from the highest officials to the public about an attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers. Carpet Bombing in Cambodia- America didn't want Cambodia to be a threat, because Cambodia was trying to help.7
1471998218How many tons of bombs did America drop on Vietnam?7 Million Tons8
1471998219What was the result of the AmericanVSVietnam war?US forces withdrew because they couldn't impose anything on the Vietnamese, and partially because of the Anti-War Movement in US.9
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Economics Flashcards

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3300647608scarcityScarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill all human wants and needs.0
3300699128What Is Economics?"Economics is the study of how individuals and groups make decisions with limited resources as to best satisfy their wants, needs, and desires."1
3300721001What is Microeconomics?microeconomics deals with economic decisions made at a low or micro level.2
3300760529What is Macroeconomics?The study of macroeconomics deals with the sum total of the decisions made by individuals in a society or nation such as "how does a change in interest rates influence national savings?3
3302544566Self-interestSelf-interest is when individuals make decisions that are in their own best interest. Like when you decide to get up in the morning to go to work and make money, or when you pay the grocery store for food that you would like to eat4
3302552654Social interestis when choices are made that benefit society as a whole. Imagine one person, who is all knowing and really cares about the people. Every action this benevolent dictator made would be in the social interest of the society. The cool thing about social interest is that it can also be attained by individual decision makers acting in their own self-interest. This process is what Adam smith called the invisible hand.5
3302579114Adam Smithis often touted as the world's first free-market capitalist. While that designation is probably a bit overstated, Smith's place in history as the father of modern economics and a major proponent of laissez-faire economic policies is quite secure. Read on to learn about how this Scottish philosopher argued against mercantilism to become the father of modern free trade.6
3302893577GlobalizationWhen people and organizations around the world begin to connect through business, economics, and social issues7
3303006393information revolution (sometimes called also the "informational revolution")describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution. Many competing terms have been proposed that focus on different aspects of this societal development. The British polymath crystallographer J. D. Bernal introduced the term "scientific and technical revolution" in his 1939 book The Social Function of Science to describe the new role that science and technology are coming to play within society8
3303039160Climate changeis a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years). Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions.9
3303114002negative balanceis a government budget deficit and debt10
3303691413MonopolyWhen only one company has control of the market11
3303701700The 5 Economic NeedsFood, Shelter, Clothes, Warmth, and Water12
3303790637scarcity-forces-tradeoffs principlelimited resources force people to make choices and face tradeoffs when they choose.13
3303798518marginal benefitwhat you gain by adding one more unit14
3303808959economic modela simplified representation of reality that allows economists to focus on the effects of one change at a time15
3303819971tradeoffthe exchange of one benefit or advantage for another that is thought to be better.16
3303830163invisible handAdam Smith's metaphor to explain how an individual's pursuit of economic self-interest can promote the well-being of society as a whole17
3303843016incentivebenefit offered to encourage people to act in a certain way18
3303850082opportunity costthe value of something that is given up by choosing one alternative over another19
3303866206The Seven PrinciplesEconomic ways of thinking including scarcity, tradeoffs, cost/benefits, and thinking at the margin20
3303896052 Ceteris paribusA Latin phrase that means while certain variables change, "all other things remain unchanged."21
3303963677What is considered a positive relationship?Two variables have a positive relationship when an increase in the value of one variable is associated with an increase in the value of another variable It is illustrated by a curve that slopes upward The supply curve is an example of a positive relationship (positive relationship between price and quantity. As the price increases the quantity available increases)22
3303976337variables have a linear relationshiptype of relationship do the variables have if the curve is a straight line?23
3303988580variables have a non-linear relationshiprelationship do the variables have if the curve is not a straight line24
3341616094Economic SystemThe method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services.25
3341643206Patriotism The love of one's country; the passion that inspires a person to serve his or her country.26
3341650738Market EconomyAn economic system where decisions about production, price and other economic factors are all determined by the law of supply and demand.27
3341658885IncentiveAn expectation or reward that encourages people to behave in a certain way.28
3341672397Scarcitywhen there is not enough of something to satisfy how much everyone wants of it.29
3341678594Trade-offsthe alternative choices people face in making an economic decision30
3341696732Opportunity Costthe cost of the next best alternative among a person's choices-the time, money, or resources that are given up or sacrificed to make the final choice31
3341704709Three Economic QuestionsWhat goods and services should be produced? How these goods and services should be produced? For whom should these goods and services be produced?32
3341727858law of supplystates that when prices decrease, quantity supplied decreases, and when prices increase, quantity supplied increases (when the price goes down so does the amount made; when the price goes up so does the amount made)33
3342042818entrepreneursomeone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it34
3342048385private propertyproperty owned by individuals or companies, not by the government or the people as a whole35
3342055254natural resourcesresources (actual and potential) supplied by nature36
3342067038capital resourcesThe tools, equipment, and buildings that are used to produce goods and services37
3342102189embargoa government order imposing a trade barrier; a limit or ban on trade38
3342976946Factors of productionLand, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services39
3343000683MacroeconomicsThe study of the performance of the national economy and the global economy40
3343007324MicroeconomicsThe study of the choices that individuals and businesses make, the way these choices interact in markets, and the influence of governments41
3343021569The Invisible HandThe price mechanism, the rise and fall of prices that guides our actions in a market.42
3343059353elasticity of demand for exportsa measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of exports when there is a change in the relative price of exports43
3343121213inelastic demandquantity is insensitive to a change in price44
3343145931total revenueTells you what happens to total revenue when there is a change in price45
3343198047Cross elasticity of demandMeasures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a product when their is a change in price of another product XED = % change in quantity demanded of Good X" ---------------------------------------------------------------- % change in price of good "Y"46
3343221391Cross Elasticity related to?Any Product related to each other47
3343240436SubstitutesEcross is a positive coefficient48
3343245778ComplementEcross is a negative coefficient.49
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Martin Luther Flashcards

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3425882039Church CorruptionWorldliness of church (pope involved in politics, and making a lot of money, not spiritually like they should be) & practices of Simony (buying and selling of offices), pluralism (to many jobs for one pope) →, absenteeism (pope sending others to do their jobs), nepotism (appoint relatives for high positions)0
3425891602Selling of IndulgencesMade people believe the Church was corrupt, Martin Luther was very concerned with this. By making a monetary contribution to the church, a penitent would receive a partial indulgence not to commit further sins, while at the same time, diminishing the time period that he/she was to suffer in purgatory for remission of his sins.1
3425910991Ninety-Five ThesesWritten in 1517 and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, , and the sale of indulgences. Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses, which he had composed in Latin and German (so the common people could read it), on the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg.2
3425933905Trial for HeresyHeld before Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Luther bravely defended his written attacks on orthodox Catholic beliefs and denied the power of Rome to determine what is right and wrong in matters of faith. Luther provided the impetus for the Reformation, that divided Europe into two regions, one Protestant and one Catholic, and that would set the scene for religious wars that would continue for more than a century, not ending until the Peace of Westphalia in 16483
3425929926The Peasant Revolt1524-1525; peasants wanted more political and social reforms so they turned to Luther; Luther sympathized with peasants but did not sanction political change through violence; He supported suppression of the revolt by princes4
3426065841Katherine von BoraLuther's wife; they married when she was 26 and him 42. Considered a happy marriage-- she did the household duties but didn't fear scolding her husband for being too generous. Six kids. This traces the first indication that a women could, in the future, be of equal status- this was an improvement in the stature of women.5
3426079341Translation of Bible to GermanLuther was not the first, but by far the greatest translator of the German Bible. There are more accurate versions for scholars but none that can rival Luther's for popular authority and use.6
3426102194Use of Printing PressIn January 1518, the Ninety Five Theses were translated into German, then printed and copied. Within two weeks, copies of the Theses had spread throughout Germany. Within six weeks of that, the Theses had been copied across Europe. Luther's writings reached France, England and Italy by 1519. This greatly increased the notoriety of Martin Luther, and it made many other people across Europe protest the ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church.7
3426147029Lutheran ChurchEstablished in 1530 by Martin Luther in Germany, after confirmation of the Augsburg Confession.8
3426151553Protestant ChurchBegan after breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church following Martin Luther's '95 Theses'. Don't believe in Purgatory/Indulgences, Saints/Mary weren't important, Baptism/Communion were just symbols9
3426618172Protestant MottoSola Fide = Faith Alone; Faith was all that was needed to save a person; it was a back to basics approach to redemption10
3426660941Protestant Work EthicAll work is holy and equal before God; if you work hard you will be rewarded with heaven (does NOT need to be church work)11
3426698159DemocracyAll believers are equal before God; this led to equality under the law; democracy12
3426707868The BibleRelied upon for religious matters; led to public schools so people could learn to read (the Bible); law established green space and schools13
3426732927Home & Family LifeWere both sacred; led the English to colonize America as families; French & Spanish came as unmarried soldiers14
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Classical Greece and Rome Flashcards

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946823511If the Greek genius was in politics, the Roman genius was___.engineering.0
946823512Greek politics was noted for its formation of ___.democratic city-states.1
946823513The Roman Empire (did/didn't) tolerate local politicians and religious diversity.did2
946823514The Senate of republican Rome particularly represented landed ____.Aristocracy3
946823515Classical Mediterranean society differed from classical China the idea of active ___ and an extensive ___ system.citizenship, legal4
946823516The Greek philosopher ___suggested that human reason could approach an understanding of the perfect forms the absolutely True, Good, and Beautiful that he believed underlay nature.Plato5
946823517Greek society, compared to Rome's, registered special advances in ___.science6
946823518Roman slaves (were/were not) used for military service.were not7
946823519Americans (have/have not) shown interest in classical Mediterranean society.have shown interest8
946823520While Rome expanded the sway of Mediterranean civilization to western Europe, its internal politics (were/were not) relatively stable.were not stable9
946823521Both Greece and Rome experimented in the diversity of political forms of governance, which ranged between democracy and ____.tyranny10
946823522The Greeks and Romans were never concerned with crafting a world-class ___.religion11
946823523____ architecture is considered as having invented the foundations of "classical architecture."Greek12
946823524The rise of commercial ____ in Greece and then around Rome was one of the prime forces leading to efforts to establish an empire.agriculture13
946823525Mediterranean society (lagged behind/surpassed) both India and China in production technology.they lagged behind14
946823526Athens and __________ came to be the two leading city-states that emerged during classical Greece civilization.Sparta15
946823527__________spread the Macedonian Empire through the Middle East, across Persia to the border of India, and southward through Egypt.Alexander The Great16
946823528Roman conquest spread more widely during the three __________ wars, from 264 to 146 B.C.E., during which Rome fought the armies of the Phoenician city of Carthage, situated on the northern coast of Africa.Punic17
946823529In Athens, __________ encouraged his pupils to question received wisdom, on the ground that the chief human duty was "the improvement of the soul."Socrates18
946823530__________ gained control of Rome in 45 B.C.E. and brought an end to the traditional institutions of the Roman state.Julius Caesar19
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Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Flashcards

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4169953346Byzantine Empire(500 CE - 1453 CE) Eastern portion of the Roman Empire which survived beyond the collapse of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam.0
4169954763Hagia SophiaGreat domed church constructed during the reign of Justinian in Istanbul.1
4169954764BelasariusByzantine general under Justinian I(briliant; helped gain N Africa and Italy2
4169955375IconsImages of religious figure venerated by Byzantine Christians.3
4169955376RurikLegendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E4
4169956617Yaroslav IVladimir's son; Kievan culture peaked; first library; organized legal system5
4169956618BalkansVarious peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.6
4169956619Justinian6-th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; revuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law.7
4169957931Greek FireIncendiary material used by the Byzantines described as able to burn in water.8
4169957932iconoclasmThe breaking of images; a religious controversy of the 8th centurty; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration.9
4169959879Vladimir IRuler of Kiev; converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity.10
4169959880boyarsRussian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.11
4169961294ManzikertBattle of Manzikert; Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory.12
4169961295Theodorathe wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.13
4169961942BulgariaSlavic kingdom in Northern portions of Balkan peninsula that presented a major challenfe to Byzantine Empire14
4169961943Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic.15
4169962524Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from the Byzantine Empire.16
4169962525TartarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.17
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Classical China Flashcards

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2342881049What caused the Warring States period?Zhou kings made the titles of their loyal nobles heredtary Nobles no longer respected or obeyed the king Widespread destruction Nobles fought each other to control China0
2342881021What did Qin Shi Huangdi of China and Chandragupta Maurya of India have in common?They were both harsh rulers who united their empires Maurya - used spies Qin - used censors Maurya - used slaves to build highways Qin - used slaves to build Great Wall1
2342881022What did the Han Dynasty and the Gupta Dynasty have in common?They were both patriarchal societies. -both unified their empires -maintained stability and order without cruelty -both had a Golden Age of peace and prosperity during which they supported the arts, math, and science2
2342881023Compare Laozi of China and Siddhartha Gautama. What did they have in common? How were they different?They both questioned the meaning of life. -Laozi founded Daoism -Siddhartha founded Buddhism3
2342881024What did Qin Shi Huangdi of China and Hammurabi of Mesopotamia have in common?They both united their empires They both established laws4
2342881025How did Qin Shi Huangdi control his empire?-he maintained strong army that used cavalry (men on horseback) -his army was combat ready to fight outside invaders and crush resistance within China -appointed censors to make sure government workers did their jobs -he commanded nobles and their families to live in the capital city where they could be watched.5
2342881026How did Qin Shi Huangdi unify his empire?-He stopped battles between the warring states -He set same standards throughout China for writing, law, currency and weights and measures. -He built a highway network of roads6
2342881032What was silk? Why was the invention of SILK important to China?-Silk was an expensive fabric that was made from silk worm cocoons. -It brought the most wealth to China7
2342881027What did Silk Road travelers and Asoka's missionaries have in common?They both traveled far and were exposed to other cultures. They spread Buddhism to other people.8
4102340640Name 3 things traded on the Silk Road.1. products (fruits/vegetables) SILK 2. religion (Buddhism) 3. inventions, ideas9
2342881031What was the goal of all the Chinese philosophies?To create a well run and peaceful society10
2342881028What are some key concepts of Confucianism?People will do the right thing if the ruler leads by example Follow the Golden Rule Everyone has a duty and responsibility to family and community -believe people are basically good11
2342881029What are some of the key concepts of Daoism?Founded by Laozi Finding balance with nature important - "The Way" (doing by not doing) Live in harmony with nature -"go with the flow" yin-yang - balance of opposites -believe there is good and bad in everyone12
2342881030What are some of the key concepts of Legalism?System of harsh laws and strict punishment Based on the teachings of Hanfeizi -believe people are naturally evil, not good13
2342881033Describe the social class of aristocrats.Aristocrats owned large estates Tenant farmers worked their lands14
2342881034Describe the social class of farmers.-Served as soldiers in war -Rented lands and gave some of their harvest to aristocrats15
2342881038Why was the invention of PAPER important to China?Paper was used to keep written records It was used to help people communicate16
4108674095Why was the invention of the SEISMOGRAPH important to China?It was important because it could tell when an earthquake occurred and tell the direction where it happened.17
4117527416Why was the invention of SILK important to China?It brought the most wealth to China.18
4108685321Why was the invention of the COMPASS important to China?It helped with navigation and improved trade.19
2342881037Why is the Han Dynasty called the Golden Age?It was an era or peace and prosperity that lasted almost 400 years. -literature and the arts developed -copies of historical works were made -painters and sculptors made art for many people NOT JUST THE RICH -it was also a time of great invention and innovation.20
2342881039How did Han Wudi improve the government of China?Han Wudi developed the Civil Service System based on the ideals of Confucianism. -government workers received their positions based on talent He expanded the empire -pushed back the invading Xiongnu -established the Silk Road -led China into a Golden Age21
2342881041Describe the social class of merchants.It was thought they worked for their own personal gain, so they received little respect -They were not allowed to hold government jobs22
2342881042Why was the Silk Road important?Items like fruits, grains, vegetables, flowers, peaches, cotton (from India) and Chinese inventions traveled across the Silk Road as far west as the Roman Empire. -The Silk Road spread ideas, such as Buddhism, throughout Asia. -Merchants became wealthy by trading across it.23
2342881043How long was the Silk Road?It stretched over 4,000 miles, from China to the Mediterranean region.24
2342881044What were some of the dangers on the Silk Road?There were many natural hazards (deserts & mountains) -there were also bandits along the Silk Road25
2342881045Why did people continue to travel on the Silk Road even though it was dangerous to do so?Chinese traders grew rich by sending expensive goods to other parts of the world It also promoted the exchange of culture and ideas between China and other areas26
2342881046Who were the Xiongnu?Were a nomadic people who often raided the borders of China To end the attacks Qin connected the walls built by previous kings into one Great Wall of China27
2342881047Why did Emperor Han Wudi start the civil service test?Government workers received positions based on talent rather than loyalty28
2342881048Why did the Han dynasty fall?Emperors who succeeded Han Wudi were weak and dishonest Greedy aristocrats took over land, which forced many farmers to starve29
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Classical China Flashcards

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4949248400Silk Road4,000 miles of trade routes from western China to southwest Asia - very expensive and dangerous to travel0
4949248401silkmost valuable Chinese export trade product, found as far away as Greece1
4949248402bronze casting*Shang artists created beautiful works of art (vases, drinking cups, sculptures, urns) using clay molds with detailed designs carved into them2
4949248403movable type*an easy way of printing books (instead of handwriting them)3
4949248404gunpowder*created by Chinese for use in explosives, fireworks, and "fire lances" (an ancestor of guns)4
4949248405magnetic compass*allowed Chinese sailors to navigate and go further from land (without fear or being lost)5
4949248406stirrup and saddle*developed by the Chinese for their cavalry forces6
4949248407civil service*process of using examinations to identify qualified candidates for government jobs - favored rich because their families could help them prepare7
4949248408The Analects*a book of Confucius's sayings (Lun Yu)8
4949248409Qin Shihuangdifirst emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty. used legalism to punish or kill anyone who dared disagree with him, overthrown by those who believed him cruel9
4949248410Han Wudicreated long, difficult exams to find qualified people for government jobs10
4949248411Empress Wu*the only woman in Chinese history to rule China on her own (Tang dynasty)11
4949248412Huang Hethe first center of civilization - also called the "yellow river" for its rich yellow soil and "China's sorrow" for its dangers when flooding12
4949248413Yangtzealso called the Chang Jiang, another fertile river13
494924841410%China's land that can be farmed (the rest is mountains and deserts)14
4949248415Gobi Deserta cold and rocky area on China's north border, between it and Mongolia15
4949248416Middle Kingdomwhat the Chinese called their homeland, which they saw as the center of the world16
4949248417Shangfirst major empire and dynasty17
4949248418dynastya line of rulers from the same family18
4949248419warlordgoverned the territories in Shang kingdom, a military leader with his/her own private army19
4949248420aristocratan upper class noble whose wealth came from land ownership passed from one generation to the next20
4949248421farmers9 out of 10 Chinese were21
4949248422ancestors and spiritsChinese made food and other offerings to their22
4949248423oracle boneshow the early Chinese predicted the future and received answers from the gods - the earliest known Chinese writing23
4949248424pictographscharacters that stand for objects24
4949248425Zhouoriginally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkic-speaking in origin; overthrew Shang and established 2nd Chinese dynasty (1122-256 B.C.E.).replaced the Shang, longest dynasty in Chinese history (800 years)25
4949248426Wu WangZhou king who led the rebellion against the Shang - people hated them for living in luxury and mistreating the people26
4949248427bureaucracygroup of appointed officials who are responsible for different parts of government27
4949248428religious ritualsthe king's chief duty as their link between heaven and earth (Remember the pharaohs?!)28
4949248429Mandate of Heaventhe idea that the king was given a formal order to rule by the gods because of his talent and virtue29
4949248430Period of the Warring Statesbetween Zhou and Qin - when local rulers warred for control30
4949248431conscriptto use laws to force a citizen to join the army31
4949248432cavalrysoldiers on horses32
4949248433merchantslived in towns and provided goods and services to landowners, lower than farmers in the class system33
4949248434filial pietychildren showing respect for parents and older family members34
4949248435womencould not hold government posts and mostly raised children and managed household35
4949248436philosophya theory or attitude that guides behavior36
4949248437ConfuciusChina's first great thinker and teacher, wanted to end the problems in China and bring peace37
4949248438dutyConfucius believed people needed a sense of [ ] and to put others before themselves for the common good38
4949248439Golden RuleOne of Confucius's ideas: "What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."39
4949248440Confucianismfamily and community before ourselves, anyone with talent should serve in government to make a better world40
4949248441DaoismGive up worldly pleasures and desires and focus on nature and the force that guides all things41
4949248442Laozi"the Old Master," whose ideas were the basis of Daoism42
4949248443Dao De Jing"The Way of the Dao" - the collection of Daoist ideas43
4949248444Legalismbelieved that humans were naturally evil and only a strong system of law and harsh punishments could bring peace44
4949248445Hanfeizideveloped the teachings of Legalism45
4949248446Handynasty succeeding the Qin ruled from 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. established by Liu Bang after the Qin dynasty, less harsh but continued use of provinces and censors46
4949248447censorsgovernment officials whose job it was to make sure everyone else did their jobs47
4949248448tenant farmerslive and work on land belonging to aristocrats and pay rent in crops48
4949248449rudder, acupuncture, paper, steelimportant Han inventions49
4949248450Buddhismtook hold in China, provided people comfort during the time of civil war50
4949248451porcelainvery thin, fine clay baked at high temperatures and used to create dishes51
4949248452Great WallChinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; Qin Shihuangdi began constructing this protect from the Xiongnu (invaders from the North)52
4949295056Shithe scholars of ancient China and thus were a very prestigious class.53
4949317814Qindynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) founded at the end of the Warring States period.54
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Mediterranean: Chapter 4 Flashcards

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3067886055Rome vs. GreeceMighty empire /// inept city states Engineering /// scientific thought Western Europe was Greco-Roman /// Eastern Europe was Greek influence0
3067892416What did Rome and Greece share?Political ideas Common religion Artistic styles Economic structures1
3072328052When was the rise of the Persian empire? Leader?550 BCE: massive Persian empire across Middle East Cyrus the Great2
3072353707Characteristics of the Persian empire? (6) + who conquered it?1. Tolerant of local customs 2. Advanced iron technology 3. Zoroastrianism 4. Artistic lifestyle 5. Conquered by Alexander the Great 6. Persian language and culture survived into 20th century3
3072372681Civilization of CreteShowed Egyptian influence by 20004
3072387977What major empire was crete apart of?Greece5
3072372682Crete architectureMonuments6
3072372683In what city and year did the Trojan war occur?1400 BCE Mycenae7
3072404636Dark AgesAfter the Trojan war----Indo-Europeans destroyed until 8008
3072420477How did Greek civilization emerge from the dark ages?Rise from 800-600 BCE Strong city-states with tyrant or aristocratic council9
3072499135Why was a unified government difficult for early Greece?the region is divided by mountains10
3072598728Language of city stateswritten language came from Phoenician alphabet11
3072602497Social life in early Greece?Regular celebrations Athletic competitions----Olympic games12
3072609481Two major cities of Greece?1. Sparta: military tradition, slavery 2. Athens: commercial state, slaves, artistic/intellectual leadership13
3072617402When and where did democracy emerge?(500 BCE) Athens14
3072620980Most famous political figure in Athens?Pericles---(no official position, but did influence negotiation)15
3072674963Peloponnesian WarsBetween Sparta and Athens Weakened Greece16
3072678445Who took over after the Peloponnesian wars?Philip II of Macedon17
3100436712How did Alexander the Great react to the Peloponnesian wars?Continued invading towards Persia18
3100441963Greece post Peloponnesian wars? [6]1. 13 years of conquests 2. Successor kingdoms ruled for centuries 3. Hellinistic period (Greek art and culture emerges) 4. Trade flourished 5. Scientific centers: alexandria 6. Greece decline, legacy carries on19
3100452929Emergence of RomeStarted under control of a monarchy in 800 BCE20
3100481570Fall of Rome (year)509 BCE21
3100487386How did the Roman republic expand?Constantly, despite fear of invaders22
3100490420What caused the 3 Punic wars?Expansion across Sicily started a conflict at Carthage23
3100500750Winner of the punic wars?Hannibal defeated through Gaul (not roman)24
3100590183How did the government change for Rome post Punic wars?republic replaced by powerful generals25
3100595666Who was the first to "Cross the rubicon"Ceaser26
3100597729How and when does Ceaser take over27 BCE Through assassination after rivalry27
3100600483Pax Romanabasic structure for Roman empire refers to Rome in glorified time, meaning peace28
3100604868When and how did pax romana end180 CE: with Marcus Aurelius peace was brought to Medditeranean 476: gradual fall until invaders took over29
3100647077Where does the empire expand to during pax romanaBritain30
3100653816What caused the fall of Rome [5]1. economy loss : trade loss 2. population loss: lowering birth rates 3. government less effective 4. unable to supply more land to finance empire 5. too spread out: difficult to defend31
3100673951What two leaders attempt to salvage RomeDeiocleitan: reforms Constantine: [313] adopts Christianity, East and West split32
3100680869Rome post fall (governments and army)1. Governments became locals in Western Europe 2. tried using foreign recruits33
3100690277Poliscity state in ancient Greece34
3100694755What civilization was the greek and roman use of city states similar to?China35
3100698425What did Greece and rome not do in terms of government?Administer local regions36
3100702235How is their government similar to India, unlike China?China had a single set of political institutions: Rome and Greece did not Like India: diverse forms of government37
3100706722What diverse forms of government did Greece and Rome use?Monarchy (yet not preferred) Individual strongmen: tyranny (common)38
3100741741Demospeople of Greece39
3100747011Government in Greecedirect democracy and general assemblies executive officers chosen by lot: similar to jury duty40
3100755263Negatives of democracyPeloponnesian Wars Lower class citizens wanted power: recommend stupid military decisions41
3100826630What was the most preferred form of government in GreeceAristocractic assemblies42
3100834971Roman government [2 main structures]1. Constitution: relied on magistrates and aristocrats 2. Senate: held executive offices--two consuls shared power43
3100844878Use of a dictatorEmployed by the senate during times of emergencies44
3100847122Who shaped political theory in RomeCicero45
3100851040[5] parts of political theory in Rome1. Political ethic 2. duties of citizens 3. incorruptable service 4. key political skills (oratory) 5. different than China: hierachy not strong46
3100861109Who did the Roman empire preservethe senate (useless at time)47
3100865005Main form of government during the Roman empirelocal autonomy (tolerance of local customs and religion)48
3100871993The roman empire had strong ______________.military organization49
3100875527Laws in classical Rome?Twelve tables (450 BCE) Used to restrain the upper class and regulated property and commerce50
3100887204What two things did the Roman government focus on?Law courts Military51
3100893557How did Rome support official religionCivic festivals Religions tolerated as long as they did not conflict with the state52
3100899488Key Elements of Medditeranean government1. localism 2. political focus 3. diversity of systems 4. aristocracy and law53
3100905543How were the governments flawedlack of specific individual rights54
3100912117Greco-Roman Religion emphasis on nature?nature>gods/goddesses55
3100915021Actions of the godsInteracted with people in soap operas used in stories to show human passion56
3100922780Why did the lower class gravitate towards "mystery religions"Greco-Roman religion lacked spiritual passion57
3100927172Major philosphers and their primary beliefs1. Aristotle: balance, Golden Mean 2. Stoics: moral independance 3. Socrates: question (accused for undermining) 4. Plato: 3 forms are true, good, beautiful58
3100937405Primary belief of all philosophersThinking is most important, not spirituality59
3100943756Intellectual in RomeMany theories in math and science wrong Romans good at engineering60
3100948755What was artistic expression in temples and statues inspired by?Official religion61
3100957106Style of artRealistic depiction of humans62
3100959814Drama in Greece and Romecomedy and tragedy focused on human flaw63
3100963363What were Romans known for?athletic performances (gladiators)64
3100966018Greek literatureepic tradition (Oddyssey and the Illiad) links to mythology65
3100971337Architecture in Greece and RomeGreece: columns Rome: dome/stadium66
3100979294What caused fueds in the economy?large landowners hurt small farmers Farmers try to keep independance: forced olives and grapes (take patience and need capital)67
3100987188Commercial agriculture needed an _________empire68
3100991973What would an empire do for agriculture?supervise grain trade and public works manufacture many goods69
3100997884Merchant influenceBetter in Medditeranean than China70
3101003017What was the key component to agriculture at the time period?slavery71
3101005775How did slavery hurt technological innovation?Many people used for labor--no need for technology Free farmers could not compete72
3101013643Family structureTight Women inferior/ different laws than men73
3101015456How did Rome fall (in general)fell in parts rather than all at once74
3101020846Why did Rome not carry on?No central religion to revive it75
3101032319How was China, India, and Medditeranean similar?Social hierarchy Agricultural economy Politics mostly beuracratic: laws to justify upper class76
3101048307Social mobility in the different civilizations?India: little China: few talented beuracrats Med: some non-artistocrats can, military77
3101053841United by different reasonsIndia: Hindu China: Confucionism Med: military and local leaders78
3101062058Why were China/India able to remain for longer?Able to convince of political legitimacy: to lower class Religion Med: gave more political rights (democracy)79
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