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Paleolithic Art Flashcards

1987919467	Venus of Willendorffrom Willendorf, Austria ca. 28,000-25,000 B.C.E. limestone 4 1/4 in. high	0
1987938584	Altamira Cave paintings Santander, Spain ca. 12,000-11,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	1
1987948128	Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	2
1987954912	Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	3
1987956276	Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	4
1987982948	Mammoth bone dwelling from Ukraine ca. 16,000-10,000 B.C.E.	5
1992335188	Pebble resembling a human face from Makaspansgat South Africa ca. 3,000,000 B.C.E. reddish brown jasperite approximately 2 3/8 in. wide	6
1993037400	Apollo 11 Cave Namibia ca. 23,000 B.C.E. charcoal on stone 5 in x 4 3/4 in.	7
1993051167	Human with Feline Head from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany ca. 30,000-28,000 B.C.E. mammoth ivory 11 5/8 in. high	8
1993062543	Venus of Willendorf from Willendorf, Austria ca. 28,000-25,000 B.C.E. limestone 4 1/4 in. high	9
1993068287	Woman of Lespugue from cave of Les Rideaux, France ca. 20,000 B.C.E. mammoth ivory 5 3/4 in. high	10
1993072635	Various European "Venus" figures	11
1993077661	Woman of Laussel from a cave in Laussel, Dordogne, France ca. 25,000-20,000 B.C.E. painted limestone approximately 18 in. high	12
1993082950	Bison reliefs from a cave at Le Tuc d'Audoubert, Ariége, France ca. 15,000-10,000 B.C.E. clay each approximately 2 feet long	13
1993086987	Chauvet Cave paintings Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche, France ca. 30,000-28,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	14
1993092324	Pech-Merle Cave paintings Lot, France ca. 22,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	15
1993098858	Altamira Cave paintings Santander, Spain ca. 12,000-11,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	16
1993102553	Pech-Merle Cave paintings Lot, France ca. 22,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	17
1993107496	Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	18
1993109855	Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E.	19
1993124076	Lascaux Cave paintings Lascaux, Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. pigment on stone	20
1993131347	Mammoth bone dwelling	21
1993134779	Great Stone Tower of Settlement Wall Jericho, Israel/Gaza ca. 8,000-7,000 B.C.E.	22
1993138261	Human Skulls with Restored Features from Jericho, Israel/Gaza ca. 7,000-6,000 B.C.E. skulls, plaster, shells	23
1993147696	Human figure From Ain Ghazal, Jordan ca. 6,750-6,250 B.C.E. plaster, painted and inlaid with cowrie shell and bitumen	24
1993151823	Çatal Höyük Turkey ca. 6,000-5,900 B.C.E.	25
1993154928	Deer Hunt detail of a wall painting from Level III Çatal Höyük, Turkey ca. 5,750 B.C.E.	26
1993157742	Çatal Höyük Turkey ca. 6,000-5,900 B.C.E.	27
1993162894	Landscape with Volcanic Eruption Çatal Höyük, Turkey ca. 6150 watercolor copy of a wall painting	28
1993165895	Figures of Man and Woman From Cernavoda, Romania ca. 4,000-3,500 B.C.E. ceramic 4 1/2 in. high	29
1993170136	Menhir alignments at Ménec, Carnac, France ca. 4,250-3,750 B.C.E.	30
1993173231	various Menhirs Ireland, Scotland, England, France	31
1993176400	Dolmens Ireland, Scotland, England, France	32
1993180063	Stonehenge Salisury Plain, Wiltshire, England ca. 2,550-1,600 B.C.E. sarsen and bluestone	33

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Microbiology Flashcards

Multiple choice questions from the compend for Microbiology

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2265326391	active	Vaccines bring about a type of immunity referred to as	0
2265326392	naturally acquired passive	The type of immunity which is the result of placental transfer of antibodies is called	1
2265326393	antiserum	The serum derived from an animal that has been immunized to an infectious disease and is used to confer immunity to others, including humans, is called	2
2265326394	antigen	A foreign protein, which when introduced into the body, excites the body cells to produce antibodies against itself, is called a(an)	3
2265326395	artificially acquired passive	The type of acquired immunity that results from the inoculation of immune serum is called	4
2265326396	susceptibility	Lack of resistance to a specific disease is called	5
2265326397	antibodies	Substances produced by body cells to combat foreign proteins introduced into the living body are called	6
2265326398	agglutinins	Antibodies that inactivate invading bacterial cells by causing the cells to form clumps are called	7
2265326399	acquired	The type of immunity that is inherited is called	8
2265326400	innate	The type of immunity that is inherited is called	9
2265326401	naturally acquired passive	The type of immunity that results from the inoculation of a toxoid is	10
2265326402	vaccine	The causative agent of a disease modified in such a manner that it will no longer cause the disease but will still promote the production of antibodies is a/an	11
2265326403	immunity	A highly developed state of resistance to a specific disease is called	12
2265326404	droplet spray	The organisms responsible for the infection epidemic meningitis exit from the host by means of	13
2265326405	ingestion	Infections caused by members of the genus Salmonella are primarily transmitted by	14
2265326406	mouth	The portal of entry of Salmonella typhi is	15
2265326407	Neisseria	Opthalmia neonatorum is an infection caused by	16
2265326408	Clostridium	Endospore formation is characteristic of the members of the genus	17
2265326409	tetanus	Lockjaw is the common name for the disease	18
2265326410	Clostridium perfringens	Gas gangrene and tissue gas is caused by	19
2265326411	Staphylococcus	Local skin abscesses are infections usually caused by members of the genus	20
2265326412	Asiatic cholera	Vibrio cholerae are bacteria responsible for the infection called	21
2265326413	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Which of the following organisms has a high lipid content of the cell wall?	22
2265326414	whooping cough	Pertussis is a disease that is commonly called	23
2265326415	tularemia	Rabbit fever is the common name for the disease	24
2265326416	childbed fever	Puerperal sepsis is commonly referred to as	25
2265326417	Clostridium perfringens	Which of the following organisms is capable of forming capsules when living as parasites?	26
2265326418	Streptococcus pyogenes	The causative agent of the infection called septic sore throat is	27
2265326419	Tularemia	Which of the following diseases may be caused by the organisms responsible for infection entering the body through the unbroken skin?	28
2265326420	Bacillus anthracis	Endospore formation is a characteristic of	29
2265326421	rheumatic fever	Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for the infectious disease	30
2265326422	Treponema pallidum	Which of the following organisms is the causative agent for a venereal disease?	31
2265326423	infectious jaundice	Weil's disease is another name for	32
2265326424	ophthalmia neonatorum	Silver nitrate prophylaxis was once used for the control of	33
2265326425	nose and mouth	The portal of entry of Streptococcus pneumoniae is the	34
2265326426	agglutinins	Which of the following organisms is capable of forming capsules when living as parasites?	35
2265326427	Streptococcus pneumoniae	Which of the following organisms is capable fo forming capsules when living as parasites?	36
2265326428	Respiratory discharges	Which of the following does NOT play a part in the transmission of salmonellosis?	37
2265326429	Syphilis	Which of the following diseases are caused by a spiral-shaped organism?	38
2265326430	Treponema pallidum	Syphilis is an infection caused by	39
2265326431	coccus	Septic sore throat is caused by a	40
2265326432	female reproductive tract	The disease known as puerperal sepsis occurs in the	41
2265326433	facultative anaerobes	Those bacteria that prefer to live in the presence of free oxygen but can live in its absence are called	42
2265326434	optimum temperature	The temperature at which a species of bacteria grows best is	43
2265326435	autotrophic	An organism that can utilize inorganic matter as food is called	44
2265326436	facultative parasite	A bacterium that prefers dead inorganic material, but can also obtain nourishment from living organic material is a/an	45
2265326437	sporulating	Those spore forming bacteria that currently contain spores are called	46
2265326438	mesophilic bacteria	Those bacteria that grow best at a relatively moderate temperature are called	47
2265326439	minimum temperature	The lowest temperature at which growth for a species will take place is the	48
2265326440	maximum temperature	The highest temperature at which growth for a species will take place is the	49
2265326441	facultative anaerobe	A bacteria that grows and reproduces best in the presence of oxygen, but can also grow and reproduce in its absence , is a	50
2265326442	alkalinity	pH is a method for measurement of	51
2265326443	They are obligate saprophytes	Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?	52
2265326444	binary fission	Bacteria usually reproduce by	53
2265326445	Mycobacterium	Which organism is acid fast positive?	54
2265326446	thermophilic	Those bacteria that grow best at a relatively high temperature are	55
2265326447	psychrophilic	Those bacteria that grow best at a relatively low temperature are	56
2265326448	Yeasts	Which organisms are known as the "true fungi"?	57
2265326449	virology	The study of the smallest microscopic life forms is	58
2265326450	autolysis	Self digestion of tissue by enzymes of their own formation is called	59
2265326451	Capsule	Which structure functions to protect the organism and to enhance its virulence?	60
2265326452	Nucleic acid	Which structure contains the material of inheritance?	61
2265326453	bacilli	Those bacteria that may be capable of forming spores are called	62
2265326454	cocci	Those bacteria that are spherical in shape are called	63
2265326455	bacilli	Rod-shaped bacteria are called	64
2265326456	mycology	The study of true fungi is	65
2265326457	microorganism	An animal or plant of microscopic size is called a	66
2265326458	yeasts	Those eucaryotic, true fungi that reproduce by budding are called	67
2265326459	bacteria	Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla are shapes of	68
2265326460	multicellular	Molds are	69
2265326461	unicellular	Living organisms that are composed of a single cell are said to be	70
2265326462	protozoa	Microscopic one-celled animals are called	71
2265326463	1/25000 of an inch	A micrometer is equal to approximately	72
2265326464	Lymphogranuloma venereum	Which of the following is classified as a venereal disease?	73
2265326465	procaryotic	The bacteria which contain nuclear bodies are	74
2265326466	droplet spray	The most common mode of transmission for tuberculosis is	75
2265326467	nuclear membrane	The cytoplasm of the typical eucaryotic cell is separated from the nucleus by the	76
2265326468	nuclear body	The material of inheritance is contained within the	77
2265326469	cell	The basic unit from which all living organisms are made is the	78
2265326470	antibiosis	An association of two organisms that is detrimental to one is	79
2265326471	an endoenzyme	An enzyme that is produced in a bacterial cell but retained inside the cell is	80
2265326472	colony	A visible mass of bacterial growth resulting from the reproduction of a single cell is a	81
2265326473	staphylococci	Spherical shaped bacteria that form grape-like clusters are called	82
2265326474	bacilli	Spore formation is characteristic of only a few species of	83
2265326475	the conditions for reproduction are not favorable	Spores are most likely to form when	84
2265326476	increasing virulence	The presence of a capsule may affect a bacterium by	85
2265326477	it is formed within the cell	The bacterial spore is called an endospore because	86
2265326478	Psittacosis	Which of the following is caused by Chlamydia?	87
2265326479	a micrometer	The size of bacteria is measured in a special unit called	88
2265326480	cell	The smallest unit in which a living organism can survive independently is a	89
2265326481	sporulating	Spore forming bacteria under unfavorable conditions are called	90
2265326482	a protective device	Spore formation is characterized as	91
2265326483	unsuitable living conditions	Spore formation occurs in response to	92
2265326484	rabies	The respiratory tract is the primary portal of entry for all of the following virus diseases except	93
2265326485	Candida	Monilia is used synonymously with	94
2265326486	mumps	A viral disease primarily of man is	95
2265326487	Sexual contact	What is the most common mode of transmission for gonorrhea?	96
2265326488	Typhus fever	Which is NOT a viral disease?	97
2265326489	Syphilis	Which is NOT a viral disease?	98
2265326490	chlamydia	Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by a	99
2265326491	bubonic plague	Least likely to be a viral disease is	100
2265326492	viruses	Antibiotics have thus far been ineffective against most varieties or types of	101
2265326493	rickettsia	The causative agent of typhus fever is a	102
2265326494	Serum hepatitis	Which of the following viruses is most likely transmitted from person to person by unsanitary injection procedures?	103
2265326495	fungi	Mycology is the study of	104
2265326496	a fungal infection	Ringworm arises from	105
2265326497	Viruses	Which of the following require living cells for growth?	106
2265326498	protozoa	Malaria is caused by	107
2265326499	Rickettsia rickettsii	Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by	108
2265326500	exposure to blood	Serum hepatitis has been attributed to	109
2265326501	Herpes simplex virus	A virus which causes fever blisters or cold sores is	110
2265326502	bacterial toxins	Hemolysins and leucocidins are classified as	111
2265326503	Q fever	Which of the following is caused by rickettsia?	112
2265326504	cold temperatures	Which of the following is the least effective in the destruction of microbes?	113
2265326505	unicellular	Protozoa may be classified as	114
2265326506	lice	Epidemic typhus fevers are transmitted by	115
2265326507	transmitted by air	Parrot fever is	116
2265326508	protozoa	Malaria and amoebiasis are caused by	117
2265326509	strict parasite	A virus is a	118
2265326510	droplet spray	The common cold is transmitted by	119
2265326511	hydrophobia	Rabies is also called	120
2265326512	parasites	Rickettsia grow only as	121
2265326513	rickettsia	Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by	122
2265326514	rickettsia	Q fever is caused by	123
2265326515	fungi	Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are caused by	124
2265326516	man, animals, insects	Viruses have been found to be capable of infecting	125
2265326517	Food poisoning	Which of the following is caused by a member of the genus Staphylococcus?	126
2265326518	fungus	Ringworm is caused by a	127
2265326519	Candida	Which organism causes the disease known as thrush?	128
2265326520	Mumps	Which disease is NOT dermatrophic?	129
2265326521	Pneumotrophic	Which virus attacks the respiratory tract?	130
2265326522	variola	Vaccination with cowpox virus will produce an immunity to	131
2265326523	Sporozoa	Which protozoan parasite does NOT have a method for locomotion?	132
2265326524	sterilization	The destruction of all microorganisms and their products is termed	133
2265326525	an antiseptic	The inhibition of bacterial growth and reproduction without necessarily destroying the organisms is the result of	134
2265326526	disinfection	The destruction of all pathogens and their products is termed	135
2265326527	fungicide	An agent which destroys yeasts and molds is termed a/an	136
2265326528	a fumigant	An agent which liberates the gases or fumes for the purpose of destruction of insects and microorganisms is called	137
2265326529	steam under pressure	Which of the following is most efficient in destruction of microorganisms?	138
2265326530	cold	Which one of these is primarily bacteriostatic in its action?	139
2265326531	the common cold	The most often diagnosed viral infection is	140
2265326532	heat	The most widely applicable and effective sterilizing agent is	141
2265326533	respiratory tract	The usual portal of entry for pneumotropic viral diseases is the	142
2265326534	boiling	Free-flowing steam is about equal to	143
2265326535	121 degrees C	The autoclave usually generates a temperature of about	144
2265326536	are bactericidal	The ultraviolet rays contained in direct sunlight	145
2265326537	Rubella	German measles are more correctly known as	146
2265326538	viscerotropic	What type of virus would have an affinity for the liver?	147
2265326539	time of day	Which of the following is NOT a factor in the action of a chemical disinfectant?	148
2265326540	Phenol	Which of the following is used as a standard to measure the efficiency of chemical disinfectants	149
2265326541	Zephiran chloride	Which of the following is a quaternary ammonium compound?	150
2265326542	The brain	Which part of the body is affected by encephalitis?	151
2265326543	shingles	The same virus that causes chickenpox will also cause a second infection in some individuals. This second infection is known as	152
2265326544	Dermatropic	What type of viral diseases would cause lesions of the skin?	153
2265326545	Gluteraldehyde	Which of the following is NOT a phenolic compound?	154
2265326546	contamination	A term that may be used to describe the presence of true pathogens on inanimate objects is	155
2265326547	opportunists	Microorganisms that produce disease only under favorable conditions are	156
2265326548	Infestation	What term refers to the invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites?	157
2265326549	Virulence	What term is defined as the degree of the ability of a microorganism to cause disease?	158
2265326550	Infection	What term is defined as the invasion of the body by living microorganisms with subsequent multiplication and disease production?	159
2265326551	decreasing virulence	Attenuation affects a pathogen by	160
2265326552	Elective localization	What term refers to the preference of a pathogen for a particular part of the body?	161
2265326553	endogenous	An infection which is caused by organisms already present in the body is best described as	162
2265326554	acute	An infection which has a relatively short and severe course is termed	163
2265326555	local	An infection which remains confined to a particular part of the body is termed	164
2265326556	General	What infection is one in which microorganisms or their products are spread by the blood or lymph throughout the entire body?	165
2265326557	Chronic	What infection ins one which has a relatively slow onset and long duration?	166
2265326558	Focal	What infection spreads from one area of infection to set up other areas of infection in the body?	167
2265326559	Exogenous	What infection is one in which the causative agents enter the body from the outside by entering through one of the portals of entry?	168
2265326560	Secondary	What infection is one which occurs in an individual who already has an infection of another type?	169
2265326561	Mixed	What infection is one caused by two or more different organisms at about the same time?	170
2265326562	Bacteremia	What is a condition in which bacteria are found in the blood but not multiplying there?	171
2265326563	Primary	What infection occurs in an individual who has no other active infection?	172
2265326564	Septicemia	What is an infection of the blood with actual growth and multiplication of pathogens in the blood?	173
2265326565	Terminal	What infection occurs as a late complication of another disease and is itself the actual cause of death?	174
2265326566	endemic	A communicable disease which is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree within a community is termed.	175
2265326567	epidemic	A communicable disease that attacks a large number of persons in a community at about the same time is termed	176
2265326568	sporadic	A communicable disease that occurs in a community only as an occasional case is termed.	177
2265326569	Pandemic	A communicable disease that has spread to more than one country may be described as	178
2265326570	Exotoxins	_________ are poisonous substances produced by bacteria and released into the surrounding medium by the living cells.	179
2265326571	Leucocidins	Which of the following substances produced by bacteria will destroy white blood cells?	180
2265326572	Hemolysins	Which of the following substances produced by bacterial cells will destroy red blood cells?	181
2265326573	Endotoxins	What are poisonous substances produced by bacteria and released only when the bacterial cells die and disintegrate?	182
2265326574	May have never had the disease that is being carried, may have had the disease and recovered exhibits no symptoms of the disease	Which of the following is true of a carrier?	183
2265326575	Active	What carrier harbors and disseminates the causative agents of a disease for a long time following recovery from the disease?	184
2265326576	Droplet Spray	Which of the following is a mode of direct disease transmission?	185
2265326577	Variola	What is the proper term for smallpox?	186
2265326578	Biological vectors	Which of these transmit disease by biting the host?	187
2265326579	Housefly	Which of the following would most likely transmit typhoid fever as a mechanical vector?	188
2265326580	placenta	Congenital disease transmission occurs through the	189
2265326581	Cilia	Which of the following are mechanical body defenses?	190
2265326582	external body defense	Inflammation is primarily a	191
2265326583	Antibodies	What substances are produced by the body in response to the entry of a foreign substance into the body?	192
2265326584	procaryotic	Bacteria are considered to be	193
2265326585	autotrophic	Bacteria which prefer inorganic material as their source of nutrition are called	194
2265326586	endotoxin	A toxin which remains inside a bacteria until the bacteria disintegrates is called an	195
2265326587	virulent	A bacterium which has a high degree of pathogenicity is said to be very	196
2265326588	attenuated	A bacterium which has had its virulence reduced is said to be	197
2265326589	rabies	Hydrophobia is a condition often associated with	198
2265326590	bacteremia	The presence of bacteria in the blood with no noticeable growth or reproduction is	199
2265326591	a carrier	A person who harbors a pathogenic microbe but does not exhibit any symptoms of the disease which it is known to cause is	200
2265326592	bacterial disease	Tuberculosis is an example of a	201
2265326593	genus	In the name Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the first name is the	202
2265326594	occur in grape-like clusters	The prefix "staphylo" refers to an organism's tendency to	203
2265326595	Capsules	Which of the following structures interfere most with phagocytosis?	204
2265326596	capsule	Many bacteria possess a thick colorless gelatinous outer covering called a	205
2265326597	Neurotropic	What is the classification for the disease poliomyelitis?	206
2265326598	Viruses	Which of the following organisms requires living cells for growth and reproduction?	207
2265326599	The gram stain reaction of the microbe	Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the occurrence of an infection?	208
2265326600	a tubercle	The type of lesion most closely associated with tuberculosis is	209
2265326601	contagious	A highly communicable disease which is easily spread directly from person to person is considered.	210
2265326602	innate immunity	Racial immunity is an example of	211
2265326603	Enzymes	What type of substance is secreted by a living cell that can bring about chemical changes in another substance without undergoing any substantive change themselves?	212
2265326604	infection	The invasion, multiplication, and spreading of microorganisms causing harm to the host is	213
2265326605	True pathogens	What type of pathogens cause disease under most conditions?	214
2265326606	seventy percent solution	For disinfection, alcohol is most effective in a	215
2265326607	Inflammation	Which of these is an example of a physiological defense mechanism of the body against infection?	216
2265326608	filtration	The process of passing a liquid through a material with pores so small that bacteria cannot pass through is	217
2265326609	Benzalkonium chloride	Which of these chemical agents is a member of the quaternary ammonium compound family?	218
2265326610	Serum hepatitis	Which of the following viruses is most likely transmitted from host to host by unsanitary injection procedures?	219
2265326611	Candida albicans	Oral and vaginal thrush are caused by	220
2265326612	rickettsia	Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by	221
2265326613	rickettsia	Q fever is caused by	222
2265326614	Indirect contact	The spread of microorganisms from host to host by food, milk, and water is what mode of transmission?	223
2265326615	non-communicable	A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another is	224
2265326616	normal flora	Those microorganisms that do not normally invade the body of the host to produce disease are	225
2265326617	Boiling	Which of these is least effective in achieving a sterile environment	226
2265326618	Scrubbing	Which mechanical method of sanitation is likely to be used in the practice of mortuary hygiene?	227
2265326619	Staphylococcus	Which of the following is capable of producing an enterotoxin that will cause food poisoning?	228
2265326620	droplet spray	A common cold can be transmitted by	229
2265326621	flagella	The structures that produce motility for bacterial cells are the	230
2265326622	They are susceptible to small amounts of heat or light	Which of these is NOT typical of a bacterial spore?	231
2265326623	Phenol	Which of these chemical agents is described as a coal-tar derivative?	232
2265326624	Entamoeba histolytica	Which of these is an example of a pathogenic protozoa?	233
2265326625	They are spiral-shaped microbes which move with a twisting axis	Which of these statements is descriptive of spirochetes?	234
2265326626	capsule	A gelatinous envelope that surrounds a bacilli is a	235
2265326627	Within the cell cytoplasm	Where are spores formed?	236
2265326628	flagellum	A thin whip-like organelle of bacterial motility is the	237
2265326629	in pairs	Diplococci appear	238
2265326630	7.4	The optimum pH for most pathogenic bacteria is	239
2265326631	an opportunistic pathogen	A bacterium that produces infection only when specific conditions arise is	240
2265326632	toxicity	The degree of the ability of a microbe to produce	241
2265326633	a toxin	A poisonous substance produced by a microorganism is	242
2265326634	Endogenous	Normal flora bacteria will cause which of the following types of infection?	243
2265326635	phagocytosis	The process of ingestion of bacteria by leukocytes is	244
2265326636	antibodies	The humoral theory of immunity involves	245
2265326637	spherical cells arranged in chains	The word "strepococcus" describes	246
2265326638	Soap	Which of the following is NOT an effective disinfectant?	247
2265326639	A leukocyte	What body cell is known to perform the process of phagocytosis?	248
2265326640	A nosocomial infection	Staphylococcus aureus causes	249
2265326641	plague	Yersinia pestis causes	250
2265326642	parrot fever	Chlamydia psittaci causes	251
2265326643	Shingles	With what disease is Varicella Zoster identified?	252
2265326644	German measles	With what disease is rubella identified?	253
2265326645	Rabies	What disease is identified with the condition called hydrophobia?	254
2265326646	tissue gas	Clostridium perfringens	255
2265326647	Rabbit fever	What disease is caused by Francisella tularensis?	256
2265326648	Anthrax	What disease is caused by Bacillus anthracis?	257
2265326649	Syphilis	Which of the following is most likely to enter the body through the genitourinary tract?	258
2265326650	Influenza	Which of the following is classified as pneumotropic?	259
2265326651	Hepatitis	Which of the following is classified as viscerotropic?	260
2265326652	Viricide	Which of these is a chemical agent capable of killing viral organisms?	261
2265326653	Fungicide	Which of these chemical agents is capable of killing molds?	262
2265326654	Natural immunity	What type of immunity is based solely on the genus and species of the host?	263
2265326655	Incineration	What control process is used to destroy something of no value?	264
2265326656	Moderate temperatures	What condition is most desired by mesophilic bacteria?	265
2265326657	Fungicide	Which agent destroys yeasts and molds?	266
2265326658	fumigant	An agent that liberates gasses for the purpose of destroying macroscopic life forms is a	267
2265326659	Mesophilic	What type of bacteria grows best between temperatures of 30 degrees celsius and 40 degrees celsius?	268
2265326660	heterotropic	Bacteria that require organic chemical compounds for nourishment are	269
2265326661	cell wall	The structure providing a bacterial cell with rigidity and outlining the shape of the cell is the	270
2265326662	An organism capable of producing disease in a susceptible host	Which of these statements best describes a pathogen?	271
2265326663	a secondary infection	An infection that occurs after another infection is already present is	272
2265326664	Acute infection	Which of these infections occurs with rapid onset and short duration?	273
2265326665	a primary infection	The first infection that a person has at any given time is	274
2265326666	mixed infection	An infection that is caused by two or more different organisms is a	275
2265326667	Coffee cup	Which of the following is an example of a fomite?	276
2265326668	Fibrinolysin	Which of these is an enzyme that dissolves fibrin?	277
2265326669	Hyaluronidase	Which of the following enzymes is often referred to as "the spreading factor"?	278
2265326670	Hemolysin	Which of the following enzymes causes blood plasma to clot?	279
2265326671	Coagulase	Which of the following enzymes causes blood plasma to clot?	280
2265326672	a host	An organism upon which a pathogen lives is	281
2265326673	They are arthropod-borne	Which of these is a characteristic of rickettsial organisms?	282
2265326674	They are intracellular parasites	Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of viruses?	283
2265326675	Mumps	What disease is also known as epidemic parotitis?	284
2265326676	Hepatitis type B	Which of the following diseases is caused by contact with contaminated blood serum?	285
2265326677	The formation of antibodies against a pathogen	Which of these describes the virulence of a pathogen?	286
2265326678	Epidermophyton	Dermatomycosis is caused by	287
2265326679	Entamoeba histolytica	Which of these is a causative agent of dysentery?	288
2265326680	Chickenpox	What disease is caused by the Varicella virus?	289
2265326681	They are autotrophic organisms	Which of the following is NOT applicable to viruses?	290
2265326682	Motility	Which of these describes the movement of bacteria through a medium?	291
2265326683	symbiotic	The relationship between two organisms in which neither can survive independent of the other is	292
2265326684	antagonistic	A relationship between two organisms in which one is detrimental to the other is	293
2265326685	Salmonella typhi	Which of these microbes is known to produce an endotoxin?	294
2265326686	microbiology	The study of all microscopic life forms is	295
2265326687	Vibrio cholera	Which of these microbes is described as being "comma" shaped?	296
2265326688	Amoebic dysentery	Which of these is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite?	297
2265326689	fungi	Those organisms that reproduce by budding are	298
2265326690	multicellular	Molds are	299
2265326691	streptobacilli	Rod-shaped bacteria that form chain-like arrangements are	300
2265326692	Antibodies	Which of the following substances is most specific in antimicrobial action?	301
2265326693	mutualism	A mutually advantageous symbiotic relationship between two organisms is	302
2265326694	Bacteriostatic	What type of condition is produced by the application of an antiseptic?	303
2265326695	Antiseptic	Which of these terms is synonymous with bacteriostatic?	304
2265326696	are bactericidal	Ultraviolet rays of sunlight	305
2265326697	the placenta	Congenital disease transmission occurs through	306
2265326698	They damage the DNA or RNA of the microbe	Why are ultraviolet light rays lethal to bacteria?	307
2265326699	tetanus	Another name for the disease "lockjaw" is	308
2265326700	Staphylococcus aureus	Acne, boils, and pus formation on the skin is most commonly caused by	309
2265326701	To render an object free of all living organisms	What is the implication of sterilization?	310
2265326702	otitis media	An inflammation of the middle ear caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is	311
2265326703	tetanus	The entrance into a host by means of a deep puncture wound may cause	312
2265326704	tularemia	A synonymous term for rabbit fever is	313
2265326705	Syphilis	Which of the following is caused by a spirochete?	314
2265326706	Streptococcus pneumoniae	What organism causes the condition of lobar pneumonia?	315

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WHAP Unit 1 Test: Classical Period (~600 BCE to ~600 CE) Flashcards

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4841183140	Huns	large nomadic group from north north-Central Asia their armies conq Roman & Gupta Dynasties around 500 CE & china's Han Dynasty abt 220 CE	0
4841190744	Time of the Warring States	700s-200s BCE, 500 yr period at end of the Zhou dynasty, no stability, greatly weakened China	1
4841199654	100 Schools of Philosophy	500s BCE, daoism/legalism/confucianism, Sun tzu book during this time; developed during TOTWS to find ways to bring peace/stability to China	2
4841205024	Sun Tzu	wrote The Art of War, military guide book still used today, 500s BCE	3
4841212313	Qin Shih Huang-ti	259-210 BCE ruthless ruler, started Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), used legalism, burned books/confucian texts ended TOTWAS &united china w/ weights & measures, great roads, standard currency, language built great wall, TERRA-Cotta warriors in tomb, discovered gunpodwer searching for exilir of life	4
4841229747	Terra-Cotta Warriors	found in huge tomb of Qin Shih Hunag-ti, a tone of them, stone, protected tomb	5
4841233416	Han Dynasty	202 BCE - 200 CE (think 200 BCE-200CE) GOLDEN AGE of CHINA espec Wu-di, one of its rulers, best/most notable one from this dynasty Mandarin Chinese languae=used to unify empire	6
4841241618	Wu-ti	140-87 BCE, one of Han Dyn's greatest rulers, made confucianism ruling philosophy again started merit exams, silk roads trade, silk & porcelain production	7
4841250465	Mandarin/Shi	confucian scholars, had to pass merit exams to become one, tied to govt as govt officials (like satraps); Han Dyn	8
4841253876	Silk Road	complex of trade routes tht stretched 4000 miles, had brances reahcing into India/Central Asia, from china connected Mediterranean & India; ideas, culture, religion, merhcnats, products traveled over these	9
4841262305	Paper	developed by Han (Golden Age of China)	10
4841272732	Magnetic Compass	developed by Han, good for traveling/sailing	11
4841274655	Porcelain	developed by Han	12
4841274656	Silk	increased its production, developed by Han, wanted by many places, spread thru silk roads & introduced to Mid East from it	13
4841282889	Merchants & Confucius	merchants had low status bc greedy, community greater but r more concerned abt money, confucianism looked down on them but china needed them bc of their profits	14
4841541377	Ban Zhao	~100 CE, wrote Lessons for Women, guidebook advising women to obey men, but educate themselves in order to help their husbands	15
4841546504	Confucianism	during 100 schools of thought, community greater than 1 self (similar to sheshin in Japan), filial piety, 5 relationships; guided ethical behavior	16
4841546505	Legalism	during 100 schools of thought, harsh ruthless method of thinking/ruling, based on idea tht highly efficient/powerful govt is key to social order	17
4841546538	Daoism	during 100 schools of thought; philosophy based on ideas of Chinese thinker, Laozi, who taught tht ppl should be guided by universal force, Dao	18
4841566077	The 3 Ways	Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism; not very religions, no afterlife; this was cornerstone of chinese philosophy in 20th century (d & c not missionary, budd was tho)	19
4841567422	Analects	collection of the sayings of confucius, collected by his students, most important book of confucianism	20
4841572777	5 Relationships	confucius believed social order, harmony, good governt. sould be restored if society organized into 5 basic relationships 3/5 confucius's relationships were based on family focused on filial piety	21
4841572778	Confucius & Govt	confucianism tied to govt, huge influence on China's govt, respect for authority--form of social control, Merit exams based on confucianism had to be passed to become mandarin/shi or govt officials; social inequality justified, social mobility discouraged	22
4841574635	Shinto	native religion of Japan, based on respect for the forces of nature & on the worship of ancestors believed in kami, divine spirits tht dwelled in nature Any unusual/espec beautiful tree, rock, waterfall, mountain considered a home of kami	23
4841599607	Buddhism	south asia/india, started by Siddhartha Gautama, missionary religion, didnt enocurage caste system, philosophy, 4 noble truths, 8 fold path	24
4841616465	Siddhartha Gautama	started Buddhism, abt 500 BCE	25
4841628249	Mauryan Dynasty	323-185 BCE started by Chandragupta Maurya united North & Central India, traded silk (from China), spices, cotton cloth to mesopotamia & rome Ashoka, ruler during time Chandragupta Maurya filled power void left by Alexander when he left in 323 BCE after invading Hinduism & Caste sys solidified during Maurya & Vedas written down 500 BCE)	26
4841628250	Ashoka	273 BCE won battle for succession in India, Mauryan Dynasty, expanded indian territory w/ brutal violence & regretted his actions converetd to Buddhism & spread it among his ppl Created the Rock & Pillar Edicts Encouraged moral behavior & worked to improve lives of his subjects w/ cultural projects Sent missionaries into Southeast Asia & China to spread Buddhism, but it eventually died out in India (remains strong elswhere in world)	27
4841643571	Rock & Pillar Edicts	created by Ashoka during Maurya Dynasty, carved on stones &placed around kingdom, encouraged moral behavior & buddhism	28
4841643572	Suttee/Sati	when woman's husband died, she was expected to throw herself onto funeral flame to kill herself	29
4841654511	Gupta Dynasty	320-500s CE, started by Chandra Gupta, (Gupta=Golden age); mauyra fell in 185 BCE, 5 centuries of no central power followed, then Gupta started	30
4841665956	Golden Age of India	shakuntala by kalidasa, zero concept, "Arabic numerals", math, astronomy (knew world=round), medicine (inoculations, pharmacy, set broken bones) merhcnats spread Indian culture to SE Asia (ex=angkor wat),, merchants=respected/encouraged in india unlike CHINA)	31
4841848646	Medicine & Science in South Asia-Classical Period	Gupta, during golden age, Astronomy--> knew world=round medicine--> inoculations, pharmacy, surgery, set broken bones	32
4841855028	Kalidasa	wrote the play, Shakuntala, 1st play to allow women actors, during Golden Age of India (Gupta Dynasty)	33
4841858858	Persian Empire	550-331 BCE; allowed local religions to practice (jews returned to palestine when they ruled it); last group to dominate mid east before alexander the great; they originated in central Asia, closely related to Aryans; settled in Iran abt 1000 BCE; tolerant ppl; nomadic ppl; domesticated horses & used to conq in war	34
4841868907	Cyrus the Great	started Persian empire (550-331 BCE); expanded from india to egypt (this was mainly done by Alexander the Great when he conquered them tho***)	35
4841882952	Satraps	ocal govt officials, spies, bureaucrats; supervised the PERSIAN empire but rarely interfered	36
4841897489	Zoroastrianism	religion used by persians, started by zarathustra in 500s BCE, early form of monotheistic relgion, influenced judaism/christianity; ethical morality, constant struggle b/t good & evil Ahura Mazda=1 god, Avesta=holy text	37
4841898433	Avesta	holy text of Zoroastrianism, influenced teachings of Judaism & Christianity (Ahura Mazda=God)	38
4841898434	Christianity	started in 0, monotheistic, judgement day, heaven & hell, purgatory, monotheistic	39
4841899371	Bible	includes first 5 books of torah, holy text of Christianity	40
4841900715	Jesus Christ	started Christianity, 0, God's son	41
4841920243	Constantinople	east europe, capital, named for constantine lang= Greek alphabet= Cyrillic religion= Eastern Orthodoxy (was the richer/better half of the empire, this later became known as the BYZANTINE EMPIRE, lasted 1000 yrs)	42
4841929519	Byzantine Empire	eastern half of roman empire, richer/better half, lasted 1000 yrs, constantinople=capital, started in 285 CE when diocletian divided roman empire, fell in 1453 to Ottoman Turks, Justinian=greatest ruler Culture=closer to persian & Mid East	43
4841940284	Orthodox Christianity	separate branch of Christianity, used in eastern part of empire but west used RCC, patriarch instead of pope, spread thruout empire	44
4841950011	Justinian	(r. 527-565), constantinople's greatest ruler, reclaimed many former rmn lands by force include North Africa, Italy, part of Spain Unified much of old empire under 1 emperor Rebuilt city's fortifications, made invicible city tht would stymie invaders for a millenium rebuilt church-- Santa/Hagia Sophia Perhaps their greatest contribution=preservation of Greco-Roman classicis Admired learning, used classic books as texts Best known for their mosaics; often depicted religions items	45
4841958463	Justinian's Code	based on rmn law/trads, include notion tht person innocent til proven guilty Preserved rmn ideas tht mightve been lost	46
4841966327	Hagia/Santa Sophia	justinian rebuilt this increible church, still admired today Once christian church, later became muslim mosque	47
4841971857	Homer	wrote the Illiad & the Odyssey--stories from this period, celebrated ideals tht helped shape their culture (honor & courage); Greece	48
4841996406	Athens	~800 BCE, great civ centered in this polis peak= 500-300 BCE center of education, art, science, culture, ideas of political democ (this place was later conquered by Philip of Macedon-->338 BCE, son Alexander spread hellenism) 1st demoncracy in 510 BCE	49
4842008152	Greek Philosophy	~500 BCE, 1 of biggest/most influential things tht came out of Greece, reason & rationalism, Humanism Intellectually, great contribution=move away from magic/superstition Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (philosophers) advanced r&r Promoted idea of the GOLDEN MEAN--middle ground b/t extremes Plays of Sophocles (Oedipus Rex, 400s BCE)/others popularized these ideas Reg ppl couldn't understand these ideas-->turned to array of anthropomorphic gods (mythology), had great gifts w/ human faults	50
4842021666	Golden Age of Pericles	400s BCE, focused on arts/wanted to make Athens center/most beautiful, golden age of the time advanced all fields of science & arts--> not like the chinese who focused on production drama: sohphocles, odeipus rex--hubris, honor, courage math: euclid, pythagoras, archimedes philosophy: socrates, plato, aristotle--quesitoning architecture: parthenon (not perf to be perf) sculpture: marble, more realistic	51
4842033166	Euclid	elements of geometry, 200s BCE, in Athens/golden age	52
4842042330	Reason & Rationalism	idea tht humans could use brains to solve probs; during Age of Pericles	53
4842046335	Sparta	Athens rival polis, military-focused, complete opposite, didnt care abt arts/intellectual, fought against athens in Peloponnesian Wars (400s)--won but both sides weakened, perisan wars (400s) fought w/ athens against persians & won	54
4842055591	Democracy	greece created this form of govt in 510 BCE, limited democracy	55
4842062060	Philip of Macedon	conquered the divided greeks in 338 BCE, after peloponnesian wars, son=alexander who spread hellenism	56
4842123482	Alexander the Great	Philip's son, spread culture from Egypt to India thru conquests, set high standards, died in 323 BCE (same time as Mauryan Dyn in india)	57
4842129682	Hellenism	greek culture, spread thruout world from eygpt to india by alexander the great	58
4842133401	Greek-Roman Mythology	polythesitic, array of anthropomorphic gods (mythology), had great gifts w/ human faults, greeks used, romans adopted these & renamed many of the pagan gods	59
4842140060	Socrates	used questioning as method for teaching, advanced ideas of reason, rationalism, humanism, during Age of pericles, great philosopher	60
4842140061	Parthenon	built by Pericles, not perfect so that it looks perfect, amazing architecture standing 2day	61
4842148524	Greco-Roman Traditions	Greek ideas/trads transferred to & cont by Romans (ex:gods) "West Civ" combined these 2 trads-->now as this culture	62
4842154353	Patricians	land-owning nobles (5-10% of roman social structure; top of it)	63
4842155643	Plebians	free commoners, 2nd in rome's social structure	64
4842204438	Carthage/Hannibal	punic wars, 200s; fought against rome & almost defeated them but didnt (salt on farm land to destroy their land--rome did this)	65
4842210465	Roman Republic	509-27 BCE, 1st phase; defeated etruscans who had ruled over rome & italy & started this republic where they elected officials/representative assembly to vote for the (500-0 BCE); around same time greeks started democ in 510 BCE in greece gradually took over italy, then mediterranean, mainly during empire phase tho	66
4842212050	Roman Empire	27 BCE- 476 CE (0-500 CE), started by Octavian/Augustus (son of Julius Caesar) welcomed some conq ppl (wealthy), enslaved others (poor--33%of pop) stretched across europe from scotaland to turkey, north africa, mid east latin=lang which unified the empire great roads, trade, protected by roman legions 12 tables of rome so safe could travel anywhere	67
4842238912	12 Table of Rome	law in roman empire, innocent until proven guilty	68
4842241447	Pax Romana	roman peace, GOLDEN AGE OF ROME-100 to 200 CE, peak=180 CE expanded as far as could, artistic/intellectual time copied greek styles often Poetry: Ovid (Metamorphoses) & Virgil (Aeneid) Architecture: coliseum, forum Astronomy: Ptolemy-map-making Roman legions spread civ across Europe; peace/prosperity under 1 supreme authority Good at engineering--roads, aqueducts, etc;; some last 1000 yrs	69
4842256782	Ptolemy	astronomy, map-making; his map was used from 200 until 1400s during the start of exploration	70
4842262468	Edict of Milan	313 CE, stated issued by Constantine, annoucned toleranceof christianity, no longer persecute them by 400, christianity=official religion of rome	71
4842289735	Virgil	poet during the Pax romana, Aeneid	72
4842289736	Diocletian	divided the roman empire in 285 CE, too large to defend west=rome & east=constantinople (differed from 1 another) West: rome= cap, latin=lang latin alphabet rcc, became vulnerable East: constantinople=cap, greek=land cyrillic alphabet, eastern orthodoxy, better/richer half	73
4842307375	Isolation/African Interior	interior was protected by tsetse fly (deadly to pack anials) , africa on elevated plateau so hard to get to interior sahara=north isoalted sub-sarahan africa	74
4842318054	Berbers	nomadic merchants in saharan desert in Africa, crossed desert, conducted trade b/t Mediterranean & interior	75
4842322555	Griots	storytellers, historians, kept oral traditions/history/records of traditional societies (usually women)	76
4842340495	Kush Civ	strong empire in Egypt from abt 900 BCE to 200 CE, center for ironworks & trade from its capital of Meroe conquered egypt in 650 BCE (Africa)	77
4842345576	Axum Empire	300s-600s CE, trade center (Arabia, East Africa, the Nile) christian by 400s (long b4 europe) many converted to islam in 600s when it was expanding 1100s, Lalibela built underground churchs to avoid invaders in ethiopa, africa today	78
4842350413	Olmec	pre-columbian society in central america from abt 1500-400 BCE built huge stone ehads of their leaders ritual ball game	79
4842350414	Ritual Ball Games	political & religion significance, losing team was sacrificed to the gods	80
4842352563	Mesoamerican/Andean Cultures	in Andes of South America, Norte Chico ppl developed full-fledged civ abt 3000 BCE-1800 BCE; no writing but used quipu passed elements of culture to future civs: Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Inca	81
4842395519	Time of the Warring States, China	700s-200s BCE	82
4842400093	100 schools of thought, confucianism, daosim (china) buddhism, vedas (hinduism) written down (india) zoroastrianism (persia) start	500s BCE	83
4842403267	Persian Empire (today Iran)	550-331 BCE	84
4842405152	Alexander conquers india; hellenism arrives	323 BCE	85
4842405153	Mauryan Dynasty in India	323-185 BCE	86
4842410562	Qin Dynasty unifies china, ends TOTWAS, builds great wall (china) ashoka maurya, rock & pillar edicts (india)	200s BCE	87
4842411544	Han Dynasty, golden age in china	202 BCE- 220 CE	88
4842413737	Silk Roads trade, merit exams begin	100s BCE	89
4842414569	Buddhism spreads in China	100s CE	90
4842415630	Gupta Dynasty in India, golden age	320-500s CE	91
4842425306	Greek Emmpire	~750-150 BCE	92
4842427028	Greek philosophy, reason emerge	~500 BCE	93
4842428275	Greek democ starts etruscans defeated in italy, roman republic starts	510 BCE 509 BCE	94
4842430434	Roman Republic	509-27 BCE	95
4842430435	Persian Wars, Age of Pericles, Peloponnesian wars	400s BCE	96
4842434278	Philip of Macedon conqs Greeks, Alexander spreads Hellenism	300s BCE	97
4842436286	Rome defeats Greeks	150 BCE	98
4842441174	Augustus starts romn empire, lasted until 476 CE	27 BCE	99
4842441175	Christianity begins & spreads	0	100
4842442107	Peak of Pax Romana, Roman expansion	180 CE	101
4842444936	Diocleatian divides empire in half, byzantine empire kinda begins	285 CE	102
4842444937	Edict of Milan	313 CE	103
4842446132	Fall of Rome	476 CE	104

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Africa - Apartheid in South Africa Flashcards

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4553116495	Boers	Dutch settlers in South Africa	0
4553116496	The Great Trek	Boers move north and establish the Orange Free State and Transvaal	1
4562170835	Zulus (Shakas)	Shaka united the nation, Zulus also battled the Boers	2
4562172334	The Boer War	war that lasted from 1899-1902, guerrila fighting btwn Boers and British, British won	3
4562172335	The Orange Free State	the names of the independent boers republics in south africa	4
4562173518	Transvaal	geographic term associated with land north of the Vaal river in modern-day South Africa	5
4562173519	Afrikaners	people native to South Africa, from Dutch settlers They traditionally dominated South Africa's agriculture and politics prior to 1994.	6
4562193028	Apartheid	a legal separation of the majority black population from the minority white race in South Africa the entire country was segregated for 50 years	7
4562174864	Separteness	there were the whites and the blacks in seperate	8
4562174865	ANC	The African National Congress supported boycotts and strikes to bring attention to apartheid the government cracked down on the organization's activities and imprisoned many followers	9
4562174866	Boycott	a protest with reasoning hurt the economy, forced the government to impose a state of emergency	10
4562176374	Bantustans	the people who spoke Bantu Separate tribal states for Africans. Purpose was to support the apartheid.	11
4562177514	The Sharpsville Masacre	massacre where the police killed many demonstrators led to a strike led by the Africans after the government outlawed the ANC and cracked down on groups that opposed apartheid	12
4562183451	The Soweto Uprising	people opposing the apartheid and the police backfiring them, two people died catalyst to other uprisings	13
4562183452	Economic Sanctions	other outside nations did not want to do business with South Africa	14
4562184956	O.A.U.	Organization of African Unity, promoted cooperation among members, supported independence and sough peaceful settlements of disputes	15
4562186485	F.W. de Klerk	president of South Africa who released Mandela from prison in 1990	16
4562186561	Nelson Mandela	part of the ANC, in jail from 1962-1990, helped bring an end to the apartheid, won a Nobel Peace Prize	17

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AS Ethics / Abortion and Euthanasia / Ethical Issues Involved in Legistlation of Euthanasia Flashcards

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2573615122	In Britain, is Euthanasia illegal or Legal?	It is illegal	0
2573615123	In what year was suicide decriminalised?	1961	1
2573615124	What has implications for euthanasia?	The Suicide Act in 1961 was very explicit in that to aid or assist suicide in any way was stilll a crime.	2
2573615125	Where does life finish?	- Determined medically - Death of consciousness? PVS?	3
2573615126	What is a Persistent Vegatative State?	A state in which bodily processes are maintained but the brain is functioning only at its lowest automatic levels.	4
2573615127	What does PVS call in to question?	What is the definition of life? Quality of life?	5
2573615128	What is the philosophical question about quality of life?	Is there a point at which one can conclude that life has lost its value? If so, exactly when should this be and who is going to decide?	6
2573618766	What do patients have the right to do in the UK?	Refuse treatment	7
2573619344	Who does this law not apply to?	People who are physically unable to reason or make an informed decision.	8
2573622543	What two key questions does medical futility raise?	- Who is to make the decision about terminating life and how is this decision to be reached? - Is a law that allows Euthanasia on the ground of medical futility workabel? Some countries legistlate that under strict conditions, it is,	9
2573628805	What are the isses involved with the legalisation of Euthanasia?	- How could the law be monitored effectively? - Would it be in the best interests of society as a whole? - Would it be a workable law? - Does it go against the hippocratic oath? - Is it interfering with nature or divining ordained course of events	10
2573638420	Is voluntary euthanasia legal or illegal in most coutries?	It is illegal	11
2573638931	Who is the founder of the movement known as Dugnitas?	Ludwig Minelli	12
2573639325	Where is Dignitas based?	Zurich, Switzerland	13
2573639721	What does Dugnitas help people to do?	End their lives in the belief that is is their rught to decide when to die.	14

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AS Ethics / Abortion and Euthanasia / Arguments For and Against Abortion Flashcards

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2573609498	What us the problem with the whole idea or a 'religious view'?	It is misleading.	0
2573609499	Before looking at some points put forward by religions, what factors should we be fully aware of?	- Within religion there is a variety of view points -Beyond and between religion, there is a variety of view points the views putforward are based upon a variety of sources of authority. E.g. the Bible.	1
2573609500	What is the Roman Catholic view of Abortion?	It is murder, breaking 'Do not kill'. As God has createdt and given life, it is only God that can take it away. - no one else's right. SANCTITY OF LIFE	2
2573609501	What do the Roman Catholic church except though?	The doctrine of double effect	3
2573609502	Why do RC except the doctrine of double effect?	It is not directly agreeing to the abortion, rather it is simply recognising that there is a consequence of another primary action.	4
2573609503	Give the reasons why some Rc are against enforcing a total ban on abortion?	- The church has not declared that its teaching on sexual and reproductive issues is infalliable - Distinguished theologians e.g. Augustine and Aquinas said the fetus doesn't become a person until 40-80 days after conception	5
2573609504	What did the Church of England board say in 1980?	'We see abortion as a great moral evil'	6
2573609505	What is the lesser of two evils?	The viewpoint that 'in situations where the continuance of pragnancy threatend the life of the mother, a termination of pregnancy may be justified'. It is the least evil choice out of the two evils.	7
2573609506	Why might some Anglican Christians believe abortion is okay following Jesus?	Jesus taught forgiveness, Abortion is the most loving response in the long term. Suffering would be created by denying it.	8
2573609507	What is the Situation Ethics view on Abortion?	- Using principle of Agape Christian love - Agued that is we truly loved others, then we would not apply a law without compassion but simply consider each situation on its own merits and opt for the most loving situation.	9
2573609508	What is Situation Ethics?	A theory of ethics according to which moral rules are not abosolutelt binding but mat be modified in the light of specific situations. The most loving thing to do depends on the situation a person is in.	10

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utilitarianism Flashcards

Revision utilitarianism

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940175044	Two Main Features of Utilitarianism	consequentialist hedonistic	0
940175045	The Utility Principle	"it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong"	1
940175046	An ethical system or view which affirms that we should all act to produce the greatest good for the greatest number (not merely the good of the one acting).	Utilitarianism	2
940175047	Hedonism	Views pleasure as the sole good and pain as the only evil.	3
940175048	Main feature of Mill's Utilitarianism	Distinguishes happiness from mere sensual pleasure and defines happiness in terms of higher-order pleasures or satisfactions such as intellectual, aesthetic, and social enjoyments as well as minimal suffering. It affirms utilitarianism should have as its goal (telos) "happiness" for the greatest number rather than simply the "lower pleasures" for the greatest number.	4
940175049	Consequentialism	The rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the goodness or badness of the results (or consequences) that flow from the act. It is the end, not the means, that counts; the end justifies the means.	5
940175050	Deontology	Certain features in the act itself have intrinsic value (i.e. would see something intrinsically wrong in the very act of lying). The center of value is the act.	6
940175051	Rule Utilitarianism	An act is right if and only if it is required by a rule whose acceptance would lead to greater utility for society than any available alternative.	7
940175052	Hedonic Calculus	An algorithm for measuring pleasure and pain.	8
940175053	Intrinsic	(adj.) belonging to someone or something by its very nature, essential, inherent; originating in a bodily organ or part	9
940175054	Instrumental	the means whereby some act is accomplished	10
940175055	Associated with natural law ethics. We should act in ways which will permit us to realise our human purpose	St Thomas Aquinas	11
940175056	Aquinas' notion of human purpose	Protect and preserve human life, reproduce and educate our young, live in society and seek to understand God	12
940175057	Purity	The degree to which a pleasure is not mixed with pain	13
940175058	Remoteness	How soon the pleasure will occur	14
940175059	Intensity	The degree/ strength of the pleasure	15
940175060	Certainty	How sure is it that the pleasure will occur?	16
940175061	Extent	How many will feel the effect?	17
940175062	Duration	How long will the pleasure last?	18
940175063	Fecundity	The fruitfulness of an action in terms of future pleasures	19
940175064	Weak rule utilitarianism	The view that we should form rules but set them aside if they do not serve pleasure in a particular set of circumstances	20
940175065	Strong rule utilitarianism	The view that we should form rules and follow them even if they do not serve pleasure in a particular set of circumstances	21
940175066	Generally considered the founder of utilitarianism	Bentham	22
940175067	Suggested a distinction between higher and lower pleasures	Mill	23
940175068	Preference utilitarianism	The good is what is in the interest of those concerned	24
940175069	Famous preference utilitarian	Peter Singer	25
940175070	Negative Utilitarianism	Seeks to minimise pain	26
940175071	Pinprick argument	A negative utilitarian should sanction the destruction of all human life to avoid the pain of a pinprick	27
940175072	Who thinks it is better to be a dissatisfied human than a satisfied pig	Mill	28
940175073	Who thinks poetry is as good as pushpin?	Bentham	29

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AS Ethics - Situation Ethics Flashcards

This set will give provide you with questions to answer, covering the topic of Situation Ethics.

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4448852554	What is the first basic principle of Situation Ethics?	There is nothing which is universally right or universally wrong.	0
4448852557	What is kind of ethical theory is Situation Ethics?	It is a relative, teleological ethical theory.	1
4448852559	What is the quote about loving being relativised and who said it?	"Love relativises the absolute, it does not absolute the relative" and Joseph Fletcher said this.	2
4448852562	What is the name of Joseph Fletchers book?	Situation Ethics: The New Morality, 1963	3
4448852563	What is the quote which is known as 'The Golden Rule'?	"Love your neighbour as you love yourself" - Mark 12:31	4
4448852564	What are the 3 main ways Fletcher argued you could make a moral decision?	Legalism, Antinomianism and Situationism	5
4448852565	What is Legalism?	Fixed moral principles	6
4448852566	What is Antinomianism?	No rules that need to be obeyed and therefore moral decisions are spontaneous responses	7
4448852567	What is personalism?	People are placed before rule and love and community before principles	8
4448852568	What does Fletcher argue about absolute principles?	He argued absolute principles are too restrictive and it's not possible to know God's will in every situation	9
4448852574	What is the only absolute of Situation Ethics	Love is the only absolute, it is always good and right.	10
4448852576	Some argue Situation Ethics is another version of which ethical theory? (Weakness)	It could be considered another version of Utilitarianism that simply substitutes love for pleasure or happiness	11
4448852577	Is it clear how Fletcher would have applied Situation Ethics to individual situations? (Weakness)	No, it could be argued that it is unclear how he would have applied his theory to individual situations	12
4448852578	Can the consequences of a situation be determined when applied with Situation Ethics? (Weakness)	No, they can never be completely determined and is therefore difficult to know whether the result will really be the most loving for everyone concerned.	13
4448852579	Is Situation Ethics subjective or objective?	Subjective because it's only rule is agape and it places too much responsibility on the individual rather than on Church teachings.	14
4448852580	Is Situation Ethics a clear and straightforward theory? (Strength)	Yes, it is a clear and straightforward theory that can be adjusted and applied to ethical issues.	15
4448852581	Is it rigid or flexible? (Strength)	It is a flexible theory that can take into account different situations while being based on agape (love)	16
4448852582	What is the theory focused on? (Strength)	It is a theory focused on humanity and concern for others	17
4448865771	What are the Four Working Principles of Situation Ethics?	Pragmatism, Relativism, Positivism and Personalism	18

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Situation Ethics Flashcards

Revise Situation Ethics: key terms & concepts for
AQA Religious Studies AS level: Religion & Ethics

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120125630	Agape	Disinterested, selfless, unconditional love - the love exhibited by Jesus according to Fletcher	0
120125631	Legalism	Law-based approach criticised by Fletcher for tendency to become cold & inflexible e.g Kantian ethics or Catholic Natural Law	1
120125632	Antinomianism	Lawlessness & spontaneity - the other extreme to legalism - for Fletcher goes too far & provides insufficient moral guidance	2
120125633	The four working principles	Relativism; pragmatism; positivism; personalism - used in making moral decisions	3
120125634	Six fundamental principles	Six ways of defining & explaining what Situationists mean by 'agape'	4
120125635	Pragmatism	One of the four working principles: states that an action must 'work' (i.e. produce a loving outcome) in order to be right	5
120125636	Personalism	One of the four working principles: states that an action must put people & loving outcomes before rules in order to be right	6
120125637	Positivism	One of the four working principles: states that an action must accept the law of love as the most important law governing human behaviour	7
120125638	Relativism	One of the four working principles: states that an action must avoid words like 'always' & 'never' & take each situation on its own merits because "situations alter rules"	8
120125639	Proportionalism	The principle that Christian moral laws should be upheld unless there are better (proportional)reasons to set them aside	9

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medical ethics 3: genetic engineering and embryo research Flashcards

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2588023079	genetic engineering	genes are made up of DNA and are the basic building blocks of life. every cell has a full set of genes carried in strands of DNA which are chromosomes. when new cells are replicated, each new cell has characteristics passed on by the DNA. in humans genes decide the chracteristics inherited from each parent, 70s found out how to move genetic material from one species to another genetic engineering (the technology involved in cloning, gene therapy and gene manipulation) some said it was unnatural and playing god. continued from plants and animals to humancells. genetically modified crops like maize are grown extensively especially in the USA and marketed all over the world, scientists working for pharmacies use altered genesto produce designer drugs and research is being done to treat certain inherited diseases by gene therapy, could help fight hunger and disease.	0
2588031451	embryo research	find cures for serious illnesses using tissue cells for embryos, most of this research concentrates on stem cells and the field of regenerative medicine - repair of damaged organs and body parts, stem cells turn into other cells like heart, muscle, nerve or skin cells. system cells are ultimate, they can develop into every single type of cell. adult stem cells can be taken from body without harming patient, so far these are the only ones which have successfully helped patients. stem cells removed from embryo which destroys it - problematic with ethics. can be taken from embryos left over from IVF or created in lab from donated sperm and egg. don't have same genetic makeup as person so can be rejected unless anti-rejection drugs are used. best option to make new embryos by theraputic cloning, dolly the sheep. potential of this is liited by the supply of human eggs and possible exploitation if poor women are to be paid for eggs. repoductive cloning been used lots on animals some fails and some successes, only line between theraputic and reproductive cloning is the intention of the scientists.	1
2588038319	rules in UK	embryos may not be experimented on past 14 days, human embryo cannot be place din animal, human cloning is not allowwed, genetic structure of any cell canno tbe altered while it is part of an embryo, human fertilisation and embryology authority allows embryo research for the following purposes only - promote advances in the treatment of infertility - increase knolwedge of causes of congenital disease and miscarriages - develop more effective techniques of contraception and detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalities	2
2588040268	genetically engineered crops 'frankenfood'	UK press were called frankenfoods after mary shelleys scientist and his manufactured monster. + food has better taste and quality, greater resistance to pests and diseases, environmentally friendly in that it doesn't require chemical pesitcides and will conserve soil water and energy. world's best chance to end or at least greatly reduce hunger an malnutrition through greater yields and sturdier crops. - threaten environment and may cause havoc through cross-pollination. could have unknown effects on human health by causing unexpected allergic reactions and eventually reduce resistance to disease and transferring antibiotic resistance markers, many poor farmers are encouraged to grow gm crops,great expense over reusing seeds from last years crop, Zambia stood out and rejects any GM food	3
2588046413	selecting human genes - designer babies?	can be selected for screening for genetically inherited diseases such as huntington's disease, or cystic fibrosis or genetic conditions liek downs syndrome, to create a healthy baby or treat sick sibling, or to select sex (illegal in UK) embryos created through IVF and a single cell is removed from each for genetic testing, one embryo seelcted for implantation rest discarded case study - 2002, Michelle and Jayson Whittaker asked human fertilisaton and embryology authority if they could genetically select embryo to match son charlie who has a life threatening blood disorder, refused so went to USA for treatment, 2003 hashmis had son with rare blood disorder needed bone marrow transplant were granted permission to select embryo after months of fighting in court brilliant way of saving god's life? playing god? motivations of parent? could different ethical theories approach these situations	4
2588049827	sex selection	genetic screening involves destroying unwanted and unsuitable embryos, if seen as persons from conception, destruction would be opposed. fertilisation takes 24 hours so there is no specific moment when personhood may be confirmed. Singer - 14 days after conception the fertilised egg has the capacity to divide into 2 and becocme identical twins. some cases, been observed such divided eggs blend back together into one blastocyst (fertilised egg 4-5 days of devlopment). egg fertilised in vitro, one cell removed to have its genetic structure tested and developmental process unharmed, all cells of blastocyst separated each has the capacity to become a whole human being, important as blastocyst does not have true individulaity. we don't know if early embryo feels pain not enough knowledge of brain activity. people worried baby will be subject to painful medical procedres but necessary cells taken from umbilical cord. child may be treated as commodity, made to be donor or to fulfil parental desires slippery slope for eye colour etc. been doing this to animals for years.	5
2588057577	genetic testing	scientists created numerous tests for genetic diseases, e.g. whether patient carrying gene which produces breast cancer of sickle cell anaemia. should results be kept private or results be divulged to employers of insurance companies. government identity cards, carries genetic info, hard to keep private could lead to discrimination genetic problems could affect other family members, should they be informed if not given consent? only gives probability of developing disorder and limitation of all medical testing is lab error	6
2588057578	genetic screening	sections of population at risk. adult child or foetus. + person can be encouraged to change their lifestyle and reduce danger of developing disease. - lead to discrimination, jewish committee new york, prevent ashkenazi jews who carry tay-sachs disease from marrying each other. - may lead to aborting foetus what does society define normal and abnormal?	7
2588057579	gene therapy	correct alter or replace genes, proved successful but can cause problems in case of sickle cell anaemia prevlant among afro-caribbeans gene affects few in terrible way but it is the same gene which gives natural immunity to malaria. issue of allocation of health resoruces, can genetic screening be justified for few individuals? no cure available e.g. huntingtons disease,justified? how do we know what to rest for as more and more diseases discovered to have genetic links	8
2588057787	the alteration of human genes	prevent disease by changing genes. gene alteration can be used to target somatic (body) cells, in which patient's genome is changed or to germ (egg&sperm) cells paren'ts egg and sperm are changed with the aim of passing on the changes to future generations, germ line therapy (patient's sperm and egg cells changed with aim of passing on changes to their offspring) not being actively investigated on animals or humans. alteration of somatic cells 1st used in 90s successfully, used to treat life-threatening diseases. gene therapy given to foetus before birth could again mean we decide genetic predispositions are to be altered, some feel no difference between gene alteration to treat minor disability an paying school fees so child gets first-class education. most diseases involve environemnt too.	9
2588057788	stem cell research	cells that change into toher cells, early embryo they can become any kind of body cell in adult they have capacity to become variety, can be taken from adult or child or baby with no harm, removed from early embryos destroys. foetal stem cells can be taken from aborted foetuses and have almost the same potential as embryonic stem cells. 2006 5 year prior patients own cells had been used to grow and replace baldders in 7 children who sufered from spina bifida, not stem cells more specialised. scientists say unnecessary to use embryonic stem cells: - embryonic step cells are very plastic unstable and become malignant causing cancer - adult stem cells are found in umbilical cord and placenta blood, every other major organ of the human body just abut - adults stem cells overcome the problem of immune rejection -adult stem cells used successfuly,embryonic stem cells long way off	10
2588058252	human genome project - a limited view of humanity	Robert Song - reduce humans to their genetic inheritance? doesn't criticise science itself, or say new genetics are intrinsically reductive in themselves. suffering is pointless which is what brought about increase in number of medicl interventions, and understnding of our bodies as things can be changed according to individual tastes plastic surgery. project given us not just knowledge of body and how it is constructed by how it may be reconstructed baconian project - aim to eliminate suffering and maximise choice.	11
2588058253	religious ethics	sanctity of life, god creates humans in image human life has intrinsic value, embryo for sake of other human is wrong, embryo instrinsic worth, spare embryos shouldn't be discarded, not same objections to using adult stem cells o modification of animals or plants catholic - nlt postiive about advances in science that improve human life never expensive of human life, sacred from moment of conception. catholic church worried about investments in research an who will benefit humans physically impared suffering an evil because they fall short of what it is to be fully human, correcting impariments is good, too much stress pplaced on being physically perfect? spiritual side of human neglected rules out embryo research unnatural & destroying, genetic engineering respects human life and human rights situation ethics - agape fletcher not opposed to IVF and could be cncluded embryo reseach is most loving thing to do with spare embryos, creating embryos for stem cell resrarch is difficult to justify. ramsay - approved genetic screening more good than harm , chisitians look favourably at genetic medicine normally	12
2588058448	NLT	primary precept self-preservation from this secondary precept no embryo research cuz destroys life, could be argued research justified as it preserves life by curing diseases	13
2588058594	utilitarianism	human life doesn't have absolute value and doesn't need to be upheld whatever the consequences, only works if can assess outcome of genetic engineering and embryo research, better to save many lives by embryo research at the cost of a few embryos. hedonic calculus only used to those who suffer, can't feel pain embryos, pleasure by cures for disease, cost to healt service also needs to be considered and the likelihood of success	14
2588058595	kantian ethics	reason enabled peopl eto impose laws upon themselves, categorical imperative applied to genetic engineering and embryo research, can't unversalise. treat as end in themselves. emrbyo is considered as person? emphasis on humans right to be respected	15

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