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AP Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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4957277447macromoleculea giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.0
4957277448Four classes of biological macromoleculesProteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids1
4957277449polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.2
4957277450monomerthe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.3
4957277451dehydration synthesisa chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.4
4957277452hydrolysisa chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers.5
4957277453proteina biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.6
4957277454Functions of proteinsstructural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation7
4957277455amino acidan organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains.8
4957277456peptide bondthe covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.9
4957277457Primary structurethe level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.10
4957277458secondary structureregions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). Helix or pleated sheet.11
4957277459B pleated sheetprotein structure with two or more segments of the polypeptide chain link side by side (called B strands) connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone.12
4957277460tertiary structurethe overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.13
4957277461amino acid side chainstypes of bonds/interactions in __________ : hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges14
4957277462quaternary structurethe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.15
4957277463denaturationloss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions16
4957277464enzymea macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins.17
4957277465carbohydratea sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O.18
4957277466What are the functions of carbohydratesfunction as energy source & structure19
4957277467monosaccharidethe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1).20
4957277468disaccharidea double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.21
4957277469glycosidic linkagea covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.22
4957277470polysaccharidea polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.23
4957277471starcha storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage.24
4957277472glycogenan extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.25
4957277473cellulosea structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch.26
4957277474lipidsany of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers.27
4957277475What are the three types of lipids?fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids28
4957277476fat/oila lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage.29
4957277477saturateda fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.30
4957277478unsaturateda faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.31
4957277479fatty acida carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and __________ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triglyceride.32
4957277480triglyceridea lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule33
4957277481chitina structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.34
4957277482trans fatan unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.35
4957277483phospholipida lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane.36
4957277484phospholipid bilayerfunction as membranes37
4957277485steroida type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones.38
4957277486catalysta chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.39
4957277487hydrophobica type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.40
4957277488disulfide bridgesa strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.41
4957277489polypeptidea polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.42
4957277490nucleic acida polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA.43
4957277491nucleic acidfunctions as storage, transmission & use of genetic material44
4957277492nucleotidethe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.45
4957277493phosphodiester linkagebond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide46
4957277494polynucleotidea polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.47
4957277495pyrimidineone of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytosine (c), thymine (T), and uracil (U)48
4957277496purinesone of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (a) and guanine (G).49
4957277497RNAtransmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded.50
4957277498DNAa nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.51
4957277499deoxyribosethe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.52
4957277500ribosethe sugar component of RNA nucleotides.53
4957277501double helixthe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.54
4957277502antiparallelreferring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' -3' directions).55
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History questions and answers. (Aztecs,Mayans, and Incas.) Flashcards

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4543914851Hernan CortesSpanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs0
4543917183ConquistadorA conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico1
4543919075Slash and burnburn-denoting a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned.2
4543923485Quipustalking knots, were recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America.3
4543929204What was the main religion and chief gods of the Aztecs, Incas, and Maya'sMayans: worship of nature gods. Aztec: elements of human sacrifice in connection with a large number of religious festivals Inca:Incas believed that the gods influenced their daily lives.4
4543931329When and where were the Mayan, Incan and Aztecs Empire located?Inca Empire stretched almost the length of the Andes mountain range. The Aztec empieer was located in Tenochtitan. The May empier was located in at the Nortern tip of Yucatán Peninsula.5
4543933426List the three social classes of the IncasThe Emperor, the Nobles, and the Commoners.6
4543935206Which group of people influenced the Maya?Metropolis7
4543937763List 3 accomplishments or contribution made by the Mayans.Calanders, Slash and Burn, and Grew crops.8
4543939202List 5 contributions or accomplishments by the Aztecs.Causeways,Built great temples, Built wepons,Education, and Sacrifices thoughes who fought back.9
4543942760What was an advantage for settling on the island of Lake Texcoco?The advantages of settling on Lake Texcoco is that it would be hard for thier enemys to follow them.10
4543944056Describe the type of farming use by the Incas, Mayas and AztecsMayans used slash and burn for farming. The Aztecs used chinampas for farming. Incas used terrace farming for farming.11
4543945310Why did Europeans want to settle in Latin America?Because there was more land for farming, not as many enemys, the were protected by nature, and was provided with food from nature.12
4543949082Which cultures still has pyramids in Latin AmericaEgypt.13
4543951148How did the Spanish conquest affect Native Americans? (Give at least 4 examples)1.Got diseases 2.Were killed by plague. 3.Got smallpox 4.Got typhoid.14
4543953057What was a popular form of entertainment for the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas. (Opinion.)The Aztecs.15
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meyers psychology chapter 2 Flashcards

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5017433912Phrenologydeveloped by Franz Gall in the early 1800's. The study of bumps on the skull and their relationship to mental abilities and character traits. Yielded one big idea -- that the brain might have different areas that do different things (localization of function)0
5017438596Structure of a neuronCell body, Dendrites, Axon, Terminal branches of axon, Myelin sheath and Neural impulse1
5017449603Neural impulse(action potential) electrical signal traveling down the axon2
5017452232Cell bodythe cell's life support center3
5017457773Dendritesreceive messages from other cells4
5017459963Axonpasses messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands5
5017462113terminal branches of axonform junctions with other cells6
5017464258Myelin sheathcovers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses7
5017471400Glial cellssupport, nourish, and protect neurons and assist neural transmission8
5017475075fluid outside an axon's membranemostly positively charged sodium atoms9
5017477685resting axon's fluid interiormostly negatively charged ions10
5017480604resting potential.positive-outside/negative-inside state of axons membrane11
5017485741axons surfaceselectively permeable, meaning it is selective about what is allowed through its gates.12
5017492528what happens neuron receives a signal from other neuronssome are telling it to fire and some are telling it not to fire.13
5018614079what happens when the threshold is reachedthe action potential starts moving. then The action potential travels down the axon from the cell body to the terminal branches. then The signal is transmitted to another cell.14
5018618396The synapsea junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. (also known as the synaptic junction of synaptic gap)15
5018619745Neurotransmitterschemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap.16
5018621109ReuptakeAfter the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron, the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be used again.17
5018622699SerotoninAffects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal . Undersupply linked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels18
5018627772DopamineInfluences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.19
5018627773oversupply of dopamineOversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease and ADHD20
5018631439agonist moleculefills the receptor site and activates it, acting like the neurotransmitters (E.g. morphine mimics the action of endorphins)21
5018633371An antagonist moleculefills the lock so that the neurotransmitter cannot get in and activate the receptor site (E.g. antihistamine inhibits the action of histamine)22
5018635836The central nervous system (CNS)the brain and spinal cord23
5018637670The peripheral nervous system (PNS)the rest of the nervous system. The PNS gathers and sends information to and from the rest of the body24
5018640640Sensory neuronscarry messages in from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS for processing.25
5018642461Motor neuronscarry instructions out from the CNS out to the body's tissues26
5018644544Interneurons(in the brain and spinal cord) process information between the sensory input and motor output27
5018647746nervesconsist of neural "cables" containing many axons. Nerves are part of the PNS and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the CNS.28
5018655641Parts of the nervous systemCentral & Peripheral29
5018658653parts of peripheral nervous systemAutonomic and somatic30
5018659964Autonomiccontrols self-regulated action of internal organs and glands. Sympathetic & parasympathetic31
5018665754Sympatheticarousing (fight-or-flight)32
5018668247Parasympatheticcalming (rest and digest)33
5018669999The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep us in a steady internal state calledhomeostasis34
5018672612Somaticcontrols voluntary movements of skeletal muscles35
5018676512neural networksThe brain's neurons cluster into these work groups36
5018681468what do neurons do with other neuronsNeurons network with nearby neurons with which they can have short, fast connections. "Neurons that fire together, wire together."37
5018684291spinal cord - what is it full offull of interneurons that sometimes have a "mind of their own". Your spine's interneurons trigger your hand to pull away from a fire before you can say anything. This is an example of a reflex action.38
5018685795endocrine systemglands secrete hormones which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain. sends messages through the bloodstream39
5018692517parts of endocrine systemHypothalamus, Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, Pituitary gland, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis40
5018699452Hypothalamusbrain region controlling the pituitary gland41
5018700718Thyroid glandaffects metabolism among other things42
5018702271Adrenal glandsinner part helps trigger the "fight-or-flight" response. Produce hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. The sympathetic nervous system responds to stress by sending a message to adrenal glands to release these hormones listed above. Effect: increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar. These provide energy for the fight of flight.43
5018703282Pituitary glandsecretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands. The pituitary gland is the "master gland" (regulates other glands). It is controlled by the hypothalamus. It also produces growth hormone (especially during sleep) and oxytocin, the "bonding" hormone44
5018703283Parathyroidhelps regulate the level of calcium in the blood45
5018703284Pancreasregulates the level of sugar in blood46
5018704759Ovarysecretes female sex hormones47
5018704760Testissecretes male sex hormones48
5018715769The brainstem and cerebellumcoordinates the body The brainstem includes the pons and medulla.49
5018717107Medullacontrols the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing50
5018718606Ponshelps coordinate automatic and unconscious movements51
5018720204limbic (border) systemmanages emotions, and connects thought to body Consists of the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus52
5018721569HippocampusProcesses conscious memories. Works with the amygdala to form emotionally charged memories. Animals or humans who lose their hippocampus to surgery or injury also lose their ability to form new memories of facts and events53
5018724130AmygdalaProcesses emotions, especially rage and fear54
5018726496HypothalamusLies below ("hypo") the thalamus. Regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis), and is involved in sex drive. Directs the endocrine system via messages to the pituitary gland55
5018728810The cortex (the outer covering)integrates information [the newest part of the brain in evolutionary terms because the brain started growing and would add on to the outside of the brain; the innermost part of the brain is the oldest part of the brain]56
5018730747Thalamus ("inner chamber")"Sensory switchboard" Receives information from all senses except smell; sends to higher brain regions57
5018732767Reticular ("netlike") formationA neuron network extending from the spinal cord right up through the thalamus Enables alertness (arousal) If you damage this part of your brain you could slip into a coma and never wake up58
5018734238Cerebellum ("little brain")Helps coordinate voluntary movement Has many other functions, including enabling nonverbal learning and memory It also helps us judge time, modulate our emotions, and discriminate sounds and textures If the cerebellum was injured, you would have difficulty walking, keeping your balance, or shaking hands.59
5018737103Cerebral cortex lobes consist of:Our grey "bark" structure that is wrinkled in order to create more surface area for 20+ billion neurons. 300 trillion synaptic connections. Frontal lobe, Parietal lobes, occipital lobes and temporal lobes60
5018740699Frontal lobeinvolved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. The frontal lobes are active in "executive functions" such as judgment, planning, and inhibition of impulses. Also active in the use of working memory and the processing of new memories. · Phineas Cage: working on railroad, there was an explosion and a metal rod shot up through his skull in his frontal lobe. After his accident he became a completely different person. His personality changed: he was rude, odd, irritable, and unpredictable now. Possible explanation: damage to the frontal lobe could result in loss of the ability to suppress impulses and to modulate emotions.61
5018745026parietal lobesinclude the sensory cortex62
5018748090Occipital lobesinclude the visual areas; they receive visual information from the opposite visual field63
5018750738temporal lobesinclude the auditory processing areas64
5018753949The motor and sensory stripsOutput: Motor cortex (left hemisphere section controls the body's right side). Input: Somatosensory cortex (left hemisphere section receives input from the body's right side)65
5018757942if the brain is damagedIt usually does not repair damaged neurons, but it can restore some functions. It can form new connections, reassign existing networks66
5018759990To end severe whole-brain seizuressome people have had surgery to cut the corpus callosum, a band of axons connecting the hemispheres.67
5018763253how does each hemisphere perceiveEach hemisphere does not perceive what each eye sees. Instead, it perceives the half of the view in front of you that goes with the half of the body that is controlled by that hemisphere.68
5018764548Left hemisphere:· Thoughts and logic · Detail · Language: words and definitions (literal) · Calculation · Pieces and details69
5018766435Right hemisphere:· Feelings and intuition · Big picture · Language: tone, inflection, context (inferences) · Perception · Wholes, including the self70
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History of Mexico Flashcards

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3149089723Hernando CortesConquistador, lands in 1519, Cholula Massacre, conquered Tenochititlan in 15210
3149101313Pedro de AlvaradoConquistador after Cortes, conquers Guatemala, La Noche Triste1
3149108214encomiendaencomenderos, labor and land grant given to conquistadors for a tribute to nobility in return2
3149113923MalincheCortes' translator, native women3
3149117087Bernal Diaz del Castillowrote true history of the conquest of spain4
3149118745tamemesafricans coming over as slaves5
3149122666Cholula MassacreCortes, meeting nobles and warriors and killed them in central plaza, 15196
3149126702La Noche de TristePedro Alvarado, aztecs killed the spanish out of Tenochitilan, 15207
3149131777smallpoxlast 120 years, kill Cuauthtemoc8
3149133169Cuauthtemoclast Aztec emperor after Moctezuma II- smallpox killed him 80 days of reign9
3149136494reconquistamassacre of jews, marriage of catholic kings, expulsion of muslims10
31491422921492 (3 things)columbus sailed, expelled the jews, conquering of Granada (last Muslim empire)11
3149146040Diego de Landadestroyed maya and nahuatl script, Francisican12
3149150290regular clergydominican and francisican13
3149153737Muslim Kingdoms in Iberia700s-149214
3149154946Philippinesmain Spanish port- entryway to asia15
3149158594Manila Galleonships that go from Philippines, facilitate trade between china, spain, america/carribean16
3149167629Spanish Inquisition1478, applies to all but the natives because they were new to christianity, originally after jews17
3149173609Atlantic slave trade to New Spain1580-1640, most intense traffic to mexico, unification of spain and portugal because porteguese were in charge of slave trade18
3149182125limpieza de sangrepurity of blood19
3149184988mulatospanish and african only20
3149186353mestizospanish and native only21
3149187623castasmixed people of any kind22
3149192448Popol Wujki'che maya, chicago23
3149194689Long Countused by mayans, August 12th 3114 BCE was first date24
3149198828TikalClassic Maya city fought against Calakmul and was later part of Star Wars, capital conquest state25
3149208379TenochtitlanAztec capital city, conquered in 1521 by Cortes26
3149211639TeotihuacanQuetzalcoatl originated here (feathered serpent), most important classic-era city in modern-day mexico27
3149216804altepelcity-state, Nahuatl28
3149220220Cholulalongest continuously inhabited city and religious center in mesoamerica29
3149228069Flowery Warsritual event provided the Aztecs with captives for sacrifice from Tlaxcala each year30
3149233726Tlaxcalaprisoners were provided for aztecs Flowery Wars31
3149233727MexicaTenochca and Tlatelolca32
3149242335corn domesticated3500-3400 BCE33
3149243629Olmecsearliest form of writing, used ritual calendar34
3149245917Cacao came from what language?Mixe-Zoque35
3149249530New Fire Ceremonyevery 52 years, Aztecs36
3149252105Calendar Roundcombination of 260-ritual and 365-solar calendars37
3149261856Mixtec LanguageWestern Oaxaca38
3149263560Zapotec LanuageEastern Oaxaca39
3149265150Nahuatl LanguageChichimeca Frontier, Western Mexico, Central Mexico, Central Veracruz, Southern Periphey40
3149274354Maya LanguageMaya Highlands and Lowlands, Huaxteca41
3149281399Audiencia of Santo Domingo1511, outskirts of the map42
3149283645Audiencia of Mexico1529, middle of map (main)43
3149290102Audiencia of Guatemala1544, lower half of map44
3149293394Audiencia of Nueva Galicia1549, upper half of map45
3149298566chichimecsbarbarians people of northern mesoamerica, term used for nomadic46
3149305272Triple AllianceTenochititlan, Tlacopan, Texcoco47
3149309483Juan Diegonative of mexico, first roman catholic indigenous saint, granted apparition of virgin mary on 4 occasions48
3149743228Tollan (dont need)mythical place from which many postclassic mesoamericans thought they had migrated49
3330304779Virgen De Guadalupedisplayed on banners in independence movement as symbol of Mexicanidad50
3330314864Bourbon Reformsa precursor to Mexican independence, 18th century legislation in Spain under rule of the house of Bourbon, in response to the enlightenment and French absolutism (Louis XIV), put in place new administration to be "more efficient"; intended to stimulate manufacturing and modernize Spain51
3330324352Creolepeople of Spanish blood that were born in New Spain52
3330332304PeninsularesSpanish born residents of New Spain (refers to Iberian peninsula)53
3330338090Manuel Hidalgoa creole priest, famous for the Grito de Dolores, leader in initial movement for independence in New Spain; specific goals of the movement are ambiguous; executed 181154
3330344482Grito de DoloresSeptember 16, 1810 (celebrated as Mexican Independence Day) "Cry of Dolores" rallies citizens to rise up against New Spain's government; initial uprising turns into mob55
3330350519José María Morelosassumes leadership of independence movement after Hidalgo's execution. He has a clear goal for movement including complete independence from Spain; eventually captured and executed56
3330354006Vicente Guerrerogeneral in war for independence; collaborated with Iturbide on Plan of Iguala (Feb. 24, 1821)57
3330359851Agustín Iturbide (emperor)emperor of First Mexican Empire (1821-1823)58
3330361945Antonio López de Santa AnnaOne of the first caudillo (military leader and landowner who exercised in an authoritarian way). He served as president of Mexico 11 times from 1833-1855. By replacing the Constitution of 1824 with the Constitution of 1835 that centralized the gov't and this allowed Santa Anna's regime to become a military dictatorship. The Northern states rebelled against the changes SA was trying to make - this caused the Republic of Texas to take form. He was also the commanding general during the US-Mexican War. His career is marked by repeated losses and intermittent exiles.59
3330365734Texas independence(1836) breaks away from Mexico, serving as an external threat/weakening factor towards the new government60
3330367382La invasión norteamericanaUnited States uses manifest destiny to invade Mexico and seize territory61
3330369527Niños héroesyoung soldiers who died guarding the Chapultepec Castle, and America took over Mexico City for literally no reason62
3330369528Caste War of YucatanNative Mayans tried to expel people of European descent who had total control over the Yucatan.63
3330371922La Reforma(Very Liberal) laws that attacked the church and the special privileges given to them as well as Native MesoAmericans, anything seen as a corporate institution, they needed a nation of equal citizens64
3330371923Benito Juárezhas to flee with the war on Reforma because he was a liberal leader and the author of the new constitution He resisted the French occupation of Mexico, overthrew the Second Mexican Empire, restored the Republic, and used liberal measures to modernize the country.65
3330377292MaximilianThe monarch of Mexico who was instilled on the throne after Mexico's loss in a war with France in 1864. He was the younger brother of the Austrian Emperor. He and Napoleon III made an expansionist scheme to invade, take over, and rule Mexico as a monarchy. Maximilian was resisted by Benito Juarez and the liberals with the intent to restore the republic, when Max was executed, Juarez was replaced as the the president of Mexico again.66
3330432354Cinco de MayoMexican army's unlikely victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza Seguín.67
3330434028Porfirio Díaz/Porfiriatoa Liberal, takes power in coup, uses a platform of no reelection; attacked government inefficiency and fraud; built infrastructure and expanded exports; extreme concentration of wealth68
3330434029Mexican Revolution (1910-20, 1920-40)2 Phases Millitary (1910-20), Constructive (1920-40)69
3330437364Francisco MaderoRan against Diaz but the election was "stolen" from him; wants people to rise up against Diaz and get Diaz out of office70
3330439273Emiliano ZapataApart of a front in the south(Morelos) against President Victoriano Huerta, Issues plan de Ayala 191171
3330439274Pancho VillaApart of a front in the north(Chihuahua) against President Victoriano Huerta72
3330441523Constitution of 1917Freedom of religion; Congress cannot establish or prohibit any religion, State education will be secular; Religious/Charitable institutions may only own property for fulfillment of their duties and may not be administered by or receive money from religious sects.73
3330441524Cristero WarCatholic rebellion (1926-1929), President Obregón elected and assassinated by Cristero militant, 192874
3330443619Lázaro CárdenasPresident 1934-1940, Nationalization of oil industry (PEMEX), Agrarian reforms; "ejidos"75
3330445288ejidoDuring La Reforma and the expansion of haciendas under Porfirio Diaz and the future liberal presidents, were large communal areas of land that were redistributed to landless people in hopes of alleviating the issue of poverty. This is did not start in earnest until Lazaro Cardenas become president in 1934.76
3330447570Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)Adds business community representatives, Centralization of executive power, Bureaucratic Authoritarianism of the PRI77
3330449270The Cosmic RaceBeing Mexican is being a mixture of races (mestizos), including the indigenous [was an essay that was written]78
3330449271Frida Kahlo+Manuel Gamio = Indigenismo79
3330454470Diego Rivera+José Clemente Orozco + David Siqueiros: muralistas80
3335481707Ley Juarez (part of La Reforma)interested in divesting power from the Catholic Church, abolished tax exemptions81
3335485102Le Lerdo (part of La Reforma)took away land from the church that wasn't used for Church purpose82
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Open Door Notes and Policy Flashcards

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4146162047By the late 1800s, the European powers had begun to move into _____ and partition up the continent amongst themselves.Asia0
4146162048Potentially, the most beneficial area for ___________ was China.trade purposes1
4146162049September 1889 the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent a letter to the European powers that they respect the principle of...commercial equality in China2
4146162050For centuries, China had been...a closed society3
4146162051What are a group of traditional minded Chinese called?Boxers4
4146162052After what event occurred did the Boxers rebel, attack, and try to force foreigners from Peking?When the nations of Europe began setting up trading legations5
4146162053What were the Boxers trying to do when they rebelled and attacked as a result of Europe setting up trading legations?force foreigners from Peking6
4146162054The US joined the powers of Europe and...sent troops to put down the Boxer rebellion7
4146162055July 1900 in a second Open Door note, John Hay instructed the nations of Europe to do what?preserve China's territorial integrity and respect the Open Door Policy8
4146162056The French sold to the U.S. their interest in Panama for a $250,000 annual lease. T.R. planned to use this to...build a canal9
4146162057Columbia ________ T.R.'s offer of $10 million and a $250,000 annual lease. T.R. then told the Panamanians that if they __________________, he would see to it that they got it.refused; declared their independence from Columbia10
4146162058Panama gains their independence and....signs a canal treaty with the U.S.11
4146162059The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the _____________ and warned Latin American nations to ________________.Monroe Doctrine; stabilize their politics and finances12
4146162060The French were working on the canal before the Americans, and ended up selling the canal to the Americans. Why did they abandon the project?malaria and yellow fever13
4146162061Taft believed that the U.S. should use it's economic strength to...spread its influence in Latin America14
4146162062Who had the foreign policy of the Dollar Diplomacy?Taft15
4146162063The Dollar Diplomacy said what?trade should replace guns16
4146162064Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson all had different ideas on foreign policy, but all three men would eventually come to who's policy?Roosevelt's17
4146162065A Nicaraguan dictator executed some _________ and _______ U.S. companies out of Nicaragua.American businessmen; kicked18
4146162066Taft ended up taking Roosevelt's more aggressive policy when dealing with the Nicaraguan dictator when Taft sent in the Marines, ________ the dictator, and set up a government _________.overthrew; hand-picked by the U.S.19
4146162067Who had the foreign policy of the Moral Diplomacy?Wilson20
4146162068The Moral Diplomacy said that T.R.'s Power Politics was ________ and betrayed America's __________.immoral; Christian values21
4146162069Wilson had a tendency to be _______ and patronizing.condescending22
4146162070Nicaragua is an example of who's foreign policy failure?Taft23
4146182128Open Door Policy to ChinaAll nations should have equal access to trade in China.24
4149289337Countries who has interests in ChinaGermany, Great Britain, France, Japan, Russia, and The United States25
4146182129Year of the Boxer Rebellion190026
4149287820Spheres of InfluenceAreas where foreign nations control resources in other countries.27
4149284754China's punishment for the rebellionMade to pay $333 million to foreign governments.28
4149286167Those who stopped the rebellionForeign military forces, including the United States.29
4146185866The BoxersChinese nationalists who were angered by foreign involvement.30
4149290809Boxer RebellionChinese nationalists who were angered, rebelled, and fought against foreign involvement in China. They lay siege to Beijing, where the foreigners lived.31
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China & Open Door Policy Flashcards

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3242867020WhoJohn Hay & Asia, China, Japan, Germany, GB, France, Russia, USA0
3242867021WhatUS wanted an Open Door Policy the rights to trade with China and Their Markets1
3242868491When1900's - Open Door Policy 1899 - Boxer Rebellion2
3242868492WhereChina - Asia3
3242868493WhyIt gave US in China to trade freely4
3242871856How effected American ImperialismEconomic & Cultural Superiority5
3242871857Fact 1the Foreign devils were the nickname for foreigners of China6
3242871858Fact 2the 2nd open Door policy Is for China Independence and protecting its Borders.7
3242871859Fact 3China had a Sphere of Influence8
3242873935Fact 4Open door policy Lets other countries trade freely9
3242873936Fact 5Boxers thought if they meditated they would be shielded for harm10
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Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards

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5032962750metabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.0
5032962751catabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.1
5032962752anabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.2
5032962753bioenergeticThe study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems.3
5032962754energyThe ability to cause change.4
5032962755kinetic energyThe energy an object has due to its motion.5
5032962756thermal energyKinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.6
5032962757potential energyThe energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition.7
5032962758chemical energyA form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.8
5032962759thermodynamicsThe study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.9
5032962760first law of thermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.10
5032962761entropyA measure of disorder or randomness.11
5032962762second law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.12
5032962763spontaneous processA process that can occur without an input of energy.13
5032962764free energyMeasures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.14
5032962765exergonic reactionReaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.15
5032962766endergonic reactionReaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.16
5032962767energy couplingThe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.17
5032962768ATPA molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.18
5032962769phosphorylated intermediateA molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule.19
5032962770enzymeA protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.20
5032962771catalystA substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected21
5032962772activation energyThe amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.22
5032962773substrateThe reactant on which an enzyme works.23
5032962774enzyme-substrate complexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).24
5032962775active siteThe part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.25
5032962776induced fitThe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.26
5032962777cofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.27
5032962778coenzymeIf the cofactor is an organic molecule.28
5032962779competitive inhibitorAn enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made.29
5032962780noncompetitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.30
5032962781allosteric regulationThe binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.31
5032962782cooperativityA kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.32
5032962783feedback inhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.33
5032962784Exergonic reaction34
5032962785Endergonic reaction35
5032962786ATP36
5032962787Normal binding37
5032962788Competitive inhibition38
5032962789Noncompetative inhibition39
5032962790Feedback inhibition40
5032962791Allosteric regulation41
5032962792Cooperativity42
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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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4939983480organellesmembrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell0
4939983482cytosola jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found1
4939983483eukaryotic cellCell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles2
4939983484prokaryotic cellCell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles3
4939983485nucleoid regiona non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found4
4939983486cytoplasmthe region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles5
4939983487plasma membraneThe selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell6
4939983488nucleuschromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell7
4939983489nuclear envelopeencloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm8
4939983490nuclear laminaa netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope9
4939983491chromosomestightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)10
4939983492chromatinloosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA11
4939983493nucleoluslocated in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes12
4939983494ribosomesmade of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins13
4939983495endomembrane systemmembranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.14
4939983496endoplasmic reticulum (ER)accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope15
4939983497smooth ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels16
4939983498rough ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins17
4939983499glycoproteinsproteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction18
4939983500transport vesiclesvesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another19
4939983501Golgi apparatusstack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum20
4939983502lysosomemembranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials21
4939983503phagocytosisthe process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle22
4939983504autophagylysosomes break down damaged organelles23
4939983505food vacuolesformed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle24
4939983506contractile vacuolespump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell25
4939983507central vacuolethe largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells26
4939983508mitochondriachemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration27
4939983509chloroplastscontain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis28
4939983510cristaeinfoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria29
4939983511mitochondrial matrixcompartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle30
4939983512plastidsmanufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches31
4939983513thylakoidsflattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs32
4939983514granumstacks of thylakoids33
4939983515stromafluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area34
4939983516cytoskeletona network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm35
4939983518microtubuleshollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell36
4939983519centrosomea region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division37
4939983520centriolescylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division38
4939983521flagellaa long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement39
4939983522ciliaa short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion40
4939983525microfilamentsthe thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts41
4939983526actina globular protein that makes up microfilaments42
4939983528pseudopodiacellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface43
4939983529cytoplasmic streamingthe circular flow of cytoplasm within cells44
4939983530intermediate filamentsdiverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments45
4939983531cell wallextracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake46
4939983532primary cell walla relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell47
4939983533middle lamellaa thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin48
4939983534secondary cell walla strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support49
4939983535extracellular matrixwhere animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides50
4939983536collagenmost common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells51
4939983540plasmodesmatachannels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants52
4939983541tight junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins53
4939983542desmosomesintercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets54
4939983543gap junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants55
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