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Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a.

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4518725264	Autotrophic	An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.	0
4518725265	Chloroplasts	absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	1
4518725266	Photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.	2
4518725267	Heterotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.	3
4518725268	Stomata	pores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters	4
4518725269	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	5
4518725270	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	6
4518725271	Chlorophyll	Green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.	7
4518725272	Light Reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	8
4518725273	Calvin cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.	9
4518725274	Carbon Fixation	The conversion of inorganic carbon (for example, CO2) into organic forms (for example, sugars).	10
4518725275	Carotenoids	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, they broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.	11
4518725276	C3 plants	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.	12
4518725277	Photorespiration	A series of reactions in plants in which O2 replaces CO2 during the Calvin Cycle, preventing carbon fixation; this wasteful process dominates when C3 plants are forced to close the stomata to prevent water loss	13
4518725278	C4 Plants	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. (sugar cane, corn, and members of the grass family)	14
4518725279	CAM plants	A plant that uses a metabolism adapted for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.	15
4518725280	6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2	What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?	16
4518725281	H2O	What provides electrons for the light reactions? .	17
4518725282	Carbon dioxide (CO2)	What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?	18
4518725283	The stroma	Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?.	19
4518725284	pigment	Light-absorbing molecule	20
4518725285	ATP	(Adenosine triphosphate molecule) main energy source that cells use for most of their work.	21
4518725286	ADP	(Adenosine diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP. When all related reactions occur, energy is released. Can also be converted back to ATP in effect storing potential energy	22

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Photosynthesis Flashcards

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4518725264	Autotrophic	An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.	0
4518725265	Chloroplasts	absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.	1
4518725266	Photosynthesis	The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.	2
4518725267	Heterotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.	3
4518725268	Stomata	pores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters	4
4518725269	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	5
4518725270	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	6
4518725271	Chlorophyll	Green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.	7
4518725272	Light Reactions	The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.	8
4518725273	Calvin cycle	The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.	9
4518725274	Carbon Fixation	The conversion of inorganic carbon (for example, CO2) into organic forms (for example, sugars).	10
4518725275	Carotenoids	An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, they broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.	11
4518725276	C3 plants	A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.	12
4518725277	Photorespiration	A series of reactions in plants in which O2 replaces CO2 during the Calvin Cycle, preventing carbon fixation; this wasteful process dominates when C3 plants are forced to close the stomata to prevent water loss	13
4518725278	C4 Plants	A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. (sugar cane, corn, and members of the grass family)	14
4518725279	CAM plants	A plant that uses a metabolism adapted for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.	15
4518725280	6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2	What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?	16
4518725281	H2O	What provides electrons for the light reactions? .	17
4518725282	Carbon dioxide (CO2)	What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?	18
4518725283	The stroma	Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?.	19
4518725284	pigment	Light-absorbing molecule	20
4518725285	ATP	(Adenosine triphosphate molecule) main energy source that cells use for most of their work.	21
4518725286	ADP	(Adenosine diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP. When all related reactions occur, energy is released. Can also be converted back to ATP in effect storing potential energy	22

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AP Euro Quiz: Versailles, Mercantilism and the War of Spanish Succession Flashcards

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3186942023	Versailles (4)	15 miles outside of Paris Baroque Art but not religious showed off Louis's and France's power contrast with Phillip II's Escorial	0
3187026492	Nobles in Versailles(2)	-most nobles were required to spend much of the time at the palace so Louis can keep an eye on them -they cannot overthrow the king if he is watching them	1
3187030959	Parties and Nobles(2)	there were little for the nobles to do except party and gamble many ran huge debts which made them indebted to Louis	2
3187040747	Louis at the Versailles (3)	-he was the center of life -closest to God everyone wanted to be friends with louis	3
3187043642	Playwright Moliere	wrote humorous satirical plays about life in versailles and life of the nobles all of this made aristocrats from other places want to visit	4
3187046564	Was the Versailles the cultural enter of the Western World	YES	5
3187051530	Downside to Versailles (2)	expensive and it was a public building paid for by the state Colbert said France will be bankrupt	6
3187054038	Louis and Other Culture(2)	-Louis was a big supporter of the Royal Academy of Art and Science (helps with scientific revolution) -Big supporter of the arts but he censored some	7
3187059535	France and its influence in Europe (3)	France is the Place in the first half of the 17th century French was the 2nd lang of most upperclass French culture being exported through food, art, etc	8
3187066892	Problem with Louis and Mercantilism(2)	Mercantilism and the wanting of raw materials will lead to wars the Mercantilism imposed regulation and while it helped some industries it hurt others	9
3187071667	Louis and his spending of money	outspends money (his income) on primarily Versailles and War Peasants and urban poor hurt the most	10
3187077342	Mercantilism(3)	it is gov't run not a free market expanding manufacturing and increasing national wealth through exports and Buillionism	11
3187105955	Bullionism	defining wealth by the amount of gold and silver owned France wants more gold and silver	12
3187132565	Favorable Balance of Trade (2)	export more than import encouraged by colonisation	13
3187138166	Purpose of Colonies	Colonies exist for the mother country because they have resources to make manufactured goods and can be a market for your goods	14
3187142786	Self Sufficient Economy (2)	France doesn't want to rely on other countries (buying goods, etc) didn't want to be like Spain which relied on getting bullion and then buying goods from other countries	15
3187147875	Industry under Mercantilism (2)	many codes for manufacturing and the government checked on these not a total free market	16
3187154306	Colbert's strategies(3)	tax exemptions to increase families as Colbert wanted bigger families Lowered taxes on some industries (glass blowing and tapestry) to encourage them all of these make France Strong and other countries such as Britain will copy Mercantilism	17
3187174674	Was Colbein good with the economy	YES	18
3187183630	Louis and Religon	France is Catholic and France is not tolerant he wants everyone to be the same	19
3187186538	Jasenists	group suppressed by Louis Catholic but believed in predestination like the Calvinists so leaders did not like them	20
3187193682	First Major Mistake of Louis (5)	revoked the Edict of Nantes tried to convert the Huguenots to Catholicism but failed eventually outlawed Huguenots many Huguenots feed to Netherlands, England, Prussia (makes these nations stronger) For France hurts finance and industry in the long run	21
3187203318	Second Mistake for louis and army (4)	-provokes 4 war takes place in the North and in the East forced to have mass conscription and this creates best army in Europe	22
3196159893	Where do the first three wars take place	in the East and the North Netherlands and Germany	23
3187206165	First War	Netherlands wins and gets land	24
3187214441	Second War (4)	also Netherlands wins again and gets more land ends in 1672 and probs the peak of his power Showed power of Louis and France	25
3187220315	Third War(5)	fought in Present Day Germany taxes the nobles for the first time ended in kind of a draw not much land taken France slowing down a little	26
3187226202	France and Austria before the fourth war	Charles Il was king of Spain and a mess (impotent, tongue too long) Both Louis and Austria wanted one of their princes to take the throne whoever gets it would get a ton of Spanish land that included New World, Southern Italy and Belgium	27
3187234358	The Will	Charles II wills his throne to Phillip Anjou (Louis grandson) but Spain and France not suppose to be united	28
3187243111	There are no more Pyrenees	no barrier between France and Spain so France will take everything	29
3187245759	Grand Alliance 1702 (4)	Rest of Europe worried that France will become too strong does not want France and Spain united formed with England, Austria, Netherlands, Prussia worried about balance of power	30
3187254918	The War of Spanish Succession (4)	not a religious war but purely political not like 30 years war less civilian deaths too but they fight for 11 years	31
3187281978	The Treaty of Utrecht(5)	it will end the war the war ends on somewhat a draw Phillip Anjou does get the throne this ends the Hapsburg rule in Spain begin a bourbon Spain but everyone makes sure France and Spain are not united	32
3187289079	France after the war (2)	France is so weakened that Louis 14 will never be able to dominate Europe France's economy was really hurt by this, Louis really regret all the wars	33
3187293316	Britain after the War	they show how strong they are as they go up against France	34
3187298828	Gilbraltar	British gets this rock island at the entrance of Med Sea Brits control entrance at the trade of Med Sea	35
3187301650	Asiento	Britain gets control of the slave trade	36
3187303004	Austria after the war	they get the Spanish Netherlands and calls it Austrian netherlands Shows how strong they are	37
3187306524	What does the War of Spanish succession show	that Balance of Power is key	38
3195859373	The Grand Alliance	England, Austria, Prussia, the Netherlands	39
3196189727	Balance of Power	Weaker countries uniting together to form an equal power with France	40

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Chapter 16 Campbell's Biology Flashcards

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3806490278	Origin of Replication	1) Site is located 2) Initiator protein binds to the site. Strands separate. 3) replication bubble forms 4)replication proceeds in both directions until two identical strands are formed.	0
3806490279	Replication for Eukaryotes		1
3806490280	Replication Fork	Y-Shaped Region where the parental Strands of DNA are being unwound.	2
3806490281	Helicases	Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the forks.	3
3806490282	single-strand binding proteins	bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from re-pairing.	4
3806490283	Topoisomerase	enzyme that relieves the tight strain breaking swiveling and rejoining DNA strands.	5
3806490284	Primer	The initial RNA chain that is produced during DNA synthesis. The completed primer is base-paired to the template strand.	6
3806490285	Primase	the enzyme that synthesizes primer by adding RNA nucleotides one at a time using the parental DNA strand as a template.	7
3806490286	DNA polymerases	catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain. In E. coli, DNA nucleotides are added to the RNA primer, then to the rest of the strand with nucleotides complementary to the parent strand by DNA polymerase III.	8
3806490287	Elongation	The process of adding more and more nucleotides to a strand.	9
3806490288	Nucleoside Triphosphate	a nucleoside ( with 3 phosphate groups) that provides the nucleotides that are added to the DNA strand. It differs from ATP at the sugar component Deoxyribose vs ribose.	10
3806490289	polymerization reaction	As monomers join the growing strand, 2 phosphate groups are severed as a molecule of pyrophosphate.	11
3806490290	Leading Strand	Only one primer is required for poly III to begin synthesizing the leading strand. The leading strand is at the 3' head.	12
3806490291	Lagging Strand	elongates away from the fork. It is synthesized in segments.	13
3806490292	Okazaki fragments	are the segments of the lagging strand.	14
3806490293	Leading Strand vs Lagging Strand	The leading strand is synthesized continously while lagging strand Okazaki fragments are synthesized in segments.	15
3806490294	Lagging Strand	Fragment 2 is primed by RNA primer #2, DNA polymer 3 adds DNA nucleotiD des. Primer detaches, Polymer 1	16
3806490295	What regulates the DNA replication Complex?	primase acts as a brake, slowing progress of of the replication fork: coordinating the placement of primers and replication rates on the leading/lagging strands.	17
3806490296	What moves? DNA strand or the DNA complex?	The replication complex does not move, rather the strand moves through complex.	18
3806490297	What proofreads/repairs DNA?	DNA polymerases proofread each nucleotide against its template, upon finding an error, the polymerase removes the nucleotide and resumes synthesis.	19
3806490298	The Bigger Picture:		20
3806490299	DNA pol III		21
3806490300	DNA Ligase		22
3806490301	DNA pol I		23
3806490302	Single-Strand Binding Protein		24
3806490303	The Leading Strand...		25
3806490304	Primase and Primer		26
3806490305	Mismatch Pair	other enzymes remove and replace these incorrect nucleotides. This defect allows cancer-causing errors to accumulate in DNA faster than normal.	27
3806490306	DNA repair	DNA is constantly exposed to harmful chemical agents "cigarrete smoke and X-rays. Each cell continually monitors and repairs genetic material.	28
3806490307	Mutation	a permanent change in DNA	29
3806490308	What prevents DNA chromosomes from shortening to nothing?	telomeres are nucleotide sequences that do not contain genes; instead; repetition of one short sequence. Telomeric DNA acts as a buffer zone that protects mutations or stagger-end trigger cell death)	30
3806490309	Telomeres	provide protective function by postponing erosion of genes located near the ends of DNA molecules.	31
3806490310	Shortening of Strands with Successive Replication		32
3806490311	chromatin	complex of DNA and protein. DNA is precisely combined with a large amount of protein.	33

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Biology Flashcards

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4983628236	aerobic	must have air	0
4983633029	anaerobic	without air	1
5082939179	Tracheids	Specialized cells that conduct water in angiosperms	2
5082944781	Carpel	The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style. It may occur singly or as one of a group	3
5082983454	Primary Structure	The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain	4
5083010479	Secondary Structure	The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain	5
5083044557	Tertiary Structure	The third level of a protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain	6
5083093688	Quaternary Structure	The fourth level of a protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits	7
5083152882	Carbohydrate	Member of the class of biological molecules consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides	8
5083071721	Megaspore	the larger of the two kinds of spores produced by some ferns	9
5083181987	Estuary	the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream	10
5102451902	Polypeptide	A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of a protein molecule.	11
5102715165	G1 phase	The cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps	12
5102722849	S Phase	The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus and duplicates the centrosome	13
5102736377	G2 Phase	The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.	14
5102760710	Cytokinesis	The cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells	15
5102775876	Mitosis	The nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle Four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.	16
5105521516	Glycolysis	Occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid of the the cell, that is, outside the organelles, begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate	17

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Social psychology aggression - Aronson 8th edition Flashcards

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3809408103	Two types of aggression	Instrumental and hostile	0
3809408104	Instrumental aggression	Means to an end. Ex: Motivated by something other than hostility, like attention, meat a goal, acquire resources.	1
3809408105	Nature: evolutionary explanation for sex differences in aggression	Aggression is adaptive; intrasexual comp; genes; males aggress,are dominant and make offspring	2
3809408106	Aggression	Behavior intended to physically or mentally harm another person or animal. Can be action or inaction, physical or verbal.	3
3809408107	Hostile aggression	Harm for its own sake. Often impulsive for revenge or jealousy,genuinely motivated to harm.	4
3809408108	Nature: biological accounts	Testosterone = more aggression, seratonin= less aggression ; amygdala = aggression when stimulated	5
3809408109	Nurture: social learning theory	Behavior can be learned through observation alone. (Vicarious learning)	6
3809408110	Example study of social learning theory	Bandura: bobo doll. Kids were most likely to imitate the adults violent behavior if they were the same sex. Girls didn't match the violence of the women compared to men, however, because they were already socialized that it was weird to see women be violent.	7
3809408111	Nurture: socialization and gender dif	Sex differences in expression;social roles make it more acceptable for men to be aggressive.	8
3809408112	Culture of honor study	Greater behavioral and physiological displays of aggression by men in the south BC of culture of honor	9
3809408113	Nurture:situational influence	Frustration aggression hypothesis	10
3809408114	Frustration aggression hypothesis	When goal is thwarted, frustration occurs which causes aggression.	11
3809408115	2 main point of frustration aggression hypothesis	1. interruption of progress always =aggression 2. all aggression is caused by frustration	12
3809408116	Study example of frustration aggression hypothesis	Kids playing with toys: some kids could play right away, some had to wait. Those who had to wait (were interrupted) played more aggressively than the others when they got the toys	13
3809408117	Study: proximity of goal	People are more likely to act aggressively when closer to the goal (looked at cutting in lines)	14
3809408118	Does frustration always lead to aggression? Follow up study: Negative Affect (berkawitz)	It does not always lead to aggression. It often leads to a readiness to aggress if other parts of the situation lend themselves to that. Anything that causes negative effect can lead to aggression. Like pain, noises, heat, and provocation	15
3809408119	Is aggression innate in animals?	It is, but can be overridden by early experience (kitten and mouse friends)	16
3809408120	Why was the south more likely to be violent than the north in culture of honor study?	Economic: ppl from the south were from herding cultures in which they needed to be aggressive and vigilant at all times to protect their herds. This fosters a COH BC small disputes put a mans rep on the line. The north was much more agricultural, fostering community and partnership	17
3809408121	How is sexual violence influenced by COH?	Both sexes believe that it is appropriate for a man to assault a woman if he thinks she is threatening his honor by cheating on him or leaving him	18
3809408122	Relational aggression	Harms another person through manipulation of relationships in covert acts such as gossiping and rumors and exclusion. More common in women and girls	19
3809408123	Think-drink effect	When people expect alcohol to increase their aggression, they do become more aggressive even when drinking something non alc	20
3809408124	Why does alc affect aggression?	It disinhibits us, lowering anxiety and impairing the part of the brain involved in planning and controlling behavior	21
3809408125	What is the relationship between bodily pain and aggression?	Bodily discomfort such as heat and cold and offensive odors lower the threshold for aggressive acts. Ex: during civil rights movement riots were far more likely to occur on hot days than cold	22
3809408126	Why is global warming going to produce more aggression/violent crime? 3 reasons	1. Effect of uncomfortable heat on irritability and violence 2. Economic and social factors that put youth at risk of violence: poverty, poor education, bad healthcare bad nutrition broken fams 3. Effects on pops whose livelihood and survival are at risk BC of droughts and famine	23
3809408127	Which factors increase frustration ? (And also aggression)	1. Closeness to your goal (line cutting) 2. When frustration is unexpected (phone bank) 3. Frustration makes us more likely to be angry or READY to aggress	24
3809408128	Frustration is not the same as deprivation:why?	Kids who don't have toys don't aggress more than kids with toys, it's the thwarting of an expectation	25
3809408129	Why does relative, not absolute deprivation, cause anger/aggression?	Bc ppl see a discrepancy between what they have and what they expect to have or what others similar to you have. Less than what you think you deserve	26
3809408130	How do provocation and reciprocation relate to aggression?	Aggression often stems from the need to reciprocate After being provoked by aggressive behavior. This isn't as likely however if we think the provocation is unintentional.	27
3809408131	Can certain objects be automatically aggressive stimuli?	Yes, certain objects are associated with aggressive responses and increase the liklihood of aggression.	28
3809408132	What study is associated with aggressive objects?	Angering college students with either a gun or neutral badminton racket in the room. Those with the gun more likely to aggress afterward. "The finger pulls the trigger, but the trigger may be pulling the finger"	29
3809408133	Aggressive stimulus	An object associated with aggressive responses whose mere presence can increase the prob of aggression	30
3809408134	Besides bandura, what is another study that demonstrates social learning theory of aggression?	Bushman - found that if a violent story was attributed to the bible and te violence was sanctioned by God, the reader was more likely to behave aggressively afterward. This showed that when respected institutions or ppl endorse aggression,It impacts the attitudes and behavior of ppl.	31
3809408135	Why does watching violent media often increase aggression and violence? (3 reasons)	1. Increases physiological arousal 2. Triggers an automatic tendency to imitate violent characters 3. Primes existing aggressive ideas and expectations	32
3809408136	How does the numbing effect of violent media affect people?	It increase our indifference to victims of violence, makes us more accepting of violence as part of life, and makes ppl more oblivious to the needs of others. Less emotional sensitivity	33
3809408137	Longitudinal effects of media violence?	-the more violent tv kids watch the more violence them exhibit as teenager and adults -more violent tv makes kids have a more exaggerated view of the amount of violence in the world and a heightened fear of being personally assaulted.	34
3809408138	Conclusions on violent media?	It does impact average kids, but has the largest impact on people already prone to violent behavior	35
3809408139	What are the 5 reasons why exposure to media violence might increase aggression to vulnerable viewers?	1. If they can do it, so can I (it's ok) 2. Oh, so that's how you do it! (Triggers social learning Theory imitation) 3. Puts them more in touch with angry feelings and heightens reaction to them 4. Ho hum another brutal beating 5. Better get him before he gets me!	36
3809408140	Is severe punishment likely to deter violent crime?	Only if the punishment is is prompt and unavoidable. Otherwise no.	37
3809408141	What is Violence defined as?	Extreme acts of aggression	38

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nervous system Flashcards

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2458135740	neuron	nerve cell	0
2458135741	nerve	bundle of neurons	1
2458139088	sensory neuron	binds to / responds to external & internal stimulus	2
2458140365	relay neuron (interneuron)	sends messages to relay or motor neurons	3
2458143596	relay neuron (interneuron)	nerves found primarily in brain & spinal cord	4
2458145051	motor neuron	synapses with effector	5
2458148857	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord make up the ____	6
2458150286	peripheral nervous system	branching nerves make up the ____	7
2458151584	dendrite	part of neuron that receives a stimulus	8
2458154228	ganglia near spinal cord	where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?	9
2458156167	ganglia in spinal cord	where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?	10
2458158899	axon	part of neuron that sends action potential to the endings if threshold potential is reached	11
2458161319	axon ending	part of neuron where neurotransmitters are released	12
2458164672	broken down by an enzyme, taken back up by original neuron	eventually, neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft will be ____ or ____.	13
2458168900	myelin sheath	surrounds the axon arm	14
2458170013	nodes	gaps in myelin sheath	15
2458172608	voltage sensitive gated channels for Na and K ions	nodes are where ____ are located	16
2458175428	schwann lipid rich cells	the myelin sheath is made up of	17
2458182905	acetylcholine	allows motor neurons to synapse with skeletal muscles	18
2458183927	dopamine	plays a role in skeletal muscle movement and reward pathway	19
2458187450	motor cortex	people with parkinsons cannot effectively control their muscles because of a defect in the ____	20
2458191363	pain withdrawal, kneejerk	what are the 2 main types of somatic / spinal reflexes?	21
2458195787	sensory to relay to motor	what path does an action potential take in a pain withdrawal reflex?	22
2458197473	sensory to motor	what path does an action potential take in a knee-jerk response?	23
2458207198	cerebrospinal fluid	the spinal lumen and brain ventricles contain ____	24
2458215175	gray matter; rich in cell bodies	the center of the spine contains ____ because it is ____	25
2458218432	white matter; rich in myelinated axons	the outer part of the spine contains ____ because it is ____	26
2458237543	ventral root	motor neurons connect to effectors via the ____	27
2458239382	dorsal root	sensory neurons connect to relay neurons via the ____	28
2458244097	reflex arc	very quick response to stimulus without directly synapsing to brain	29
2460077975	-70mv; negative	at rest, a neuron has a membrane potential of ____, meaning it is more ____ than the outside	30
2460083289	2 K, 3 Na	the pump in a neuron pumps ____ for every ___	31
2460089076	depolarization	when the neuron shifts from negative to positive	32
2460095078	sodium channels	during depolarization, ____ open	33
2460096724	threshold potential	when enough Na ions enter the neuron, the ____ is reached	34
2460330908	voltage sensitive gates	the ____ open when the threshold potential is reached	35
2460332144	wave of depolarization	when Na ions flood the axon, a ___ results where each set of voltage sensitive gates open	36
2460339304	K channel, voltage sensitive K channel	the ____ and ____ open slightly after the wave of depolarization, beginning the return to resting potential	37
2460341187	Na K pump	the ____ completes the return to resting potential	38
2460342661	hyperpolarization	when a stimulus causes k ion channels in the dendrite region to open	39
2460344919	+10 mv	what is the threshold potential?	40
2460347269	Ca2+	at the axon endings, ___ enter the neuron	41
2460350093	prevents	hyperpolarization ___ a wave of depolarization	42
2460353460	leave	when inhibitory neurotransmitters bind to a receptor, k ions ____ the cell	43

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Sociology your compass for a new world: Chapter 2 Flashcards

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3107449423	Concrete Experience	Is obtained by seeing, touching, tasting, smelling, hearing	0
3107453362	Percepts	The smallest bits of concrete experience	1
3107455233	Patterns	Collection of related percepts	2
3107465905	Abstract experience	The imaginary world of the mind	3
3107467271	Concepts	The abstract terms used to organize concrete experience	4
3107474555	Propositions	Ideas that result from finding the relationship between concepts	5
3107484780	Sample	part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis	6
3107487558	Population	The entire group about which the researcher wants to generalize	7
3107502525	Operationalization	The processes of translating concepts into variables and propositions into hypotheses	8
3107509436	Variable	Measure of a concept that has more than one value or score	9
3107514736	Hypothesis	Testable form of a proposition	10
3107516235	Experiment	Is a carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to isolate hypothesized causes and measure their effects percisely	11
3107523404	Randomization	In an experiment involved assigning each individual by chance processes to the group that will be exposed to the presumed cause or to the group that will not be exposed to the presumed cause	12
3107537497	Dependent variable	is the presumed effect in cause and effect scenario	13
3107538983	Independent variable	is the presumed cause in a cause and effect scenario	14
3107542023	Reliability	is the degree to which a measurement procedure yeilds consistent results	15
3107545550	Validity	is the degree to which a measure actually measures what it is intended to measure	16
3108823474	Survey	Sociologists ask respondents questions about knowledge, or behaviour, either face to face or telephone, or paper and pencil format	17
3108846999	Contingency Table	is a cross classification of cases by at least two variables that allows you to see how, if at all, the variables are associated	18
3108850908	Relationship	between two variables exists if the value of one variable changes with the value of the other	19
3108856003	Control variables	Identify the context for the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables	20
3108873841	Spurious Relationship	exists between an independent and a dependent variables when a control variable causes change in both the independent and dependent variables	21
3108885167	Probability sample	The units have a known and nonzero chance of being selected	22
3108887705	Field Research	research based on the observation of people in their natural settings	23
3108894255	Detached Observation	involves classifying and counting the behaviour of interest according to a predetermined scheme	24
3108902026	Reactivity	Occurs when the presence of a researcher causes the observed people to conceal certain things or act artifically to impress	25
3108911500	Participant Observation	involves carefully observing peoples face to face interactions and participating in their lives over a long period of time, understanding what motivates them	26
3108935536	Existing documents, official statistics	Created by people other than the researcher for purposes other than sociological research	27
3108944701	Experiments, surveys, participant observation, analysis of documents and official statistics	Four research methods:	28
3108982922	Inexpensive, convenient,	Strengths of analysis of existing documents and official statistics	29
3108989789	biases	Weakness of analysis of existing documents and official statistics	30
3109027139	High reliability	Strength for experiments	31
3109028722	Low validity	Weakness for experiments	32
3109032620	High reliability	Strength for survey	33
3109035778	Low validity	Weakness for survey	34
3109042468	Allows researchers to get in the heads of subjects	Strength for Participant observation	35

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Chapter 15: Genes and How They Work Flashcards

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3128979572	How many chromosomes do humans have?	-46 total -23 pairs -get 23 from mom and 23 from dad	0
3128981795	What determines your traits?	DNA in the nucleus of cells	1
3128982747	What determines protein sequence?	DNA sequence	2
3128984119	How man genes in the human genome?	About 20,000	3
3128984651	DNA holds info for _______	proteins produced	4
3128985419	What does the central dogma state?	DNA is transcribed to make RNA which is translated to make protein	5
3131521335	How are genes expressed?	Genes are transcribed into RNA sequence, RNA is translated into protein	6
3131535475	What did Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner do?	-They determined how the order of nucleotides in DNA encoded amino acid order	7
3131541125	___________ bases code for _________ amino acid	Three bases code for one amino acid	8
3131545919	Codon	3 nucleotides that codon for an amino acid	9
3131550476	Who discovered that a nucleotide sequence is read 3 bases at a time?	Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner	10
3131555594	Who identified the codons that specify each amino acid?	Marshall Nirenberg	11
3131560814	Genetic code is ____________	degenerate	12
3131561504	Degenerate	some amino acids are specified by more than one codon	13
3131563450	Genetic code is practically ______________	universal	14
3131568586	What is the strongest evidence that all living things share common ancestry?	The universality of the genetic code	15
3131573402	What is a chromosome?	tightly wound structure of DNA and protein	16
3131575119	What percentage of the human genome codes for proteins?	5%	17
3131576876	What is a chromatin?	DNA wrapped around protein	18
3131577637	Tightly wound _________ makes a __________	chromatin; chromosome	19
3131579950	What is a gene?	sections of DNA that hold information for building a protein (amino acid sequence)	20
3131583953	What is a promoter?	sign post that says "START HERE!	21
3131588070	What must be removed from a gene before protein synthesis?	introns	22
3131588985	What must be spliced together before protein synthesis?	exons	23
3131591879	Central dogma	DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein	24
3131594016	What is RNA polymerase?	enzyme that transcribes gene	25
3131596254	What three things are required for prokaryotic transcription?	-promoter -start site -termination site	26
3131597556	What is a transcription unit?	-promoter -start site -termination site	27
3131598808	What is a termination site?	a signal to end transcription	28
3131603926	What is the site where unzipping/unwinding of DNA begins?	TATA box	29
3131606401	Transcription heads _____ until it hits the __________	downstream; termination site	30
3131607460	upstream	-1, -2, -3, etc...	31
3131608449	downstream	+1, +2 +3, etc...	32
3131614313	What does the promoter do?	Forms a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase	33
3131615001	Where is the promoter found?	upstream of the start site (to the left, negative numbers)	34
3131616634	Is the promoter transcribed?	no	35
3131621680	initiation		36
3131621681	elongation		37
3131624356	termination	-sequence that signals "stop" to polymerase -RNA polymerase released the DNA -DNA rewinds	38
3133398158	What comes in physical contact with the promoter during initiation to stabilize the enzyme?	sigma (a polypeptide)	39
3133398547	What does sigma do during initiation?	Sits down (physical contact with) -10 and -35, and physically unwinds the double helix then falls off	40
3133402216	What happens once sigma leaves?	the rest of the enzyme (core enzyme) catalyzes transcription	41
3133405478	What is the production of the RNA molecule called?	transcription	42
3133420172	What happens during elongation?	DNA unwinds downstream and rewinds upstream	43
3133423388	What is the region containing the RNA polymerase , DNA template, and growing DNA strand	transcription bubble	44
3133427078	In what phase is the RNA molecule made based on the DNA template?	Elongation	45
3133428427	The transcription bubble moves ______ the enzyme	with	46
3133429349	The transcription bubble will move down the entire gene until it hits the ______________	termination sequence	47
3133431722	What is the first nucleotide added called?	+1	48
3133432704	What happens during termination	-a sequence signals stop to polymerase -RNA polymerase releases the DNA -DNA rewinds	49
3133444683	What causes RNA polymerase to pause	mRNA hairpin	50
3133450113	mRNA hairpin	-very stable structure because of lots of hydrogen bonds -causes structure to stall at weak base pair which wobbles and falls apart	51
3133453052	What is another name for gene expression?	Protein production	52
3133457794	How many RNA polymerases are in eukaryotic transcription?	Three: -RNA polymerase I -RNA polymerase II -RNA polymerase III	53
3133460057	Each RNA polymerase recognizes its own ____________	promoter	54
3133461612	Why does each RNA polymerase recognize its own promoter?	it needs to know where to land	55
3133487726	What must happen to the primary transcript before it can become mature mRNA?	it must be modified	56
3133491153	Which modifications must take place?	-addition of a 5' cap -addition of a 3' poly-A tail -removal of non-coding sequences	57
3133492154	What are non-coding sequences?	introns	58
3133493239	UTR	-untranslated region -regulatory sequences	59
3133495687	What is the purpose of the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail?	protection	60
3133496505	When are the 5' cap and 3'poly-A tail added?	After the transcript is made, before it leaves the nucleus	61
3133501331	Before translation ________ must be removed and ________ must be spliced together	introns; exons	62
3133504570	What must happen before translation (into a protein)	-5' cap added -3' poly-A tail added -introns removed	63
3133505729	Spiceosome	-removes introns -splices exons together	64
3133506970	What is the spliceosome made of?	RNA and proteins	65
3133512711	What is alternative splicing?	When a single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by the inclusion of different sets of exons	66
3133514948	What gives the organism opportunity to make different proteins from a single gene?	Alternative splicing	67
3133517397	Each gene can code for _______ protein(s)	many different	68
3133519571	_______ molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide	tRNA (transfer RNA)	69
3133522445	What is the "interpreter" that interprets a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence (from nucleotides to proteins)?	tRNA	70
3133523498	The anti-codon is ________ with the codon	complementary	71
3133524855	Acceptor end	accepts amino acids	72
3133526987	Anticodon	binds to the codons within RNA and brings with it a particular amino acid	73
3133529760	What is the enzyme that adds the amino acid?	tRNA	74
3133530955	For every codon there is _____________	an anti codon	75
3133534190	If there are 64 codons there must be _____ tRNA molecules with specific amino acids	64	76
3133540328	Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes ______amino acid(s) and _______ tRNAs	only one amino acid but several tRNAs	77
3133541625	What does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase do?	It is an enzyme that grabs tRNA and adds appropriate amino acids	78
3133613140	tRNA charging reaction		79
3133615628	In the tRNA charging reaction, the _______ specifies which ________ will be placed	anticodon; amino acid	80
3133617728	In the tRNA charging reaction, what specifies which amino acid will be placed?	anticodon	81
3133625274	What are the two important sites on the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?	-amino acid site (at the top) -tRNA site (on the side)	82
3133632155	The ribosome has ________ tRNA binding site(s)	multiple	83
3133633467	What are the binding sites on the ribosome for tRNA?	-P site -A site -E site	84
3133634660	P site	binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain	85
3133636379	A site	binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid	86
3133638204	E site	-binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid -EXIT site for tRNA that has given up its amino acid	87
3133641458	What is a ribosome made of?	rRNA and protein	88
3133642193	What is the workbench for translation?	the ribosome	89
3133644301	Where is mRNA translated into protein?	the ribosome	90
3133646060	What is the bond between amino acids?	peptide bond	91
3133647916	What is the structure of a ribosome?	-large subunit -small subunit -mRNA strand in between	92
3133671715	What happens during initiation of translation?	-mRNA comes in contact with small subunit -first tRNA carrying amino acid	93
3133679808	What happens during termination of translation?	a release factor releases the polypeptide chain, jams everything up, making everything fall apart	94
3133685394	What does the stop codon code for?	nothing	95
3133691736	What is protein targeting?	-First 3 amino acids is a signal to drag translating machine to the RER -SRP binds to peptide, it is dragged and docked at RER -finished polypeptide is inside RER, and goes via vesicle to the golgi apparatus	96
3133707283	What happens to the polypeptide when it is finished?	It is inside the RER, and goes via vesicle to the golgi apparatus	97
3133708201	Where does protein targeting happen?	in the cytoplasm	98
3133709098	What is an SRP	signal recognition particle, bind to signal polypeptide	99
3133713573	What do genes determine?	What proteins are produced	100
3133716582	What is a point mutation?	When one nucleotide is changed (change of one base to another)	101
3133717888	What are the types of point mutations?	-silent -missense -nonsense	102
3133719620	Silent mutation	-doesn't matter, still has the codon for the same protein	103
3133722934	Missense mutation	-when a base is changed so that codon codes for a different amino acid -protein has been changed -may or may not matter	104
3133736452	Nonsense mutation	-no sense can be made of the codon because it is now a stop codon -protein cannot be produced -typically very detrimental	105
3133743000	Example of missense mutation	sickle cell anemia	106
3133750699	Frameshift mutation	-addition or deletion of a single base (nucleotide) -more profound consequences -alters reading frame downstream	107
3133755195	If a frameshift mutation deletes or adds 3 nucleotides, will there be a shift in the reading frame?	no	108
3133758257	What are the two big structural changes in chromosomes?	deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation	109
3133759356	Deletion (in chromosomes)	loss of a portion of a chromosome	110
3133759977	Duplication (in chromosomes)	a region of a chromosome is duplicated	111
3133767794	Too much of a protein (duplication) can cause ___________	cancer	112
3133800741	Inversion	genes change position	113
3134581961	When in inversion detrimental?	When it happens within a gene	114
3134603232	Reciprocal translocation	-pieces of a chromosome break off and attach to another chromosome -all the same genes are present, just located on a different chromosome	115
3134619222	What is the starting point for evolution?	mutations	116
3134624890	There must be a _________ between the amount of new variation and health of the species.	balance	117

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BIO 101 Chapter 14 Review Questions (Raven) Flashcards

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3166719613	The enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA strand during replication is: a) DNA polymerase I b) DNA polymerase III c) RNA primase d) DNA ligase e) Cholinesterase	b) DNA polymerase III	0
3166729247	What is the function of the enzyme gyrase? a) Starts DNA replication b) Stabilizes the single strands c) Adds the primer d) Relieves the torque from rapid untwisting e) None of the above	d) Relieves the torque from rapid untwisting	1
3166738406	Where are the Okazaki fragments found? a) On the lagging strand b) On the leading strand c) At the replication origin d) In the cytoplasm e) On both strands	a) On the lagging strand	2
3166745608	Name the enzyme that links Okazaki fragments: a) DNA polymerase I b) RNA primase c) DNA ligase d) Helicase e) ATP synthase	c) DNA ligase	3
3166754643	The Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrated that DNA replication is: a) Conservative b) Semi-conservative c) Disruptive d) Differentiated	b) Semi-conservative	4
3166764900	During DNA replication, what enzyme is responsible for untwisting the DNA helix? a) DNA polymerase I b) RNA primase c) DNA ligase d) DNA polymerase III e) Helicase	e) Helicase	5
3166773809	Chargaff's rule states that: a) DNA strands are in antiparallel alignment b) G matches with C, and T matches with A c) The DNA molecule is a double helix d) DNA transformation occurs when an organism incorporates DNA from the environment	b) G matches with C, and T matches with A	6
3166777638	Phosphdiester bonds link the 5' of one nucleotide to the 3' of the next nucleotide via the phosphate group. This bond is a strong covalent bond. a) True b) False	a) True	7
3166796027	Why does replication proceed in opposite directions on the leading and lagging strands? a) The polymerase enzyme needs a primer b) DNA polymerase III can only add to the 3' end of a strand c) The Okazaki fragments are only on the leading strands d) The parent strands are oriented in the same direction e) Helicase only allows for replication of one strand at a time	b) DNA polymerase III can only add to the 3' end of a strand	8
3166803955	Mutations can be caused by copying mistakes, and by exposure to chemicals or electromagnetic radiation. a) This is true b) This is false	a) True	9
3166819310	If a strand of DNA had the sequence 3'AGTCCA5' which of the following would be the complementary DNA strand? a) 5'CATGGT3' b) 3'TCAGGT5' c) 3'TCAAAU5' d) 5'AGTCCA3' e) 5'TCAGGT3'	e) 5'TCAGGT3'	10
3166829327	If a DNA molecule contains 40% thymine, how much guanine will it contain? a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40%	a) 10%	11
3166844083	The enzyme telomerase attaches the last few bases on the lagging strand. As cells age, telomerase activity drops. What would happen to the chromosomes in the absence of telomerase activity? a) Chromosome replication would be terminated b) Okazaki fragments would not be linked together c) Chromosomes would shorten during each division d) The leading strand would become the lagging strand e) The cells would become cancerous	c) Chromosomes would shorten during each division	12
3166852505	Which of the following is a potential mutagen? a) UV light b) Chemicals c) Nicotine d) X-rays e) All of the above	e) All of the above	13
3166866170	What would be the immediate consequence of a non-functional primase enzyme? a) The strands would break due to the torsional strain from rapid untwisting b) The helix could be opened c) The DNA polymerase III enzyme would have nothing to bind to d) The Okazaki fragments would not be linked together e) The single DNA strands could not be held open	c) The DNA polymerase III enzyme would have nothing to bind to	14
3166880345	Mixing a killed virulent strain of bacteria and a living strain of bacteria together produces virulent bacteria. What does this demonstrate? a) Genes are inactivated when a cell dies b) DNA can only be passed on during reproduction c) Cells can pick up genes from the environment d) All bacteria are virulent e) None of the above	c) Cells can pick up genes from the environment	15

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