| CourseNotes

BIO 101 Chapter 15 Review (Raven) Flashcards

3166910890	The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from: a) DNA to RNA to proteins b) Proteins to RNA to DNA c) RNA to DNA to proteins d) DNA to proteins to RNA e) RNA to proteins to DNA	a) DNA to RNA to proteins	0
3166916762	Translation is the process of making mRNA from the DNA template strand. a) True b) False	b) False	1
3166923850	Promoters and terminators are found: a) On the template (DNA) strand b) On the mRNA c) At the ends of a polypeptide d) On the tRNA e) On the coding strands	a) On the template (DNA) strand	2
3166933916	Translation occurs when: a) Information on the RNA directs the amino acid synthesis b) Peptide bonds are formed c) RNA is modified in the nucleus d) The RNA polymerase assembles the protein e) DNA polymerase III copies DNA into RNA	b) Peptide bonds are formed	3
3166940504	Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? a) mRNA b) snRNA c) tRNA d) rRNA e) All are types of RNA	e) All are types of RNA	4
3166951346	What is the function of the 5' cap and the 3' poly-A-tail? a) Initiates transcription b) Forms bonds between amino acids c) Protects mRNA from degradation d) Splices out the intron seuences e) Acts as a stop codon in some polypeptides	c) Protects mRNA from degradation	5
3166964008	Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: a) Bind the correct amino acid to the empty tRNA b) Bind the tRNA to the anticodon c) Bind the amino acids together d) Bind the tRNA to the mRNA e) Cut and assemble the tRNA molecule	a) Bind the correct amino acid to the empty tRNA	6
3166969263	snRNPs are responsible for splicing out the non-coding exon regions. a) True b) False	b) False	7
3166976657	Empty tRNA molecules leave the ribosome at the: a) P-site b) E-site c) A-site d) T-site e) X-site	b) E-site	8
3166983299	Where does transcription take place? a) In the nucleus b) In the nucleolus c) In the cytoplasm d) On the ribosome e) On the rough ER	a) In the nucleus	9
3166992127	Substituting an adenine nucleotide for a guanine nucleotide would cause a frameshift mutation. a) True b) False	b) False	10
3167002653	The start codon (AUG) also codes for methionine. How does this affect the protein? a) All proteins start with AUG b) AUG signals the beginning and the end of the protein c) The DNA code for the protein starts with AUG d) All proteins begin with methionine e) All mRNA strands start with methionine	d) All proteins begin with methionine	11
3167009926	All stop codons code for proline. Proteins, therefore, begin with methionine and end with proline. a) True b) False	b) False	12
3167022668	If RNA polymerase reads the sequence 3'ATCTTA5', which of the following sequences will make it in mRNA? a) 5'GACUUA3' b) 3'UAGAAU5' c) 3'TAGAAU5' d) 5'UAGAAU3' e) 5'TUGUUG3'	d) 5'UAGAAU3'	13
3167028794	The codon AUG matches with the anticodon a) AUG b) TAC c) CAT d) UAC e) GTU	d) UAC	14
3167040777	When a substitution mutation changes the codon CCC to the codon CCA, both code for proline. What type of mutation is this? a) Missense mutation b) Nonsense mutation c) Frameshift mutation d) Transposition mutation e) Silent mutation	e) Silent mutation	15
3167051374	Peptidyl transferase forms peptide bonds. Where is this enzyme located? a) In the nucleus b) At the intron/exon junction c) At the codon/anticodon interface d) On the large ribosomal sub-unit e) On the rER signal recognition particle binding site	d) On the large ribosomal sub-unit	16
3167060467	Where does translation take place? a) In the rough ER lumen b) In the cytoplasm c) On a ribosome d) In prokaryotic cells e) All of the above	e) All of the above	17

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 15 Biology Raven Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2734029546	Nutritional mutations	Only grow if the medium is supplemented with additional nutrients	0
2734029547	One gene/one polypeptide hypothesis	Genes specify the structure of enzymes and that each gene encodes the structure of one enzyme. This hypothesis states the molecular relationship between genotype and phenotype	1
2734029548	Francis Crick	Central dogma of molecular biology	2
2734029549	Central Dogma	DNA ➡RNA ➡ protein	3
2734029550	Transcription	DNA ➡ RNA Produces exact copy of DNA The DNA-directed synthesis of RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. This uses the principle of complementary to use DNA as a template for RNA.	4
2734029551	Translation	RNA➡protein.	5
2734029552	Reverse translation	Class of viruses called retro viruses converts RNA genome into DNA copy using the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase	6
2736425409	Retroviruses	Converts RNA genome into DNA copy using the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase.	7
2736425410	Template strand	The only one of the two DNA strands needed to be copied for RNA. Also called anti-sense strand.	8
2736425411	Coding strand	The strand of DNA not used as a template. Also called sense strand. Coding strand after transcription has the same sequence except tymine is now uracil.	9
2736425412	mRNA	Messenger RNA. The RNA transcript used to direct synthesis of polypeptides. Carried the DNA message to the ribosome for processing.	10
2736425413	tRNA	Transfer RNA. Adapter molecule that can interact with both RNA and amino acids. Have amino acids covalently attached to one end and an anticodon that can base pair with an mRNA codon at the other. It acts to interpret info in mRNA and to help position the amino acid on the ribosome	11
2736425414	snRNA	Small nuclear RNA are part of the machinery involved in nuclear processing of eukaryotic "pre-mRNA"	12
2736425415	SRP RNA	Contains both RNA and proteins. Mediates the process of protein synthesis by ribosome on the rough ER	13
2736425416	Small RNAs	Includes micro RNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) are involved in the control of gene expression	14
2736425417	Codons	The genetic code consisted of a series of blocks of info made of 3 nucleotides. Each corresponding to an amino acid in the encoded protein.	15
2736425418	Different combinations of nucleotides	64	16
2736425419	Reading frame	Established by the first codon in the sequence determines how all subsequent codons are read	17
2736425420	Frameshift mutations	Alter the reading frame of the genetic message by deleting or adding nucleotides	18
2736425421	Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner	Found codons and frameshift mutation.	19
2736425422	Triplet binding assay	Identified 54 triplets	20
2736425423	Stop codons	UAA, UGA, UAG	21
2736425424	Start codon	AUG. Encodes the amino acid Methionine (Met)	22
2736425425	Degenerate	Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon	23
2736425426	RNA polymerase in prokaryotes	Exist in 2 forms: core polymerase and holoenzyme	24
2736425427	Core polymerase	Synthesize RNA using a DNA template , but it cannot initiate synthesis accurately. 4 subunits: 2 identical alpha, beta, and beta to the first degree.	25
2736425428	Holoenzyme	Can accurately initiate synthesis. One sigma attached to core polymerase 4 subunits.	26
2736425429	Two sites of initiation	1. The promoter that forms a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase 2. The actual start site	27
2736425430	Terminator	Signal to end transcription	28
2736425431	Transcription unit	The region from promoter to terminator. Downstream and upstream	29
2736425432	Downstream	3' to 5' template strand (+1)	30
2736425433	Upstream	5'to 3' coding strand (-1)	31
2736425434	Promoter	Is found upstream of the start site and is therefore not transcribed byb the polymerase	32
2737503853	Clearance (escape)	the process of the sigma leaving the promoter.	33
2737504227	Sigma subunit	Binds to the promoter is the first step of transcription. As the RNA polymerase molecule leaves the promoter region, the sigma factor is no longer required.	34
2737505620	Transcription bubble	The region containing the RNA polymerase, the DNA template, and the growing RNA transcrpt	35
2737510101	Hairpin	The self-complementary G-C region forms a double stranded stem with a single stranded loop	36
2737512214	Coupled	In prokaryotes, the mRNA produced by transcription begins to be translated before transcription is finished	37
2737513296	Operon	Found in prokaryotes,. A single transcription unit that encodes multiple enzymes necessary for a biological pathway.By clustering genes by function, they can be regulated together.	38
2737533648	RNA Polymerase 1	Transcribes rRNA. Their promoters are specific for each species	39
2737534155	RNA Polymerase 2	Transcribes mRNA and some small nuclear RNA complex promoters. "core promoters" can be composed of a number of different elements including the TATA box.	40
2737535425	RNA Polymerase 3	Transcribes tRNA and some other small RNA. Most promoters were found to actually be internal to the gene itself.	41
2737537090	Initiation complex	Eukaryotic transcription requires the binding of the transcription factors to the promoter before RNA Pol 2 binds to DNA. Prokaryotic translation includes an initiator tRNA molecule charged with a chemically modified methionine, N-formylmethionine (tRNA^fMet)	42
2737539039	Primary transcript	RNA synthesized by RNA Pol 2 which is processed to produce the mature mRNA.	43
2737540859	Methyl-GTP Cap	added to the 5' end of the mRNA after transcription	44
2737541483	Poly-A tail	added to the 3' end of the mRNA after transcription	45
2737542471	pre-mRNA splicing	Eukaryotic genes may contain noncoding sequences that have to be removed to produce the final mRNA. This is accomplished by the organelle spliceosome. Occurs in nucleus prior to export of the mRNA to the cytoplasm.	46
2737543976	Introns	(Intruder) noncoding DNA that interrupts the sequence of the gene	47
2737544656	Exons	expressed coding sequence	48
2737546873	Spliceosome	cluster of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) which splices (removes) the introns.	49
2737548130	Branch point	A conserved A nucleotide within the 2 base sequnce of the introns	50
2737551630	pre-mRNA splicing steps	snRNA forms base pairs with 5' end of intron, and at branch site. snRNPs associate with other factors to form spliceosome 5' ends of intron is removed and forms bond at branch site, forming a lariate. The 3' end of the intron is then cut off. Exons are joined, spliceosome disassembles	51
2737554586	Alternative splicing	A single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by the inclusion of different sets of exons	52
2737556808	Ribosome	the key organelle in translation, but it requires mRNA, tRNA, and a host of other factors. They can only ensure that the codon-anticodon pairing is correct.	53
2737557981	Amnioacyl-tRNA synthesis	Enzymes that attaches amino acid to tRNA with the correct anticodon for protein synthesis to proceed	54
2737559800	tRNA structure	cloverleaf type of structure based on intramolecular base pairing that produces double stranded regions. This structure is then folded in space to form an L-shape molecule that has 2 functional ends: the acceptor step and and anticodon loop.	55
2737562304	Acceptor stem	3' end of the molecule where the amino acid attaches	56
2737563169	Anticodon loop	The bottom loop of the cloverleaf and it can base pair with the codons in mRNA	57
2737565456	tRNA charging reaction	The reaction catalyzed by the enzyme in aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis that requires ATP. Joins the acceptor stem to the carboxyl terminus of an amino acid	58
2737565770	Charged tRNA	an amino acid joined to a tRNA	59
2737569895	Peptide bond	formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid	60
2737571841	tRNA binding sites	E, P, A Incoming charged tRNAs enter the ribosome at the A site, transit through the P site, and ten leave through the E site.	61
2737572125	P site	(peptidyl) binds to the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain	62
2737572727	A site	(amnioacyl) binds to the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added	63
2737573216	E site	(exit) binds to the tRNA that carried the previous amino acid added	64
2737624796	Peptidyl transferase	resides in the large subunit of the ribosome and is an enzyme that forms the amino acids together into a peptide bond.	65
2737637319	Prokaryotic initiator tRNA	tRNA^fMet N-formylmethionine	66
2737649253	Peptide bond formation	formed between a new charged tRNA in the site A and the growing chain in site P. The bond forms between the amino group pf the new amino acid (site A) an the carboxyl group of the growing chain (site P). This breaks the bond of the growing chain and its tRNA, transferring it the the A site	67
2737653485	Eukaryotic initiation differences	1. The initiating amino acid is methionine, not N-formylmethionine. 2. less complicated initiation complex. mRNA lacks RBS (ribosomal binding sequence)	68
2737655784	Ribosomal binding sequence (RBS)	When the tRNA^fMet is positioned over the first AUG codon of the mRNA, the large ribosomal subunit binds, forming the E, P, and A sites	69
2737659681	Elongation factor	The second tRNA binds to EF-TU and GTP to bind to mRNA in the A site. GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-TU and GDP dissociate with the ribosome. Peptide bond formation happens. The tRNA with the growing chain moves to the P site. The uncharged tRNA formerly in the P site is now in the E site and will be ejected.	70
2737672800	Wobble pairing	tRNAs wobble on the mRNA, so that a single tRNA can read more thanone codon on the mRNA	71
2737673345	Termination	stop codon is reached.	72
2737676118	Release factors	proteins that release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome	73
2737677252	Signal sequence	A polypeptide that starts with a short series of amino acids that binds to the signal recognition particle (SRP)	74
2737679664	Signal recognition particle (SRP)	Cytoplasmic complex of proteins	75
2737679665	Docking	the binding of the ER receptor to the signal sequence ? SRP complex holds the ribosome engaged in translation of the protien on the ER membrane	76
2737762170	Mutation	changing a single base can result in an amino acid substitution that can lead to a debilitating clinical phenotype	77
2737763946	Point mutation	mutation that alters single base	78
2737764232	Base substitution mutation	substituting one base pair for another in DNA	79
2737765035	Mutation is silent	if the substituted base pair encodes the proper amino acid	80
2737766517	Missense mutation	when a base substitution changes an amino acid in a protein	81
2737766808	Transition	does not change the type of bases, it either subs a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine or a purine with a purine	82
2737767606	Transversion	does change the type of bases in a base pair, pyrimidine with a purine or reverse	83
2737768052	Nonsense mutation	when a base is changed to a codon that stops. Resulting in premature termination of translation and leads to a truncated protein	84
2737770255	Frameshift mutation	Alter (addition/deletion) the reading frame in the mRNA downstream of the mutation	85
2737771735	Huntington disease	triple sequence of DNA that is repeated	86
2737772314	Chromosomal mutations	altered structure	87
2737772726	Deletion	loss of a portion of a chromosome	88
2737772998	Duplication	of chromosome may or may not lead to phenotypic consequences	89
2737773847	Tandem duplication	duplication occurs next to original region	90
2737774316	Inversion	results when a segment of a chromosome is broken into two places, reversed, and put together	91
2737775006	Translocation	a piece of one chromosome is broken off and joined to another. it can also move genes from one location to another	92

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 14 Biology Raven Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2734760671	Bacteriophages (phages)	viruses that affect bacteria	0
2734765974	Lyse (lytic phage)	cell burst	1
2734765975	DNA structure	1. A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) 2. A phosphate group (PO4) 3. A nitrogenous base (either purine or pyrimidine)	2
2734765976	Purine	Adenine (A) or Guanine (G) 2 ringed structure	3
2734765977	Pyrimidine	Thymine (T) or Cytosine (C) or Uracil (U) Single ringed structure	4
2734769114	Chargoff's rule	A=T G=C	5
2734770041	Dehydration synthesis	The 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups allow DNA and RNA strands to form long chains of nucleotides	6
2734772082	Phosphodiester bonds	the phosphate group is now linked to the 2 sugars by a pair of ester bonds	7
2734781056	Tautomers	Keto (C=O) versus enol (C-OH) groups and amino (_NH2) versus imino (=NH) groups that are attached to the bases	8
2734781057	Phosphodiester backbone	repeating sugar and phosphate units joined by phophodiester bonds	9
2734781058	Base pair	two strands held together by formation of hydrogen bonds and between bases on opposite strands. Adenine can form two hydrogen bonds withthymine to form a A-T base pair Guanine can form three hydrogen bonds with cytosine to form a G_C base pair	10
2735970431	Antiparallel	one strand running 5'to3' and the other running 3'to5'	11
2735970432	Three possible models of DNA	conservative model semiconservative model dispersive model	12
2735970433	Semiconservative model	produces 2 hybrid molecules of old and new strands	13
2735972890	DNA replication	opening up one DNA helix and making copies of both strands to produce two daughter helices, each consisting of one old strand and one new strand	14
2735980828	DNA polymerase	add new bases to the 3' end of existing strands and requires a primer to begin synthesis. Refers to a group of enzymes responsible for the building of a new DNA strand from the template.	15
2735980829	RNA polymerase	synthesis their primers	16
2736197625	DNA Pol 1, 2, 3	all three enzymes synthesize polynucleotide strands only in the 5'-3' direction and require a primer	17
2736202360	Nuclease activity	ability to break phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides (endonucleases and exonucleases)	18
2736202361	Endonucleases	Cut DNA internally	19
2736203373	Exonucleases	Chew away at an end of DNA	20
2736220479	DNA Polymerase 1	Acts on lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA	21
2736220480	DNA Polymerase 2	DNA repair process	22
2736220481	DNA Polymerase 3	Main replication enzyme. Synthesize okazaki fragments	23
2736340342	Helicases	Enzymes that use energy from ATP to unwind the DNA template	24
2736340343	Single-strand-binding protein (SSB)	Coats the exposed hydrophobic base of the single strand	25
2736340344	Supercoiling	The coiling in space of double-stranded DNA molecules due to torsional strain, occurs when the helix is unwound	26
2736340345	Topoisomerase	Enzymes that can alter the topological state of DNA	27
2736340346	DNA gyrase	The topoisomerase involved in DNA replication. Enzyme that relieves strain while helicase has unwound the strands	28
2736340347	Semidiscontinuous	One strand can be synthesized in a continuous fashion from an initial primer, while the other strand must be synthesized in a discontinuous fashion with multiple priming events and short sections of DNA being assembled	29
2736340348	Leading strand	Continuous	30
2736340349	Lagging strand	Discontinuous	31
2736340350	Okazaki fragments	Fragments synthesized on lagging strand	32
2736340351	Replication fork	Partial opening of DNA helix to form 2 single strands	33
2736340352	Leading strand synthesis	A single priming event is required then the strand can extend indefinitely by the action of DNA Pol 3	34
2736340353	Processivity	The ability of a polymerase to remain attached to the template	35
2736340354	Sliding clamp	Beta subunit in Pol 3 made up of 2 identical protein chains that form a circle around the strand	36
2736340355	Lagging strand synthesis	Primase is needed to synthesize primers for each okazaki fragment and then all these RNA primers need to be replaced with DNA. The fragments are stitched together.	37
2736361649	DNA ligase	Seals the gap, joining okazaki fragments into complete strands	38
2736361650	Termination	Last stage of replication produces two daughter molecules that are intertwined then unlinked by gyrase	39
2736361651	Replisome	Forms a macromolecular assembly Primosome and complex of 2 DNA Pol 3 enzymes	40
2736361652	Primosome	Composed of primate and helicase	41
2736361653	Eukaryotic replication	Has multiple origins of replication for each chromosome, resulting in multiple replicones	42
2736374826	Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)	Sliding clamp unit on eukaryotes	43
2736374827	Telomeres	Structure found on the end on eukaryotic chromosomes. They protect the ends from nucleases and maintain integrity of linear chromosome.	44
2736374828	Replicating ends	Lagging strands last primer is removed, it cannot be replaced. During the next round of replication the next chromosome will be shorter. Resulting in aging.	45
2736374829	Telomerase	Contains an internal RNA that the enzyme uses as a template to extend the DNA of the chromosome end. Cancer cells generally show activation of telomerase which allows them their length so they don't shorten.	46
2736374830	Mutagen	Agent that increases number of mutations (UV light, xrays, radiation)	47
2736374831	Specific repair systems	Target a single kind of lesion in DNA and only repair that lesion.	48
2736374832	Nonspecific repair systems	Use a single mechanisms to repair multiple kinds of lesions	49
2736381728	Photorepair	(Specific repair) specific for UV light damage (tymine dimer). Photolase absorbs light in the visible range and uses this energy to cleave the tymine dimer.	50
2736381729	Excision repair	(Nonspecific) recognizes damage, removes damaged region, resynthesizes using the info on the undamaged strand as a template	51
2736381730	UvrABC complex	Binds to damaged DNA and then cleaves a single strand on either side of the damage, removing it. DNA Pol 1 or 2 replaces damaged DNA	52

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 10 Biology Raven Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2674622160	Purpose of cell division	Duplicate and segregation of genetic information into daughter cells, and division of cellular content	0
2674622161	Binary fission	Bacteria divided	1
2674622162	Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC)	A class of proteins that compact and organize the nucleoid (prok)	2
2674622163	Decantenation	Untangling of the final replication products (prok)	3
2674622164	Septation	Septum separates cells at the midpoint and begins with FtsZ	4
2674622165	FtsZ	Protein found in most prokaryotes. Forms filaments, rings, and recent 3d crystals	5
2674622166	Mitosis	Thread	6
2674622167	Monosomy	Human embryos missing one chromosome	7
2674622168	Trisomy	Having an extra chromosome	8
2674622169	Chromatin	A complex of DNA and protein	9
2674622170	Chromosomes	Sites of RNA synthesis	10
2674622171	Histone core	8 histone proteins. Act as a magnetic form that promotes and guides the coil of dna	11
2674622172	Nucleosome	Complex of dna and histone protein	12
2674622173	Solenoid	Nucleosome compacted together	13
2674622174	Condensin	Protein that helps compact chromosomes	14
2674622175	Karyotype	Array of chromosomes in an individual organism	15
2674622176	Haploid	Set of chromosomes in the karyotype	16
2674622177	Diploid chromosomes	Reflect the genetic contribution that each parent makes to offspring	17
2674622178	Cohesion	Protein that holds together 2 identical DNA molecules	18
2674622179	Centromere	Holds together 2 sister chromatids	19
2674622180	Interphase	G1, S, G2	20
2674622181	G1	Gap phase 1: primary growth phase	21
2674622182	S	Synthesis: replicate DNA	22
2674622183	G2	Gap phase 2: growth of organelles	23
2674622184	M phase	Mitosis and cytokinesis	24
2674622185	Mitosis	Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase	25
2674622186	Cytokinesis	Division of cell into two daughter cells by cleavage furrow	26
2674622187	Prophase	Nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, spindle begins to form	27
2674622188	Metaphase	Chromosomes align at equator if the cell (metaphase plate). Chromosomes are attached to opposite poles and are under tension	28
2674622189	Anaphase	Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles. Spindle poles move apart	29
2674622190	Telophase	Chromosomes are clustered at opposite poles and decondense. Nuclear envelopes reform around chromosomes.	30
2675064920	Cell plate	Divides the plant cell	31
2675064921	Cellulose	Goes on the new membranes to make 2 new cell walls	32
2675064922	Middle lamella	The space between the daughter cells becomes impregnated with pectins	33
2675064923	Fungi and protists	Their nucleus membrane does not dissolve so mitosis happens in the nucleoid. Then they divided into daughter nuclei then in cytokinesis one nucleus goes to each daughter cells	34
2675064924	Cell cycles irreversible points	1. The replication of genetic material 2. Separation of the sister chromatids	35
2675064925	3 checkpoints	G1/S, G2/M, & Spindle	36
2675064926	G1/S	Where cells decide whether or not to divide	37
2675064927	G2/M	Assess the success of DNA replication and can stall the cycle if DNA has not been accurately replicated. Represents commitment to mitosis	38
2675064928	Spindle	Ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the spindle in preparation for anaphase	39
2675064929	Cdks	Cyclin-dependent kinase. Activates numerous cell proteins by phosphoilating them	40
2675064930	Phosphorylation	Primary molecular mechanism of cell cycle control	41
2675064931	APC/C	Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome Triggers anaphase. 2 roles in mitosis: It activates the protease that removes the cohesins holding sister chromatids together and it is necessary for the destruction of mitosis cychins to drive the cell out of mitosis.	42
2675064932	Cdc2	Phosphorylation at one site activates Cdk and another site inactivates it	43
2675064933	Mitosis - promoting factor (MPF)	Cyclin-cdk complex that stimulates the mitotic phase in the cell cycle. Promotes entrance into mitosis	44
2675150439	Platelet - derived growth factor PDGF	Is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that initiates a MAPkinase cascade to stimulate cell division. It's one of the first growth factors to be identified. Can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division. (Blood clot)	45
2675150440	Cells lack growth factors	They go to G2 checkpoint and then remain in G0	46
2675150441	P53	Plays a role in G1 checkpoint. Protein monitors integrity of DNA. If it detects damage it halts cell division and stimulates special enzymes to repair the damage. Once repaired p53 allows cell to continue. If irreparable, p53 directs cell to kill itself. Prevents mutation	47
2675150442	Tumor-suppresor gene	Suppresses cancer (p53)	48
2675150443	Oncogenes	Genes that can cause a contact cell to become a cancer cell	49
2675150444	Proto-oncogenes	Normal cellular genes that become oncogenes when mutated. (Promotes cancer)	50
2675319890	Septate	Divided by a septum	51
2675319891	Sister chromasomes	Identical chromosomes (red and red)	52
2675319892	Homologous chromosomes	Not identical (blue and red)	53
2677672205	Euchromatin	Is expressed in eukaryotes	54

Powered by Quizlet.com

VCE Psychology Unit 2 Chapter 9 - Social cognition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5056735638	social cognition	how individuals interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations	0
5056736037	person perception	the mental processes used to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people	1
5056736447	halo effect	cognitive bias in which the impression formed about one quality of a person influences beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities	2
5056736903	attribution	the process by which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behaviour; also used to refer to the explanation	3
5056737004	personal attribution	an explanation of behaviour based on the characteristics of the person involved, such as their personality, ability, attitude, motivation, mood or effort; sometimes called dispositional	4
5056738408	situational attribution	an explanation of behaviour based on factors external to the person involved, such as the actions of another person, some aspect of the environment, the task, luck and fate	5
5056738409	fundamental attribution error	when explaining someone's behaviour, the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors; behaviour is attributed to internal rather than external factors	6
5056738938	actor-observer bias	the tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to external or situational factors, while attributing others' behaviour to internal or personal factors	7
5056739375	self-serving bias	when judging ourselves, the tendency to take the credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors	8
5056739851	attitude	an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue	9
5056740442	tri-component model of attitudes	an explanation of attitudes in terms of three related components - affective, behavioural and cognitive - that comprise any attitude	10
5056740912	affective component	in the tri-component model of attitudes, the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue	11
5056741455	behavioural component	in the tri-component model of attitudes, the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions (or how we might behave should the opportunity arise)	12
5056741468	cognitive component	in the tri-component model of attitudes, the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue in	13
5056743034	classical conditioning	a simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli	14
5056743635	operant conditioning	a kind of learning for which the consequences of an action (e.g. reward or punishment) determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future	15
5056744129	repeated exposure	being exposed to an object, person, group, event or issue repeatedly	16
5056744507	mere exposure effect	the increase in liking for an attitude, object, person, group, event or issue as a result of being repeatedly exposed to it	17
5056745026	stereotyping	process of grouping or 'fitting' people into a category based on what is known about them	18
5056745027	stereotype	a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group	19
5056746163	ingroup	any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies	20
5056746843	outgroup	any group to which an individual does not belong or identify	21
5056747166	prejudice	holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group	22
5056747547	old-fashioned prejudice	a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others	23
5056748098	modern prejudice	form of prejudice which is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group	24
5056748110	discrimination	positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members	25
5056749229	direct discrimination	when someone is treated unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law	26
5056749775	indirect discrimination	when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic	27

Powered by Quizlet.com

VCE Unit 2 Psychology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

1874378361	Attitude	an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.	0
1874378362	Tri-component model of attitudes	a theory that proposes that any attitude has three related components, the affective, behavioural and cognitive.	1
1874378363	Affective component of the tri-component model of attitudes	the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue.	2
1874378364	Behavioural component of the tri-component model of attitudes	the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions (or how we might behave should the opportunity arise)	3
1874378365	Cognitive component of the tri-component model of attitudes	the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.	4
1874378366	Cognitive dissonance	when you are aware of conflict between different components of an attitude, or behave differently to the way we think we should behave. This may cause discomfort or psychological tension.	5
1874378367	Classical conditioning	a simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli (events) e.g. Dog and bell	6
1874378368	Modelling	a type of learning that involves observing behaviour and its consequences to guide one's future thoughts, feelings or behaviour. Also called observational learning	7
1874378369	Steps of observational learning (modelling)	attention, retention, reproduction, motivation/reinforcement.	8
1874378370	Operant conditioning	a kind of learning based on the assumption that we tend to repeat behaviour which has a desirable consequence or result and tend not to repeat behaviour which has an undesirable consequence or result	9
1874378371	Stereotyping	a collection of beliefs about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group	10
1874378372	Prejudice	holding a negative attitude towards he members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group	11
1874378373	Racism	occurs when prejudice and discrimination are directed at people who are members of a particular racial or ethnic group	12
1874378374	Sexism	occurs when prejudice and discrimination are directed at women or men because of their sex	13
1874378375	Ageism	occurs when prejudice and discrimination are directed at people because of their age	14
1874378376	Ingroup	any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies	15
1874378377	Outgroup	any group to which an individual does or identify	16
1874378378	Intergroup conflict	when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by the members of each group	17
1874378379	Intergroup contact	a strategy for reducing prejudice by increasing specific types of direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other	18
1874378380	Mutual interdependence	when two groups who are prejudiced against each other depend on each other to achieve something	19
1874378381	Superordinate goals	a goal that cannot be achieved by any group alone and overrides other existing goas which each group might have	20
1874378382	Sustained contact	ongoing contact between two or more people (or groups0 either directly or indirectly over a period of time	21
1874378383	Equality of status	when each group is considered to have the same importance	22
1874378384	Discrimination	positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members	23
1874378385	Group	any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose	24
1874378386	Status	refers to the importance of an individual's position in the group, as perceived by the members of the group	25
1874378387	Reward power	ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour	26
1874378388	Coercive power	ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour	27
1874378389	Legitimate power	an individual's status or position in a group, institution or society in general gives them the right (authority) to exercise power over those with a lower status or with less authority	28
1874378390	Referent power	individuals identify with or want to be like or liked by this person	29
1874378391	Expert power	having special knowledge or skills that are desirable or needed	30
1874378392	Informational power	having resources or information that are useful and are not available elsewhere	31
1874378393	Social proximity	the closeness between two or more people may include the physical distance between the people as well as the closeness of their relationship. Affects obedience	32
1874378394	Legitimacy of the authority figure	an individual is more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having power	33
1874378395	Group pressure	an individual is more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure	34
1874378396	Peer pressure	social influence by peers, to think, feel or behave in a particular way	35
1874378397	Thrill seeking	behaviours that are challenging but socially acceptable	36
1874378398	Reckless	often thrill seeking but more likely not to be accepted by the adult population and have negative social or health related outcomes	37
1874378399	Rebellious	involves experiments with activities usually acceptable for adults but disapproved for adolescents	38
1874378400	Anti-social	considered unacceptable for both adults and adolescents	39
1874378401	Noticing the situation	when you are on your own you are quicker to notice the situation	40
1874378402	Interpreting the situation	how the person interprets the situation will influence how your respond	41
1874378403	Taking responsibility for helping	people are unlikely to help unless they believe it is their duty to do so	42
1874378404	The bystander effect	the tendency for an individual to be less likely to help when there are other bystanders around	43
1874378405	Social norms	standards, or "rules", in social groups, cultures or wider society that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations	44
1874378406	Personal factors	mood, empathy, competence	45
1874378407	Mood	your mood will impact the likelihood that you will help	46
1874378408	Empathy	the ability to identify with and understand another person's feelings or difficulties	47
1874378409	Competence	ability or skills required to assist in a situation	48
1874378410	Diffusion of responsibility	the belief that, in a situation where help is required and others are present, responsibility is spread across the whole group, leading each individual to feel less responsible for helping than when alone because they assume that someone else will take on the responsibility of helping	49
1874378411	Audience inhibition	not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish in the presence of others	50
1874378412	Cost-benefit analysis	weighing up the personal and social costs of helping against the benefits of helping	51
1874378413	Conscious	level of awareness that includes everything we are thinking, remembering, feeling, sensing or notice at any particular moment	52
1874378414	Preconscious	the level of awareness that contains much of the information considered to be at the 'back of one's mind' but which can easily be brought into one's conscious mind (awareness)	53
1874378415	Unconscious	a storage place for all the information about a person that is not acceptable to the conscious mind	54
1874378416	Id	the innate, biological needs which all individuals are said to be born with	55
1874378417	Ego	the realistic and logical part of personality, often playing the role of mediator between id and superego conflicts	56
1874378418	Super ego	the part of personality that judges the individual's thoughts, feelings and actions according to the morals and ideals of the society in which they live	57
1874378419	Oral stage	the stage when pleasure for the child centres around its mouth through sucking, biting and chewing. Birth to 2 years	58
1874378420	Anal stage	the stage of personality development when the focus of pleasure relates to the anus. 2 to 3 years	59
1874378421	Phallic stage	the stage of personality development when the child's attention is often focused on the sex organs. 4 to 5 years	60
1874378422	Latency stage	the period when psychosexual development is dormant and the child focuses on developing close relationships with others of the same sex. 6 to puberty	61
1874378423	Genital stage	the stage when sexual energies are focused on the genitals. Puberty to death	62
1874378424	Denial	Refusing to believe whatever it is that would cause anxiety	63
1874378425	Repression	Preventing unacceptable thoughts or feelings from entering conscious awareness, therefore preventing anxiety	64
1874378426	Reaction	formation- Thinking, feeling or behaving in a manner which is opposite to how you really think, feel or behave	65
1874378427	Regression	Going back to a younger, child-like, immature, way of behaving	66
1874378428	Projection	Shifting our unwanted thoughts, feelings or personal shortcomings onto someone else	67
1874378429	Rationalisation	Making up a socially acceptable explanation to justify unacceptable thoughts, feelings or behaviour	68
1874378430	Compensation	Attempting to cover up a real or imagined weakness by emphasising something in which you excel	69
1874378431	Sublimation	Channelling unacceptable thoughts, impulses or wishes in a socially acceptable way	70
1874378432	Intellectualisation	Ignoring emotions and feelings by talking about an emotionally painful event in a 'cold', unemotional way	71
1874378433	Fantasy	Fulfilling unconscious wishes or impulses by imagining them in activities	72
1874378434	Displacement	Directing an emotion away from the object or person that caused it to a substitute object or person that is less threatening	73
1874378435	Big Five Personality model	OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)	74
1874378436	Openness	includes traits such as imaginative, curious, artistic and unconventional	75
1874378437	Conscientiousness	includes traits such as organised, thorough, efficient, competent, reliable and self-disciplined	76
1874378438	Extraversion	includes traits such as outgoing, sociable, talkative, energetic and adventurous	77
1874378439	Agreeableness	includes traits such as cooperative, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, forgiving and straightforwardness (not demanding)	78
1874378440	Neuroticism	includes traits such as tense, anxious, moody, irritable and self-conscious	79
1874378441	Nature versus nurture	the relative influence of heredity and environment on development of behaviour and mental processes	80
1874378442	Ethics	confidentiality, withdrawal rights, informed consent, voluntary participation, deception, debriefing	81
1874378443	Confidentiality	means that there must not be any information which could lead to a disclosure of a participant's identity or responses in the reporting, storage or disposal of research without permission	82
1874378444	Withdrawal rights	mean that the participant can choose to leave the study at any time and can also choose to have their data omitted from research results	83
1874378445	Informed consent	involves telling potential participants the nature of the experiment as well as potential risks of being involved and their rights. It requires participants to express written consent regarding being part of the experiment	84
1874378446	Voluntary participation	ensures that potential participants want to be part of the experiment and are not obligated to participate or coerced into participating in any way	85
1874378447	Deception	should only be used if disclosure of the nature of the study will jeopardise the study and findings and if used, there must be adequate debriefing	86
1874378448	Debriefing	occurs after the experiment where researchers inform participants of their findings and clear up any misunderstandings or questions and experimenters tell participants the true nature of the research. The experimenters also need to ensure that no harm has come to any participant.	87
1874378449	Aim	the main purpose of the design of the experiment	88
1874378450	Hypothesis	a testable prediction of a relationship between two or more events	89
1874378451	Convenience sampling	participants are selected for the sample based on the ease of access and selection	90
1874378452	Advantage of convenience sampling	the sample is very easy to obtain	91
1874378453	Disadvantage of convenience sampling	the sample is likely to be biased	92
1874378454	Random sampling	every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample	93
1874378455	Advantage of random sampling	it is time and cost effective to collect a large sample	94
1874378456	Disadvantage of random sampling	the sample may not be representative of the population	95
1874378457	Stratified sampling	members of the population are broken into groups, or strata, based on particular characteristics; a proportionate number of members in each group is then selected for the sample	96
1874378458	Advantage of stratified sampling	the sample has a proportionate number of participants representing each characteristic in a population	97
1874378459	Disadvantage of stratified sampling	although the sample is a representative sample, the participants selected from each characteristic may be biased	98
1874378460	Random stratified sampling	members of the population are broken into groups, or strata, based on particular characteristics; a proportionate number of members in each groups is then randomly selected for the sample	99
1874378461	Advantage of random stratified sampling	the sample is representative of the population	100
1874378462	Disadvantage of random stratified sampling	it takes a lot of resources (time and money) to select a sample	101
1874378463	Control group	not exposed to the IV	102
1874378464	Experimental group	exposed to the IV	103
1874378465	Allocation	dividing your sample	104
1874378466	Matched participants	participants are matched according to personal characteristics. One is exposed to the IV and one is not	105
1874378467	Independent groups	participants are divided into two separate groups. One is exposed to the IV and one is not	106
1874378468	Repeated measures	participants are divided into separate groups. Each group is exposed to the IV at different times	107
1874378469	Counterbalancing	used in repeated measures. The groups are further divided so that participants are exposed to the control and experimental group at different times	108
1874378470	Extraneous variable	may cause an unwanted effect on the DV	109
1874378471	Confounding variable	will definitely cause a change to the DV	110
1874378472	Types of extraneous variables	participant, experimenter, situational	111
1874378473	Participant extraneous variable	individual differences in personal characteristics among research participants	112
1874378474	Experimenter extraneous variable	personal characteristics of the experimenters and how they may influence the participants	113
1874378475	Situational extraneous variable	extra variables from the environment that may cause a change in the DV	114
1874378476	Qualitative data	numerical	115
1874378477	Qualitative data	categorical	116
1874378478	Inferential statistic	a type of statistic that enables researchers to decide if the IV has caused the DV	117
1874378479	Descriptive statistic	results based on personal accounts, descriptions, qualitative	118
1874378480	P-Value-	"Probability Value" the P-Value indicates if the results are simply due to chance or they are because of a cause and effect relationship. Given as a percentage. P= <0.05 - less than 5% is good	119
1874378481	Research report format	cover page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and appendix	120

Powered by Quizlet.com

Fatty acids and Triacylglycerol Metabolism Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2908206961	FAs can exist in different forms in the body like	free fatty acids fatty acyl esters in TAGs	0
2908210264	Free fatty acids can be oxidized by many tissues to produce energy particulary in where?	muscle and liver	1
2908213332	What is the structure of fatty acid?	hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with hydrophilic carboxyl group	2
2908214506	Is fatty acid amphipatheic?	yes	3
2908217528	Which carbon is alpha carbon in fatty acid?	second one counting from the carboxylic group	4
2908224527	90% of the FAs found in plasma are in the form of?	fatty acid esters, primarily triacylglycerol, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids	5
2908233864	Unesterified (free) amino acids are transported in the circulation in association with what?	albumin (water soluble protein)	6
2908242743	True/False. fattcy acids are monocarboxylic acids that typically contain hydrocarbon of variable length	True	7
2908244651	What is the range for the length of the hydrocarbon chain?	between 12-20	8
2908250512	saturated fatty acids	carbon chains contain only carbon-carbon single bonds	9
2908251701	unsaturated fatty acids	contain one or more double bonds	10
2908257196	double bonds are rigid structures, so molecules that contain them can occur in 2 isometric forms, which are	1. cis, more common 2. trans, artificial	11
2908257197	which isometric forms cause an inflexible "kink" in a fatty acid chain?	cis double bond	12
2908268633	True or False. unsaturated FAs do not pack as tightly together and have a lower melting point (liquids at room temperature)	True	13
2908270450	longer the hydrocarbon chain,	the higher the melting point	14
2908273313	If the fatty acid has more than one double bond, they are always spaced at	3-carbon interval	15
2908295617	nonessential fatty acids	fatty acids that can be synthesized by the body	16
2908297563	essential fatty acids	fatty acids that cannot be synthesized thus must be obtained from the diet	17
2908301107	what are some essential fatty acids?	- linoleic acid - alpha-linolenic acid	18
2908313473	linoleic acid and its derivatives are referred to as	omega-6 fatty acids	19
2908319029	alpha-linolenic acid and its derivatives are called	omega-3-fatty acids	20
2908446830	De novo synthesis of fatty acids		21
2908452395	a large portion of the fatty acids used by the body is supplied by what?	diet	22
2908456896	excess carbs and proteins from the diet needs to be converted to fatty acids, which are stored as	triacylglycerols	23
2908459492	where does fatty acid synthesis occur in adults?	liver (mainly) lactating mammary glands adipose tissue (to a lesser extent)	24
2908460618	where does fatty acid synthesis occur in the cell?	cytosol	25
2908642554	Synthesis of Palmitate by multifuntional fatty acid synthase (FAS)	study picture	26
2908730624	True or False. FAS (fatty acid synthase) is a multifunctional enzyme	True	27
2908736742	Fatty acid synthase cannot handle more than how many carbons?	16	28
2908745321	additional 2 carbon units are provided by	malonyl CoA	29
2908739009	palmitate can be further elongated by the addition of 2 carbon units in where in the cell?	smooth ER	30
2908749111	Further elongation		31
2908752208	electrons are provided by	NADPH	32
2908754719	True or False. separate enzyme other than FAS are required	True.	33
2908767044	Desaturation of fatty acid chains		34
2908769049	where are the enzymes that desatruate fatty acid chains are located, (introducing cis double bond)?	smooth ER	35
2908779125	Where is the first double bond typically inserted?	between carbons 9 and 10	36
2908781823	Beyond what carbon, mammals cannot introduce a double bond?	carbon 9	37
2908787592	Storage of fatty acids as components of triacylglycerols		38
2908842131	Structure of triacylglycerols		39
2908792048	True or False. Mono, di and triacylglycerols consist of one, two or three molecules of fatty acid esterified to a molecule of glycerol	True	40
2908793827	If a species of acylglycerol is solid at room temp, it's called	a fat	41
2908795707	If a species of acylglycerol is liquid at room temp, it's called	oil	42
2908839899	True or False. the 3 fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule are usually the same type.	False	43
2908844710	Carbon #1 of triacylglycerol is typically	saturated	44
2908846246	Carbon #2 of triacylglycerol is typically	unsaturated	45
2908852983	Carbon #3 of triacylglycerol is typically	can be either	46
2908859881	True or False. TAGs are only slightly soluble in water and cannot form stable michelles by themselves	True	47
2908863277	They colesce within within what cells to form oily droplets that are nearly anhydrous?	adipocytes	48
2908866297	True or False. these cytosolic lipid droplets are the major energy reserve for the body	True	49
2908887632	Synthesis of glycerol phosphate	study the picture	50
2908920557	adipose tissue lack which enzyme?	glycerol kinase	51
2908932171	FA attach to what before it can participate in metabolic processes such as TAG synthesis?	attach to CoA	52
2908935543	enzymes involved in TAG synthesis	fatty acyl CoA synthetases (thiokinases)	53
2908944514	What is the starting molecule in TAG synthesis?	glycerol phosphate	54
2909005494	True or False. a lot of TAG is stored in the liver	False. Most exported, packaged with other lipids and apolipoprotein particles called VLDL	55
2909014621	Where is TAG mostly stored?	in adipose tissue. It is stored nearly anhydrous form as fat droplets in the cytosol of cells	56
2909019404	Mobilization of stored fats and oxidation of fatty acids		57
2909026180	how much energy produced when fatty acid completely oxidized?	9 kcal/g fat	58
2909030154	how much energy produced when proteins completely oxidized?	4 kcal/g protein	59
2909032476	how much energy produced when carbohydrate completely oxidized?	4 kcal/g carbs	60
2909041248	Which enzyme is needed to release fatty acids from triacylglycerol?	hormone-sensitive lipase	61
2909048034	How hormone-sensitive lipase work?	removes a fatty acid from carbon 1 and carbon 3. additionl lipases remove the remaining fatty acids	62
2909059649	Beta-oxidation of fatty acids	two-carbon fragments are successively removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl CoA produing acetyl CoA	63
2909116429	Where does beta-oxidation of fatty acids occur?	mitochondria	64
2909153729	Can fatty acids shorter than 12 carbons can cross the innter mitochondrial membrane without carnitine?	yes	65
2909158647	even number of fatty acids are more common. what happens to the odd numbered-fatty acid such as propionyl CoA (has 3 carbons)?	The final three carbons metabolized to succinyl CoA	66
2909164038	what happens to the unsatruated fatty acids?	produce less energy because they are less reduced. they also requires additional enzymes for isomerization and reduction	67
2909170343	Very very long fatty acids (22 carbons or longer) undergo preliminary beta-oxidation in where?	peroxisomes. shortened fatty acid diffuses to mitochondrion for further oxidation	68
2909186344	During what the liver is flooded with fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue?	fasting	69
2909192843	During ketogenesis acetyl CoA produce what molecule?	Acetone	70
2909198587	when the rate of formation of ketone bodies is greater than the rate of their use, their levels begin to rise in the blood and eventually in the urine. these are frequently seen in	type 1 diabetes	71
2909201505	ketonemia	high ketone level in blood	72
2909203481	ketouria	high ketone level in urine	73
2909208293	fruity odor of the breath is a frequent symptom of what condition?	diabetic ketoacidosis	74

Powered by Quizlet.com

Fatty Acid Metabolism Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

2942026819	Lipids	Used as energy in biomembranes, as signaling hormones, waterproofing, insulation. Fraction of any biological material which was extractable by non-polar solvents. Water insoluble biomolecules. Hydrophobic.	0
2942042300	Fatty Acids	Amphipathic molecules that are part of lipids. Made up of a hydrophobic chain and carb acid head. Saturated=all single bonds, unsaturated= at least one double bond.	1
2942048579	Waxes	Long chain lipids that melt at high temperatures. Water proof.	2
2942051761	Paraffin	Wax. Very long hydrocarbons (over 20 C)	3
2942052988	Waxy esters	Long FA esterified to an alcohol, 25% of nonpolar lipids excretedfrom human skin.	4
2942056558	Glycerol	Backbone of triglycerides	5
2942058940	glycerophospholipids	Glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes.	6
2942068763	Sphingolipids	a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, important in signal transmission and cell recognition.	7
2942075264	Cholesterol	27C amphipathic molecule in lipoprotein particles, plasma membranes, and used to synthesize bile salts and steroid hormones.	8
2942081381	Sterols	A subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring. They are amphipathic lipids synthesized from acetyl-coenzyme A. Important ones=cholesterol esters and bile salts.	9
2942088027	Cholesterol esters	FA esterified to cholesterol	10
2942092647	Bile salts	Detergents that dissolve hydrophobic food molecules	11
2942095604	Storage lipids	Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) and cholesterol ester. Hydrophobic, exist inside a lipid droplet or lipoprotein particle	12
2942099576	Triacylglycerol	Fuel storage and plasma transport via lipoprotein particles. In adipose cells. Lots of energy.	13
2942103045	Fat soluble vitamins	Molecules can exist inside a lipid droplet with no interation with water. Includes Vitamins A, D, E, K	14
2942106773	Vitamin A	Used to generate retinol, retinal and retinoic acid, important for vision and hormone signalling	15
2942110447	Vitamin D	Synthesized from cholesterol in response to light, used in the kidney and the liver	16
2942112742	Vitamin E	Fat soluble antioxidant	17
2942114547	Vitamin K	Enhances blood clotting	18
2942117159	FA Nomenclature	Carbon at carboxyl group is Carbon 1. alpha carbon is immediately adjacent to C1. omega carbon=last carbon. omega 9 fatty acid=double bond at C9.	19
2942148601	Melting points of FA	Double bonds significantly lower the mp, especially cis double bonds. Shortening of the chain length will also lower the mp by a little bit.	20
2942157743	Adipocyte fat globules	Anhydrous and low density. Glycogen is very polar and heavily hydrated. In adipocytes, triglyceride droplets coalesce to form a single globule.	21
2942162183	Saponification	Triglycerides can be converted to soap by treating with a strong base which cleaves the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol.	22
2942172620	Lipases	Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters from the glycerol backbone of triglycerides	23
2942174960	Source of FA	Come from diet. TGs are converted to chylomicrons in the intestine which go to the bloodstream. Hepatic TGs-generate VLDL. Adipose FA-dump FA into blood to bind serum albumin.	24
2942181335	Lipogenesis	Process by which FA are synthesized adn made into TGs, occurs primarily in the liver.	25
2942185551	Lipolysis	Stimulated by glucagon. Harvesting of TGs from adipose tissue	26
2942187356	Insulin	Signals well fed state; inhibits breakdown of TGs and FAs, istimulates synth of FAs and TGs.	27
2942190725	Glucagon	Signals hunger state. Breakdown of TG and FA and Glycogen. Inhibits storage and synth of FA.	28
2942197855	Glucagon stimulation of lipolysis	cAMP-PKA activates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipocytes. PKA phosphorylates perilipin, a lipid droplet coating protein, allowing HSL to bind perilipin and have access to TGs. Resulting FA bind to serum albumin in the blood stream.	29
2942207437	Formation of Acyl CoA	If a FA is going to become part of another lipids or will enter mitochondria or peroxisome, it must first be derivatized with CoA. Uses Fatty acyl CoA synthestase to do this. Acyl CoA cannot diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	30
2942219181	Acyl Carnitine	Form of acyl CoA that can diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane, then is turned back to Acyl CoA	31
2942221454	Carnitine	Compound required for transport of FA from intermembranous space in the mitochondrial matrix during breakdown of lipids	32
2942225262	Mitochondrial Carnitine Shuttle	The carnitine shuttle is responsible for transferring long-chain fatty acids across the barrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane to gain access to the enzymes of beta-oxidation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw5Hg5OUEGY	33
2942266597	B Oxidation of FA	The catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. Occurs in muscle, liver and kidney. Occurs in the mitochondria. B Oxidation intermediates are bound to CoA. Requires oxidizing power of NAD+ and FAD. Results: 1 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 Acetyl CoA--> 3 NADH, 1 FAHD2, and 1 GTP from the Krebs Cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaeSPo39xEE	34
2942321734	Carnitine Definiciency	Results in muscle cramping (mild cases), severe weakness and death (severe cases). Treatment=oral carnitine	35
2942325596	Carnitine acyl transferase deficiency	Muscle weakness during prolonged exercise. Oral carnitine won't help because it's deficient in the enzyme, not carnitine.	36
2942882205	MCAD Deficiency	Medium chain fatty acyl CoA Dehydrogenase actes on medium length (C10 and C8) fatty acids. Mutation K304E-protein is misfolded. Causes hypoglycemia as tissues demand more glucose due to poor B oxidation of fatty acids. Strongly affect infants because they depend on milk that is rich in medium chain fatty acyl CoA. Treatment is a high carb diet.	37
2942897162	Ketogenesis	Ketone body production. Acetoacetate in the liver is either reduced to the alcohol, hydroxybutyrate, or decarboxylated to form acetone. All of these are ketone bodies.	38
2942903354	Ketoacidosis	Most common in Type I diabetes (insulin dependent). Happens when ketone body production exceeds use. Ketonemia and ketonuria occur.	39
2942933842	Peroxisomal FA Degradation	Peroxisome degrades long FA and beta branched FA. Beta oxidation in the peroxisome differs in the 1st step where oxygen accepts the electrons from FADH2. This generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is rapidly eliminated by catalase activity. The remaining 3 steps of the beta oxidation are the same. Acetyl CoA resulting from peroxisomal beta oxidation is shipped out of the peroxisome as citrate or acetyl carnitine, both of which can enter the mitochondria without further modification.	40
2942944936	Zellweger Syndrome	results from the absence of functional peroxisomes. Results in buildup of long chain and beta-branched fatty acids which affects multiple organs and muscle tissue during fetal and early development. With no cure, typically fatal by 6 yr old.	41
2942959598	FA Synthesis (anabolism)	Mostly occurs in the liver in the cytosol. Starts with pre-condensation when acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA get into position to add ACP and FA synthase. Acetyl groups add to malonyl ACP and CO2 is lost. Condensation with the growing acyl chain proceeds. Intermediates are bound to the acyl carrier protein. Synthesis requires the reducing power of NADPH. Consumes Acetyl CoA.	42
2942974706	Malonyl CoA Formation	Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (or malonyl CoA synthetase) adds CO2 to acetyl CoA. Biotin is a coenzyme (vitamin B7) that is carboxylated, thus activating CO2. Transcarboxylation adds CO2 to acetyl CoA.	43
2943014358	Citrate Shuttle	Supplies most of the acetyl CoA for FA synthesis in most humans. Supplies half of the NADPH for FA synthesis in humans. Other 50% comes from the PPP.	44
2943021605	Acetyl CoA Carboxylase	Key enzyme in regulation of fatty acids. Hormonal control. High glucagon activates PKA which inactivates the carboxylase. High insulin reverses PKA activity and activates the carboxylase. Citrate is an allosteric activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase.	45
2943044771	Essential fatty acids	Some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) synthesized by plants that are required in the diet of higher animals. Example: In order to make the eicosanoid hormones, we must get arachidonic acid or make it from one of its precursors: Linoleic acid (C18:2,9,12) -linolenic acid (C18:3, 6,9,12) arachidonic acid (C20:4,5,8,11,14)	46

Powered by Quizlet.com

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE - 600 CE) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4958514697	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
4958514698	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
4958514699	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
4958514700	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
4958514701	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	4
4958514702	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
4958514703	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
4958514704	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
4958514705	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
4958514706	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
4958514707	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
4958514708	Greek Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics	11
4958514709	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	12
4958514710	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	13
4958514711	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	14
4958514712	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	15
4958514713	Islam	the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.	16
4958514714	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	17
4958514715	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	18
4958514716	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	19
4958514717	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	20
4958514718	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	21
4958514719	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	22
4958514720	Ancient Egypt	an empire that lasted for 3000 years	23
4958514721	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	24
4958514722	Maya	located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.	25
4958546461	State	A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority	26
4958546462	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	27
4958549053	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	28
4958551664	Assyrian Empire	this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.	29
4958551665	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.	30
4958551666	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	31
4958561525	Sanskrit Scriptures	An ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.	32
4958561526	Vedic Religions	Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.	33
4958563122	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	34
4958569635	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	35
4958569636	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	36
4958569637	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	37
4958579912	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	38
4958583351	Buddha		39
4958592783	Shiva		40
4958669870	Brahma		41
4958674614	Vishnu		42
4958686638	Darius I		43
4958698583	Alexander the Great		44
4958708841	Parthenon		45
4958719136	Agora at Corinth		46
4958738679	Hoplite Armor		47
4958751550	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	48
4958776816	Roman Columns		49
4958808095	Greek Columns		50
4958946183	Pantheon		51
4958949870	Aqueduct		52
4958954806	Colosseum		53
4958961165	Circus Maximus		54
4958978175	Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)	Religion?	55
4959008432	Indian Ocean Maritime System		56
4959012249	Silk Road		57
4959014056	Trans-Saharan Trade Route		58
4959034141	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	59
4959034142	monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	60
4959034189	shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.	61
4959036799	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	62
4959036800	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	63
4959039442	syncretic religion	Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both	64
4959047106	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	65
4959047107	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	66
4959049620	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	67
4959049621	Phoenicia	Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.	68
4959051455	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	69
4959054060	Teotihuacan	A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.	70
4959054061	Moche	civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	71
4959056024	Chaco	An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.	72
4959062739	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	73
4959062740	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	74
4959062741	Chang'an	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	75
4959066182	Pataliputra	The captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires	76
4959066183	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	77
4959066184	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	78
4959068974	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.	79
4959068975	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	80
4959073612	Silk Roads	trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	81
4959079566	Trans-Saharan Caravan Route	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.	82
4959079567	Indian Ocean Sea Lanes	lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China	83
4959090005	Mediterranean Sea Lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	84
4959090089	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	85
4959094024	Shaduf	a mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.	86
4959317365	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	87
4959319690	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	88
4959327747	Greco-Roman Philosophy	Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.	89
4959352676	Zoroastrianism	What religion?	90
4959357034	Christianity	What religion?	91
4959395089	corvee labor	unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government	92
4959399793	tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection	93

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 7 The American Pageant 16th edition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5001345162	mercantilism	Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to it's bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports.	0
5001356885	republicanism	Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule.	1
5001371669	Radical Whigs	Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.	2
5001393158	Sugar Act	(1764) Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.	3
5001402817	Quartering Act	(1765) required colonies to provide food and quarter (house) British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights.	4
5001407805	Stamp Act	(1765) Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliaments authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.	5
5001422704	non-importation agreements	(1765 and after) Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.	6
5001434571	Sons of Liberty	Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. (see also Daughters of Liberty)	7
5001443274	Declaratory Act	(1766) passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.	8
5001450456	Boston Massacre	(1770) clash between unruly Bostonian protesters and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens.	9
5001460156	Committees of correspondence	(1772 and after) local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.	10
5001469820	Boston Tea Party	(1773) rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament.	11
5001480634	Intolerable Acts	(1774) series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in probate homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.	12
5001504442	Quebec Act	(1774) allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of parliaments response to the Boston Tea Party.	13
5001518770	First Continental Congress	(1774) convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established the Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.	14
5001537332	The Association	(1774) non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods.	15
5001546834	Charles Townsend		16

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

BIO 101 Chapter 15 Review (Raven) Flashcards

Chapter 15 Biology Raven Flashcards

Chapter 14 Biology Raven Flashcards

Chapter 10 Biology Raven Flashcards

VCE Psychology Unit 2 Chapter 9 - Social cognition Flashcards

VCE Unit 2 Psychology Flashcards

Fatty acids and Triacylglycerol Metabolism Flashcards

Fatty Acid Metabolism Flashcards

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE - 600 CE) Flashcards

Chapter 7 The American Pageant 16th edition Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org