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Concepts of Genetics Chapter 2 Flashcards

4694969547	chromosome	in prokaryotes, a DNA molecule containing the organism's genome; in eukaryotes, a DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence; a structure that is visible during mitosis and meiosis	0
4694969548	mitosis	a form of cell division producing two progeny cells identical genetically to the progenitor cell - that is, the production of two cells from one, each having the same chromosome complement as the parent cell	1
4694969549	meiosis	the process of cell division in gemetogenesis or sporogenesis during which the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number	2
4694969550	gamete/spore	a specialized reproductive cell with a haploid number of chromosomes	3
4694969551	chromatin	the complex of DNA, RNA, histones and nonhistone proteins that make up uncoiled chromosomes, characteristic of eukaryotic interphase nucleus	4
4694969552	eukaryotes	organisms having true nuclei and membraneous organelles and whose cells divide by mitosis and meiosis	5
4694969553	nucleus	the membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes and nucleolus	6
4694969554	nucleolus	the nuclear site of ribosome biosynthesis and assembly; usually associated with or formed in association with the DNA compromising the nucleolar organizer region.	7
4694969555	nucleolar organizer region (NOR)	a chromosomal region containing the genes for rRNA; most often found in physical association with the nucleolus	8
4694969556	prokaryote	organisms lacking nuclear membranes and true chromosomes. Bacteria and blue-green algae are examples of these.	9
4694969557	nucleoid	the DNA-containing region within the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells	10
4694969558	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	a membranous organelle system in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. In rough __, the outer surface of the membranes is ribosome-studded; in smooth __, it is not	11
4694969559	ribosome	a ribonucleoprotein organelle consisting of two subunits, each containing RNA and protein molecules. They are the site of translation of mRNA codons into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain	12
4694969560	mitochondria	the so-called power house of the cell - a self-reproducing, DNA-containing, cytoplasmic organelle in eukaryotes involved in generating the high-energy compound ATP	13
4694969561	chloroplast	a self-replicating cytoplasmic organelle containing chlorophyll and the site of photosynthesis	14
4694969562	endosymbiont hypothesis	the proposal that self-replicating cellular organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally free-living organisms that entered into a symbiotic relationship with nucleated cells	15
4694969563	centriole	a cytoplasmic organelle composed of nine groups of microtubules, generally arranged in triplets. They function in the generation of cilia and flagella and serve as foci for the spindle in cell division	16
4694969564	centrosome	region of the cytoplasm containing a pair of centrioles	17
4694969565	spindle fibers	cytoplasmic fibrils formed during cell division that attach to and are involved with separation of chromatids at the anaphase stage of mitosis and meiosis as well as their movement toward opposite poles in the cell.	18
4694969566	centromere	the specialized heterochromatic chromosomal region at which sister chromatids remain attached after replication and the site to which spindle fibers attach to the chromosome during cell division. Location of these during the anaphase portion of cell division. Also known as the primary constriction	19
4694969567	diploid (2n)	a condition in which each chromosome exists in pairs; having two of each chromosome	20
4694969568	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that synapse or pair during meiosis and that are identical with respect to their general loci and centromere placement	21
4694969569	karyotype	the chromosome complement of a cell or an individual. Often used to refer to the arrangement of metaphase chromosomes in a sequence according to length and centromere position	22
4694969570	haploid (n)	a cell or an organism having one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. Also referred to as the gametic chromosome number	23
4694969571	genome	the set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both the protein-coding and non-protein-coding sequences	24
4694969572	locus	the site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located	25
4694969573	allele	one of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other alleles by phenotypic effects	26
4694969574	zygote	the diploid cell produced by the fusion of haploid gemetic nuclei	27
4694969575	karyokinesis	the process of nuclear division	28
4694969576	cytokinesis	the division or separation of the cytoplasm during mitosis or meiosis	29
4694969577	cell cycle	the sequence of groth phases of an individual cell; divided into G1, S, G2 and M. A cell may temporarily or permanently be withdrawn from it, in which case it is said to enter the G0 stage	30
4694969578	interphase	in the cell cycle, the interval between divisions	31
4694969579	G0 phase	a nondividing but metabolically active state that cells may enter from the G1 phase of the cell cycle	32
4694969580	cohesin	a protein complex that holds sister chromatids together during mitosis and meiosis and facilitates attachments of spindle fibers to kinetochores	33
4694969581	metaphase	the stage of cell division in which condensed chromosomes lie in a cnetral plane between the two poles of the cell and during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers	34
4694969582	kinetochore	a fibrous structure with a size of about 400 nm, located within the centromere. It is the site of microtubule attachment during cell division	35
4694969583	shugoshins	a class of proteins involved in maintaining cohesion of the centromeres of sister chromatids during mitosis and meiosis.	36
4694969584	anaphase	stage of mitosis or meiosis in which chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles of the cell	37
4694969585	disjunction	the separation of chromosomes during the anaphase stage of cell division	38
4694969586	telophase	the stage of cell division in which the daughter chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell and reverse the stages characteristic of prophase, re-forming the nuclear envelopes and uncoiling the chromosomes. Ends with cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm and splits the cell in two.	39
4694969587	cyclin	in eukaryotic cells, a class of proteins that are synthesized and degraded in synchrony with the cell cycle and regulate passage through stages of the cycle	40
4694969588	G1/S checkpoint	a point in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when a cell becomes committed to initiating DNA synthesis and continuing the cycle or withdraws into the G0 resting stage.	41
4694969589	crossing over	the exchange of chromosomal material (parts of chromosomal arms between homologous chromosomes by breakage and reunion. The exchange of material between nonsister chromatids during meiosis is the basis of genetic recmobination	42
4694969590	synapsis	the pairing of homologous chromosomes at meiosis	43
4694969591	bivalents	synapsed homologous chromosomes in the first phase of meiosis	44
4694969592	tetrad	the four chromatids that make up paired homologs in the prophase of the first meiotic division. In eukaryotes, with a predominant haploid stage (some algae and fungi), a tetrad denotes the four haploid cells produced by a single meiotic division	45
4694969593	reductional division	the chromosome division that halves the number of centromeres and thus reduces the chromosome number by half. The first division of meiosis is an example.	46
4694969594	dyad	the products of tetrad separation or disjunction at meiotic prophase I. Each one consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere	47
4694969595	equational division	a division stage where the number of centromeres is not reduced by half but where each chromosome is split into longitudinal halves that are distributed into two daughter cells. Chromosome division in mitosis and the second meiotic division are examples.	48
4694969596	chaisma	the crossed strands of nonsister chromatids seen in diplotene of the first meiotic division. Regarded as the cytological evidence for exchange of chromosomal material, or crossing over	49
4694969597	nondisjunction	a cell division error in which homologous chromosomes (in meiosis) or the sister chromatids (in mitosis) fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles; responsible for defects such as monosomy and trisomy	50
4694969598	telophase I	the stage in the first meiotic division when duplicated chromosomes reach the poles of the dividing cell	51
4694970395	plasma membrane	an outer covering that defines the cell boundary and delimits the cell from its immediate external environment	52
4694970396	cell wall	what plants have in addition to the plasma membrane that is an outer covering	53
4694971459	cell coat (glycocalyx)	the outer covering that most animal cells have over the plasma membrane	54
4694972917	receptor molecules	act as recognition sites that transfer specific chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell	55
4694972918	cytoplasm	the remainder of the eukaryotic cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus, that contians a variety of extranuclear cellular organelles	56
4694972919	cytosol	a nonparticulate, colloidal material that surrounds and encompasses the cellular organelles	57
4694973115	microtubules	help comprise the cytoskeleton and provides a lattice of support to the cell along side microfilaments	58
4694973116	tubulin	a protein that makes up microtubules	59
4694973289	microfilaments	help comprise the cytoskeleton and provides a lattice of support to the cell along side microtubules	60
4694973290	actin	a protein that makes up microfilaments	61
4694974763	metacentric		62
4694975275	submetacentric		63
4694975754	acrocentric		64
4694976122	telocentric		65
4694976733	p arm	the shorter arm on the centromere	66
4694977141	q arm	the longer arm on the centromere	67
4694982163	biparental inheritance	inheritance from two parents	68
4694982750	sex-determining chromosomes	chromosomes that determine sex	69
4694984184	S phase	the period during which the DNA is synthesized and this period occurs before the cell enters mitosis	70
4694984185	G1 phase		71
4694985076	G2 phase		72
4694985644	sister chromatids	the two parts of each chromosome	73
4695009853	prometaphase	refers to the period of chromosome movement	74
4695009866	kinetochore microtubules	the microtubules that are most directly responsible for chromosome migration, and make contact with and adhere to kinetochores	75
4695010172	daughter chromosome	during anaphase, the migrating chromatids are called _______________________	76
4695010346	molecular motors		77
4695011564	cell plate		78
4695011565	middle lamella	the cell plate laid down during telophase becomes a structure called the _________________________	79
4695011566	cell furrow		80
4695012246	cell division cycle (cdc) mutations		81
4695012247	kinases	the normal products of many of the mutated genes are enzymes called _________________	82
4695012784	G2/M checkpoint	the checkpoint where DNA is monitored prior to the start of mitosis	83
4695013787	M checkpoint	the successful formation of the spindle fiber system and then attachment of spindle fibers to the kinetochores associated with the centromeres are monitored at this checkpoint	84
4695013911	monads		85
4695013912	prophase I		86
4695014330	leptotene stage	the interphase chromatin material begins to condense and the chromosomes become visable	87
4695014331	chromomeres	localized condensations on a chromosome that resemble beads on a string	88
4695014451	homology search		89
4695014452	zygotene stage	chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken during this stage	90
4695015507	synaptonemal complex	a more extensive ultrastructurual component begins to form between the homologs	91
4695015508	pachytene stage	the chromosomes continue to coil and shorten, and further developement of the synaptonemal complex occurs between the two members of each bivalent at this stage	92
4695015795	diplotene stage	each tetrad consists of two pairs of sister chromatids at this stage	93
4695016188	diakinesis	the final stage of prophase I where the chromosomes pull farther apart but nonsister chromatids remain loosly associated at the chiasmata	94
4695016189	terminalization	as separation proceeds in diakinesis, the chiamata move toward the ends of the tetrad	95
4695016352	metaphase I		96
4695016637	anaphase I	the stage in the first meiotic division during which members of homologous pairs of chromosomes separate from one another.	97
4695017914	meiosis II		98
4695019455	prophase II		99
4695019608	metaphase II		100
4695020074	anaphase II		101
4695020375	telophase II		102
4695020761	spermatogenesis		103
4695020762	spermatogonium	undifferentiated diploid germ cell	104
4695021079	primary spermatocyte	the germ cell that undergoes the first meiotic division	105
4695021080	secondary spermatocytes	the product of the first meiotic division	106
4695021229	spermatids	the two haploid cells that are produced from meiosis II	107
4695021402	spermiogenesis	the series of developmental changes that the spermatids go through in order to become highly specialized	108
4695022444	spermatozoa (sperm)	highly specialized cells	109
4695022445	oogenesis		110
4695022446	ova	eggs	111
4695022774	primary oocyte		112
4695022775	oogonium		113
4695022891	first polar body	the dyads at one pole are pinched off with very little surrounding cytoplasm to form the ______________________	114
4695022892	secondary oocyte		115
4695022893	ootid		116
4695023028	secondary polar body		117
4695023176	sporophyte stage		118
4695023177	gametophyte stage		119
4695026131	folded-fiber model		120

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Concepts of Genetics Chapter 2 Flashcards

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3311458511	chromosome	in prokaryotes, a DNA molecule containing the organism's genome; in eukaryotes, a DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence; a structure that is visible during mitosis and meiosis	0
3311458512	mitosis	a form of cell division producing two progeny cells identical genetically to the progenitor cell - that is, the production of two cells from one, each having the same chromosome complement as the parent cell	1
3311458513	meiosis	the process of cell division in gemetogenesis or sporogenesis during which the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number	2
3311458514	gamete/spore	a specialized reproductive cell with a haploid number of chromosomes	3
3311458515	chromatin	the complex of DNA, RNA, histones and nonhistone proteins that make up uncoiled chromosomes, characteristic of eukaryotic interphase nucleus	4
3311458516	eukaryotes	organisms having true nuclei and membraneous organelles and whose cells divide by mitosis and meiosis	5
3311458517	nucleus	the membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes and nucleolus	6
3311458518	nucleolus	the nuclear site of ribosome biosynthesis and assembly; usually associated with or formed in association with the DNA compromising the nucleolar organizer region.	7
3311458519	nucleolar organizer region (NOR)	a chromosomal region containing the genes for rRNA; most often found in physical association with the nucleolus	8
3311458520	prokaryote	organisms lacking nuclear membranes and true chromosomes. Bacteria and blue-green algae are examples of these.	9
3311458521	nucleoid	the DNA-containing region within the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells	10
3311458522	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	a membranous organelle system in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. In rough __, the outer surface of the membranes is ribosome-studded; in smooth __, it is not	11
3311458523	ribosome	a ribonucleoprotein organelle consisting of two subunits, each containing RNA and protein molecules. They are the site of translation of mRNA codons into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain	12
3311458524	mitochondria	the so-called power house of the cell - a self-reproducing, DNA-containing, cytoplasmic organelle in eukaryotes involved in generating the high-energy compound ATP	13
3311458525	chloroplast	a self-replicating cytoplasmic organelle containing chlorophyll and the site of photosynthesis	14
3311458526	endosymbiont hypothesis	the proposal that self-replicating cellular organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally free-living organisms that entered into a symbiotic relationship with nucleated cells	15
3311458527	centriole	a cytoplasmic organelle composed of nine groups of microtubules, generally arranged in triplets. They function in the generation of cilia and flagella and serve as foci for the spindle in cell division	16
3311458528	centrosome	region of the cytoplasm containing a pair of centrioles	17
3311458529	spindle fibers	cytoplasmic fibrils formed during cell division that attach to and are involved with separation of chromatids at the anaphase stage of mitosis and meiosis as well as their movement toward opposite poles in the cell.	18
3311458530	centromere	the specialized heterochromatic chromosomal region at which sister chromatids remain attached after replication and the site to which spindle fibers attach to the chromosome during cell division. Location of these during the anaphase portion of cell division. Also known as the primary constriction	19
3311458531	diploid (2n)	a condition in which each chromosome exists in pairs; having two of each chromosome	20
3311458532	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that synapse or pair during meiosis and that are identical with respect to their general loci and centromere placement	21
3311458533	karyotype	the chromosome complement of a cell or an individual. Often used to refer to the arrangement of metaphase chromosomes in a sequence according to length and centromere position	22
3311458534	haploid (n)	a cell or an organism having one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. Also referred to as the gametic chromosome number	23
3311458535	genome	the set of hereditary information encoded in the DNA of an organism, including both the protein-coding and non-protein-coding sequences	24
3311458536	locus	the site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located	25
3311458537	allele	one of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other alleles by phenotypic effects	26
3311458538	zygote	the diploid cell produced by the fusion of haploid gemetic nuclei	27
3311458539	karyokinesis	the process of nuclear division	28
3311458540	cytokinesis	the division or separation of the cytoplasm during mitosis or meiosis	29
3311458541	cell cycle	the sequence of groth phases of an individual cell; divided into G1, S, G2 and M. A cell may temporarily or permanently be withdrawn from it, in which case it is said to enter the G0 stage	30
3311458542	interphase	in the cell cycle, the interval between divisions	31
3311458543	G0 phase	a nondividing but metabolically active state that cells may enter from the G1 phase of the cell cycle	32
3311458544	cohesin	a protein complex that holds sister chromatids together during mitosis and meiosis and facilitates attachments of spindle fibers to kinetochores	33
3311458545	metaphase	the stage of cell division in which condensed chromosomes lie in a cnetral plane between the two poles of the cell and during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers	34
3311458546	kinetochore	a fibrous structure with a size of about 400 nm, located within the centromere. It is the site of microtubule attachment during cell division	35
3311458547	shugoshins	a class of proteins involved in maintaining cohesion of the centromeres of sister chromatids during mitosis and meiosis.	36
3311458548	anaphase	stage of mitosis or meiosis in which chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles of the cell	37
3311458549	disjunction	the separation of chromosomes during the anaphase stage of cell division	38
3311458550	telophase	the stage of cell division in which the daughter chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell and reverse the stages characteristic of prophase, re-forming the nuclear envelopes and uncoiling the chromosomes. Ends with cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm and splits the cell in two.	39
3311458551	cyclin	in eukaryotic cells, a class of proteins that are synthesized and degraded in synchrony with the cell cycle and regulate passage through stages of the cycle	40
3311458552	G1 checkpoint	a point in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when a cell becomes committed to initiating DNA synthesis and continuing the cycle or withdraws into the G0 resting stage.	41
3311458553	crossing over	the exchange of chromosomal material (parts of chromosomal arms between homologous chromosomes by breakage and reunion. The exchange of material between nonsister chromatids during meiosis is the basis of genetic recmobination	42
3311458554	synapsis	the pairing of homologous chromosomes at meiosis	43
3311458555	bivalents	synapsed homologous chromosomes in the first phase of meiosis	44
3311458556	tetrad	the four chromatids that make up paired homologs in the prophase of the first meiotic division. In eukaryotes, with a predominant haploid stage (some algae and fungi), a tetrad denotes the four haploid cells produced by a single meiotic division	45
3311458557	reductional division	the chromosome division that halves the number of centromeres and thus reduces the chromosome number by half. The first division of meiosis is an example.	46
3311458558	dyad	the products of tetrad separation or disjunction at meiotic prophase I. Each one consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere	47
3311458559	equational division	a division stage where the number of centromeres is not reduced by half but where each chromosome is split into longitudinal halves that are distributed into two daughter cells. Chromosome division in mitosis and the second meiotic division are examples.	48
3311458560	chaisma	the crossed strands of nonsister chromatids seen in diplotene of the first meiotic division. Regarded as the cytological evidence for exchange of chromosomal material, or crossing over	49
3311458561	nondisjunction	a cell division error in which homologous chromosomes (in meiosis) or the sister chromatids (in mitosis) fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles; responsible for defects such as monosomy and trisomy	50
3311458562	telophase I	the stage in the first meiotic division when duplicated chromosomes reach the poles of the dividing cell	51
3311458563	anaphase I	the stage in the first meiotic division during which members of homologous pairs of chromosomes separate from one another.	52

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Biology 8th ed. Campbell and Reece: Ch. 11 Flashcards

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2079759138	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response.	0
2079759139	local regulator	A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.	1
2079759140	hormone	One of many types of secreted chemicals formed in specialized cells which travel in body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning.	2
2079759141	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.	3
2079759142	G protein-coupled receptor	A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein.	4
2079759143	G protein	GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins in the cell.	5
2079759144	paracrine signaling	A secreting cells acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator (e.g. a growth factor) into the extracellular fluid.	6
2079759145	synaptic signaling	A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell.	7
2079759146	hormonal signaling	Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells.	8
2079759147	receptor tyrosine kinase	Receptor protein in the plasma membrane; the intracellular part can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Often respond to the binding of a signal molecule by dimerizing then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor of the dimer. Phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptor then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	9
2079759148	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.	10
2079759149	transcription factor	Regulate which genes are turned on; which genes are transcribed into messenger RNA.	11
2079759150	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, phosphorylating the protein.	12
2079759151	protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often serving to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.	13
2079759152	second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble ion or molecule, such as Ca2+ or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein.	14
2079759153	cyclic AMP	A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells.	15
2079759154	adenylyl cyclase	And enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP in response to a signal.	16
2079759155	IP3	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in Ca2+ cytoplasmic concentration.	17
2079759156	scaffolding protein	A large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.	18

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AP World Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Flashcards

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2955127316	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia in northern Greece, Between 334 and 323 BCE, he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	0
2955149636	Himalayas	The world's highest mountain range, forming the northern border of the Indian subcontinent. The site of Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics.	1
2955161821	Monsoons	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. During Summer bring rains.	2
2955174165	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.	3
2955181714	Sanskrit	The sacred and classical Indian language.	4
2955186330	Vedas	This is a collection of four, Aryan, religious texts which show prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals.	5
2955192001	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.	6
2955203203	Ramayana	great epic tale from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife Sita	7
2955207707	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	8
2955209458	Varnas	Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; 4 social castes: Brahmins (priests), Warriors, Merchants, Peasants, Untouchables (outcasts)	9
2955210679	Untouchables	lowest catse in Indian society; performed tasks that were polluting.	10
2955211914	Indra	Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	11
2955213056	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization	12
2955215227	Mauryn	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great.	13
2955215228	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire.	14
2955215229	Dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	15
2955217287	Kushans	dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in norhtwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism.	16
2955217288	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century BCE; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan empire.	17
2955218913	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare.	18
2955218914	Gurus	Brahmans who were teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	19
2955220463	Vishnu	The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped	20
2955220464	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; Worshipped as personification of cosmic forces of change	21
2955222207	Reincarnation	successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits in previous lives.	22
2955222208	Buddha	creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century BCE as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; taught enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.	23
2955222209	Nirvana	The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility.	24
2955223534	Kamasutra	written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	25
2955227535	Stupas	stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	26
2955225287	Scholar-Gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	27

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Chapter 16 Biology, 12th edition, by Mader and Windelspecht Flashcards

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2929713635	population	a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms (ex: members of one species)	0
2929757320	gene pool	all alleles carried by all individuals in a population	1
2929762782	allele frequency	the proportion of all alleles in a gene pool of any given type	2
2929766596	genotype frequency	the proportion of all genotypes in a gene pool of a given type	3
2929776098	Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	a population in which allele frequencies do not change over time such as in the moth population- genetic equilibrium	4
2929791211	Hardy- Weinburg Principle	says that the genotype frequencies of a nonevolving population can be described by the expression p^2+2pq+q^2	5
2929824034	Hardy-Weinburg Principle	In the absence of external forces acting on a large, randomly-mating population: 1. The allele frequencies in the population will not change over time 2. The genotype frequencies will quickly reach an equilibrium where p= frq. A q=frq. a	6
2929852170	no mutation no migration a large gene pool random mating no selection	The Hardy- Weinberg Principle only applies if there is...	7
2929861713	mutation	change to the DNA sequence, which can serve as a source of new genetic variation	8
2929884677	rate of mutations	1/100,000	9
2929889913	gene flow	the movement of alleles between populations	10
2929893158	genetic drift	the change in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance events. removes individuals, and their genes, from a population at random- without regard for genotype of phenotype	11
2929912398	reproductively isolated	incapable of interbreeding	12
2929949005	Stabilizing selection	when an intermediate phenotype is the most adaptive for the given environmental conditons	13
2930001862	Directional selection	when an extreme phenotype is favored, and the distribution curve shifts toward one extreme	14
2930019668	Disruptive selection	when two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate phenotype	15
2930043246	sexual selection	the adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate	16
2930050291	fitness	the ability to produce surviving offspring	17
2930122605	sexual dimorphism	the males and females differ in size and other traits	18
2941646988	bottleneck effect	when you loose genetic diversity due to natural disasters	19
2941653407	founder effect	when genetic variation is lost when individuals break away from a large population to find a new population	20
2941665342	assortive mating	individuals chose a mate with a preferred trait	21
2941677075	polygenic	traits are controlled by multiple genes	22
2941682759	territory	an area that is defended against competitors	23

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Islam Flashcards

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2177377954	Quran (Koran)	Holy book of Islam	0
2177395032	Calligraphy	Art of beautiful handwriting in Islam	1
2177495298	Medina	City Muhammad moved to and home to the earliest converts to the Muslim faith.	2
2177505937	Caliph	Successor or leader in Muslim faith	3
2177514492	Bedouins	Native people to the Arabian Peninsula that were organized into tribal family groups and depended on trade	4
2177539967	Hajji	Pilgrimage to Mecca...all Muslims are required to go to Mecca at least one time	5
2177570096	Kaaba	The holiest place in Islam	6
2177574581	Battle of Tours	Ended Muslim expansion into Western Europe	7
2177578350	Dome of the Rock	Islamic building modeled after the Pantheon in Rome. Where Muhammad left to go to heaven.	8
2177586885	Five Pillars of Islam	The major requirements of Islamic faith	9
2177601475	Minarets	Towers built from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day	10
2177611216	Abu-Bakr	Loyal friend of Muhammad and first caliph	11
2177618246	Muhammad	Founder of Islam, prophet	12
2177639647	Sunnah	Books written showing the accounts of Muhammad's life and are the example for proper living	13
2177657331	Allah	Muslim word for God	14
2177661781	Arabic Alphabet	Written right to left, the Koran is written in this writing system	15
2177698251	Arabian Peninsula	This crossroad of trade between Africa, Asia and Europe is separated from Africa by the Red Sea	16
2178368167	Ramadan	Month of fasting	17
2178386269	Mosque	Muslim place of worship	18
2178411443	Mecca	Holiest city in Islamic faith, city where Muslims take their pilgramage	19
2178423741	Sunni	Believed that the wisest should be chosen as the successor to rule, majority group today (85-90%)	20
2178431703	Shi'a	Believed that Muhammad's son in law/cousin was the rightful caliph, minority group today (10-15%)	21

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Islam Flashcards

The Islam Unit Test will be on Friday, May 20th.

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2186139108	Islam	Religion of the Muslim People	0
2186148542	prophet	a person who is believed to be spoken to by God	1
2186151500	Allah	The name of God according to Muhammad	2
2186153307	Muhammad	the prophet that started the religion of Islam	3
2186162612	Muslims	people who believe in Islam; conquered and ruled a great empire during the Middle Ages	4
2186165777	Arabia	a peninsula in the Middle East	5
2186166808	Mecca	City where the prophet Muhammad was born in 570AD	6
2186169979	Five Pillars of Islam	Five duties that Muhammad said all Muslims must perform	7
2186171886	Ramadan	Islamic month during which Muslims can not eat or drink during daylight hours	8
2186174892	pilgrimage	religious journey (Muslims have a duty to travel to Mecca at least one time)	9
2186180415	Quran	the book that contains the teachings of Muhammad	10
2186184165	Medina	The city that Muhammad fled to for safety.	11
2186187934	polytheistic	belief in many gods/goddesses	12
2186188962	monotheistic	belief in one god	13
2186193613	mosques	a building where Muslims worship Allah	14
2186197152	algebra	a type of mathematics	15
2186197913	astrolabe	instrument used to find position from the stars	16
2186204676	oasis	place with water in the desert	17
2186211730	nomads	A member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water.	18

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AP Edition Biology Seventh Edition Campbell Reece Chapter 2 Flashcards

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3014028629	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass	0
3014031035	Elements	A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions	1
3014041987	Compounds	A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	2
3014033399	Life's essential elements:	Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen Phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and potassium are required in smaller amounts	3
3014039678	Trace elements	Required by organisms in only small amounts	4
3014338845	atoms	The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element	5
3014057864	Protons and neutrons form the...	The atomic nucleus	6
3014060034	Daltons measure...	The mass of atoms and subatomic particles	7
3014049726	The atomic number is based on...	Protons. (All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons)	8
3014047066	The mass number is based on...	The sum of protons plus neutrons	9
3014044048	Atomic mass is based on...	Total mass. Mainly the weight of protons and neutrons	10
3014061521	Isotopes	Two atoms of an element that differ in number of nuetrons	11
3014065164	Radioactive isotopes	The nucleus decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy - when the decay of leads to a change in the number of protons it becomes a different	12
3014073842	Biologists use radioactive isotopes to...	- date fossils - as tracers through metabolic processes -diagnosing medical disorders	13
3014083222	Energy	The capacity cause change	14
3014085085	Potential energy	The energy matter possesses because of its location or structure	15
3014091042	Matter has a natural tendency to move to the lowest state of potential energy	...	16
3014111992	Electrons in the first shell have the _______ potential energy	Lowest (increases shell by shell)	17
3014127126	The chemical behavior of an atom depends on...	The number of electrons in the outermost shell	18
3014122409	An atom with a completed valence shell is...	Unreactive (inert)	19
3014088391	The more distant the electrons are from the nucleus the ______ the potential energy	Greater	20
3014381624	Chemical bonds	atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons	21
3013914609	Covalent bond	The sharing of a pair of valence electrons	22
3013903092	Electronegativity	an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond	23
3013898608	Nonpolar covalent bond	Equal sharing of electrons	24
3013893033	Polar covalent bond	(unequal sharing)	25
3013888069	Ionic bonds	When an atoms transfer electrons (severely unequal)	26
3013918184	Ion	A charged atom	27
3013922036	A cation is a ...	Positive ion	28
3013918185	An anion is a ...	Negative ion	29
3013938673	Salts are...	Ionic compounds	30
3014131955	Hydrogen bonds occur when...	A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom	31
3014137351	Weakest bonds are...	Ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds	32
3014139189	Strongest bonds are...	Covalent bonds	33
3014145123	Van der Walls interations	are interactions between molecules that are close together as a result of asymmetrical electrons	34
3014095521	An electron can change shells by absorbing or losing energy. when they absorb energy, they move to a farther shell. When they lose energy, they "fall back" to a closer shell. The loss of energy is released as...	Heat	35
3015181458	Molecules with similar shapes can have similar biological effects because...	biological molecules recognize and interact based on molecular shape	36
3015186354	Chemical reactions are...	the making and breaking of chemical bonds	37
3015195241	Chemical equilibrium	when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal	38

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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 26 Flashcards

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2746009142	abrasion	a scratch or scrape.	0
2746009143	amputation	the surgical removal or traumatic severing of a body part, usually an extremity.	1
2746009290	avulsion	the tearing away or tearing off of a piece or flap of skin or other soft tissue. This term also may be used for an eye pulled from its socket or a tooth dislodged from its socket.	2
2746009291	bandage	any material used to hold a dressing in place.	3
2746009292	closed wound	an internal injury with no open pathway from the outside.	4
2746009293	contusion	a bruise. In brain injuries, a bruised brain caused when the force of a blow to the head is great enough to rupture blood vessels.	5
2746009373	crush injury	an injury caused when force is transmitted from the body's exterior to its internal structures. Bones can be broken; muscles, nerves, and tissues damaged; and internal organs ruptured, causing internal bleeding.	6
2746009374	dermis	the inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis.	7
2746009375	dressing	any material (preferably sterile) used to cover a wound that will help control bleeding and prevent additional contamination.	8
2746009546	epidermis	the outer layer of the skin.	9
2746009547	full thickness burns	a burn in which all the layers of the skin are damaged. There are usually areas that are charred black or areas that are dry and white. Also called a third-degree burn.	10
2746009548	hematoma	a swelling caused by the collection of blood under the skin or in damaged tissues as a result of an injured or broken blood vessel. In a head injury, a collection of blood within the skull or brain.	11
2746009654	laceration	a cut. In brain injuries, a cut to the brain.	12
2746009655	occlusive dressing	any dressing that forms an airtight seal.	13
2746009656	open wound	an injury in which the skin is interrupted, exposing the tissue beneath.	14
2746009901	partial thickness	a burn in which the epidermis (first layer of skin) is burned through and the dermis (second layer) is damaged. Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering, and a mottled appearance. Also called a second-degree burn.	15
2746009902	pressure dressing	a bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped bandage, which applies pressure to help control bleeding.	16
2746010018	puncture wound	an open wound that tears through the skin and destroys underlying tissues. A penetrating puncture wound can be shallow or deep. A perforating puncture wound has both an entrance and an exit wound.	17
2746010019	rule of nines	a method for estimating the extent of a burn. For an adult, each of the following areas represents 9 percent of the body surface: the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity. The remaining 1 percent is assigned to the genital region. For an infant or child, the percentages are modified so that 18 percent is assigned to the head, 14 percent to each lower extremity.	18
2746010020	rule of palm	a method for estimating the extent of a burn. The palm of the patient's own hand, which equals about 1 percent of the body's surface area, is compared with the patient's burn to estimate its size.	19
2746010114	subcutaneous layers	the layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis.	20
2746010115	superficial burn	a burn that involves only the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. It is characterized by reddening of the skin and perhaps some swelling. A common example is a sunburn. Also called a first-degree burn.	21
2746010363	universal dressing	a bulky dressing.	22

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