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Cambell Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

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2998208372evolutionProcess of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.0
2998208373biologyScientific study of life.1
2998208374emergent propertiesDue to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.2
2998208375systems biologyAn approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on the study of the interactions among the system's parts.3
2998208376levels of biological organizationBiosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organs and Organ Systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules4
2998208377eukaryotic cellSubdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles.5
2998208378prokaryotic cellDNA not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus.6
2998208379DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)All of a cell's genetic material.7
2998208380genesThe units of inheritance that transfer information from parent to offspring8
2998208381gene expressionProcess by which the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product.9
2998208382genomeThe entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.10
2998208383classifying life- Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species11
2998208384three domains of life1. Bacteria 2. Archae 3. Eukarya12
2998208385natural selectionNatural environment "selects" for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population.13
2998208386scienceAn approach to understanding the world.14
2998208387inquirySearch for information and explanation15
2998208388data .Recorded observations16
2998208389Qualitativerecorded descriptions17
2998208390Quantitativemeasurements18
2998208391inductive reasoningCollecting and analyzing observations to lead to important conclusions.19
2998208392hypothesisProposed explanation to a set of observations20
2998208393deductive reasoningAfter hypothesis is formed; Involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from general to specific.21
2998208394controlled experimentOne that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.22
2998208395theory1. Broader than a hypothesis. 2. General enough to spin off new hypotheses 3. Supported by a much greater body of evidence.23
2998208396model organismSpecies that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself well to the questions being investigated.24
2998208397technologyApplies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.25

Cambell Biology - Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Chemical Context of Life

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916451934Elementsubstance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions0
916451935Compoundsubstance consisting of two or more different elements combined in fix ratio1
916451936Essential elementselements that organisms need to live a healthy life and reproduce (naturally)2
916451937Trace elementsrequired by an organism in only minute quantities (SUCH AS IRON)3
916451938Atomsmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element4
916451939Neutronselectrically neutral5
916451940Protonspositive charge6
916451941Electronnegative charge7
916451942Atomic nucleusprotons and neutrons packed together in a tight core; center of an atom;8
916451943Daltonatoms and subatomic particles, the unit of measurement used is...9
916451944Atomic numberthe number of protons that can be found as a subscript of the element10
916451945Mass numberthe number of neutrons, which is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom11
916451946Atomic masstotal mass of the atom12
916451947Isotopesdifferent atomic forms where an element has the same number of protons but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element WHICH MEANS MORE MASS13
916451948Radioactive isotopenucleus delays spontaneously, giving off particles of energy14

Concepts of Genetics Chapter 3 Flashcards

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3311470676transmission geneticsthe field of genetics concerned with heredity and the mechanisms by which genes are transferred from parent to offspring0
3311470677traitany detectable phenotypic variation of a particular inherited character1
3311470678monohybrid crossa genetic cross only involving one character (ex: AA x aa)2
3311470679selfingin plant genetics, the fertilization of a plant's ovules by pollen produced by the same plant.3
3311470680F1 (first filial) generationprogeny resulting from the first cross in a series4
3311470681F2 (second filial) generationprogeny resulting from a cross of the F1 generation5
3311470682reciprocal crossa pair of crosses in which the genotype of the female in one is present as the genotype of the male in the other and vice versa.6
3311470683segregationthe separation of maternal and paternal homologs of each homologous chromosome pair into gametes during meiosis7
3311470684phenotypethe overt appearance of a genetically controlled trait8
3311470685genefundamental physical unit of heredity, whose existence can be confirmed by allelic variants and which occupies a specific chromosomal locus. A DNA sequence coding for single polypeptide9
3311470686alleleone of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other alleles by phenotypic effects10
3311470687genotypethe allelic or genetic constitution of an organism; often, the allelic compositionof one or a limited number of genes under investigation11
3311470688homozygotean individual with identical alleles for a gene or genes of interest. These individual will produce identical gametes (with respect to the gene or genes in question) and will therefore breed true12
3311470689heterozygotean individual with different alleles at one or more loci. Such individuals will produce unlike gametes and therefore will not breed true13
3311470690testcrossa cross between an individual whose genotype at one or more loci may be unknown and an individual who is homozygous recessive for the gene or genes in question14
3311470691dihybrid crossa genetic cross involving two characters in which the parents possess different forms of each character (ex. yellow, round x green, wrinkled)15
3311470692product lawin statistics, the law holding that the probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their independent probabilities16
3311470693independent assortmentthe independent behavior of each pair of homologous chromosomes during their segregation in meiosis I. The random dustribution of maternal and paternal homologs into gametes.17
3311470694continuous variationphenotype variation in which quantitative traits range from one phenotypic extreme to another in an overlapping, continuous fashion18
3311470695discontinuous variationpattern of variation for a traits whose phenotypes fall into two or more distinct classes19
3311470696chromosomal theory of inheritancethe idea put forward independently by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri that chromosomes are the carriers of genes and the basis for the Mendelian mechanisms of segregation and independent assortment20
3311470697diploid (2n)a condition in which each chromosome exists in pairs; having two of each chromosome21
3311470698locusthe site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located22
3311470699null hypothesis (H0)used in statistical tests, the hypothesis that there is no real difference between the observed and expected datasets. Statistical methods such as chi-square analysis are used to test the probability associated with this hypothesis23
3311470700chi-square (x2) analysisstatistcial test to determine whether or not an observed set of data is equivalent to a theoretical expectation24
3311470701pedigreein human genetics, a diagram showing the ancestral relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several generations in a family.25
3311470702consanguineousrelated by a common ancestor within the previous few generations26
3311470703monozygotic twinstwins produced from a single fertilization event; the first division of the zygote produces two cells, each of which develops into an embryo (identical twins)27
3311470704dizygotic twinstwins produced from separate fertilization events; two ova fertilized independently (fraternal twins)28
3311470705proband (p)an individual who is the focus of a genetic study leading to the construction of a pedigree tracking the inheritance of a genetically determined trait of interest29
3311470706albinisma condition caused by the lack of melanin production in the iris, hair, and skin. In humans, it is most often inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.30
3311470707familial traita trait transmitted through and expressed by members of a family, Usually used to describe a trait that runs in families, but whose precise mode of inheritance is not clear.31
3458412938How to determine the number of different types of gametes formed.2^n (where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs)32
3458416529How to determine the number of different types of genotypes produced.3^n (where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs)33
3458420158How to determine the number of different types of phenotypes produced.2^n (where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs)34
3471328315Walter FlemmingFirst to discover chromosomes under the microscope, in the nuclei of salamander cells35
3471336690deVries, Correns & Tschermak"Rediscovered" Mendel's laws in the 1900s36
3471365370Sutton and Boveriindependently published papers linking chromosome behaviors during meiosis to Mendel's principals of segregation and independent assortment37

Mendelian genetics concepts Flashcards

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2820961931Probabilitya number representing how likely it is that some future event will occur.0
2820961932Hereditythe passing of traits from parents to offspring (also called inheritance).1
2820961933Homologous chromosomeschromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure and pair during meiosis.2
2820961934Genea segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for an inherited trait.3
2820961935Allelea different version of a gene.4
2820961936Traita characteristic of an organism that can be passed on to its offspring through its genes.5
2820961937Dominant traita trait that is always expressed and is observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred.6
2820961938Recessive traita trait that is hidden by a dominant trait and reappears in the second generation when parents with different traits are bred.7
2820961939True-breedingsexually reproducing organisms that produce offspring with inherited traits identical to those of themselves (the parents).8
2820961940Parent generation (P1 generation)the starting generation in a breeding experiment.9
2820961941First generation (F1 generation)the set of offspring resulting from the breeding of the parent generation.10
2820961942Second generation (F2 generation)the set of offspring resulting from the breeding of the F1 generation.11
2820961943Geneticsthe branch of biology that studies heredity of traits in organisms.12
2820961944Law of segregationwhen sex cells (gametes) are formed, each gamete will receive one version of a gene (allele) or the other.13
2820961945Genotypethe genetic makeup of an organism for a particular trait represented by two letters (alleles).14
2820961946Homozygoushaving identical alleles at on both chromosomes.15
2820961947Heterozygoushaving two different alleles on chromosomes.16
2820961948Phenotypethe physical characteristic of a particular combination of alleles or genotype.17
2820961949Hybridthe offspring of parents with different traits.18
2820961950Monohybrid crossa genetic cross that evaluates one characteristic.19

Review of Genetic Concepts Flashcards

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3403477499GeneticsThe study of individual genes and their effect on rare single-gene disorders0
3403479875GenomicsThe study of all the genes interacting together and the influence of the environment, psychosocial factors, and cultural factors1
3403485618DNAA double helix Each strand is composed of a long series of bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine (A,C,G,T) The bases code for genes, with specific sequences of bases coding for different genes Each DNA molecule contains many genes Humans have >20,000 genes2
3403496716How are genes "read"?Via transcription and translation The end result is formation of a protein A specific gene "codes" for a specific protein3
3403500523TranscriptionThe first step in the protein-making process When a protein is needed, specific factors attach to a site on the A strand where the gene that codes for the protein begins. The DNA double helix is unwound and the gene on one strand is "read". The bases of the genes are copied to RNA4
3403507375How is RNA different than DNA?Has the same nucleotide bases except the DNA base Thymine is replaced with Uracil Replace T for U ACGU5
3403515698TranslationThe second step in the protein-making process The RNA copy moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell A ribosome "reads" the sequence of RNA bases. Each sequence of three bases is called a codon, codes for one particular amino acid. These amino acids are the building blocks of protein and are assembled together, one at a time, to make the protein coded for by the original gene sequence6
3403528792ChromosomesTightly coiled structures of DNA Each chromosome is made up of one DNA molecule7
3403534306A collection of a person's chromosomes is referred to as akaryotype8
3403540313What does a karyotype refer to?The characteristics (number, type, shape, etc.) of the chromosomes of an individual and is usually displayed pictorially9
3403543116What does a karyotype look like?Human type normally consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total For each pair of chromosomes, one copy is received from each parent Of the 23 pairs, 23 are virtually identical, and are called autosomes The other 2 chromosomes are the X and Y chromosomes and are called the sex chromosomes10
3403556188Females have2 X chromosomes11
3403557773Males haveAn X chromosome inherited from mom and a Y chromosome inherited from dad12
3403562372What is a disorder that can occur on the LDLR gene on chromosome 19?Familial hypercholesterolemia13
3403565609AlleleA form of a gene at a particular locus (location) on a chromosome14
3403570271HomozygousSame locus Same alleles Refers to having the same alleles on a given pair of chromosomes (has the same form of a gene at the same chromosomal locus)15
3403574682HeterozygousSame locus Different alleles Refers to having alleles on a given pair of chromosomes (has a different form of the gene at the same chromosomal locus)16
3403582583HemizygousRefers to having 2 different paired chromosomes, each with totally different genes, specifically this refers to the paired X and Y chromosomes in males17
3403589748Gene MutationAn allele (gene) that is different from what is normally found at a particular locus (location)18
3403597312Wild Type or Usual form of the geneRefers to the allele that is most commonly found at a particular chromosomal locus19
3403598866MutationRefers to an allele that is different from the usual form of the gene (differs from what is most commonly found at a particular chromosomal locus)20
3403604450Mutations may haveNo effect on health A protective health effect A harmful effect that results in or increases risk for the development of a disorder21
3403611174GenotypeThe genetic makeup22
3403612637PhenotypePhysical characteristics caused by genetic makeup23

Cell Membrane and Cell Transport Flashcards

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3197194437HeadHydrophilic end of phospholipid0
3197194438TailsHydrophobic end of phospholipid1
3197194441Passive transportDiffusion of molecules across a cell membrane2
3197194442DiffusionThe tendency of molecules to spread out evenly in available space3
3197194443OsmosisDiffusion of water across a cell membrane4
3197194444Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion of molecules down the concentration gradient with the help of a transport protein5
3197194445Concentration gradientMovement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration6
3197194447IsotonicSolute concentration outside the cell is the same as solute concentration inside of the cell7
3197194448HypertonicSolute concentration outside the cell is greater that solute concentration inside of the cell; Cell loses water8
3197194449HypotonicSolute concentration outside the cell is less than solute concentration inside of the cell; Cell gains water9
3197194450PlasmolysisIn a hypertonic solution around a plant cell the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall10
3197194452Active transportMovement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires energy; Molecules go against the concentration gradient from low to high11
3197194453Sodium-Potassium pumpExample of active transport to transmit nerve signals in the body12
3197194454ExocytosisOccurs when a cell exports bulky materials out of the cell13
3197194455EndocytosisOccurs when a cell takes in large molecules by forming vesicles14
3197194456PhagocytosisCell membrane changes shape and surrounds the particle and engulfs it.15
3197194457PinocytosisThe membrane bends inward allowing the particle to 'dissolve' through the membrane16

AP Chemistry Solubility Rules Flashcards

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4918041270nitratessoluble0
4918041271acetatessoluble (silver acetate only slightly soluble)1
4918041272chloratessoluble2
4918041273chloridessoluble except with Hg(I), Ag+, and Pb(II)3
4918041274bromidessoluble except with Ag+, Hg(I), and Pb(II)4
4918041275iodidessoluble except with Ag+, Hg(I), and Pb(II)5
4918041276sulfatessoluble except with Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II), Ca, Sr, and Ba6
4918041277Group I metalssoluble7
4918041278ammoniumsoluble8
4918041279carbonatesinsoluble except with group I and ammonium9
4918041280chromatesinsoluble except with group I and ammonium10
4918041281hydroxidesinsoluble except with group I, ammonium, Ca, Sr, and Ba11
4918041282phosphatesinsoluble except with group I and ammonium12
4918041283sulfitesinsoluble except with group I and ammonium13
4918041284sulfidesinsoluble except with group I, group II and ammonium14

ELECTRICITY Flashcards

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3206725198ElectricityThe movement of particles around an atom creating pure energy.0
3206737345Electric currentA flow of electricity along a conductor in a complete circuit.1
3206747860ConductorAny material that allows the electricity to pass through it. Examples: copper, metal, water.2
3206762257InsulatorAlso called nonconductor. Any material that does not allow electricty to pass through it. Examples: rubber, silk, glass, wood, cement.3
3206780646Complete electric circuitThe path of the negative, and positive electric current, from the source of power to the apparatus, and back to the energy source.4
3206795489Direct Current (DC)A constant even flow of electricity traveling in one direction. Examples: flash lights cell phones, hand held devices using batteries all us DC current.5
3206832173Alternating Current (AC)Is a rapid and interrupted current, flowing in one direction, then the opposit direction. All plug in devices use AC.6
3207227861ConverterAn apparatus that changes DC or direct current, to AC alternating current.7
3207254255RectifierAn apparratus that changes AC or alternating current to DC direct current.8
3207281254VoltAlso called voltage, measures the pressure or force that pushes the electricity forward.9
3207325403AmpereAlso called amp, it measures the strength or amount of electrons flowing through a conductor.10
3207357875Milliampere1/1000 of an ampere; this breaks the amp down small enough to us on scalp, or facials.11
3207398737OhmA measures of resistance.12
3207409468WattMeasures the amount of electricity used per second.13
3207417216KilowattIs 1,000 watts, how energy is measured in your house or business.14
3207431556FuseA safety device designed to blow out or melt when electrical wires become too hot.15
3207457440Circuit breakerA switch that automatically shuts off the electric circuit when ever an overload is detected.16
3207461805GroundingThe third prong is a safety device to carry electric current away and to the ground.17
3207482380ElectrotherapyAn electrical facial or body treatment , also called modalities.18
3207491960ElectrodeAlso called probe, is an applicator used to direct the electric current from the device to the clients skin. Examples: metal, or glass.19
3207521092Positive electrodeAlso called ANODE, this electrode has a positive charge, and is usually red, marked with a P or a plus sign20
3207781924Negative electrode.Also called a CATHODE, this electrode has a negative charge, and is usually marked black, with a minus sign.21
3207859338Galvanic CurrentUses a direct current (DC). It has a positive and negative pole, and produces a CHEMICAL change when it pass through body tissue.22
3207884340Active electrodeIs the electrode use on the skin, and held by the technician.23
3207911064Inactive electrodeIs the opposite pole of the electrode held my the tech. Normally place under clients shoulder wrapped in damp 4x4.24
3207921789IontophoresisAlso known as ionization, the process of infusing a water soluble product into the skin by means of electric current.25
3207951454CataphoresisInfusing an acidic produce into the skin with the use of electric current.26
3208023157DesincrustationA form of anaphoresis, used to soften sebum and emulsify grease deposits and and blackheads.27
3208050591MicrocurrentA low level of electricity that mirrors the bodies own natural electrical impulses.28
3208255209Tesla High-FrequencyAlso known as violet ray, is thermal and heat producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration.29
3208272854Direct applicationWhen the glass electrode is applied directly onto the clients skin.30
3208293526Indirect applicationWhen the client holds the glass electrode, and the technician shares the current by preforming the hands on treatment.31
3208329803LEDLight Emitting Diode, it releases light onto the skin to stimulate a specific response32
3208401222Electromagnetic spectrumAlso called radiant light, is a form of energy that travels through space waves and has both electric and magnetic properties.33
3208417373Visible lightLight that can be seen34
3208560260Invisible lightLight that the naked eye can not see. Examples: ultra violet .35
3208578220Infrared lightProduces heat.36
3208584993Ultra violet radiationIt has shorter wave lengths, is less penetrating, produces less heat than visible light.37
3208604377Ultra violet A (UVA)Is the longest of the UV rays, called the AGING RAY, it penetrates the dermis damaging collagen and elastin.38
3208713393Ultra violet B (UVB)Also called the BURNING RAY, it is associated with sunburns, and causes skin cancer.39
3208728610Ultra violet C (UVC)UVC is blocked by the ozone layer. UVC radiation could cook the earth, it has chemical & germicidal affects.40
3208756265Photo therapyAlso called light therapy, the use of light rays for skin treatment.41
3208761330LASERStands for Light Amplification Stimulation emmission of radiation. Used by focusing all the light power with the same color, traveling to a specific depth, in one direction42
3208794613PhotothermolysisTurns light from from the laser into heat43
3208815942ChromophoreA color component in the skin like melanin, that is affected when light stimulates it.44
3208834911Blue lightReduces acne, has germicidal affect, attacks p.acne45
3208842821Red lightIncreases circulation improves collagen and elastin production.46
3208848912Yellow lightReduces swelling and inflammation, helps with lymp drainage.47
3208903868Intense Pulse LightAlso called IPL, uses a broad spectrum of colored light to treat spider veins, hyper pig. and other skin disorders.48
3208858682Green lightReduces hyperpigmentation, reduc.es redness due to product irritation49
3214819867Q. What are examples of good insulators?A. rubber, silk, wood, cement50
3214837885Q. Who holds the electrode when indirect method is used with high frequency?A. The client51
3214854020Q. What measures the strength, or amount of current flowing through a wire?A. Ampere52
3214863345Q. How many watts equal a kilowatt?A. 100053
3214903345Q. Anaphoresis is the process of infusing an alkaline product, using the negative pole to create what reactions?A. open pores, stimulate and irritate nerves, increase blood supply, expand blood vessels, & softens tissue.54
3214930261Q. What color is the cord on a positive pole?A. Red55
3214988243Q. Which light ray produces heat?A. Infrared56
3215007718Q. What is the light that has germicidal affects, and is best on oily skin?A. Blue57
3215018908Q. Which light rays are the shortest, and are also called actinic or cold rays?A. Ultraviolet58
3215031249Q. What does the acronym LASER stand for?Light Amplification Stimulation Emission of Radiation.59

ELECTRICITY Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3206725198ElectricityThe movement of particles around an atom creating pure energy.0
3206737345Electric currentA flow of electricity along a conductor in a complete circuit.1
3206747860ConductorAny material that allows the electricity to pass through it. Examples: copper, metal, water.2
3206762257InsulatorAlso called nonconductor. Any material that does not allow electricty to pass through it. Examples: rubber, silk, glass, wood, cement.3
3206780646Complete electric circuitThe path of the negative, and positive electric current, from the source of power to the apparatus, and back to the energy source.4
3206795489Direct Current (DC)A constant even flow of electricity traveling in one direction. Examples: flash lights cell phones, hand held devices using batteries all us DC current.5
3206832173Alternating Current (AC)Is a rapid and interrupted current, flowing in one direction, then the opposit direction. All plug in devices use AC.6
3207227861ConverterAn apparatus that changes DC or direct current, to AC alternating current.7
3207254255RectifierAn apparratus that changes AC or alternating current to DC direct current.8
3207281254VoltAlso called voltage, measures the pressure or force that pushes the electricity forward.9
3207325403AmpereAlso called amp, it measures the strength or amount of electrons flowing through a conductor.10
3207357875Milliampere1/1000 of an ampere; this breaks the amp down small enough to us on scalp, or facials.11
3207398737OhmA measures of resistance.12
3207409468WattMeasures the amount of electricity used per second.13
3207417216KilowattIs 1,000 watts, how energy is measured in your house or business.14
3207431556FuseA safety device designed to blow out or melt when electrical wires become too hot.15
3207457440Circuit breakerA switch that automatically shuts off the electric circuit when ever an overload is detected.16
3207461805GroundingThe third prong is a safety device to carry electric current away and to the ground.17
3207482380ElectrotherapyAn electrical facial or body treatment , also called modalities.18
3207491960ElectrodeAlso called probe, is an applicator used to direct the electric current from the device to the clients skin. Examples: metal, or glass.19
3207521092Positive electrodeAlso called ANODE, this electrode has a positive charge, and is usually red, marked with a P or a plus sign20
3207781924Negative electrode.Also called a CATHODE, this electrode has a negative charge, and is usually marked black, with a minus sign.21
3207859338Galvanic CurrentUses a direct current (DC). It has a positive and negative pole, and produces a CHEMICAL change when it pass through body tissue.22
3207884340Active electrodeIs the electrode use on the skin, and held by the technician.23
3207911064Inactive electrodeIs the opposite pole of the electrode held my the tech. Normally place under clients shoulder wrapped in damp 4x4.24
3207921789IontophoresisAlso known as ionization, the process of infusing a water soluble product into the skin by means of electric current.25
3207951454CataphoresisInfusing an acidic produce into the skin with the use of electric current.26
3208023157DesincrustationA form of anaphoresis, used to soften sebum and emulsify grease deposits and and blackheads.27
3208050591MicrocurrentA low level of electricity that mirrors the bodies own natural electrical impulses.28
3208255209Tesla High-FrequencyAlso known as violet ray, is thermal and heat producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration.29
3208272854Direct applicationWhen the glass electrode is applied directly onto the clients skin.30
3208293526Indirect applicationWhen the client holds the glass electrode, and the technician shares the current by preforming the hands on treatment.31
3208329803LEDLight Emitting Diode, it releases light onto the skin to stimulate a specific response32
3208401222Electromagnetic spectrumAlso called radiant light, is a form of energy that travels through space waves and has both electric and magnetic properties.33
3208417373Visible lightLight that can be seen34
3208560260Invisible lightLight that the naked eye can not see. Examples: ultra violet .35
3208578220Infrared lightProduces heat.36
3208584993Ultra violet radiationIt has shorter wave lengths, is less penetrating, produces less heat than visible light.37
3208604377Ultra violet A (UVA)Is the longest of the UV rays, called the AGING RAY, it penetrates the dermis damaging collagen and elastin.38
3208713393Ultra violet B (UVB)Also called the BURNING RAY, it is associated with sunburns, and causes skin cancer.39
3208728610Ultra violet C (UVC)UVC is blocked by the ozone layer. UVC radiation could cook the earth, it has chemical & germicidal affects.40
3208756265Photo therapyAlso called light therapy, the use of light rays for skin treatment.41
3208761330LASERStands for Light Amplification Stimulation emmission of radiation. Used by focusing all the light power with the same color, traveling to a specific depth, in one direction42
3208794613PhotothermolysisTurns light from from the laser into heat43
3208815942ChromophoreA color component in the skin like melanin, that is affected when light stimulates it.44
3208834911Blue lightReduces acne, has germicidal affect, attacks p.acne45
3208842821Red lightIncreases circulation improves collagen and elastin production.46
3208848912Yellow lightReduces swelling and inflammation, helps with lymp drainage.47
3208903868Intense Pulse LightAlso called IPL, uses a broad spectrum of colored light to treat spider veins, hyper pig. and other skin disorders.48
3208858682Green lightReduces hyperpigmentation, reduc.es redness due to product irritation49
3214819867Q. What are examples of good insulators?A. rubber, silk, wood, cement50
3214837885Q. Who holds the electrode when indirect method is used with high frequency?A. The client51
3214854020Q. What measures the strength, or amount of current flowing through a wire?A. Ampere52
3214863345Q. How many watts equal a kilowatt?A. 100053
3214903345Q. Anaphoresis is the process of infusing an alkaline product, using the negative pole to create what reactions?A. open pores, stimulate and irritate nerves, increase blood supply, expand blood vessels, & softens tissue.54
3214930261Q. What color is the cord on a positive pole?A. Red55
3214988243Q. Which light ray produces heat?A. Infrared56
3215007718Q. What is the light that has germicidal affects, and is best on oily skin?A. Blue57
3215018908Q. Which light rays are the shortest, and are also called actinic or cold rays?A. Ultraviolet58
3215031249Q. What does the acronym LASER stand for?Light Amplification Stimulation Emission of Radiation.59

AP Biology Chapter 2-5 Flashcards

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2029042618compounda substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio0
2029042619trace elementselements required by an organism only in minute quantities1
2029042620atomic numbernumber of protons2
2029042621atomic massnumber of combined neutrons and protons3
2029042622isotopedifferent atomic forms of an element (different number of neutrons)4
2029042623valence electronsthe electrons in the outermost shell5
2029042624covalent bondsharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms6
2029042625electronegativityhow much an atom wants electrons7
2029042626nonpolar covalent bondbond with electrons shared equally8
2029042627polar covalent bondbond with one atom more electronegative than the other9
2029042628cationpositively charged ion10
2029042629anionnegatively charged ion11
2029042630ionic bonda chemical bond resulting from the attraction of two oppositely charged ions12
2029042631hydrogen bonda weak bond formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another atom is also attracted to another atom (normally O or N)13
2029042632polar moleculetwo ends of a molecule have opposite charges14
2029042633cohesionhydrogen bonds holding a substance together15
2029042634adhesionclinging of one substance to another16
2029042635surface tensiona measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid17
2029042636specific heatthe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of that substance to change its temperature by one degree C18
2029042637heat of vaporizationthe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state19
2029042638evaporative coolingas liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down20
2029042639hydrogen iona single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and hydrogen ion (H+)21
2029042640basea substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration22
2029042641acida substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration23
2029042642bufferssubstances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution24
2029042643organic chemistrythe study of carbon compounds25
2029042644hydrocarbonsorganic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbon26
2029042645isomerscompounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties27
2029042646structural isomersisomers differing in the covalent arrangement of their atoms28
2029042647geometric isomersisomers with the same covalent partnerships, but different spatial arrangements29
2029042648enantiomersisomers that are mirror images of each other30
2029042649hydroxyl grouphydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon skeleton (-OH)31
2029042650properties of hydroxyl grouppolar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping to dissolve organic compounds32
2029042651carbonyla carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (>CO)33
2029042652properties of carbonyl groupketones and aldehydes may be isomers, and is polar34
2029042653carboxyla hydroxyl attached to a carbon which is also double bonded to an oxygen and bonded to the carbon skeleton35
2029042654properties of carboxylacidic, found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1-36
2029042655aminoa nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton37
2029042656properties of aminoa base, ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions38
2029042657sulfhydryla sulfur atom bonded with a hydrogen39
2029042658properties of sulfhydrylpolar, may help stabilize protein structure40
2029042659phosphatephosphorous double bonds with one oxygen, single bonds with two negative charged oxygens, and one bond with an oxygen attached to the carbon skeleton41
2029042660properties of phosphateacidic, has potential to react with water and release energy42
2029042661methylcarbon bonded with three hydrogen atoms and then attached to something else43
2029042662properties of methylaffects expression of genes, arrangement in sex hormones affects shape and function44
2029042663ATPa form of phosphate that provides the cell with energy45
2036434862polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds46
2036437778monomerbuilding blocks of polymers47
2036439058condensation reactiontwo molecules covalently bond to each other through loss of a water molecule48
2036441476enzymesspecialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells49
2036444620carbohydratessugars and polymers of sugars50
2036445923monosaccharidessingle sugars (ex: glucose) that are multiples of unit CH2O51
2036451087disaccharidetwo monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage52
2036453704polysaccharidespolymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages53
2036463513starcha storage carbohydrate for plants that is a polymer of glucose54
2036467481glycogena storage carbohydrate for animals that is a polymer of glucose55
2036472168lipidsa group of compounds that mixes poorly, if ever, with water56
2036477658fata lipid that is constructed from glycerol and fatty acids57
2036490150saturated fatty acida fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon, solid at room temperature58
2036499445unsaturated fatty acida fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbons, a kink in its tail, and liquid at room temperature59
2036504219phospholipidsa lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. It has hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membranes60
2036519189steroidslipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings that are parts of hormones61
2036525239polypeptidespolymers of amino acids62
2036530090proteina functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure63
2036534598amino acidsorganic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups64
2036536903peptide bondsa covalent bond between two amino acids formed by a dehydration reaction65
2036540995primary structurethe level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids66
2036545023secondary structureThe localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone67
2036551389tertiary structureirregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains68
2036556662quaternary structurethe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide69
2036562225denaturationIn proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature70
2036576946nucleic acidsa polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.71
2036581562nucleotidesa monomer composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose, and a phosphate group72
2036586795pyrimidinethe group that cytosine, thiamine, and uracil belong to73
2036590976purinethe group that guanine and adenine belong to74

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