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Embryo research and problems Flashcards

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4214948208REASONS FOR EMBRYO RESEARCH Infertlity and repeated miscarriages What does IVF provide the opportunity for?A better understanding of infertility0
4214948209What can experimentation discover?Why so many embryos die on being placed in the womb1
4214948210Detection of genetic abnormalities What does the process allow is to know?More2
4540957020Because, it is impossible to know..The status of an 8-cell embryo in Vivo (the womb)3
4214948211However, embryo biopsy allows the cells to be investigated at the...4-8 cell stage4
4214948212What can this help?To reveal any abnormalities5
4214948213In order for medical science to progress at some stage in research , experimentation has to take place...On humans6
4540957021and not through...computer modelling or animal experimentation7
4214948214But some areas of research require experimentation to be carried out on...The foetus8
4214948215Eg experimentation is used for...Contraception9
4214948216What is there a need for?Alternative means to the contraceptive pill used by many women10
4214948217Why?Because the pill can cause undesirable side effects11
4214948218EVALUATION do we need to develop more ...Contraceptives and destroy embryos when we already have plenty12
4214948219What does the human fertilisation and embryology act (1990) permits ....Research to be carried out on the human embryo13
4540957022up to the fourteenth day of..gestation - up to the point where the primitive streak appears14
4214948220What does pre embryo imply?That the embryo is not a human being15
4215032954ISSUES IS THE EMBRYO A PERSON? Embryo should be treated as a...Human being16
4215032955THE BENEFITS OF EMBRYO RESEARCH Provide a very strong argument in favour...Of allowing even very controversial research17
4215032956What has embryology helped?Thousands of childless couples to have babies18
4215032957ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF EMBRYOS? It is very hard to be certain that adult stem cells would be...As effective19
4215032958Therefore many supporters of using embryos say that the benefits of research, and the speed with which those benefits will become available,...Justify the use of embryos20
4215032959IS IT ACCEPTABLE TO CREATE EMBRYOS FOR RESEARCH? number of spare embryos available for research is...Very Limited21
4215032960Largely due to....A shortage of human eggs offered for research22
4215032961Those who see an embryo as a human person believe that...It is deeply wrong to create embryos just on research23
4215032962HUMAN ANIMAL HYBRID EMBRYO what did the HFEA announce?That it would consult the public24
4540957023before deciding whether to ...allow researchers to create hybrid human-animal embryos25
4215032963Scientists have successfully created embryos using...Eggs from a cow26
4215032964Any embryo created cannot be implanted or allowed to develop ...Beyond day 1427

Ethics- genetic engineering and embryo research Flashcards

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4540878152Genetic engineeringThe technology involved in cloning, gene therapy and gene manupulation0
4540878153EmbryoThe developing bundle of cells in the womb up to eight weeks' gestation1
4540878154Stem cellA 'master' cell that can become any kind of material2
4540878155Therapeutic cloningA method of producing stem cells to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's3
4540878156CloningA form of genetic engineering by which a plant, an animal or a human is created with the same genetic identity as another4
4540878157BlastocystA fertilised egg at about four to five days of development5
4540878158ZygoteA 'proto-embryo' of the first two weeks after conception- a small collection of identical cells6
4540878159Human genomeA map of the human genes7
4540878160Germ line engineeringChanges in the parent's sperm or egg cells with the aim of passing on the changes to their offspring8
4540878161Somatic cell engineeringChanges in somatic (body) cells to cure an otherwise fatal disease. These changes are not passed on to a person's offspring9

Ontological argument - the arguments Flashcards

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4021402343Why is the ontological argument an ontological argument?Ontology is the study of being, of existence.0
4021402344In which book did St Anslem write his ontological argument?Proslogion1
4021402345How does St Anselm define God?a being than which nothing greater can be conceived2
4021402346Why does St Anslem reject the fool's assertion that "There is no God"?because it involves a contradiction3
4021402347Since we understand the defintion of God, where does it exist?in our understanding; in our mind4
4021402348What is logically possible regarding the existence of 'that then which nothing greater can be conceived'?that it exists in reality as well as in the understanding5
4021402349Why does St Anslem claim that 'that than which nothing greater can be conceived' exists both in reality and in the understanding?existing in reality and the understanding is greater than existing in the understanding alone and since this being is 'greater' then it exists in the greter of these two options6
4021402350Illustrate the idea that existing in reality and the understanding is greater than existing in the understanding alone.a £50 note in reality is greater than a £50 note in your mind because you can spend the real £50 note. Other examples could include a painting (Anslem's example) or Superman7
4021402351Why does Gaunilo disagree with Anselm's 1st argument?reductio ad absurdum - the argument can be used to reach absurb conclusions and is therefore absurd itself.8
4021402352Outline Gaunilo's island argument.We can conceive of a perfect island. Existing in reality is greater than existing in the mind. Therefore, the perfect island exists.9
4021402353What defintion of God does Anslem use at the beginning of his second argument?a being than which nothing greater can be conceived10
4021402354Explain which is greater - something that cannot be thought of as not existing or something that can be thought of as not existing.Something that cannot be thought of as not existing is greater since it must always exist, it exists necessarily and will continue to exist when something that can be thought of as not existing does not exist.11
4021402355What is the opposite of necessary existence?contingent existence12
4021402356What does contingent mean?depends on soemthing else13
4021402357Why does that than which nothing greater can be conceived exist necessarily?Existing necessarily (cannot be thought of as not existing) is greater than contingent existence and since this being is the 'greater' than we must go with this option14
4021402358What is the difference between the conclusion to Anselm's first and second argument?The first argument concludes 'God exists' while the second argument concludes 'God must exist'.15
4021402359What is Descartes' definition of God?supremely perfect being16
4021402360What is the relationship between a triangle and its angles?a triangle must have, by defintion, internal angles of 180 degrees. If it does not, then it is not a triangle. If you have one, then you have the other. A triangle is inextricably linked to internal angles of 180 degrees17
4021402361What is the relationship between a mountain and a valley?A mountain is always found with a valley (or an upslope is always found with a down slope) - if you have one, then you have the other18
4021402362How does Descartes argue that God exists?The defintion of God means that he must have all perfections and since existence is a perfection, it is a conradiction to say that God does not exist, so God must exist.19
4021402363According to Descartes, what are we not free to think of about God and why?We are not free to think of God as not existing, since to do so requires us to believe a contradiction.20

The Ontological argument Flashcards

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4210798212Ontological argument is...An a priori argument (Made by reasoning not experience)0
4210799667Anselm's Ontological argument- There is nothing greater than God and God is ultimately perfect - It is possible to conceive a greater being that exists in both the mind and reality so if God is that which nothing can be greater can be conceived then he must exist in reality as well as mind. - It is impossible to conceive of God not existing as he is a necessary being (he must exist) - If God were a contingent being (depends on something else for existence and is not necessary) he would not be the greatest as we could imagine him not existing. If there is nothing greater than God that can be conceived then he must be necessary and therefore must exist1
4210865839Contingent beingDepends on something else for existence and is not necessary2
4210876432Gaunilo's challengeUsed an example of an island - just because he can imagine no island greater and more perfect does not mean it exists and existence is part of the perfection, meaning that an old island would be better than the imaginary one3
4210884808Anselm's response to Gaunilo's challengeNot arguing about contingent things such as islands as they have no intrinsic maximum - you can always think of a better island. God is not temporal or contingent and so his existence is necessary unlike an island4
4210891950Descartes' Ontological argumentGod possesses all perfections, existence is a perfection. Everything has predicates (property of something) that they must meet to make it true. e.g a triangle must have three sides, this is an analytic statement. Existence is a predicate of God.5
4210987951Kant's objections against DescartesExistence is not a predicate - to say something exists adds no extra information. (e.g. adding it exists to the end of dog does nothing) Existence is part of the concept of God - it is analytic (true in itself) but does not prove that God exists. God, like anything else is synthetic (has to be tested by experience)6
4211007012Evaluation of the Ontological arguments and the challenges- Aquinas rejected Anselm's argument as he said God's existent is not self-evident - Aquinas said humans cannot understand God's nature - Kant argued that existence is not a predicate, but Malcolm argued that necessary existence could be a predicate - A definition does not make something exist. e.g. a unicorn7

AP World: Chapter 1: From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations Flashcards

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2058903736Paleolithic Agethe Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence0
2058903737Neolithic AgeThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished1
2058903738Neolithic Revolutionthe succession of technological innovation and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.2
2058903739Hunting and gatheringsociety that relies on the hunting of wildlife and the gathering of wild vegetation, such as fruits, berried and nuts, in order to support the diet of the society3
2058903740Bronze Agefrom about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it4
2058903741Civilizationsocieties distinguished be reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups5
2058903742Catal Huyukearly urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification6
2058903743Cuneiforma form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets7
2058903744Nomadscattle and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies8
2058903745MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys9
2058903746Sumerianspeople who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states10
2058903747Zigguratsmassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes11
2058903748City-statesa form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king12
2058903749Babyloniansunified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.13
2058903750Hammurabithe most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law14
2058903751PharaohsTypically an Egyptian king who possessed immense power15
2058903752Pyramidsmonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs16
2058903753Indus Riverriver sources in Himalayas to mouth of in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization17
2058903754Harappaalong with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern18
2058903755Huanghe Riveralso known as the Yellow River; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China19
2058903756Ideographicpictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing20
2058903757Shangfirst Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.21
2058903758Phoeniciansseafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean22
2058903759Monotheismthe exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization23

Period 3 - AP World History Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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4671282001Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
4671282002Shaykhsleaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children1
4671282003MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam2
4671282004Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar3
4671282005Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty4
4671282006Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh5
4671282007Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam6
4671282008Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam7
4671282009Zakattax for charity obligatory for all Muslims8
4671282010Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)9
4671282011Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community10
4671282012Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism11
4671282013Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph12
4671282014Riddawars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam13
4671282015JihadIslamic holy war14
4671282016Mu'awiyathe first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus15
4671282017Copts, NestoriansChristian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims16
4671282018Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads17
4671282019Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam18
4671282020Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam19
4671282021Jizyahead tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands20
4671282022Dhimmis"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus21
4671282023Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad22
4671282024Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam23
4671282025Wazirchief administrative official under the Abbasids24
4671282026DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants25
4671282027Ayanthe wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids26
4671282028Al-Mahdi3rd Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem27
4671282029Harun al-Rashidmost famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights28
4671282030BuyidsPersian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad29
4671282031Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids30
4671282032Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129131
4671282033Salah-ud-DinMuslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms32
4671282034Ibn Khaldungreat Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynasty history33
4671282035Al-Raziclassified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral34
4671282036Al-Biruni11th c. scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals35
4671282037UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking36
4671282038Al-Ghazalibrilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions37
4671282039SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions38
4671282040Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph39
4671282041Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms40
4671282042MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves41
4671282043Muhammad ibn QasimArab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire42
4671282044Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West43
4671282045Mahmud of Ghazniruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century44
4671282046Muhammad of GhurPersian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India45
4671282047SatiHindu ritual for burning widows with their deceased husbands46
4671282048Bhaktic cultsHindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses-- especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali47
4671282049Kabir15th c. Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam48
4671282050Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam49
4671282051Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya50
4671282052Demakmost powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions51
4671282053Stateless societiessocieties of varying sizes organized through kingship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states52
4671282054MaghribArabic term fro northwestern Africa53
4671282055Almoravidsa puritanical Islamic movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain54
4671282056Almohadisa later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain55
4671282057Ethiopiaa Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa56
4671282058Sahelthe extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; an exchange region between the forests in the south and north of Africa57
4671282059Sudanic statesstates trading with north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways58
4671282060Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers59
4671282061JuulaMalinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa60
4671282062Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali61
4671282063Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world62
4671282064Kankan Musa(c. 1312-1337) made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the 14th c. that became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way63
4671282065Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126064
4671282066Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao65
4671282067Hausa statesstates, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs66
4671282068East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar67
4671282069Demographic transitionthe change from slow to rapid population growth; often associated with industrialization; occurred first in Europe and is more characteristic of the "developed world"68
4671282070Nokcentral Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style flourishing between 500 BCE and 200 CE69
4671282071Yorubahighly urbanized Nigerian agriculturists organized into small city-states, as Oyo, under the authority of regional divine kings presiding over elaborate courts70
4671282072Lubapeoples, in Katanga, created a form of divine kingship where the ruler had powers ensuring fertility of people and crops71
4671282073Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa72
4671282074Justinian6th c Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law73
4671282075Body of Civil LawJustinian's codification of Roman Law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life74
4671282076Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople75
4671282077Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians76
4671282078Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration77
4671282079ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory78
4671282080Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic79
4671282081Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c80
4671282082Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85581
4671282083Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity82
4671282084Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire83
4671282085Yaroslav(975-1054); last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes84
4671282086BoyarsRussian land-holding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts85
4671282087TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact86
4671282088Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c87
4671282089Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls88
4671282090Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily89
4671282091Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection90
4671282092Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system91
4671282093Moldboardadjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils92
4671282094Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure93
4671282095ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49694
4671282096Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c95
4671282097Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73296
4671282098CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80097
4671282099Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy98
4671282100Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service99
4671282101Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty100
4671282102CapetiansFrench dynasty ruling from the 10th c; developed a strong central monarchy101
4671282103William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England102
4671282104Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law103
4671282105Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects104
4671282106Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.105
4671282107Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control106
4671282108Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV107
4671282109St. Clare of Assisi13th c founder of a woman's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic Church108
4671282110Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops109
4671282111Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God110
4671282112Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems111
4671282113Troubadourspoets in 14th c southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition112
4671282114Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance113
4671282115Jacques Coeur15th c French merchant; his career as banker to the French monarchy demonstrates new course of medieval commerce114
4671282116Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities115
4671282117Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia116
4671282118Indianmisnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans117
4671282119Toltecsnomadic peoples from beyond northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice118
4671282120Aztecsthe Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that penetrated into the sedentary zone of the Mesoamerican plateau after the fall of the Toltecs; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco119
4671282121Tenochtitlanfounded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoc; became center of Aztec power120
4671282122Calpulliclans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors121
4671282123Chinampasbeds of aquatic weeks,mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs122
4671282124Pochtecamerchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items123
4671282125Inca socialisman interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole124
4671282126Incagroup of clans (ayllu) centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes during the 15th c; also title of the ruler125
4671282127PachacutiInca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaign that marked the creation of an Inca empire126
4671282128Huayna CapacInca ruler (1493-1527); brought the empire to its greatest extent127
4671282129Split inheritanceInca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy128
4671282130Curacaslocal rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty129
4671282131Tambosway stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages130
4671282132Quipusystem of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records131
4671282133Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han132
4671282134Wendimember of prominent northern Chinese family during the era of Six Dynasties; established Sui dynasty in 589, with support from northern nomadic peoples133
4671282135Li YuanDuke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over the empire after the assassination of Yangdi; 1st Tang ruler134
4671282136Ministry of Public Ritesadministered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty135
4671282137Jinshititle given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office136
4671282138Chan Buddhismcall Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite137
4671282139Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia138
4671282140WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism139
4671282141Khitan nomadsfounded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture140
4671282142Zhao Kuangyingeneral who founded Song dynasty; took royal name of Taizu141
4671282143Zhu Ximost prominent Neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life142
4671282144Wang AnshiConfucian scholar and chief minister of a Song ruler in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalism; advocated greater state intervention in society143
4671282145Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.144
4671282146Jurchensfounders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forces Song to flee south145
4671282147Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin146
4671282148JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula147
4671282149Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency148
4671282150Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.149
4671282151Bi Sheng11th c artisan; devised technique of printing with movable type; made it possible for China to be the most contemporary literate civilziation150
4671282152Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army151
4671282153Fujiwaramid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power152
4671282154Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies153
4671282155Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor154
4671282156Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor155
4671282157Gempei warsWaged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age156
4671282158Bakufumilitary government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai157
4671282159Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu158
4671282160Hojoa warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor159
4671282161Ashikaga Takuajimember of Minamoto family; overthrew KamaKura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino160
4671282162Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states161
4671282163Chosonearliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 BCE162
4671282164Koguryotribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification163
4671282165Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions164
4671282166Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence165
4671282167Trung Sistersleaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society166
4671282168Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi167
4671282169Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi168
4671282170Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227169
4671282171Tumensbasic fighting units of Mongol forces; made up of 10,000 cavalrymen divided into smaller units170
4671282172Tangutrulers of Xi-Xia kingdom of northwest China; during the southern Song period; conquered by Mongols in 1226171
4671282173Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits172
4671282174Batugrandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236173
4671282175Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c174
4671282176Prester Johna mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan175
4671282177Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire176
4671282178Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad177
4671282179MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260178
4671282180Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271179
4671282181Chabiinfluential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China180
4671282182NestoriansAsian Christian sect; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions181
4671282183White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty182
4671282184Ju YuanzhangChinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty183
4671282185Timur-i-Langlast major nomad leader; 14th c, known to the West as Tamerlane; Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405184
4671282186Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire185
4671282187Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China186
4671282188Zheng HeMuslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean187
4671282189Renaissancecultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages188
4671282190Portugal, Castile, and Aragonregional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda189
4671282191Vivaldi brothersGenoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic190
4671282192Henry the NavigatorPortuguese prince; sponsored Atlantic voyages; reflected the forces present in last postclassical Europe191
4671282193Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history192

Microbiolgy Flashcards

ch1 - history of microbiology

Terms : Hide Images
3006446017Define Microbiologystudy of very small living things0
3006446018Name the types of microorganisms*BACTERIA* *FUNGI* *PROTOZOA* *VIRUSES*1
3006446019Define bacteriatiny microorganism, smallest types of cells (living), cell structure is different, simple, multiply so fast 20-30 min, population doubles2
3006446020Define fungilarge microorganism able to enough to see, each cell is microscopic like hairs & there are millions, grow like a hair mass of type of cells, yeast is a single cell fungi (mold)3
3006446021Define protozoain water & soil environments, this is why we treat our water4
3006446022Define Virusesso different, the tiniest, but are NOT living. Some fatal pathogens5
3006446023Out of 20 billion trillion microorganisms, how many are pathogens and how many are harmless3% pathogens 97% harmless6
3006446024ubiquitous nature of microorganisms are found ________everywhere7
3006446025harmful activities of microorganisms*disease*- this is why we have the medical field *unwanted decay/decomposition*- rain & spoil (microorganism) like our food (bacteria, mold)8
3006446026beneficial activities of microorganisms:photosynthesis/release of oxygen90 % + microorganisms oxygenate also, not just plants9
3006446027beneficial activities of microorganisms: first step in food chainsneed to keep ocean clean, its large part of our food chain10
3006446028beneficial activities of microorganisms:nitrogen fixationchem process, nitrogen combine w/another element making a compound Rhizobium Spp. benefits plants, bacteria & us11
3006446029beneficial activities of microorganisms:microorganisms in gut aid digestioncorn - cannot digest (loaded with cellulose), colon has lots of bacteria, yeast, e-coli, helps digest food12
3006446030beneficial activities of microorganisms:decay, decomposition of dead organismsdie decay is recycling nutrients which is a good thing bacteria & mold13
3006446031colon has lots of bacteria:food production/fermentations/commercial souringsour cream, blue cheese, sour dairy, gives some of the tastes, alcohol14
3006446032Rhizobium Sppbacterium which lives in the soil, invades legume roots and forms root nodules,obtains food from root cells. Symbiotic relationship in which atmospheric nitrogen is made available to the plant.15
3006446033beneficial activities of microorganisms:antibioticsoriginate from mold & bacteria, naturally produced chemicals16
3006446034beneficial activities of microorganisms:tools for genetic engineering/DNA studies-subjects to practice on for DNA/genetic studies -ideal tools for DNA studies,17
3006446035Leeuwenhoek (late 1600's)-dutch -lensmaker, eyeglasses -1st made lens & used to observe living organisims until microscopes were invented18
3006446036Hooke (late 1600's)-English scientist -built compound cell used it to observe the slices of cork that looked like an empty room with walls called a cell (1st time use of word)19
3006446037Pasteur (1800's)-named a french institute after him -one of the best microbiologist -microorganism were responsible for infection of disease -process of fermentation- beer, wine, liquor, *germ theory* of fermentation -dev process that was named after him *PASTEURIZATION* to treat grape juice (kills one organism, but not everything -father of immunolgy -1st vaccine rabbies20
3006446038Lister (1800's)-surgeon -proposed & started *Carbolic acid* (organic acid) known as phenol today soaked instruments, painted on cutting surface, washed hands every pt, infection rate went from 70% to 30%, known for performing *1st aseptic techniques*21
3006446039Schleiden & Schwann/Virchow (1800's)-German -proposed idea *all living things are made of cells called cell theory* -part II to cell theory- all cells come from other cells22
3006446040Jenner (later 1700's)-laid down the beginning -England country dr -vaccinated his son with cow pox which helped with small pox therefor *"1st vaccination"*23
3006446041Erlich (1910)immunology/chemotherapy -Victorian times German dr -many pt w/syphilis (fatal) -1st antimicrobial drug (w/arsonic) only worked on that one bacteria24
3006446042chemotherapy definedanytime you take antibiotics, medicine and so on25
3006446043Flemming (1900's)-British -biggest discovery is medicine by accidentally -noticed there was no infection around mold, *1st natural antibiotic penicillin*26
3006446044Domagk (1920's)-came up with mixture of chemicals that killed the bacteria w/o killing the hoste called sulfamilamide (sulfa drugs) in WW II (1st war soldiers died from wounds and in infections)27
3006446045light microscopesuse visible light28
3006446046simple light microscopesone lens29
3006446047compound light microscopesset of lenses30
3006446048light compound *brightfield* microscopes-what we use in lab -can only see RBC's w/o stain -can see dead stained organisms or live ones -background bright & specimen in dark -only useful w/light sensitive organisms -dark objects are visible against bright backgrounds and lights reflected off specimen doesnt enter objective lens, condenser focuses light31
3006446049light compound *darkfield* microscopes-dark field illumination has condenser that prevents light from being transmitted thru specimen but instead lights reflect off specimen at an ANGLE then a light object to be seen on the background -able to motion -special condenser blocks light that would enter the objective lens directly.32
3006446050light compound *phase-contrast* microscope-Uses optics based on light diffraction -transparent biological structures appear dark. -This is good for unstained live specimens -detailed observation of internal structure of living unstained organisms -use visible light, plus phase shifting plate w/special condenser33
3006446051light compound *fluorescent* microscopes-UV lights is used to excite molecule -detection of organisms abitbodys in clinical specimens -a type of microscopy that exposes a specimen to light of a specific wavelength and then forms an image from the fluorescent light produced; usually the specimen is stained with a fluorescent dye (fluorochrome).34
3006446052electron *scanning* microscopes-used to create images of the surfaces of specimens -see molecules and indv atoms -3D views -views of exterior cells & internal surfaces -20nm -50,000x35
3006446053electron *transmission* miscroscopes-gives better view internal structure of microbes -very short wavelength -speciman must be embedded in a block of plastic & cut with glass or diamond knife -1 nm -500,000x -examine thin sections of cells, internal structure, exterior of cells or viruses -see molecules & indv atoms36
3006446054Why do we use stains?-make microorganisms stand out against backgrounds -help investigators group major categories of microorganisms37
3006446055What are stains used for and how do they work?a stain or dye is a molecule that binds to a structure and gives it color38
3006446056simple stains-only 1 dye -reveals basic cell shapes & cell arrangements -show sizes, shapes & arrangements39
3006446057Most stains are ____________ or __________ dyes such as methylene blue. Why?-cationic (pos charge) & Anionic (neg charge) -because most bacterial surfaces are neg charged & they are attracted to it40
3006446058differential stains-use 2 or more dyes -distinguish between 2 different parts of organism41
3006446059differential stains:*gram*-most used -discovered by a Danish phy Hans Christian Gram (1884) -Differential staining procedure that allows categorization of bacteria into two groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on their ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an organic solvent such as ethanol.42
3006446060differential stains:*acid-fast*-has Carbonifuchism & appear red -distinguishes gene of bacteria -a staining procedure for identifying bacteria with a waxy cell wall -Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain is a modification of a staining method -developed by Paul Ehrlich in 188243
3006446061special stains *negative*-color background around cells & their parts which resist taking up stain -a staining procedure in which a dye is used to make the background dark while the specimen is unstained, used for capsules.44
3006446062special stains *capsule*- capsule is a layer of polysaccha- ride material that surrounds many bacterial cells and can act as a barrier to host defense mechanisms -repels stain45
3006446063special stains *endospore*-requires heat like acid-fast staining to drive dye into the target46
3006446064special stains:*flagella*-add layers of dye or metal to the surface of flagella to make those surfaces more visible47

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

Terms : Hide Images
5567212997Intolerable ActsIn 1774, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, which intensified the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain. (p. 85)0
4983045127Patrick HenryRadical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. Radical delegates were those demanding the greatest concessions from Great Britain. (p. 85)1
4983045126Samuel AdamsRadical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence. (p. 85)2
4983045128John AdamsRadical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. (p. 85)3
4983045130John DickinsonModerate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". (p. 85)4
4983045131John JayConservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, favored a mild statement of protest. (p. 85)5
4983045125First Continental CongressIn September 1774, all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)6
4983045132Joseph GallowayConservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote. (p. 86)7
4983045133Suffolk ResolvesThe First Continental Congress adopted this statement. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. It also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts against British goods. (p. 86)8
4983045134Declaration for Rights and GrievancesThe First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)9
4983045135economic sanctionsIn September 1774, the First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves. (p. 86)10
4983045141Second Continental CongressIn May 1775, representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)11
4983045143Olive Branch PetitionIn July 1775, the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)12
4983045142Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up ArmsIn May 1775, in Philadelphia, delegates to the Sencond Continental Congress met. This declaration called on all colonies to provide troops to the central government. (p. 87, 128)13
4983045147Thomas JeffersonIn 1776, he was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. (p. 88)14
4983045146Declaration of IndependenceThis declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the American revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (p. 88)15
4983045129George WashingtonModerate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, at the Second Continental Congress he was appointed commander-in chief of a new colonial army and sent to Boston to lead the Massachusetts militia and volunteer units from other colonies. He later became the first president of the United States. (p. 88-89)16
4983045156Land Ordinance of 1785A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. It was part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)17
4983045157Northwest Ordinance of 1787Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)18
4983045137Paul RevereHe warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)19
4983045138William DawesWarned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)20
5567255680LexingtonOn April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. (p. 86)21
5567255681ConcordAfter the British had marched to Lexington, they marched on to this town to destroy colonial military supplies. (p. 86)22
4983045140Battle of Bunker HillOn June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the Revolutionary War. (p. 87)23
4983045152Battle of SaratogaIn October 1777, General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)24
4983045158George Rogers ClarkIn 1778-1789, he led the capture of series of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)25
4983045154Battle of YorktownIn 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. (p. 90)26
4983045159Articles of ConfederationAdopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (p. 91)27
4983045160unicameral LegislatureThe Articles of Confederation established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 of 13 votes required to pass important laws. (p. 92)28
4983045153absolute monarchAlthough France had this kind of government, King Louis XVI decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken Great Britain. (p. 90)29
4983045145Prohibitory ActIn August 1775, Britain's King George III agreed to this act passed by Parliament, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)30
4983045155Treaty of ParisIn 1783, this treaty between Britain and the United States brought an end to the Revolutionary War. It stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)31
5567290214Thomas Paine; Common SenseIn January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)32
4983045148PatriotsMost of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)33
5567299697Loyalists (Tories)The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)34
4983045139MinutemenThe colonial militia. (p. 86)35
4983045151ContinentalsPaper money issued by Congress which became almost worthless due to inflation. (p. 90)36
4983045161Abigail AdamsShe was the wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)37
4983045162Deborah SampsonAt the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the Revolutionary War. (p. 94)38
4983045150Valley ForgeWashington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)39
4983045163Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)40
4983045164Shay's RebellionDaniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)41

Evolution of Population Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
1397344991Gene poolall genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population0
1397344992Directional selectionwhen individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than indivduals in the middle or at the other end of the curve1
1397344993Stabilizing selectionwhen individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end2
1397344994Disruptive selectionnatural selection that favors individuals at either extreme of the ends of a distribution curve for a trait3
1397344995Genetic drifta form of evolution that is caused by random change in allele frequencies, and that often occurs in small populations4
1397344996Founder effectchange in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population5
1397344997Speciationformation of a new species6
1397344998Reproductive isolationseparation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed often results in speciation.7
1397344999Behavioral isolationform of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding8
1397345000Geographic isolationform of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water9
1397345001Temporal isolationform of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times10
1397345002Adaptive Radiationwhen an ancestral species gives rise to many species to fit a number of different habitats11
1397345003Divergent Evolutionevolution that occurs when closely related species occupy different environments and develop different adaptations due to selection pressures12
1397345004Convergent Evolutionevolution that occurs when distantly related species occupy similar environments and develop similar adaptations due to selection pressures13
1397345005Homo neanderthalensislived 200,000-24,000 years ago. Large brain. Buried their dead. Possibly had a language. (Went extinct about 24,000 years ago).14
1397345007PopulationGroup of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.15
1397345008HominidsPrimates that can walk upright.16
1397345009Homothe genus that humans belong to.17
1397345010Fumarase deficiencygenetic disorder that is increasing in the Southern Utah polygamist community due to genetic drift.18
1397345011Speciesgroup of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring19
1397345012Gradualismidea that evolution occurs slowly but steadily20
1397345013Punctuated equilibriumpattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change21
1397345014Fitnessability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment22
1397345015PhenotypeThe physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make up.23
1397345016Genotypethe genetic makeup of an organism24
1397345017Allelesalternative versions of a gene25
1397345018Graph of Directional Selection26

Cambell Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
923614639evolutionProcess of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.0
923614640biologyScientific study of life.1
923614641emergent propertiesDue to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.2
923614642systems biologyAn approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on the study of the interactions among the system's parts.3
923614643levels of biological organizationBiosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organs and Organ Systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules4
923614644eukaryotic cellSubdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles.5
923614645prokaryotic cellDNA not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus.6
923614646DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)All of a cell's genetic material.7
923614647genesThe units of inheritance that transfer information from parent to offspring8
923614648gene expressionProcess by which the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product.9
923614649genomeThe entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.10
923614650classifying life- Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species11
923614651three domains of life1. Bacteria 2. Archae 3. Eukarya12
923614652natural selectionNatural environment "selects" for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population.13
923614653scienceAn approach to understanding the world.14
923614654inquirySearch for information and explanation15
923614655data .Recorded observations16
923614656Qualitativerecorded descriptions17
923614657Quantitativemeasurements18
923614658inductive reasoningCollecting and analyzing observations to lead to important conclusions.19
923614659hypothesisProposed explanation to a set of observations20
923614660deductive reasoningAfter hypothesis is formed; Involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from general to specific.21
923614661controlled experimentOne that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.22
923614662theory1. Broader than a hypothesis. 2. General enough to spin off new hypotheses 3. Supported by a much greater body of evidence.23
923614663model organismSpecies that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself well to the questions being investigated.24
923614664technologyApplies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.25

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