| 4671282001 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | | 0 |
| 4671282002 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children | | 1 |
| 4671282003 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | | 2 |
| 4671282004 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | | 3 |
| 4671282005 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | | 4 |
| 4671282006 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | | 5 |
| 4671282007 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | | 6 |
| 4671282008 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | | 7 |
| 4671282009 | Zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims | | 8 |
| 4671282010 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | | 9 |
| 4671282011 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | | 10 |
| 4671282012 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | | 11 |
| 4671282013 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | | 12 |
| 4671282014 | Ridda | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam | | 13 |
| 4671282015 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | | 14 |
| 4671282016 | Mu'awiya | the first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus | | 15 |
| 4671282017 | Copts, Nestorians | Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims | | 16 |
| 4671282018 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | | 17 |
| 4671282019 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | | 18 |
| 4671282020 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | | 19 |
| 4671282021 | Jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands | | 20 |
| 4671282022 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | | 21 |
| 4671282023 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | | 22 |
| 4671282024 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | | 23 |
| 4671282025 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | | 24 |
| 4671282026 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | | 25 |
| 4671282027 | Ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids | | 26 |
| 4671282028 | Al-Mahdi | 3rd Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem | | 27 |
| 4671282029 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights | | 28 |
| 4671282030 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad | | 29 |
| 4671282031 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | | 30 |
| 4671282032 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | | 31 |
| 4671282033 | Salah-ud-Din | Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms | | 32 |
| 4671282034 | Ibn Khaldun | great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynasty history | | 33 |
| 4671282035 | Al-Razi | classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral | | 34 |
| 4671282036 | Al-Biruni | 11th c. scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals | | 35 |
| 4671282037 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | | 36 |
| 4671282038 | Al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions | | 37 |
| 4671282039 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | | 38 |
| 4671282040 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | | 39 |
| 4671282041 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | | 40 |
| 4671282042 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | | 41 |
| 4671282043 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire | | 42 |
| 4671282044 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | | 43 |
| 4671282045 | Mahmud of Ghazni | ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century | | 44 |
| 4671282046 | Muhammad of Ghur | Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India | | 45 |
| 4671282047 | Sati | Hindu ritual for burning widows with their deceased husbands | | 46 |
| 4671282048 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses-- especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali | | 47 |
| 4671282049 | Kabir | 15th c. Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam | | 48 |
| 4671282050 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | | 49 |
| 4671282051 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | | 50 |
| 4671282052 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions | | 51 |
| 4671282053 | Stateless societies | societies of varying sizes organized through kingship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states | | 52 |
| 4671282054 | Maghrib | Arabic term fro northwestern Africa | | 53 |
| 4671282055 | Almoravids | a puritanical Islamic movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain | | 54 |
| 4671282056 | Almohadis | a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain | | 55 |
| 4671282057 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa | | 56 |
| 4671282058 | Sahel | the extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; an exchange region between the forests in the south and north of Africa | | 57 |
| 4671282059 | Sudanic states | states trading with north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways | | 58 |
| 4671282060 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | | 59 |
| 4671282061 | Juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa | | 60 |
| 4671282062 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | | 61 |
| 4671282063 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | | 62 |
| 4671282064 | Kankan Musa | (c. 1312-1337) made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the 14th c. that became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way | | 63 |
| 4671282065 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | | 64 |
| 4671282066 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | | 65 |
| 4671282067 | Hausa states | states, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs | | 66 |
| 4671282068 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | | 67 |
| 4671282069 | Demographic transition | the change from slow to rapid population growth; often associated with industrialization; occurred first in Europe and is more characteristic of the "developed world" | | 68 |
| 4671282070 | Nok | central Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style flourishing between 500 BCE and 200 CE | | 69 |
| 4671282071 | Yoruba | highly urbanized Nigerian agriculturists organized into small city-states, as Oyo, under the authority of regional divine kings presiding over elaborate courts | | 70 |
| 4671282072 | Luba | peoples, in Katanga, created a form of divine kingship where the ruler had powers ensuring fertility of people and crops | | 71 |
| 4671282073 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | | 72 |
| 4671282074 | Justinian | 6th c Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law | | 73 |
| 4671282075 | Body of Civil Law | Justinian's codification of Roman Law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life | | 74 |
| 4671282076 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | | 75 |
| 4671282077 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | | 76 |
| 4671282078 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | | 77 |
| 4671282079 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | | 78 |
| 4671282080 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | | 79 |
| 4671282081 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | | 80 |
| 4671282082 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | | 81 |
| 4671282083 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | | 82 |
| 4671282084 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | | 83 |
| 4671282085 | Yaroslav | (975-1054); last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes | | 84 |
| 4671282086 | Boyars | Russian land-holding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts | | 85 |
| 4671282087 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | | 86 |
| 4671282088 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | | 87 |
| 4671282089 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | | 88 |
| 4671282090 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | | 89 |
| 4671282091 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | | 90 |
| 4671282092 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | | 91 |
| 4671282093 | Moldboard | adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils | | 92 |
| 4671282094 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | | 93 |
| 4671282095 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | | 94 |
| 4671282096 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | | 95 |
| 4671282097 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | | 96 |
| 4671282098 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | | 97 |
| 4671282099 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | | 98 |
| 4671282100 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | | 99 |
| 4671282101 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | | 100 |
| 4671282102 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from the 10th c; developed a strong central monarchy | | 101 |
| 4671282103 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | | 102 |
| 4671282104 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | | 103 |
| 4671282105 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | | 104 |
| 4671282106 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | | 105 |
| 4671282107 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | | 106 |
| 4671282108 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | | 107 |
| 4671282109 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th c founder of a woman's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic Church | | 108 |
| 4671282110 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | | 109 |
| 4671282111 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | | 110 |
| 4671282112 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | | 111 |
| 4671282113 | Troubadours | poets in 14th c southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition | | 112 |
| 4671282114 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | | 113 |
| 4671282115 | Jacques Coeur | 15th c French merchant; his career as banker to the French monarchy demonstrates new course of medieval commerce | | 114 |
| 4671282116 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | | 115 |
| 4671282117 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | | 116 |
| 4671282118 | Indian | misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans | | 117 |
| 4671282119 | Toltecs | nomadic peoples from beyond northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice | | 118 |
| 4671282120 | Aztecs | the Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that penetrated into the sedentary zone of the Mesoamerican plateau after the fall of the Toltecs; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco | | 119 |
| 4671282121 | Tenochtitlan | founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoc; became center of Aztec power | | 120 |
| 4671282122 | Calpulli | clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | | 121 |
| 4671282123 | Chinampas | beds of aquatic weeks,mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs | | 122 |
| 4671282124 | Pochteca | merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items | | 123 |
| 4671282125 | Inca socialism | an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole | | 124 |
| 4671282126 | Inca | group of clans (ayllu) centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes during the 15th c; also title of the ruler | | 125 |
| 4671282127 | Pachacuti | Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaign that marked the creation of an Inca empire | | 126 |
| 4671282128 | Huayna Capac | Inca ruler (1493-1527); brought the empire to its greatest extent | | 127 |
| 4671282129 | Split inheritance | Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy | | 128 |
| 4671282130 | Curacas | local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty | | 129 |
| 4671282131 | Tambos | way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages | | 130 |
| 4671282132 | Quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | | 131 |
| 4671282133 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | | 132 |
| 4671282134 | Wendi | member of prominent northern Chinese family during the era of Six Dynasties; established Sui dynasty in 589, with support from northern nomadic peoples | | 133 |
| 4671282135 | Li Yuan | Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over the empire after the assassination of Yangdi; 1st Tang ruler | | 134 |
| 4671282136 | Ministry of Public Rites | administered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty | | 135 |
| 4671282137 | Jinshi | title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office | | 136 |
| 4671282138 | Chan Buddhism | call Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite | | 137 |
| 4671282139 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | | 138 |
| 4671282140 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | | 139 |
| 4671282141 | Khitan nomads | founded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture | | 140 |
| 4671282142 | Zhao Kuangyin | general who founded Song dynasty; took royal name of Taizu | | 141 |
| 4671282143 | Zhu Xi | most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life | | 142 |
| 4671282144 | Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song ruler in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalism; advocated greater state intervention in society | | 143 |
| 4671282145 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | | 144 |
| 4671282146 | Jurchens | founders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forces Song to flee south | | 145 |
| 4671282147 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | | 146 |
| 4671282148 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | | 147 |
| 4671282149 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | | 148 |
| 4671282150 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | | 149 |
| 4671282151 | Bi Sheng | 11th c artisan; devised technique of printing with movable type; made it possible for China to be the most contemporary literate civilziation | | 150 |
| 4671282152 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | | 151 |
| 4671282153 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | | 152 |
| 4671282154 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | | 153 |
| 4671282155 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | | 154 |
| 4671282156 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | | 155 |
| 4671282157 | Gempei wars | Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age | | 156 |
| 4671282158 | Bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | | 157 |
| 4671282159 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | | 158 |
| 4671282160 | Hojo | a warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor | | 159 |
| 4671282161 | Ashikaga Takuaji | member of Minamoto family; overthrew KamaKura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino | | 160 |
| 4671282162 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | | 161 |
| 4671282163 | Choson | earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 BCE | | 162 |
| 4671282164 | Koguryo | tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification | | 163 |
| 4671282165 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | | 164 |
| 4671282166 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | | 165 |
| 4671282167 | Trung Sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society | | 166 |
| 4671282168 | Khmers and Chams | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi | | 167 |
| 4671282169 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | | 168 |
| 4671282170 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | | 169 |
| 4671282171 | Tumens | basic fighting units of Mongol forces; made up of 10,000 cavalrymen divided into smaller units | | 170 |
| 4671282172 | Tangut | rulers of Xi-Xia kingdom of northwest China; during the southern Song period; conquered by Mongols in 1226 | | 171 |
| 4671282173 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | | 172 |
| 4671282174 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | | 173 |
| 4671282175 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | | 174 |
| 4671282176 | Prester John | a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan | | 175 |
| 4671282177 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | | 176 |
| 4671282178 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | | 177 |
| 4671282179 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | | 178 |
| 4671282180 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | | 179 |
| 4671282181 | Chabi | influential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China | | 180 |
| 4671282182 | Nestorians | Asian Christian sect; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | | 181 |
| 4671282183 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | | 182 |
| 4671282184 | Ju Yuanzhang | Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty | | 183 |
| 4671282185 | Timur-i-Lang | last major nomad leader; 14th c, known to the West as Tamerlane; Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 | | 184 |
| 4671282186 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | | 185 |
| 4671282187 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | | 186 |
| 4671282188 | Zheng He | Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean | | 187 |
| 4671282189 | Renaissance | cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages | | 188 |
| 4671282190 | Portugal, Castile, and Aragon | regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda | | 189 |
| 4671282191 | Vivaldi brothers | Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic | | 190 |
| 4671282192 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince; sponsored Atlantic voyages; reflected the forces present in last postclassical Europe | | 191 |
| 4671282193 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | | 192 |
