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Barron's SAT 2 Math Terms and Formulae Flashcards

2376616087	Domain	Input numbers, the x-values of a function	0
2376616532	Range	Output numbers, the y-values of a function	1
2376618025	Function	A process that changes a set of input numbers into a set of output numbers. One input number will always produce the same output number.	2
2376621319	Relation	The association between two variables. Does not have to be a function since a function is a special type of relation.	3
2376624644	(f + g)(x)	f(x) + g(x)	4
2376625687	(f - g)(x)	f(x) - g(x)	5
2376627266	(f * g)(x)	f(x) * g(x)	6
2376631664	(f / g)(x)	f(x) / g(x), g(x) ≠ 0	7
2376635534	(f * g)(x) (Composition of Functions)	f(g(x))	8
2376636484	(g * f)(x) (Composition of Functions)	g(f(x))	9
2376641173	Inverse	Denoted by a ⁻¹. Relation that has the property where (f⁻¹ * f)(x) = (f * f⁻¹)(x) = x. If inverse of a function is not a function, you can make it one by limiting the domain. Reflection of original function over line x=y.	10
2376655119	Even (function)	If f(-x)=f(x) for all domain. Outputs are equal for opposite inputs.	11
2376660573	Odd (function)	If f(-x)=-f(x) for all domain. Outputs are opposite for opposite inputs.	12
2376930226	Linear Function	mx + b graph of a line	13
2376933327	Slope of a line	(y₂ - y₁)/(x₂ - x₁)	14
2376934592	Y-intercept	b (value of y when x is zero)	15
2376936737	point-slope form	y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)	16
2376939573	General Equation or Standard Form	Ax + By = C	17
2376942018	Slope (Standard Form)	-A/B	18
2376942569	y-intercept (Standard Form)	C/B	19
2376944497	Distance Formula	√(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²	20
2376946457	Midpoint	((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2)	21
2376985471	Quadratic	Polynomial where the largest exponent is 2. Standard is ax²+bx+c.	22
2376988721	X-coordinate of the vertex of parabola (Quadratic)	h= -b/2a	23
2376991271	Y-coordinate of the vertex of parabola (Quadratic)	k = (4ac-b²)/4a	24
2377128955	Multiplicity	Number of times a particular value appears as the root of a polynomial.	25
2377140309	Fundamental Theory of Algebra	The sum of the multiplicities is the number of roots in a polynomial They are both equal to the degree of the polynomial.	26
2377161021	a³ + b³	(a + b) (a² - ab + b²)	27
2377162510	a³ - b³	(a - b) (a² + ab + b²)	28
2377200181	Rational Roots	p/q p is factor of the constant at the end. q is factor of the constant in front of the x value with the largest integer.	29
2380440585	Law of Sines	sin A/a = sin B/b = sin C/c	30
2380441314	Law of Cosines	a² = b² + c² - 2 b c cos A b² = a² + c² - 2 a c cos B c² = a² + b² - 2 a b cos C	31
2380506280	Area of a Triangle with Sine	area = 1/2 ab sin C area = 1/2 bc sin A area = 1/2 ca sin B	32
2380570569	sin θ	y/r	33
2380570570	cos θ	x/r	34
2380570571	tan θ	y/x	35
2380570572	cot θ	x/y	36
2380570573	sec θ	r/x	37
2380570815	csc θ	r/y	38
2381512188	sin² θ + cos² θ	1	39
2381513387	1 + tan² θ	sec² θ	40
2381515466	cot² θ + 1	csc² θ	41
2381518548	length of arc s	rθ	42
2381519045	area of circle sector	(1/2)r² θ	43
2381572184	trig function	y = A * trig(Bx + C) + D	44
2381588588	Amplitude	Vertical dilation, value is \|A\|	45
2381589511	Phase Shift	-C/B, the horizontal translation	46
2381590368	Period	Horizontal dilation, Period of the parent function divided by B	47
2381594251	Vertical Translation	D	48
2381598996	csc x (Reciprocal)	1/(sin x)	49
2381599266	sec x (Reciprocal)	1/(cos x)	50
2381599267	cot x (Reciprocal)	1/(tan x)	51
2381599589	sin x (Cofunction)	cos (π/2 -x)	52
2381600410	cos x (Cofunction)	sin (π/2 -x)	53
2381600411	sec x (Cofunction)	csc (π/2 -x)	54
2381602481	csc x (Cofunction)	sec (π/2 -x)	55
2381602805	tan x (Cofunction)	cot (π/2 -x)	56
2381603676	cot x (Cofunction)	tan (π/2 -x)	57
2381605414	sin 2x	2(sin x)(cos x)	58
2381605684	cos 2x	cos²x - sin²x 2 cos²x -1 1 - 2 sin²x	59
2408735601	Natural Logaritm	The inverse of eⁿ or ln x.	60
2412743507	Translation	Only moves the graph around the coordinate plane. Using addition	61
2412746340	Stretching/Shrinking	Changing the scale can change the shape of the graph. Accomplished by multiplication and division.	62
2412748542	Reflection	Keeps shape and size of graph but changes its orientation. Accomplished by negation.	63
2412754022	Vertical Transformation	Occur when adding, multiplying, or negating happens after the function is applied (to the y).	64
2412756508	Horizontal Transformation	Occur when adding, multiplying, or negating happens before the function is applied (to the x).	65
2413008169	Order of transformation	Reflect, change scale, then translate.	66
2413056110	Parabola	x-orientation: (y - k)² = 4p(x - h) y-orientation: (x - h)² = 4p(y - k)	67
2413086445	Focus: Parabola	Point that all points on parabola are equidistant to x-orientation: (h + p, k) y-orientation: (h, k + p)	68
2413087322	Directrix: Parabola	Line that all points on parabola are equidistant to x-orientation: x = h - p y-orientation: x = k - p	69
2413091079	Vertex	Center of the parabola x-orientation: (h, k) y-orientation: (h, k)	70
2413128086	Ellipse	x-orientation: (x - h)²/a² + (y - k)²/b² = 1 where a²>b² y-orientation: (x - h)²/b² + (y - k)²/a² = 1 where a²>b²	71
2413178806	Center: Ellipse	(h, k)	72
2413200874	Major Axis: Ellipse	x-orientation: Points are (h - a, k) and (h + a, k) 2a units long y-orientation: Points are (h , k - a) and (h , k + a) 2a units long	73
2413204261	Minor Axis: Ellipse	x-orientation: Points are (h , k - b) and (h , k + b) 2b units long y-orientation: Points are (h - b, k) and (h + b, k) 2b units long	74
2413207866	Foci (focus): Ellipse	Distance of c = √a² - b² from the center x-orientation: (h - c, k) and (h + c, k) y-orientation: (h, k - c) and (h, k + c)	75
2413226764	Hyperbola	x-orientation: (x - h)²/a² - (y - k)²/b² = 1 y-orientation: (y - k)²/a² - (x - h)²/b² = 1	76
2413234998	Center: Hyperbola	(h, k)	77
2413234999	Transverse Axis: Hyperbola	Axis is line connecting these two points, horizontal x-orientation: (h - a, k) and (h + a, k) 2a units long y-orientation: (h , k - a) and (h , k + a) 2a units long	78
2413235000	Foci: Hyperbola	Distance of c = √a² - b² from the center x-orientation: (h - c, k) and (h + c, k) y-orientation: (h, k - c) and (h, k + c)	79
2413291038	Conjugate Axis: Hyperbola	Axis is line connecting these two points, horizontal x-orientation: Points are (h , k - b) and (h , k + b) 2b units long y-orientation: Points are (h - b, k) and (h + b, k) 2b units long	80
2413291039	Asymptotes: Hyperbola	x-orientation: y - k = ±(b / a)(x - h) y-orientation: y - k = ±(a / b)(x - h)	81
2413349871	Eccentricity	A measure of the degree or elongation of an ellipse or hyperbola. (c / a) Ellipse: The closer c is to a, the more circular the ellipse. Hyperbola: The farther c is from a, the more elongated the hyperbola.	82
2413444755	Polar Coordinate	(r, θ)	83
2413460093	x (polar)	r cos θ	84
2413465518	y (polar)	r sin θ	85
2413465519	x² + y² (polar)	r²	86
2474234403	What is the modulus of an complex number? a + bi	√a² + b²	87
2475434087	Determinant of a 2x2 martix	ad - bc	88
2475499721	Sequence	A function with domain consisting of the natural numbers.	89
2475500180	Series	Sum of terms of a sequence	90
2475602997	Sum of an infinite geometric series	a₁/(1-r)	91
2475665920	Resultant of Vector V (v₁,v₂) and Vector U (u₁,u₂)	(v₁ + u₁, v₂ + u₂)	92
2479367945	The magnitude or norm of Vector V (v₁,v₂)	√v₁² + v₂²	93
2479505712	z-score	data value = x mean of values = X standard deviation = s (x-X)/s	94

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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 17 Flashcards

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3254167031	John Tyler	(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was a former Democrat. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.	0
3254167032	John Slidell	A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico	1
3254168627	Winfield Scott	Old Fuss and Feathers, marched on Mexico City in 1847, considered to be the ablest general of his generation	2
3254168628	Zachary Taylor	(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.	3
3254169672	Nicholas P. Trist	Chief clerk in the State Department, was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with a defeated Mexico in 1847. Before he could open negotiations he was summoned to return, but he ignored the order and stayed to negotiate the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.	4
3254169673	James K. Polk	11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration	5
3254169674	Stephen W. Kearny	General that led a detachment of 17,000 troops over the Santa fe Tail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. Secured California for the US.	6
3254170845	David Wilmot	Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories	7
3254170846	John C. Frémont	an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.	8
3254170847	William Henry Harrison	(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.	9
3254172190	Santa Anna	Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)	10
3254172191	joint resolution	A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president	11
3254172192	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	12
3254173817	Fiscal Bank	new bank of the United States proposed by Henry Clay but vetoed by Tyler	13
3254173818	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition	14
3254173819	Tariff of 1842	A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost.	15
3254175146	"conscience" Whigs	Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.	16
3254175147	Bear Flag revolt	A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.	17
3254182290	The Caroline	American ship that was carrying military supplies to the rebelling Canadians when it was sunk by a British ship	18
3254183627	Hudson's Bay Company	the oldest company in Canada. controlled most of the fur trade and owned Rupert's land.	19
3254184823	Californios	Descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.	20
3254184824	Liberty party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848	21
3254184825	Aroostook War	Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook Rive in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn - Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.	22
3254184857	Walker Tariff	1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.	23
3254187126	Wilmot Proviso	1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico	24
3254187127	Whigs	The party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. They promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Reaching its height of popularity in the 1830s, they disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s.	25
3254187128	Oregon fever	1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.	26
3254188417	Maine	The Webster-Ashburton Treaty established the border of this eastern state	27
3254188418	Rio Grande	Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.	28
3254204252	Creole	Person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendent of Spanish settlers	29
3254206347	"Fifty-four fourty or fight"	A slogan used in the 1844 presidential campaign as a call for the U.S. annexation of the Oregon territory	30
3254209270	spot resolutions	Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.	31
3254209271	California Bear Flag Republic	(1846) Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.	32
3254211400	Battle of Buena Vista	(1847) Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.	33
3254211401	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected	34

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The American Pageant 15th Edition Chapter 8 Key Terms and People to Know Flashcards

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3070325642	Second Continental Congress	(1755-1781) representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies; drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed colonial war effort	0
3070335727	Battle of Bunker Hill	(June 1775) fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British	1
3070343186	Olive Branch Petition	(July 1775) conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities; King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion	2
3070366218	Hessians	German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection; this hardened the resolve of American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters	3
3070373596	Common Sense	(1776) Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government; the widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution	4
3070387280	Declaration of Independence	(July 4, 1776) formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress; the declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide	5
3070398243	Declaration of the Rights of Man	(1789) declaration of rights adopted during the French Revolution; modeled after American Declaration of Independence	6
3070402378	loyalists	American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as 'Tories'	7
3070406303	patriots	colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as 'Whigs'	8
3070410434	Battle of Long Island	(August 1776) battle for the control of New York; British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war	9
3070415213	Battle of Trenton	(December 1776) George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the moral of his crestfallen army and setting stage for victory at Princeton a week later	10
3070425438	Battle of Saratoga	(October 1777) decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary War	11
3070431181	Model Treaty	(1776) sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats; reflected the American's desire to foster commercial partnerships than political or military entanglements	12
3070472199	Armed Neutrality	(1780) loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American Independence	13
3070478665	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	(1784) treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio Country to the Americans	14
3070482921	privateers	privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War; privateers, more numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers	15
3070492443	Battle Of Yorktown	(October 1781) George Washington, with the aid of the French army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore; Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace	16
3070511425	Treaty of Paris	(1783) peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War; the British formally recognized American Independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors	17
3070603163	Ethan Allen	A soldier during the American Revolution who commanded a small force of American troops, captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in 1775. This secured a large amount of gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston.	18
3070607180	Benedict Arnold	An American General who prevented the British from taking Ticonderoga. He later defected to the British army and was named a traitor	19
3070609457	Richard Montgomery	A former British officer who defected to the Americans. He is most well-known for his failed invasion of Canada in 1775. He was killed in the battle for Quebec	20
3070611457	Thomas Paine	The author of "Common Sense"	21
3070617953	Richard Henry Lee	Delegate to the Continental Congress who was among the first to call out for independence.	22
3070619834	Lord Charles Cornwallis	General in charge of the British forces during the Battle of Yorktown	23
3070623323	William Howe	British General who was in command at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He did not like the "rigors" of winter warfare and made several tactical errors	24
3070625843	John ("Gentleman Johnny") Burgoyne	British General who worked his way down from Canada and was defeated at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777	25
3070629286	Benjamin Franklin	A skilled inventor, artisan, and founding father. He was well respected in Europe & a diplomat	26
3070631621	Comte de Rochambeau	French General who assisted the Americans at the Battle of Yorktown on the land battle	27
3070633781	Nathanael Greene	American-born General who used guerrilla warfare against the British	28
3070636848	Joseph Brant	Mohawk Indian leader who led ferocious raids against the American frontier	29
3070638809	George Rogers Clark	A frontiersman in 1778, he captured the British forts in Illinois (Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes). Some argue that it was because of his actions that the British ceded this area to the United States at the Treaty of Paris	30
3070640385	Admiral de Grasse	French General who attacked from the sea in the Battle of Yorktown	31

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American Pageant Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1387199313	cotton	the product that accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840	0
1387199314	mountain whites	the southern whites who lived in the valleys of the Appalachian range that stretched from western Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama who were independent farmers that hated both the southern aristocrats and their slaves	1
1387199315	Frederick Douglass	the black abolitionist and self-educated orator who increasingly looked to politics to solve the slavery problem	2
1387199316	West Africa Squadron	the British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 that intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans	3
1387199317	black belt	the area of the Deep South that stretched from South Carolina and Georgia into the new southwest states where most slaves were concentrated by 1860	4
1387199318	Denmark Vesey	a free black who led a rebellion in Charleston, SC in 1822 which led him and more than thirty followers to be publicly strung from the gallows	5
1387199319	Nat Turner's Rebellion	the uprising led by a visionary black preacher that slaughtered about sixty Virginians, mostly women and children	6
1387199320	Amistad	the Spanish slave ship on which enslaved Africans rebelled and attempted to sail back to Africa, but were driven ashore on Long Island and finally secured their freedom with the help of former president John Quincy Adams	7
1387199321	American Colonization Society	the group founded in 1817 with the purpose of focusing on transporting freed blacks back to Africa	8
1387199322	Liberia	the republic established on the fever-stricken West African coast for former slaves, with its capital, Monrovia, named after President Monroe	9
1387199323	Theodore Dwight Weld	the abolitionist, inspired by Charles Grandison Finney, who assembled a potent propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as It Is	10
1387199324	Lyman Beecher	the abolitionist who ran Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio	11
1387199325	William Lloyd Garrison	the abolitionist who published his militantly antislavery newspaper The Liberator and was of the most radical abolitionists	12
1387199326	American Anti-Slavery Society	the abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery	13
1387199327	Wendell Phillips	the Boston patrician known as "abolition's golden trumpet," and who would eat not cane sugar and wear no cotton cloth, since both were produced by southern slaves	14
1387199328	David Walker	the author of Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which advocated a bloody end to white supremacy	15
1387199329	Sojourner Truth	a freed black woman who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights	16
1387199330	Martin Delany	one of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of the mass recolonization of Africa who visited West Africa's Niger Valley seeking a suitable site for relocation	17
1387199331	Gag Resolution	the House's requiring of all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate	18
1387199332	Cotton Kingdom	the term for the ante-bellum South that emphasized its economic dependence on a single staple product	19
1387199333	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's powerful 1852 novel that focused on slavery's cruel effects in separating black family members from one another	20
1387199334	free soilers	the northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical immediate abolitionism, but fought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories	21
1387199335	Mason-Dixon line	the line across the southern boundary of Pennsylvania that formed the boundary between free states and slave states in the east	22
1387199336	Lane Rebels	the group of theology students, led by Weld, who were expelled from their seminary for abolitionist activity and later became leading preachers of the anti-slavery gospel	23
1387199337	William Wilberforce	the British evangelical Christian reformer who in 1833 achieved the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies	24
1387199338	Lewis Tappan	the wealthy New York abolitionist merchant whose hoe was ransacked by a proslavery mob in 1834	25
1387199339	Elijah Lovejoy	the Illinois editor whose death at the hands of a mob made him an abolitionist martyr	26

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Animal Nutrition Ch. 41 Flashcards

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2717896078	____ feed on plant matter	herbivores	0
2717902337	____ get nutrients from consuming animals living and nonliving	carnivores	1
2717902770	____ are what we are, food taken into body and processed as nutrients	omnivores	2
2717929923	three dietary nutritional requirements: -what a diet needs to be able to do	1 derive chemical energy from food 2 provide organic molecules 3 essential nutrients	3
2717937761	chemical energy is used for ______ production	ATP	4
2717953181	we get ___ ATP from one molecules of glucose	32	5
2717938597	organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids ) are raw materials for ______	biosynthesis	6
2717955642	____ is living organisms producing new organic molecules	biosynthesis	7
2717940031	essential nutrients are the building blocks used to build our _______	polymers	8
2717942033	_____ are preassembled organic molecules and minerals that must come from diet	essential nutrients	9
2717942557	essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals that must come from ______	diet	10
2717963662	minerals that animals are not able to produce on there own	essential nutrients	11
2717943174	essential nutrients consist of _____, _____,_____ and _____	AA, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals	12
2717944283	essential nutrients are required for ______ pathways	biosynthetic	13
2717946000	_____ are amino acids that cannot be assembled by animals itself -these must come from something else	essential amino acids	14
2717967747	essential amino acids must be consumed _____	daily	15
2717967959	infants require ____ essential AA	9	16
2717966397	we have ______ AA	20	17
2717951463	humans have ____ essential amino acids	8	18
2717960321	complete proteins are ______	animal proteins	19
2717968855	_______ proteins provide all of the essential amino acids	complete	20
2717960322	incomplete proteins are from ______	plant proteins	21
2717969868	____ provide all 8 of those essential AA	soy beans	22
2717978464	the plasma membrane of essential nutrients are made of _____	fatty acids	23
2717979486	____ are organic compounds required in very small amounts	vitamins	24
2717979696	_____ are water soluble that will be flushed	vitamins	25
2717979697	____ are fat soluble that will be stored in tissue of body	vitamins	26
2717981659	_____ are inorganic nutrients required in small amounts -iron and sulfur	minerals	27
2717988948	taking food into the mouth is ____	ingestion	28
2717989433	_____ feeders are in aquatic env. -filtering water out -any sessile animals feed this way	filter feeding	29
2717992687	____ feeders live in or on food source EX: caterpillars live on leaf	substrate feeding	30
2717993628	_____ feeders have a modified mouth part that allows them to pierce host and abstract nutrients EX: mosquitos and aphids	fluid feeding	31
2717997189	____ feeders eat large pieces of food EX: we are, pythons	bulk feeding	32
2718001691	_____ digestion occurs within food vacuoles inside cell itself	intracellular digestion	33
2718001692	intracellular digestion occurs within ______ inside cell itself	food vacuoles	34
2718001693	_____ digestion is the breakdown in compartments contiguous with outside of animal body -outside the tissue of animals	extracellular digestion	35
2718008087	____ is open to the outside world for extracellular digestion -when we take food in it passes through this and the food will pass through chemicals and enzymes to be able to break it down -not part of animals tissue	alimentary canal	36
2718012774	we grind food to increase ______ so digestion enzymes have more area to work on	surface area	37
2718018741	_____ secrete digestive juices to facilitate break down of digestion	accessory glands	38
2718019786	____ glands are the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salanary glands,	accessory glands	39
2718020184	food will be propelled through digestive system by ______	peristalsis	40
2718021105	____ are wave like muscular contractions that push material through digestive track -are smooth muscle	peristalsis	41
2718022267	peristalsis is ____ muscle	smooth	42
2718022924	____ are muscular ring like vowels used to control movement through digestive track	sphincters	43
2718024422	ingestion occurs through ______	oral cavity	44
2718025890	in the oral cavity we see _____ digestion occurring with the secretion of saliva -associated with breaking the food apart with different enzymes	chemical digestion	45
2718027367	____ is the enzymes that breaks down starch in oral cavity of saliva	amylase	46
2718030686	_____ in saliva in oral cavity this is the lubricant, keeps things moving	mucus	47
2718031262	____ in the salvia in oral cavity, inhibits any acids in food and bacteria	buffers	48
2718033397	___ in saliva in oral cavity works on bacteria to clean up -bacteria killer	lysozyme	49
2718033650	tongue has 2 jobs	taste and shape	50
2718036981	in the oral cavity we see ____ digestion occurring in the mouth where the shredding food will be happening -mastication	mechanical digestion	51
2718041750	we have ____ teeth used bite shred and grind food (mastication)	32	52
2718043589	carnivore teeth are ____ these are our predators	sharp	53
2718044254	_____ are the mix of food and saliva that will shape into a ball -swallow and move down esophagus	bolus	54
2718045571	the ____ is the tongue region	pharynx	55
2718047207	there are two openings in the pharynx these are the ____ and _____	trachea and esophagus	56
2718050965	___ is the opening to the lungs -windpipe this will be ventral to the esophagus	trachea	57
2718051356	_____ is the food and water tube	esophagus	58
2718053532	in the esophagus there are peristaltic movement to propel the _____	bollus	59
2718054042	the ____ is the continuation of chemical digestion from mouth	esophagus	60
2718054314	the esophagus is ______ muscle	smooth	61
2718059454	______ is located below the diaphragm	stomach	62
2718060837	the ____ stores food (has sphincters)	stomach	63
2718061209	the folds in stomach increase ______	surface area	64
2718063907	_____ produces gastric juices	stomach	65
2718064609	stomach produces _______ juices	gastric	66
2718067944	chemical digestion in stomach begins with _______ digestion	protein	67
2718068909	gastric juices in stomach contain (2)	1) hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2) pepsin	68
2718075256	____ is going to disrupt the ECM of foods we eat -located in stomach -maintains ph of 2, its going to break down proteins	HCl hydrochloric acids	69
2718077773	___ is going to work best in strong acidic env. in stomach -see protease and pepsinogen	pepsin	70
2718078582	Cl + HCl will come in contact with ______ to form of transformation to ______	pepsinogen to form pepsin	71
2718080495	____ an inactive form protects stomach lining	pepsinogen	72
2718082806	pepsinogen is the _____ form but once comes in contact with HCl it will form ___ (continuing to cleave our proteins)	inactive pepsin	73
2718113726	the mechanical digestion in stomach is done by a ______ action every ____ sec. which will result in the food being tossed around the stomach lining absorbing all the nutrients needed	churning 20	74
2718113727	_____ is ingested food mixed w/ gastric juices in stomach -this will be released into the small intestines	chyme	75
2718113728	in the small intestine ____ is happening every ____ to ___ hrs	peristalsis 2-6 hrs	76
2718144478	____ is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal at about ______ ft	small intestine 20	77
2718145057	there are 3 regions of small intestine	1) duodenum 2) jejunum 3) Ileum	78
2718147754	_____ is the region of the small intestine that connected to stomach	Duodenum	79
2718148686	in the ___ of the small intestine digestion is still occurring	Duodenum	80
2718149772	the region where the small intestine attaches to the large intestine	Ileum	81
2718150582	___ are the regions in the small intestine where absorption is occurring	jejunum and ileum	82
2718151175	in the small intestine ____ digestion and ____ are occurring	chemical and absorption	83
2718155079	***_____ is where fat digestion occur?	small intestine	84
2718156075	***at the end of the small intestine there is nothing left to _______ -no organic molecules -left only water and undigested material (fiber)	digest	85
2718162481	chyme will be released through the stomach into the _____	pyloric valve	86
2718164489	digestive juices are from the ____ which produce bicarbonate and enzymes	pancreas	87
2718166592	the ___ produces bile	liver	88
2718166955	___ is fat emulsifier (separate into smaller drops) -salts	bile	89
2718168756	our body is going from _____ to _____ stomach to duodenum	acidic to basic	90
2718169332	____ stores and concentrates bile	gallbladder	91
2718169642	gallbladder stores and concentrates _____	bile	92
2718170243	______ produce digestive enzymes -continue protein digestion and carb -still digestion occurring	gland cells	93
2718175761	the jejunum and ileum are extremely folded we are going to see ____ which are finger-like projections of intestinal wall	Villi	94
2718177238	the jejunum and ileum there are ____ which are microscopic projections of epithelial cells lining intestinal lumen -absorption of nutrients are ACTUALLY occurring (nothing has come into body until __) -increase surface area within tube	microvilli	95
2718182243	Villi + _____ = 300 m2 (tennis court)	microvilli	96
2718182646	the large intestine is the _____ (wraps around small intestine)	colon	97
2718185730	____ is the pouch at junction of the small and large intestine -we will see fermentation occurring	cecum	98
2718192926	___ is the finger-like extension in large intestine , performing a minor immune function	appendix	99
2718194492	___ is the last region of large intestine leads back into anus	rectum	100
2718195213	___ reabsorbs water and compacts feces	colon	101
2718197431	our ___ is made up of cellulose fibers and bacteria	feces	102
2718198186	our feces is made up of _____ and _____	cellulose fibers and bacteria	103
2718199076	the bacteria in our feces makes up about ______	1/3 of dry weight	104
2718199546	bacteria in feces produce ____	gases	105
2718200283	bacteria in feces produce gases of ___ and _____	methane and hydrogen sulfide	106
2718200893	____ is the terminal portion of large intestine	rectum	107
2718201410	the rectum ---> ____	anus	108
2718202040	there are 2 sphincters of the rectum the inner is ____ and the outer is _____	involuntary voluntary	109

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The American Pageant 15th Edition Chapter 11 Key Terms and People to Know Flashcards

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3183742220	Revolution of 1800	electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency; the peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system	0
3183750445	patronage	a system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day; patronage was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republican party	1
3183768938	Judiciary Act of 1801	passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary	2
3183775863	midnight judges	(1801) federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency; their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act	3
3183784682	Marbury v. Madison	(1803) Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"- the idea that the Supreme Court had final authority to determine constitutionality	4
3183797547	Tripolitan War	(1801-1805) four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean; Jefferson, a staunch non-interventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli	5
3183816972	Haitian Revolution	(1791-1804) war incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas	6
3183827813	Louisiana Purchase	(1803) acquisition of Louisiana territory from France; the purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement	7
3183836070	Corps of Discovery	(1804-1806) team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana territory and find a water route to the Pacific; Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West	8
3183855776	Orders in Council	(1806-1807) edicts issued by the British crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping; the French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties	9
3183863818	impressment	act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815; impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period	10
3183877830	Chesapeake Affair	(1807) conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo; the conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off of the coast of Virginia	11
3183891850	Embargo Act	(1807) enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign part; the embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809	12
3183904425	Non-Intercourse Act	(1809) passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but two of the belligerent nations, Britain and France; the Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect	13
3183920129	Macon's Bill No. 2	aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the non-repealing nation; when Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war	14
3183935175	war hawks	(1811-1812) Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain; largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier	15
3183951259	Battle of Tippecanoe	(1811) resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "The Prophet" at the hands of William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness; after the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States	16
3183963217	Thomas Jefferson	Leader of the Democratic-Republicans who ran for presidency in 1800 against John Adams, a Federalist, and was inaugurated on March 4, 1801. Became the victim of America's earliest "whispering campaigns". Considered his election a "return to the original spirit of Revolution" made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)	17
3183967389	Sally Hemings	A slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, who according to some historians, bore Jefferson's children	18
3183971389	Albert Gallatin	He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget	19
3183988883	John Marshall	Chief Justice, whom Adams had appointed to the Supreme Court and was also the cousin of Jefferson. He profoundly shaped the American legal system by being the judge in the Marbury v. Madison case and establishing judicial review. He served at Valley Forge during the Revolution and was a dedicated Federalist	20
3183999267	Samuel Chase	A Supreme Court justice who was so unpopular that Republicans named vicious dogs after him and in 1804, impeachment charges against Chase were voted by the House of Representatives- found not guilty of impeachment, this voting victory demonstrated the power of checks and balances	21
3184007998	Napoleon Bonaparte	Ruler of France, sold Louisiana to the Americans after receiving it from the Spanish. He deliberately provoked a war with Britain	22
3184014306	Robert R. Livingston	A French minister who joined forces with James Monroe to buy New Orleans and as much land to its east as they could get for a maximum of $10 million. They were instructed by Jefferson to do this	23
3184028620	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Led ex-slaves in a resistance. He was a military genius and did much to set up the sale of Louisiana to the U.S.	24
3184033494	Meriwether Lewis	Personal secretary of Jefferson and partnered with William Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase	25
3184037759	William Clark	A young army officer who was sent by Jefferson to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase with Meriwether Lewis. Their two and a half year expedition resulted in scientific observations, maps, and new knowledge	26
3184043675	Sacajawea	Native American who helped Lewis and Clark navigate on their journey of the Louisiana Territory	27
3184055911	Aaron Burr	Jefferson's first-term vice president who was dropped from the cabinet in Jefferson's second term. He joined with a group of Federalists to plot the secession of New England and New York, plotted to seperate the West from the East, and he was responsible for Hamilton's death	28
3184068036	James Wilkinson	Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed President Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot	29
3184074091	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812	30
3184077402	Tecumseh	A famous Shawnee Indian who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement; he was a gifted organizer and leader as well as a noted warrior	31
3184082109	Tenskwatawa ("the Prophet")	Brother of Tecumseh; together, he and his brother created a confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi	32

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b.

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2139169950	Fermentation	Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen	0
2139169951	Aerobic Respiration	Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel	1
2139169952	Cellular Respiration	Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes	2
2139169953	Redox Reactions	A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction	3
2139169954	Oxidation	The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction	4
2139169955	Reduction	The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction	5
2139169958	NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.	6
2139169959	Electron Transport Chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP	7
2139169960	Glycolysis	A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration	8
2139169961	The Citric Acid Cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.	9
2139169962	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration	10
2139169963	Substrate-level phosphorylation	The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism	11
2139169964	Acetyl CoA	Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	12
2139169966	ATP Synthase	A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	13
2139169967	Chemiosmosis	An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.	14
2139169968	Protonmotive Force	The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.	15
2139169969	Alcohol Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide	16
2139169970	Lactic Acid Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.	17

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Respiration Flashcards

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2222197092	Bronchioles	Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.	0
2222199108	medulla oblongata	Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.	1
2467025416	Nasal Passage	consists of the nose & mouth which help to filter & warm the air as it enters the pharynx	2
2467028416	Pleural Membranes	parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs	3
2467034666	Diaphragm	(anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities	4
2467038148	Intercostal Muscles	Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing	5
2492752703	systemic capillaries	capillaries in all the body tissues where gas exchange occurs internally (internal respiration)	6
2492760255	epiglottis	A flab of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea, or windpipe, during swallowing	7
2492763563	cilia	Hair-like projections on the cell surface used for locamotion or the movement of fluid over a cell.	8
2492774544	Alveoli	(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system.	9
2514940857	breathing	ventilation of air in and out of the lungs which is caused by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles	10
2514944967	external respiration	Occurs in the lungs and is the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 diffuses from the blood of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli.	11
2514954621	Internal respiration	Occurs throughout the body, it is the exchange of gases between the tissue and the blood of the systemic capillaries. O2 diffuses from the blood of the systemic capillaries into the tissue and CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the blood of the systemic capillaries.	12
2514963685	aerobic cellular respiration	It is the use of O2 gas by the cells to release energy from molecules such as glucose. CO2 and water are byproducts of this process	13
2593167435	larynx	The larynx contains the vocal chords which vibrate and produce sound when air passes through them.	14
2593173995	trachea	The epithelial cells of the trachea have cilia and produce mucous, this mucous traps particles in the air and the cilia beat upward remove theses particles. It also has rings of cartilage in its walls to hod it open and allow air to move through it freely.	15
2593187527	bronchi	the trachea branches into two bronchi, one goes into each lung. Like the trachea bronchi have cilia, mucous and rings of cartilage.	16
2593195854	exhalation	Is considered a passive phase of breathing since it involves the relaxation of muscles. When neurons and receptors are no longer stimulated impulses are no longer sent to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm relaxes moving upwards and the intercostal muscles relax allowing the rib cage to move in and down.	17
2615918319	atmospheric pressure	The downward pressure exerted by the weight of the overlying atmosphere.	18
2615947109	surfactant	An amphipathic molecule secreted by cells in the alveoli (type 2 alveolar cells) tha reducs surface tension on the inside of the alveolar walls. This prevents the alveoli from collapsing upon exhale and sticking together, thus reducing the effort required for inspiration.	19
2617686463	Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)	A compound made up of hemoglobin + CO2. It is one way CO2 exists in the blood (external & internal respiration)	20
2617688975	Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)	An enzyme that catalyzes the rapid interconversion of CO2 + H2O into Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-) and protons. (External & internal respiration)	21
2632130865	Glucose	The ingredient of respiration that provides the source of energy	22
2632130866	Anabolic	Building molecules up, as in phptosynthesis	23
2632130867	Catabolic	Breaking molecules down, as in respiration	24
2632130868	Atp	Adenosine triphosphate; the universal energy currency of cells.	25
2634252281	Pharynx	A passageway leading from behind the nasal cavity to the trachea.	26
2634255173	Inhalation	-Contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge chest cavity and draw air INTO the lungs	27
2634257212	Hemoglobin	An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.	28
2634258667	Pulmonary capillaries	A dense network of minute blood vessels that surround the alveoli, gas exchange occurs by diffusion.	29
2671027404	partial pressure	The contribution of an individual gas to the total ppressure of a mixture of gases. Partial pressures are used to describe the amounts of the various gases carried in the bloodstream.	30
2671029625	tidal volume	Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath	31
2671033315	vital capacity	The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.	32
2671034541	residual volume	Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation	33
2695940622	Oxygen	Cells of the body are supplied with this and is required for aerobic respiration.	34
2695943868	Pulmonary circulation	A part of external respiration where blood is transported throughout the lungs	35
2695945421	Systemic circulation	A part of internal respiration where blood is transported thought out the body	36
2695947206	Respiratory pathway	Pathway that extends from the nostrils to the alveoli of the lungs. Pathway allows air that is high in O2 to enter the lungs and allows air they is high is CO2 to leave the lungs.	37
2738790677	Gas exchange	Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon.	38
2738791568	Partial Pressure	The pressure that is exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses. A ha will diffuse from high to lower partial pressure. In the lungs an tissues O2 and CO2 diffuse from where partial pressure is higher to where it is lower.	39
2738794298	Surfactant	Secretions that coat the surface of the alveoli.	40
2738796673	Breathing control center	located in two regions of the brain, the medulla oblongata and the pons. Te medulla regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid, medulla adjust breathing rate and depth to match metabolic demands. The pons regulate the tempo.	41
2738801085	Bohr Shift	CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.	42
2752341536	Oxyhemoglobin	A bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.	43
2752343259	Carbon dioxide	Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood is the stimulant that the Medulla oblongata (respiratory control centre) responds to in order to signal the respiratory muscles to breathe.	44
2752343824	Lungs	Each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed.	45
2761131188	turbinate	A bone in the nose that is situated along the side wall of the nose and is covered by mucous membrane	46
2761131341	mucous	traps particles in the air	47
2761131721	thoracic cavity	within the trachea branches into two bronchi	48
2761132032	intrapleural space	space inbetween the two membranes	49
2761331636	carotid artery	supply oxygenated and nutrient filled blood to the head and neck regions of the body.	50
2761331845	vocal cords	create sounds	51
2761332737	aorta	carries and distributes oxygen rich blood to all arteries	52
2761332948	pulmonary vein	carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium	53
2765079812	reduced hemoglobin (HHb)	hemoglobin that is carrying hydrogen ions	54
2765085418	carbonic acid (H2CO3)	Bicarbonate Ions enter the RBC's to combine with hydrogen ions to form this substance, which thin splits into water and carbon dioxide	55
2782395372	Diffusion	The type of gas exchange of Internal Respiration.	56
2782396335	Nostrils	Where air enters through the nasal passage.	57
2782397059	Epithelial Cells	Provide mucous for the trachea.	58
2782398435	Rib Cage	When contracted, it aids in respiration.	59
2901464239	glottis	opening into the larynx	60
2901481719	bicarbonate ions(HCO3)	They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney.	61
2901492292	carotid bodies	Specialized receptors in carotid artery tissue that function to control blood pressure, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations	62
2901500504	aortic bodies	Specialized receptors in certain epithelial arterial tissue that function to control blood pressure, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations	63

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Chapter 11 American Pageant Flashcards

American Pageant Chapter 11

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343362311	Who split openly with President Adams?	The Hamilton wing of the Federalist Party	0
343362312	What was the most damaging blow to the Federalists?	The refusal of Adams to give them a rousing fight with France	1
343362313	What was Jefferson accused of by the federalists?	having robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund and fathering the children of his slaves.	2
343362314	Why was Jefferson not liked by the clergy?	he did not believe in god and separated the church from the state government.	3
343362315	What did Old ladies of Federalists families do fearing Jefferson's election?	Old ladies of Federalist families buried their bibles or hung them in wells.	4
343362316	By how much did Jefferson win the election of 1800?	73 to 65.	5
343362317	Why was Jeffersonian joy dampened?	Through a technicality Jefferson, the presidential candidate, and Burr, his vice presidential running mate, received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency.	6
343362318	What broke the deadlock in the Congress?	A few Federalists, despairing of electing Burr and hoping for moderation from Jefferson, refrained from voting.	7
343362319	What was John Adams the last of?	Federalist presidents	8
343362320	What was Jefferson's mission as he saw it?	To restore the republican experiment, to check thegrowth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	9
343362321	How did Jefferson get to the Capitol?	He spurned a horse-drawn coach and strode by foot to the Capitol from his boardinghouse.	10
343362322	What precedent did Jefferson start which was unbroken for 112 years?	Sending messages to Congress to be read by a clerk.	11
343362323	Why did he start the precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read by a clerk?	Jefferson was painfully conscious of his weak voice and unimpressive platform presence.	12
343362324	What did the naturalization law of 1802 do?	Reduced the unreasonable requirement of fourteen years of residence to the previous and more reasonable requirement of five years.	13
343362325	Who was Jefferson's Secretary to the treasury?	Albert Gallatin	14
343362326	What was one of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress?	The "deathbed" Judiciary Act of 1801 .	15
343362327	What are the midnight judges?	It was claimed that President Adams stayed up late into the night of his last day in office appointed the judges.	16
343362328	What did John Marshall do more than any other single figure?	Shaped the American Legal tradition	17
343362329	What experience made John marshal a lifelong federalist?	He had been painfully impressed with the drawbacks of feeble central authority.	18
343362330	Why did Marshall dismiss Marbury's law suit?	In order to avoid a political showdown.	19
343362331	How did Marshall explain his ruling?	Said that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional.	20
343362332	What did the Marbury v. Madison case establish?	The Judiciary Review	21
343362333	That is the Judiciary Review?	"judicial review''—the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality.	22
343362334	What was one of Jefferson's first actions as president?	To reduce the military establishment to a mere police force of twenty- five hundred officers and men.	23
343362335	What forced Jefferson's principles to bend?	Pirates of the North African Barbary States had long made a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean.	24
343362336	How did the pasha of Tripoli declare war on the U.S?	The pasha of Tripoli, dissatisfied with his share of protection money, informally declared war on the United States by cutting down the flagstaff of the American consulate.	25
343362337	How long did the U.S fight with Tripoli?	4 years.	26
343362338	How long did Jefferson succeed in extorting a treaty?	4 years	27
343362339	What is a Jeff?	Little coastal craft—"Jeffs'' or the "mosquito fleet,'' as they were contemptuously called.	28
343362340	Why did Jefferson send Madison to aid Livingston?	To quiet the clamor of the West, Jefferson moved decisively.	29
343362341	What was Jefferson's price ceiling on the Louisiana Purchase?	$10 million.	30
343362342	What two developments prompted napoleon to sell Louisiana?	He had failed in his efforts to reconquer the sugar-rich island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs. Second, Bonaparte was about to end the twenty-month lull in his deadly conflict with Britain.	31
343362343	For how much did we purchase the Louisiana Purchase for?	$15 million.	32
343362344	What did that come out to per acre?	3 cents per acre.	33
343362345	Who was sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase?	William Clark .	34
343362346	What did Zebulon M. Pike do?	Trekked to the headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1805-1806.	35
343362347	What did Burr do with a group of Federalist extremists?	Plot the secession of New England and New York.	36
343362348	Who exposed the conspiracy of Burr and the extremists?	Alexander Hamilton	37
343362349	What was Burr's response to being exposed to conspiracy?	Burr Challenged Hamilton to a duel.	38
343362350	What did Hamilton refuse to do?	Shoot Burr	39
343362351	What did Burr and Wilkinson plan to do?	he and Wilkinson apparently planned to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida.	40
343362352	What happened to Burr after being arrested for treason?	Burr was acquitted and fled to Europe, where he urged Napoleon to make peace with Britain and launch a joint invasion of America.	41
343362353	By how many votes did win the election of 1804?	162 to 14	42
343362354	What happened to the Battle of Trafalgar?	One-eyed Horatio Lord Nelson defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain,	43
343362355	What were the results of the Battle of Austerlitz?	At the Battle of Austerlitz in Austria—the Battle of the Three Emperors—Napoleon crushed the combined Austrian and Russian armies.	44
343362356	What was another name for the Battle of Auzterlitz?	Battle of Three Emperors.	45
343362357	What did the orders in council state?	The orders in council claimed European ports under French control to foreign shipping.	46
343362358	What is Impressment?	...	47
343362359	What did the Embargo Act of 1807 do?	This rigorous law forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or in foreign ships.	48
343362360	Why did the embargo collapse after fifteen dismal months?	First of all, he underestimated the bulldog determination of the British, as others have, and overestimated the dependence of both belligerents on America's trade. More critically, perhaps, Jefferson miscalculated the unpopularity of such a self- crucifying weapon and the difficulty of enforcing it.	49
343362361	Who became the 4th president of the United States?	James Madison	50
343362362	Who were the war hawks?	Southerners desperate for war with Britain	51
343362363	Who are Tecumseh and the prophet?	Two remarkable Shawnee brothers who attempted to gather Indian tribes and conquer the whites.	52
343362364	What happened at the Battle of Tippecanoe?	The Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison a national hero. It also discredited the Prophet and drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British. When America's war with Britain came, Tecumseh fought fiercely for the redcoats until his death in 1813 at the Battle of the Thames. With him perished the dream of an Indian confederacy.	53
343362365	What did Madison believe by the spring of 1812?	War with Britain was inevitable	54
343362366	Why did Madison turn to war overall?	In order to restore confidence in the republican experiment	55
343362367	What were votes in the Congress on a Declaration of war against England?	House : 79 to 49, Senate : 19 to 13	56
343362368	Why should seafaring New England oppose the war for a free sea?	pro-British Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans' sympathy with Napoleon, whom they regarded as the "Corsican butcher" and the "anti-Christ of the age."	57
343362369	Why did the colonists oppose the acquisition of Canada?	to prevent a wild northwest States	58
343362370	What were the two enemies America had to fight?	Old England, and New England.	59

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Chp 14.1 Forging the National Economy Flashcards

Chp 14 Vocabulary

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3075771005	Emerald Isle	Because its vegetation is a brilliant green for most of the year, Ireland is nicknamed the ______ ____.	0
3075775886	Irish Potato Famine	A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease.	1
3075782077	"Black Forties"	The time in Ireland when the potato crop failed resulting in about 2 million people to parish causing people to flee the land.	2
3075810616	No Irish Need Apply - NINA	Mid 1800s, US, it was an act of Nativism because people didn't like the Irish and thought that they were taking American jobs so they segregated against them.	3
3075826926	Ancient Order Hibernians	Semi-secret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in American.	4
3075833223	German Immigrants	These European immigrants were a major non-English group to settle in the American colonies.	5
3075850322	"nativists"	They rallied for political action, and tried rigid immigration restrictions.	6
3075824219	The Know Nothing Party	An anti-Catholic Nativist Party that demanded literacy tests as a requirement for immigration. When asked about their party, they would reply " I know nothing."	7
3085815845	Samuel Slater	English industrialist who brought a design for a textile mill to America, he is considered the founder of the American cotton industry.	8
3085820231	Eli Whitney	A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed.	9
3085821527	King Cotton	Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry.	10
3085825755	Embargo Act	1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation.	11
3085829831	Elias Howe	Howe invented the sewing machine in 1845 and patented it in 1846.	12
3085830499	Issac Singer	Helped Howe perfect the sewing machine by making it quicker and brought it to middle class families and large manufacturers.	13
3085832457	Samuel Morse	United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code.	14
3085833692	Morse Code	A system for transmitting messages that uses a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation.	15
3085834616	Wage Slaves	Engels's theory that people are working like slaves; factory work is disguised to not look like slavery, but the wages are so low that people are basically slaves; workers are slaves to machines.	16
3085835606	Kentucky Bluegrass	Nickname for European bluegrass that thrived in Kentucky, ideal pasture for livestock thus luring thousands of pioneers into the west.	17
3085836520	Urban Growth	Three ways a city can grow in population: 1) when immigration is greater than outer migration 2) when the birth rate is higher than the death rate 3) annexation.	18
3085837244	Commonwealth v. Hunt	The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.	19
3085838354	Lowell Massachusetts Factory	Lowell Girls: farm girls, worked in factories, received good education and had access to libraries, stayed in dorms together.	20
3085841497	Catherine Beecher	A writer and lecturer, she worked on behalf of household arts and education of the young and opposed women's suffrage.	21
3085843316	Women's Suffrage	National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment.	22
3085844289	John Deere	American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow.	23
3085846077	Cyrus McCormick	American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.	24
3085846946	Landcaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s by a private company this roadway linked Philadelphia and Lancaster Pennsylvania.	25
3085849896	Cumberland Road	A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway.	26
3085851320	Robert Fulton	A painter/ engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine. Skeptics called it ''Fulton's Folly''.	27
3085852581	Clinton's Big Ditch	A nickname for the Erie Canal. Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York pushed for building the canal across the state of New York, thereby connecting NYC with the Great Lakes.	28
3085855213	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.	29
3085856214	Gov. DeWitt Clinton	United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal.	30
3085860048	Iron Horse	Nickname for the railroad that was fast, reliable, cheaper than canals to construct, and not frozen in the winter.	31
3085865111	Clipper Ships	Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails.	32
3085866252	Pony Express	Carried mail speedily the two-thousand lonely miles from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. Daring, lightweight riders, leaping onto wiry ponies saddled at stations approximately ten miles apart.	33
3085867636	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.	34
3085870407	Molly Maguires	A radical, secret Irish labor union of the 1860s and 1870s. A secret Irish organization of coal miners in regions of western Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the mid to late 1800s.	35
3085876771	Tammy Hall	This was a New York City political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789, as the Tammany Society. The Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants.	36
3086142464	Boss Tweed	Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine. A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million.	37
3086146015	Cult of Domesticity	True womanhood (by people who like it), is a view about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home.	38
3086147745	Limited Liability	A person's financial liability is limited to a fixed sum, most commonly the value of a person's investment in a company or partnership. If a company with limited liability is sued, then the plaintiffs are suing the company, not its owners or investors.	39