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Prokaryotes Flashcards

Prokaryotes are the most numerous and diverse group of cellular microbes. There are more than 6 x 10 ^31 prokaryotes on Earth (estimate)

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1531068423	What are the 3 basic shapes of Prokarytoes?	coccus (roughly spherical), bacillus (rod shaped), and spiral (two types; spiral, which are stiff and spirochetes, which are flexible)	0
1531068424	What type of bacteria produces endospores?	The Gram positive bacteria Bacillus and Clostridium	1
1531068425	Why are endospores important?	their durability and potential pathogenicity. Endospores constitute a defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable conditions. They are stable resting stages that barely metabolize and germinate when conditions improve. They can become a problem for food and health care processors, they can produce deadly toxins that cause fatal diseases like anthrax, tetanus, and gangrene.	2
1531068426	How do prokaryotes reproduce?	asexually	3
1531068427	What is the most common method of asexual reproduction?	binary fission	4
1531071248	What is snapping division?	A variation of binary division, which occurs in some Gram positive cells.	5
1531071249	What equals snapping division?	Corynebacterium diptheriae	6
1531071250	What happens during snapping division?	-Cell is deposited inside -Cell wall thickens -As cell wall thickens = stress on outer older cell wall layer -Outer cell wall snaps apart -Remnant of outer cell wall acts as Hinge -Hinge holds daughter cells together	7
1531071251	What should you know about spores?	It is not a reproductive structure for bacteria. It is resistant to heat, drying, radiation, antiseptics, etc.	8
1531078186	What happens in Fragmentation?	Parent maintains original shape, the offspring/some filament is motile and glides away. It occurs with cyanobacteria.	9
1531078187	What happens during budding?	-Parent has outgrowth -outgrowth gets copy of parential DNA -outgrowth enlarges -outgrowth breaks off & is new Daughter cell (Daughter cell is smaller than the parent at this time, but increases in size)	10
1531078188	What is viviparity?	It is similar to endospore production and it is rare.	11
1531078189	What happens during spore formation?	1) DNA is replicated ...cell elongates 2) Cell membrane forms & separates elongated cell into 2 sections DNA 3) Vegetative cell DNA disintegrates (in 'parent') 4) Within forming spore, Cortex forms, (ie., calcium & dipicolinic acid are depositied between the forming spore's 2 cell membranes), Cortex becomes the spore Coat ..5) old form/ vegetative cell dissolves	12

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cell membrane structure and function Flashcards

Vocabulary: selective permeability, amphipathic, fluid mosaic model, integral protein, peripheral protein, glycoprotein, glycolipid, transport proteins, aquaporins, channel protein, carrier proteins, diffusion, osmosis, concentration gradient, passive transport, active transport, tonicity, isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, plasmolysis, crenation, proton pump, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, ligands
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.
2. Identify the following general structural components of the plasma membrane:
phospholipids
membrane proteins
glycolipids / glycoproteins
cholesterol
3. Show the molecular structure of phospholipids.
4. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic and relate these conditions to the structure of
phospholipid molecules.
5. Explain how the amphipathic nature of molecules (with hydrophilic and hydrophobic
regions) form membranes.
6. State the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and their role in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.
7. Explain the role of cholesterol in membranes in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.
8. State two categories of membrane proteins.
9. Describe the amphipathic nature of integral membrane proteins.
10. Describe the extracellular matrix attached to the outside of the plasma membrane in animal
cells.
11. Describe the process of making new plasma membrane sections inside a cell.
12. List the major functions of the plasma membrane.
13. Describe the structure and function of the three major types of cell junctions in animal cells
(desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions).
14. Describe the structure and function of plasmodesmata cell junctions between plant cells.
15. Describe how associated membrane proteins can facilitate metabolic pathways.
16.

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2180411078	selective permeability	a property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them	0
2180411079	amphipathic	having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region	1
2180411080	fluid mosaic model	the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	2
2180411081	integral protein	a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).	3
2180411082	peripheral protein	a protein loosely bound to surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer	4
2180411083	transport protein	a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane	5
2180411084	aquaporin	a channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane	6
2180411085	diffusion	the spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration or electrochemical gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.	7
2180411086	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.	8
2180411087	passive transport	the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy	9
2180411088	osmosis	the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane	10
2180411089	isotonic	referring to a soultion that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of a cell	11
2180411090	hypertonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water	12
2180411091	hypotonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.	13
2180411092	osmoregulation	regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism	14
2180411093	turgid	swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a lower water potential then its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.	15
2180411094	flaccid	lacking turgor (stiffness or firmness), as in the plant cell in surroundings where there is a tendency for water to leave the cell. ( A wall cell becomes flaccid if it has a higher water potential than its surroundings, resulting in the loss of water.)	16
2180411095	plasmolysis	a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment	17
2180411096	facilitated diffusion	the passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure.	18
2180411097	ion channels	a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.	19
2180411098	gated channels	a transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus	20
2180411099	active transport	the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy	21
2180411100	sodium-potassium pump	a transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell an potassium into the cell	22
2180411101	proton pump	an active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process	23
2180411102	cotransport	the coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient	24
2180411103	exocytosis	the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.	25
2180411104	endocytosis	cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane.	26
2180411105	phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals.	27
2180411106	pinocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes	28
2180411107	receptor-mediated endocytosis	the movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances	29

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cell membrane structure and function Flashcards

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2180411078	selective permeability	a property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them	0
2180411079	amphipathic	having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region	1
2180411080	fluid mosaic model	the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	2
2180411081	integral protein	a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).	3
2180411082	peripheral protein	a protein loosely bound to surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer	4
2180411083	transport protein	a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane	5
2180411084	aquaporin	a channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane	6
2180411085	diffusion	the spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration or electrochemical gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.	7
2180411086	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.	8
2180411087	passive transport	the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy	9
2180411088	osmosis	the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane	10
2180411089	isotonic	referring to a soultion that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of a cell	11
2180411090	hypertonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water	12
2180411091	hypotonic	referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.	13
2180411092	osmoregulation	regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism	14
2180411093	turgid	swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a lower water potential then its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.	15
2180411094	flaccid	lacking turgor (stiffness or firmness), as in the plant cell in surroundings where there is a tendency for water to leave the cell. ( A wall cell becomes flaccid if it has a higher water potential than its surroundings, resulting in the loss of water.)	16
2180411095	plasmolysis	a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment	17
2180411096	facilitated diffusion	the passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure.	18
2180411097	ion channels	a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.	19
2180411098	gated channels	a transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus	20
2180411099	active transport	the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy	21
2180411100	sodium-potassium pump	a transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell an potassium into the cell	22
2180411101	proton pump	an active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process	23
2180411102	cotransport	the coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient	24
2180411103	exocytosis	the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.	25
2180411104	endocytosis	cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane.	26
2180411105	phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals.	27
2180411106	pinocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes	28
2180411107	receptor-mediated endocytosis	the movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances	29

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Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree Life Flashcards

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2151462522	Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.	0
2151464213	systematic	a scientific discipline focused on classification of organisms and determining their evolutionary relationship.	1
577823850	taxonomy	a scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.	2
577823851	binomial	a common term for the two-part, latinized format for naming a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet; also called a binomen.	3
577823852	genus	a taxonomic category above the specie level, designated by the first word of a species' two part scientific name.	4
577823853	family	in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of genus.	5
577823854	orders	the taxonomic classification above the level of family.	6
577823855	classes	in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of order.	7
577823856	phyla	In the Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of class.	8
577823857	kingdoms	a taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain.	9
577823858	domains	the taxonomic category level above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.	10
577823859	taxon	a naming taxonomic unit at any given level of classification.	11
577823860	phylogenetic tree	a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.	12
577823861	branch points	the representation of a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor. A branch point is usually shown as a dichotomy in which a branch representing the ancestral lineage splits (at the branch point) into two branches, one for each of the two descendant lineages.	13
577823862	sister taxa	group of organisms that share a common ancestor and hence are each other closest relative.	14
577823863	rooted	describing a phylogenetic tree that contains a branch point (often the farthest to the left) representing the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree.	15
577823864	basal taxon	in a specific group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group.	16
577823865	polytomy	in the phylogenetic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendants taxa emerge. A polytomy indicates the evolutionary relationship between the descendants taxa are not yet clear.	17
577823866	analogy	similarities between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait.	18
577823867	homoplasies	a similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species.	19
577823868	cladistics	an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.	20
577823869	clades	a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. A clade is equivalent to a monophyletic group.	21
577823870	monophyletic	pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.	22
577823871	paraphyletic	pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.	23
577823872	polyphyletic	pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent ancestor.	24
577823873	shared ancestral character	a character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade.	25
577823874	shared derived character	an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.	26
577823875	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. An outgroup is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study- group members are to each other.	27
577823876	ingroup	a specie or group of species whose evolutionary relationships are being examined in a given analysis.	28
577823877	maximum parsimony	a principle that states when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.	29
577823878	maximum likelihood	as applied to DNA sequence data, a principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenteic hypotheses, one should take into account the hypothesis that reflect the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time.	30
577823879	orthologous genes	homologous genes found in different species because of speciation.	31
577823880	paralogous genes	homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.	32
577823881	molecular clock	a method of estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at a constant rate.	33
577823882	horizontal gene transfer	the transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.	34

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AP Biology - Campbell Ch.23 - Evolution Flashcards

www.eduvee.com Key terms for AP Biology. This covers the terms for Chapter 23 from Campbell Biology - Evolution. Find more study resources and revision tools with questions at www.eduvee.com. It's FREE!

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1974475494	mutation	any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material	0
1974475495	fitness	an individual's ability to propagate its genes	1
1974475496	genetic drift	an overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual alleles of the genes	2
1974475497	gene flow	the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another	3
1974475498	natural selection	a process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce	4
1974475499	allele	one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome	5
1974475500	gene pool	the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population	6
1974475501	founder effect	a decrease in genetic variation that occurs when an entire population descends from a small number of founders	7
1974475502	genotype	the combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes, that determines a specific trait of an individual, such as "Aa" or "aa"	8
1974475503	phenotype	the appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees	9
1974475504	genetic diversity	the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species	10
1974475505	phenotypic variation	variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation); a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection	11
1974475506	crossing over	the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes	12
1974475507	genetic variation	variation in alleles of genes that occurs both within and among populations	13
1974475508	random sampling	a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) by chance	14
1974475509	genetic drift	an overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random sampling	15
1974475510	founder effect	a decrease in genetic variation that occurs when an entire population descends from a small number of founders	16
1974475511	gene flow	the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another	17
1974475512	mutation	any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material	18
1974475513	sexual selection	a mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates	19
1974475514	assortative mating	between males and females of a species, the mutual attraction or selection, for reproductive purposes, of individuals with similar characteristics	20
1974475515	cline	a gradation in a character or phenotype within a species or other group	21
1974475516	fecundity	number, rate, or capacity of offspring production	22
1974475517	Darwinian fitness	the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype	23
1974475518	natural selection	a process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce	24
1974475519	stabilizing selection	a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value	25
1974475520	directional selection	a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction	26
1974475521	disruptive selection	(or diversifying selection) a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values	27
1974475522	frequency-dependent selection	the term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population	28
1974475523	polygynous	having more than one female as mate	29
1974475524	sexual selection	a type of natural selection, where members of the sexes acquire distinct forms because members choose mates with particular features or because competition for mates with certain traits succeed	30
1974475525	handicap principle	a theory that suggests that animals of greater biological fitness signal this status through a behavior or morphology that effectively lowers their chances of survival	31
1974475526	sexual dimorphism	a physical difference between male and female individuals of the same species	32
1974475527	genetic hitchhiking	changes in the frequency of an allele because of linkage with a positively or negatively selected allele at another locus	33
1974475528	polymorphism	the regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population	34
1974475529	linkage disequilibrium	a non-random association of two or more alleles at two or more loci; normally caused by an interaction between genes	35

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Teapot Dome Scandal Flashcards

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797972619	Teapot Dome Scandal	Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) leased government land in California and at Teapot Dome, Wyoming to 2 oil executives- Fall became the first Cabinet official to be sent to prison	0
797972625	Albert B. Fall	secretary of the interior under harding	1
797972626	Edwin Denby	an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of the Navy in the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge from 1921 to 1924	2
797972627	Harry F. Sinclair	Oilman involved in the Teapot Dome scandal; he bribed Albert Fall with about $300,000, but was not convicted with this. He was sentenced to several months in jail for "shadowing" jurors and for refusing to testify before a Senate committee.	3
797972628	Edward L. Doheny	Oilman who bribed Fall $100,000 in the Teapot Dome scandal; he was acquitted in court.	4
797972629	William Harding	president during teapot dome scandel, out of office in 1923 because he dies of heart attack	5
797972630	Teapot Dome, Elk Hills, and Buena Vista Hills	The three oil reserves involved in the scandal	6
797972631	Thomas Walsh	Senator from Montana that exposed the Teapot Dome Scandal	7
797972634	acquit	to find not guilty of a fault or crime	8
797972635	embezzling	The year Albert. B Fall was found guilty of embezzling naval oil reserves	9

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Chapter 14 - The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur Flashcards

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545059443	Chinggis Khan	1170s-1227; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China	0
545059444	Tartars	Mongols; captured Russian cities and destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact	1
545059445	Kubilai Khan	Chinggis Khan's grandson; commander of Mongol forces in conquest of China, khagan in 1260; established Cinicized Mongol Yuan Dynasty	2
545080177	Arabia, Africa	What muslim controlled area was not controlled by the Mongols?	3
545080178	Scholars as advisors and artisans, for skills	Who was often spared in battle and why?	4
545080179	E Persia to N China Sea	By 1227, what areas were under Mongol control?	5
545080180	Karakorum	Where did Chinggis Khan establish the Mongol capital?	6
545080181	They were divided between his three sons and grandson.	What happened to the Mongol lands after Chinggis Knah died?	7
545080182	Ogedei, his third son.	Who was the chosen ruler of the Mongols after Chinggis Khan's death?	8
545080183	Empire of Kubilai Khan, Djagatai Empire, Golden horde Empire, and Ilkhan Empire	What were the 4 khanates?	9
545080184	To get to W Europe	What was the real goal of the Mongols as they conquered across Russian territory?	10
545080185	They sacked Kiev and spared Novgorov	Did the Mongols ever conquer Kiev? Novgorod?	11
545080186	Europe and India	What then were the only two areas to remain free of Mongol assaults?	12
545080187	Batu	Which Mongol leader led the conquests in the Muslim territories?	13
545080188	1258	When was Baghdad captured?	14
545080189	1243	When did the Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks?	15
545080190	Yuan Dynasty	What dynasty was established in china by the Mongols?	16
545080191	Tatu (present-day Beijing)	Where was Kubilai Khan's capital established?	17
545080192	No	Did Kubilai Khan continue the examination system?	18
545080193	So subordinate don't rebel	Why would it have been important for Kubilai Khan to respect Chinese traditions/culture?	19
545080194	Japan	What area was not conquered by the Mongols even after two attempts?	20
545080195	Ju Yanzhang, (a man from a poor peasant family)	Who emerged to lead the Ming Dynasty?	21

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Vocab chapter nine biology Flashcards

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2207561210	Heredity	The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring in	0
2207561211	Traits	Plant height flower position along stern pod color pot appearance seed texture see color and flower color	1
2207561212	Genetics	The field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring	2
2207561213	Pollination	Occurs when pollen grains produced in the mail reproductive parts of a flowerare transferred to the scene of a productive parts of a flower	3
2207561214	Stigma	The female reproductive part of a flower	4
2207561215	Self pollination	Occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers have a flower to the stigma of either the same flower or flower of the same plant	5
2207561216	Anthers	The male reproductive parts of a flower	6
2207561217	Cross pollination	Involves flowers of two separate plants	7
2207561218	Pure	Plants that appear for a trait always produce offspring with that trait	8
2207561219	Strain	The term strange notes plants that appear for specific trait	9
2207561220	P1 generation	parental generation	10
2207561221	F1 generation	The offspring of the P1 generation. The 1st filial generation	11
2207561222	F2 generation	The second filial generation	12
2207561223	Law of independent assortment	Factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently	13
2207561224	Molecular genetics	The study of structure and function of chromosomes and genes	14
2207561225	Allele	Several alternative forms of a gene	15
2207561226	Genotype	The genetic make up of an organism	16
2207561227	Phenotype	The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype	17
2207561228	Homozygous	When both alleles of a pair are alike	18
2207561229	Heterozygous	When the two alleles in the pair different	19
2207561230	Probability	The likelihood that a specific event will occur	20
2207561231	Mono hybrid cross	A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits	21
2207561232	Punnets square	A diagram used by biologist to aid them in predicting the probability that certain traits will be inherited by offspring	22
2207561233	Genotypic ratio	The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring	23
2207561234	Phenotypic ratio	The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring	24
2207561235	Test cross	In which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual	25
2207561236	Complete dominance	A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another	26
2207561237	Incomplete dominance	A relationship in which the F1 offspring will have a phenotype in between that of the parents	27
2207561238	Codominance	Occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring	28
2207561239	Dihybrid cross	A cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits	29
2207565198	Dominant	Referring to an allele that masks the presence of another allele for the same characteristic	30
2207565675	Law of segregation	Law stating that pairs of jeans separate and meiosis and each gamete receive one gene of a pair	31
2207566970	Recessive	Referring to an allele that is masked by the presence of another allele for the same characteristic	32

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SSHS Physical Geology - Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

SSHS Physical Geology - Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks

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292706082	bedding	An arrangement of layers or beds of rock.	0
292706083	bedding plane	A nearly flat surface separating two beds of sedimentary rock.	1
292706084	cement	The solid material that precipitates in the pore space of sediments, binding the grains together to form solid rock.	2
292706085	cementation	The chemical precipitation of material in the spaces between sediment grains, binding the grains together into a hard rock.	3
292706086	chemical sedimentary rock	A rock composed of material precipitated directly from solution.	4
292706087	chert	A hard, compact, fine-grained sedimentary rock formed almost entirely of silica.	5
292706088	clastic sedimentary rock	A sedimentary rock composed of fragments of preexisting rock.	6
292706089	clastic texture	An arrangement of rock fragments bound into a rigid network by cement.	7
292706090	clay	Sediment composed of particles with diameter less than 1/256 mm.	8
292706091	coal	A sedimentary rock formed from the consolidation of plant material. It is rich in carbon, usually black, and burns readily.	9
292706092	compaction	A loss in overall volume and pore space of a rock as the particles are packed closer together by the weight of overlying material.	10
292706093	conglomerate	A coarse-grained sedimentary rock (grains coarser than 2 mm) formed by the cementation of rounded gravel.	11
292706094	contact	Boundary surface between two different rock types or ages of rocks.	12
292706095	cross-bedding	An arrangement of relatively thin layers of rock inclined at an angle to the more nearly horizontal bedding planes of the larger rock unit.	13
292706096	crystalline texture	An arrangement of interlocking crystals.	14
292706097	crystallization	Crystal development and growth.	15
292706098	deposition	The settling or coming to rest of transported material.	16
292706099	dolomite	A sedimentary rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite.	17
292706100	environment of deposition	The location in which deposition occurs, usually marked by characteristic physical, chemical, or biological conditions.	18
292706101	evaporate	Rock that forms from crystals precipitating during evaporation of water.	19
292706102	formation	A body of rock of considerable thickness that has a recognizable unity or similarity making it distinguishable from adjacent rock units. Usually composed of one bed or several beds of sedimentary rock, although the term is also applied to units of metamorphic and igneous rock. A convenient unit for mapping, describing, or interpreting the geology of a region.	20
292706103	fossil	Traces of plants or animals preserved in rock.	21
292706104	graded bed	A stream that exhibits a delicate balance between its transporting capacity and the sediment load available to it.	22
292706105	gravel	Rounded particles coarser than 2 mm in diameter.	23
292706106	limestone	A sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite.	24
292706107	lithification	The consolidation of sediment into sedimentary rock.	25
292706108	matrix	Fine-grained material found in the pore space between larger sediment grains.	26
292706109	mud crack	Polygonal crack formed in very fine grained sediment as it dries.	27
292706110	organic sedimentary rock	Rock composed mostly of the remains of plants and animals.	28
292706111	original horizontality	The deposition of most water-laid sediment in horizontal or near-horizontal layers that are essentially parallel to Earth's surface.	29
292706112	pore space	The total amount of space taken up by openings between sediment grains.	30
292706113	recrystallization	The development of new crystals in a rock, often of the same composition as the original grains.	31
292706114	ripple mark	Any of the small ridges formed on sediment surfaces exposed to moving wind or water. The ridges form perpendicularly to the motion.	32
292706115	rounding	The grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation.	33
292706116	sand	Sediment composed of particles with a diameter between 1/16 mm and 2 mm.	34
292706117	sandstone	A medium-grained sedimentary rock (grains between 1/16 mm and 2 mm) formed by the cementation of sand grains.	35
292706118	sediment	Loose, solid particles that can originate by (1) weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks, (2) chemical precipitation from solution, usually in water, and (3) secretion by organisms.	36
292706119	sedimentary breccia	A coarse-grained sedimentary rock (grains coarser than 2 mm) formed by the cementation of angular rubble.	37
292706120	sedimentary rock	Rock that has formed from (1) lithification of any type of sediment, (2) precipitation from solution, or (3) consolidation of the remains of plants or animals.	38
292706121	sedimentary structure	A feature found within sedimentary rocks, usually formed during or shortly after deposition of the sediment and before lithification.	39
292706122	shale	A fine-grained sedimentary rock (grains finer than 1/16 mm in diameter) formed by the cementation of silt and clay (mud). Shale has thin layers (laminations) and an ability to split (fissility) into small chips.	40
292706123	silt	A tabular intrusive structure concordant with the country rock.	41

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Combo with "The Great Depression & New Deal Ch 23 & 24" and 1 other Flashcards

In 1929, the stock market crash spelled an end to the prosperity of the 1920s. The stock market crash marked the beginning of a period of economic hard times known as the Great Depression which lasted through the 1930s. During the 1920s, Many Americans had seen how some had gotten rich by investing in the stock market. They wanted to invest, too. Stock brokers made it easier to buy stock on credit by paying as little as 10% and owing the rest. This was known as buying on margin. When the stock market started going down, those who had bought stock on margin panicked and sold their stock crashing the market. The effects of the crash spread through the economy as more and more businesses and banks failed, factories closed, and many people became unemployed. By 1930, the nation was sinking into the worst economic depression in its history. Hoover did little to help the economy or those hurt by the depression, and many Americans began to blame him for the Great Depression and not helping those in need. The shanty towns of unemployed came to be known as Hoovervilles.
In 1932, voters chose Franklin Roosevelt as President. FDR promised a new deal for Americans. In the years ahead, he tried out many programs. Together, they were called the New Deal. The New Deal was a great departure from the policies of previous Presidents. The New Deal was based on the concept that the government had a responsibility for helping those in need and getting involved in the economy. The first problem Roosevelt tackled was the banks. He declared a bank holiday closing the banks and then allowed only those in sound financial shape to reopen. To reassure the public and let them know what the government was doing to help Roosevelt gave a series of radio broadcasts known as fireside chats. The New Deal had three many goals; relief for the unemployed, recovery to get businesses and factories going again, and reform to prevent another depression.

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2191661929	Causes of the Great Depression	- Unstable international debt structure - Declining Exports - Lack of diversification -Factories and farms produce more goods than people can buy. - Banks make loans that borrowers cannot pay back. - After the stock market crash, many businesses cannot find people who will invest in their growth.	0
2191661930	Effects of the Great Depression	- Many banks fail. - Many businesses and factories fail. - Millions of Americans are out of work. - Many are homeless and hungry. - Families break up and people suffer	1
2191661931	buying on margin	practice that allows people to buy stock with a down payment of a portion of the value	2
2191661932	Black Tuesday	day the stock market crashed, signaling the start of the Great Depression	3
2191661933	Great Depression	worst period of economic decline in United States history, beginning in 1929	4
2191661934	bankrupt	unable to pay debts	5
2191661935	relief program	government program to help the needy	6
2191661936	soup kitchen	place where food is provided to the needy at little or no charge	7
2191661937	public works	projects built by the government to help public	8
2191661938	Hoovervilles	group of shacks in which homeless lived during the Great Depression	9
2191661939	Works Progress Administration (WPA)	Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.	10
2191661940	National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)	Develops rules for doing business	11
2191661941	Truth-in-Securities Act	Regulates the stock market.	12
2191661942	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)	Insures savings accounts in banks approved by the government.	13
2191661943	polio	highly infectious disease that causes inflammation of the nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord, leading to paralysis	14
2191661944	bank holiday	Presidential closing of banks four days during the Great Depression to help recover	15
2191661945	fireside chat	radio speech given by Franklin D. Roosevelt while in office	16
2191661946	Hundred Days	first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency when a lot of changes occurred	17
2191661947	New Deal	program of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to end the Great Depression	18
2191661948	Pros of Roosevelt's New Deal	- Government has a duty to help all citizens. - The New Deal helped the nation through the worst days of the Great Depression. - At a time when people in other countries turned to dictators to solve problems, the New Deal saved the Nation's democratic system.	19
2191661949	Con of Roosevelt's New Deal	- Government should not interfere in business or in people's private lives. - New Deal spending led to increases in the national debt. - The New Deal did not end the Great Depression.	20
2191661950	Dust Bowl	region in the central Great Plains that was hit by a severe drought	21
2191661951	civil rights	the rights due to all citizens	22
2191661952	KKK	Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.	23
2191661953	FDR	32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms	24
2191661954	S.E.C	an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors	25
2191661955	FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000	26
2191661956	PWA	Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.	27
2191661957	NRA	Attempted to combat the Depression through national economic planning by establishing and administering a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices among leading business interests; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935	28
2191661958	AAA	Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II	29
2191661959	TVA	(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.	30
2191661960	Election of 1932	FDR wins by a landslide.	31
2191661961	Farmer's Holiday Association	Established in 1932 by a group of unhappy farmers in Des Moines, Iowa which endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market.	32
2191661964	The Hoover Program	Hoover responded to Depression by trying to restore confidence in economy- tried to gather business into voluntary program of cooperation to aid recovery; by 1931 voluntarism had collapsed because of worsening economy.	33
2191661965	The "Interregnum"	Period between election and inauguration one of increasing economic problems because of expanding banking crisis and more depositors seeking to withdraw money in a panic; more banks declared bankruptcy. Roosevelt refused to make public commitments asked of him by Hoover to maintain economic orthodoxy or not institute broad economic reforms	34
2191661967	Black Tuesday	This is the name given to October 29, 1929. This date signaled a selling frenzy on Wall Street--days before stock prices had plunged to desperate levels. Investors were willing to sell their shares for pennies on the dollar or were simply holding on to the worthless certificates.	35
2191661968	Banking Collapse	Much of the banking system collapsed following the stock market crash. Money supply greatly decreased; causing deflation.	36
2191661969	"Dust Bowl"	This is the term given to the Great Plain where a severe drough hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to a fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained. The area earned this name because Plains farmers saw their land literally blow away.	37
2191661970	"Okies"	This ws the nickname given to farmers and their families who came from the panhandle regions of Oklahoma or Texas to California in search of the "Promised Land"	38
2191661971	Scottsboro Case	Nine black young men who were accused of raping two white women in a railway boxcar in Scottsboro, AZ, in 1931. Quick trials, surpressed evidence, and inadequate legal council made them symbols of the discrimination that faced blacks on a daily basis during this era.	39
2191661972	Japanese American Citizens League	Japenese-American businessmen and professionals formed the league in 1930. 1940- had nearly 6,000 members	40
2191661973	Walt Disney	United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck.	41
2191661974	Life Magazine	Photographic journal starting in 1936 had largest reader group in US. It had some articles on politics and economics, but it was known for photos of sports and theater, natural landscapes and public projects. A popular feature was "Life goes to a party" showing the rich and famous.	42
2191661975	Spanish Civil War	In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.	43
2191661976	Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU)	Biracial Arkansas sharecropper orgasnization who lobbied government in 1934 to halt tenant evictions and to force landowners to share payents with tenants.	44
2191661977	The Grapes of Wrath	Wrtitten by John Steinbeck, arguably the most successful chronicler of social conditions in the 1930s. Published in 1939; tells a story of a family who migrated to California due to the dust bowl. He offered a harsh portrait of the exploitive features of agrarian life in the West, but also a tribute to the endurance of its main characters--and to the spirit of the community they represent.	45
2191661978	James T, Farrell	Writer who portrayed the grim life of Chicago's Irish immigrants in his Studs Lonigan trilogy	46
2191661979	Popular Front	Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938	47
2191661980	Socialist Party	Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries.	48
2191661981	Agricultural Marketing Act	Provided subsidies to farmers to not grow crops, Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.	49
2191661982	Hawley-Smoot Tarif	This 50 percent tarrif on imported goods, passed in 1930, hurt American farmers and resulted in retaliatory tariffs from the other nations around the world that then hurt manufacturers.	50
2191661983	Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)	Established in 1932 by Herbert Hoover to offset the effects of the Great Depression; the RFC was authorized to give federal creit to banks so that they could operate efficiently. Banks recieving these loans were expected to extend loans to businesses providing jobs or building low-cost housing.	51
2191661984	Farmers' Holiday Association	(1932) formed by a group of unhappy Iowa farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure.	52
2191661985	Bonus Expeditionary Force (The Bonus Army)	A self-proclaimed group of more than 20,000 WWI veterans that formed when Congress approved paying $1000 bonus to those who had fought in WWI with payments beginning in 1945 (approx. 20 years later); the "Bonus Army"; marched into DC and camped there, vowing to stay until Congress approved legislation to pay the bonus immediately; proposal voted down by Congress, causing only a small portion of the group to leave; those who remained were driven out of the city under order of Hoover by the police at first and then the Army	53
2191661987	Douglas MacArthur	United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II.	54
2191661988	Franklin Roosevelt	Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.	55
2191661989	Rugged Individualism	This idea of President Hoover's stated that anyone could become a success if he or she worked hard enough.	56
2191661990	Bull Market	This term describes a situation in which the value of stocks is rising quickly. This occurred in 1929 when the New York Stock Exchange had reached an all-time high, with stocks selling for more than 16 times their actual worth. Unfortunately, at this time, it was not a true bull market and it eventually crashed.	57

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