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Cambell biology chapter 9 Flashcards

For exam #3

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423056782redox reactionA chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.1
423056783reductionThe complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction2
423056784oxidationThe complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.3
423056785acetyl CoAThe entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.4
423056786cytochromeAn iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplast and also in the plasma membrane of synthesis of ATP.5
423056787chemiosmosisAn energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as synthesis of ATP.6
423056788proton motive forcethe potential energy store in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis7
423056789NADA derivative of the vitamin niacin that acts as an electron carrier is a coenzyme called ______.8
423056790lactic acidType of fermentation that can make muscles sore9
423056791oxidizing agentThe electron acceptor in a redox reaction.10
423056792aerobic respirationA catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor and ultimately producing ATP.11
423056793facultativeOrganisms that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or aerobic respiration.12
423056794alcoholType of fermentation that produces ethanol13
423056795oxidative phosphorylationThe production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron chain; the 3rd major stage of cellular respiration.14
423056796electron transport chainA sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttles electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.15
423056797glycolysisA series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate.16
423056798fermentationA partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.17
423056799reducing agentThe electron donor in a redox reaction.18
423056800obligateOrganisms that can only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration.19
423056801citric acid cycleA chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules began in hydrolysis.20
423056802beta oxidationA metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2 - carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.21
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The Far West and Expansion Flashcards

Study Guide 5: Industrialization

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1372767543Homestead Act1862; Opened western land to settlement. If a US citizen that was at least 21 years old and head of the family, built a house on a property and lived there 6 months a year, and paid a registration fee of $10, 160 acres would be theirs. The opportunity brought many West in the post-Civil War period. This was one of the many pieces of legislature passed during the Civil War, when Congress was made of mostly Republicans. The South did not support this act before the war.1
1372767545Morrill Land-Grant Act1862; to encourage the building of "land grant" colleges in Western territories that had already been granted statehood. Thousands of acres of land were given to state govts. The land could be sold by the state to pay for colleges. At 50 cents an acre, settlers and land speculators received land from individual states.2
1372804522Pacific Railroad Acts1862 and 1864; the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads received grants of land to extend their rail lines westward. Part of the act also gave the railroads 10 sq. miles on both sides of the track for every mile of track constructed; this land was sometimes given to settlers at exorbitant prices. Another piece of legislature passed in the Congress during the Civil War.3
1383124844How to Survive on the Great PlainsIssues: Temperatures varied greatly, having enough water, "prarie" (typhoid) fever, various natural things like blizzards and dust storms. Survival on the plains depended on cooperation with other settlers who lived nearby and technology and business approaches to agriculture. Successful farmers on the plains were not the individual yeomen envisioned by Jefferson.4
1380268220Purchase of Alaska/Sewards Folly1867; Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia. Although seen as a foolish purchase (Alaska the "ice box"), this added more land and available resources to the U.S., and was the biggest bargain since the Louisiana Purchase.(During Reconstruction Era)5
1380268221Transcontinental railroadCompleted 1869; went from St. Louis to San Francisco. Completed by immigrants, including the Chinese. The railroad made possible the extension of cattle raising (started by the Spanish much earlier). The railroads also advertised for settlers, led to the growth of cities where lines crossed, and slowly tied the nation together.6
1380268233Battle of Little Bighorn1876; Last major Native American victory against the US army. Was the Sioux (Sitting Bull was the chief of the tribe) and General George Custer. As settlers moved onto the Sioux's land in the Black Hills of South Dakota, the Sioux had left the reservation.The troops came to round them up, and Custer and his 200 men were all killed.7
1380268231Exodusters1879; Black farmers who came to the Plains. Less than 20% became successful farmers.8
1385778607Chinese Exclusion Act1882; Excluded Chinese immigrant workers for ten years and denied U.S. citizenship to Chinese nationals living in the United States. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII.9
1380268223Dawes Act1887; Passed in the spirit of "civilizing" the Native Americans and was designed to give them their own plots of land to farm on. the real intent of the legislation was an attempt to destroy the tribal identities of Native Americans. Many Native Americans had little skill or interest in farming, and eventually sold the land to speculators. The purpose of the Dawes Act was to weaken tribes, allot land to individual Indians, and promote assimilation.10
1383124845The Oklahoma boomers and sooners incident1889; 2 million acres of unclaimed land in Indian territory in Oklahoma. On April 22, mad rush of white settlers to stake claims in the land. Boomers staked claims that day; sooners were those who came earlier.11
1380268229Massacre at Wounded Knee1890; After the death of Sitting Bull, some Sioux had tried to leave their reservation, and were quickly herded back by the army. As the male Sioux handed in their weapons, a shot was fired, and the soldiers fired on the Native Americans, killing over 200.12
1380268234Ghost DancesNez Perce warriors took part in these dances that were supposed to remove whites from Native American territories, return the buffalo, and bring ancestors killed by the whites back to life. These dances terrified white settlers and served to bring more federal forces into Native American territories.13
1380268222The Turner Thesis1893; Presented by Frederick Jackson Turner, which states that Americans were forced to adapt and innovate as they moved westward. The thesis also explains how western expansion helped to ingrain these characteristics into the fabric of American society. Turner stated that their frontier had created a society who were committed to self improvement, who supported democracy, and who were socially mobile. Basically, the nature of the US comes from western expansion.14
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AP Human Geography (Barrons): Political Geography Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary from the Advanced Placement course of Human Geography regarding political geography

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539783496Antecedent BoundaryA boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially-populated1
539783497BalkanizationThe contentious Political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries2
539783498Centrifugal forcesdivide a country3
539783499Centripetalunite or bind a country4
539783500Colonialismexpansion and perpetuation of an empire5
539783501Compact StateA state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly6
539783502Commonwealth of Independent StatesConfederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs7
539783503Domino TheoryThe theory that if one nation goes under Communist control, neighboring countries will do the same8
539783504Elongated StateA state with a long, narrow shape9
539783505EnclaveAn enclosed territory with a foreign territory around it10
539783506European UnionA supranational organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members11
539783507ExclaveA part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by a foreign territory12
539783508FederalismA system of gov. in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated witin a centeral gov.13
539783509Fragmented StateA state that includes several discontinuous territories14
539783510FrontierA zone separating two states in which neither of the states exercises political control15
539783511Geometric Political BoundariesBoundaries drawn with straight lines and arcs, as opposed to irregular lines and shapes16
539783512GerrymanderingThe redrawing of legislative boundaries entirely for electoral purposes, thereby benefiting the party in power17
539783513Heartland TheoryA theory that suggests that whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world18
539783514ImperialismThe control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society19
539783515Land EmpireAn empire that involves conquest by force in which armies attack, pillage, and plunder their way through another land, taking resources by force20
539783516Landlocked StateA state without access to the sea21
539783517MicrostateA state that encompasses a very small area22
539783518NationA group of people with common cultural characteristics and identify themselves as a cohesive group23
539783519Nation-StateA state whose territory corresponds to that which is occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality24
539783520North American Free Trade agreementAgreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries.25
539783521North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAn international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty to provide collective security to its members26
539783522Organic TheoryThe theory that a state needs expansive land in order to prosper27
539783523Perforated StateA state that completely surrounds another one28
539783524Political GeographyThe study of geography involving geographic states, borders, and how humans identify with them29
539783525Physical BoundaryA state's border that corresponds to a natural, real-life boundary30
539783526Prorupted StateAn adhesive compact state with a large expansion31
539783527Relic BoundaryA boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area32
539783528Rimland TheoryA political theory that holds that control of Eurasia and Africa is achieved via control of the countries bordering the Soviet Union33
539783529Self-DeterminationThe concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves34
539783530SovereigntyThe ability of a state to govern its territory from control of its internal affairs by other states35
539783531StateAn area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs36
539783532Subsequent BoundariesDrawn boundaries made with regard to ethnic differences37
539783533Superimposed BoundariesA boundary made through colonization without regard to prior ethnic/cultural patterns38
539783534Supranational organizationThe term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives39
539783535Territorial disputeAny dispute over land ownership40
539783536Territorial organizationThe creating of ownership over a defined space, political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land41
539783537TheocracyA government set up around a religious leader42
539783538Unitary StateAn internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials43
539783539United NationsA supranational organization formed in 1945 to promote peace, security, and international cooperation44
539783540Confederationa joining of several groups for a common purpose45
539783541east/west dividegeographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia46
539783542electoral collegethe body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president47
539783543electoral votethe official vote for president and vice president by electors in each state48
539783544GeopoliticsThe study of the relationship between geography and politics49
539783545International Organizationan alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination50
539783546Law of the Sealaw - states rights and responsibilities over ownership of the ocean51
539783547LebensraumHitlers idea that germans need a lot of land52
539783548North/South divideThe economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Australia and Japan and generally poorer countries of Asia Africa and Latin America.53
539783549Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countriesan international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil54
539783550Popular Votethe tally of each individual's vote within a given geographic area55
539783551RedistrictingThe redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.56
539783552Reapportionmentthe process of reallocating seats in the electoral college every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census.57
539783553Rectangular Statea state whose territory is rectangular in shape58
539783554State rightsthe right of states to limit the power of the federal government59
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Revolutions Flashcards

Scientific Revolution and Enlightment
Political Revolutions
Reactions Against Revolutionary Ideas
Global Nationalism
Economic and Social Revolution
Japan and Meiji Restoration
Imperialism

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733446833Scientific RevolutionThe intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. Leaders of the movement: (early on Copernicus, Galileo) Newton & Rene Descartes1
733446834Nicolaus CopernicusA Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.2
733446835Heliocentric theoryThe idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun3
733446836Galileo GalileiScientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas4
733446837Isaac NewtonEnglish mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.5
733446838EnlightenmentAn intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories. Leaders: John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau & Voltaire6
733446839Natural LawsThe concept, as stated by John Locke that all people are born with certain rights such as life, liberty and property.7
733446840John LockeEnglish philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.8
733446841Baron De MontesquieuFrench aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.9
733446842VoltaireFrench, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Supported religious toleration; Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.10
733446843checks and balancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power11
733446844Jean Jacques RousseauA French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy12
733446845The Social Contractmajor work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau states that governmental organization should be based on the general will of a society and should conform to the nature of human beings, and that the majority in a government has a right to banish resistant minorities.13
733446846scientific methodA method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses14
733446847enlightened despotsEuropean rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority. These rulers were characterized by legal, administrative, and educational improvements when it suited the state and as a means to enhance its power. Examples of these rulers include Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790).15
733446848Catherine the GreatRuled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, continued Peter's policies of westernization16
733446849censorshipControl of what people read or write or see or hear; efforts to prohibit free expression of ideas17
733446850Maria TheresaEmpress of Austria, 1740-1780, made education available for all children, did away with forced labor for peasants of Austria, improved the tax sytem the reforms made-brought greater equality for Austrian society18
733446851Declaration of IndependenceThe document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.19
733446852Estates GeneralFrance's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.20
733446853National AssemblyFrench Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.21
733446854Declaration of the Rights of Man and of teh CitizenAdopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a politcal source for other liberal movements22
733446855Maximilien RobespierreLeading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time23
733446856Common Sensea pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation24
733446857Seizure of the BastilleJuly 14, 1789 working class people led an uprising over the cost of bread stormed the prison instigating fighting all over the countryside (The Great Fear) peasants attacked nobles and destroyed their homes; date is viewed as independence day in France25
733446858Napoleon BonaparteOverthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Instituted policies that instilled a great of nationism, most French were Catholic so to restore stability to France, in 1801 agreed with the pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of the majority of French people, and pope wouldn't ask for the return of church lands from the revolution; Catholic church no longer enemy of French gov't, and those owning church lands were avid supporters of his regime; set out to conquer Europe, failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.26
733446859coup d'etatA sudden overthrow of the government by a small group27
733446860Napoleonic CodeThis was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy28
733446861Toussaint L'Overture1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.29
733446862Simon BolivarThe most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.30
733446863Jose de San MartinSouth American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru31
733446864Congress of ViennaMeeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon32
733446865Prince Clemens von MetternichHe was Austria's representative at the Congress of Vienna, he feared Russia gaining too much power along with liberalism and nationalism as a threat to Austria's power with in Europe. He also wanted to renew good relations with France.33
733446866balance of powerThe policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.34
733446867conservatisma political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes35
733446868liberalisma political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.36
733446869nationalismThe aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination. Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it37
733446870oligarchyA system of government in which a small group holds power38
733446871Cash Crop economyAn economic system based on the exportation of certain crops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee.39
733446872Francisco "Pancho" VillaA popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.40
733446873Crimean WarA war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed41
733446874Otto von BismarkPrussian Diplomat responsible for the unification of Germany. Cunning politician, fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him.42
733446875Mexican Revolution(1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.43
733446876Agrarian RevolutionA change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.44
733446877Industrial RevolutionThe change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. England had available resources, new technology and capital45
733446878laissez faireThe doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs46
733446879Adam SmithScottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) His ideas are found in his book The Wealth of Nations47
733446880capitalismAn economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.48
733446881supply and demandAn economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)49
733446882Karl MarxGerman philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.50
733446883suffrageThe right to vote.51
733446884proletariatthe industrial working class52
733446885Meiji RestorationEnlightened Rule (18186 - 1912) A series of reforms to modernize Japan: sent best and brightest out to learn about Western methods; used Western methods to create an industrial economy... Gov't built factories and sold them to wealthy families called Zaibatsu; Gov't also built better banking system, infrastructure inc. ports, RRs and roads.. by 1890s had a strong economy; Created a strong Central Gov't based on German model - Emperor + a 2 house legislature (only one house elected); Increased military development w/ a modern navy and army - all men had to enter the military; Increased education opportunities available but still class inequality particularly for women53
733446886ZaibatsuWealthy Japanese families that controlled banking and industry54
733446887spheres of influenceAn area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.55
733446888Taiping RebellionThe most destructive Chinese civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.56
733446889Boxer RebellionAlso known as The Boxer Uprising, this was the popular peasant uprising in China (supported nationally), that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries.57
733446890Sun YixianThe first great leader of the Kuomintang. In 1912, he overthrew the Qing Dyansty. He became president of China: 1. make it a democracy, 2. end foreign domination, 3. create a stable economic security for Chinese people (also known as Sun Yat-sen)58
733446891Old ImperialismA European policy of conquest that occurs in the 15th through 18th centuries in Africa, India, the Americas, and parts of Asia The motives were the same for most areas, the establishment of lucrative trade routes. Various European countries dominated these trades routes and one time or another, and a some countries, such as Great Britain and Spain, came to dominate entire countries.59
733446892New ImperialismHistorians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories mostly focused on Africa and Asia60
733446893scramble for AfricaSudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.61
733446894Zulu EmpireShaka organized the Zulu warriers into a tremendous fighting force; he used this force against slave traders and ivory hunters; created the Zulu nation62
733446895BoerDutch colonists to southern Africa; built Cape Town as a supply station63
733446896Boer War1890 - Cecil Rhodes PM of Cape Colony; launched an expansion of the colony and annexed the Boer colonies to the north - Boers resisted and the costly war lasted from 1899 - 1902 ended w/ bitter distrust and hatred between the two groups as well as the creation of the Union of South Africa64
733446897Cecil RhodesBritish entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.65
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World History - Chapter 5 - Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity Flashcards

World History - Chapter 5 - Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

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98732494Etruscansthey were already highly civilized people who came into Italy around 750 BC. They established a series of small city-states in the northern and central areas of the peninsula, rule over the native Italic people by the virtue of their superior weaponry, architecture (use of the arch) and organization. Etruscan kings ruled over Rome, (monarchy, one ruler)98732494
98732495republicsystem of governement in which officials are choosen by the people98732495
98732496patricianin ancient Rome, member of the landholding upper class98732496
98732497consulin ancient Rome, official from the patrician class who supervised the governement and commanded the armies98732497
98732498dictatorIn ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a (6) month times in state of emergency98732498
98732499plebeianof the common people of ancient Rome; lower class, including farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders98732499
98732500tribunein ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their interest98732500
98732501vetoblock of governement action98732501
98732502legionA military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback.98732502
98732503imperialismdomination by one country of political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region98732503
98732504latifundiahuge estates bought up by newly wealthy Roman citizens98732504
98732505Tiberius Gracchustwo young plebeians, were among the first to attempt reform in ancient Rome; Tiberius, called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers.98732505
98732506Gaius GracchusTiberius, called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers. Gaius sought wider reforms, including the use of public funds to buy grain to feed the poor; this angered the senate which saw them as a threat to their power; they were killed in waves of street violence set off by senators and their hired tugs98732506
98732507Julius CaesarRoman general and dictator. Casear set out swith his army to make new conquests; Conquest of Gaul won (now it is France and Belgium); Pompey presuaded the senate to have Caesar disband his army and return to Rome; Caser instead went back to Rome with his army and defeated Prompey. Forced senate to make him dicator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic.98732507
98732508AugustusOctavian joined forces with Marc Antony to defeat Caesar; they ended up battling for power; Octavian won and was called the "Exalted One"; Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC98732508
98732509censusa periodic and official count of a country's population98732509
98732510HadrianOne of Rome's "good emperors" codified Roman Law, making it the same for all providences; built a wall across Britian to hold back attackers from the non-Roman north98732510
98732511VirgilClassical Roman poet, author of Aenied; tried to show that Rome's past was as heroic as Greece;98732511
98732512satirizeTo make fun of- The roman poets satirised the Roman Society; Horace's used satirize98732512
98732513mosaicart consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass98732513
98732514engineeringthe application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes98732514
98732515aqueductartificial channel for conducting water over a distance98732515
98732516PtolemyRoman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.98732516
98732517messiahsavior, incarnation of God98732517
98732518apostle(New Testament) one of the original 12 disciples chosen by Christ to preach his gospel98732518
98732519Paul(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles98732519
98732520martyrone who suffers for the sake of principle98732520
98732521ConstantineRoman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity98732521
98732522clergyA body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.98732522
98732523bishopa clergyman having spiritual and administrative authority98732523
98732524patriarchA principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity98732524
98732525popethe head of the Roman Catholic Church98732525
98732526heresya belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion98732526
98732527Augustine(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church98732527
98732528DiocletianRoman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians98732528
98732529inflationa general and progressive increase in prices98732529
98732530ConstantinoplePreviously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.98732530
98732531HunsNomadic people from Asia who attacked the Roman Empire.98732531
98732532mercenarya professional soldier hired by a foreign army98732532
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Teaching Reading in Elementary School Flashcards

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698864124a. Sensory and perceptual b. Sequential c. Experiential d. Thinking e. Learning f. Association g. Affective h. ConstructiveThe 8 aspects of the reading process (pg 6ff).1
698864125a. The way reading is arranged- left to right, top to bottom, page to page b. The sequence or order in which printed material is arranged c. Oral language is the same, to understand written language you must understand oral languageThe ways that reading is sequential (pg 9)2
698864128a. Direct experiences b. Parents and caregivers c. Vicarious experiences (hearing, reading, photos, etc.) d. Field trips, displays of objects, class demonstrationsThe ways to obtain background knowledge (pg 10ff).3
698905263a. Increases success in school b. Helps in coping with everyday situations outside of school c. Bestows status d. Provides recreationHow is reading rewarding (pg 13)?4
6989052641. Reading is a complex act with many factors that must be considered. 2. Reading involves the construction of the meaning represented by the printed symbols. 3. There is no one correct way to teach reading. 4. Learning to read is a continuing process. 5. Students should be taught word-recognition strategies that will allow them to unlock the pronunciations and meanings of unfamiliar words independently. 6. The teacher should assess each student's reading ability and use the assessment as a basis for planning instruction. 7. Reading and the other language arts are highly interrelated. 8. Using complete literature selections in the reading program is important. 9. Reading is and integral part of all content area instruction within the educational program. 10. The student needs to see that reading can be an enjoyable pursuit. 11. Sound teaching of all reading skills and strategies is important for all students. 12. Reading should be taught in a way that allows each student to experience success. 13. Encouraging self-direction and self-monitoring of reading is important. 14. A supportive classroom organization can facilitate the teaching of reading. 15. Teachers must help students develop facility in using technology to enhance their learning.The 15 principles of teaching reading (pg 24ff).5
698905265a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational: symbols for spoken words, realize that writing represents meaning, they use words in a logical order as they form sentences, frustrated with reading rules c. Concrete-operational d. Formal-operationalPiaget's theory - stages and how it affects reading (pg 119-1206
698905266a. Spontaneous concepts: those that children learn informally in he course of everyday concrete experiences at home and elsewhere; verbal interactions, what they directly see or manipulate b. Scientific concepts: those that children learn during systematic classroom instruction when teachers present information; help children formalize their understandings as the teacher transmits knowledge verbally c. Zone of proximal development (see definition) d. Scaffolding (see definition) e. He said that children's cognitive development occurs through social experiences with othersVygotsky's theory - main points (pg 120-121)7
698905267a. (see definition) b. Oral language. Not written. c. One part of phonological awareness. (see definition) d. Has a powerful effect on reading. It is a prerequisite for learning to read .Phonemic Awareness (pg 124ff)8
698905268a. Who needs • Everyone? b. Foundation • It is the foundation for phonics. • Without it reading would not make sense. c. Correlated to success in reading • It is the highest correlated skill to success in reading. • It is a better predictor of reading success. • The child's level when entering school determines the ease of learning to read. d. When it's lacking • Primary factor separating able and disabled readers. • Deficient=stumble • Children entering first grade without it are at a great risk. • Level of PA when entering 1st grade tells more than what type of instruction they receive. e. Components • Rhyming • Segmentation • Isolation • Deletion • Substitution • BlendingPhonemic Awareness (ppt)9
698905269a. Phonemic awareness: ability to notice, think about, and work with the sounds in spoken words b. Phonics: letter-sound relationship c. Fluency: ability to read a text quickly and accurately d. Vocabulary: Words used in speaking and in writing e. Comprehension:Know the five areas of reading - define, strategies (power point 4)10
698905270a. Phonemic awareness • Sounds in spoken language • Phonics is not beneficial without PA instruction • Involves only the ears • You can have phonological awareness without phonics. b. Phonics • Predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes • Letters represent sounds in written language • Involves the eyes and the ears. • You cannot have phonics without phonological awareness.Differences between phonemic awareness and phonics (ppt)11
698905271a. Explicitly teach skills that are related to reading and writing b. Use books everywhere! c. Model self-regulation and expect it d. Cross-cultural connections • Made while studying science and social studies e. Environment • Caring, positive, cooperative. Discipline handled quickly and quietly. f. Classroom management g. Student engagement • 90% of students engaged in reading/writing work 90% of the time.Traits of literary classroom (ppt)12
698905272a. Balanced instruction- Like a multivitamin; teachers give all ingredients to produce quality readers and writers. Provide lots of time daily for students to read and write. b. Children do a lot of reading and writing. c. Science and social studies are integrated with reading and writing. They lay the foundation for comprehending more difficult text. d. Meaning is central. e. Explicit teaching of skills. f. Use variety of instructional formats. g. Use wide variety of materials.Classrooms that work (ppt)13
698905273a. Comprehensive curriculum b. Modeling c. Encouragement d. Flexible grouping e. Varied materials f. Lots of reading and writing g. Excellent classroom managementImportant classroom traits for enthusiastic readers (ppt)14
698905274a. Monitor their independent reading. b. Encourage their individual interest. c. Assist with book selection.What do you discuss with students during reading conference? (ppt)15
698905275a. Circulate with Self Selected Reading time, talk with them at the start of the school year. b. Then see 1/5 of them a dayWhen to do reading evaluations (ppt)16
698905276Automaticitythe ability to carry out a task without having to give it much attention17
698905277Fluencythe ability to read with automaticity, appropriate rate, good expression, and good comprehension18
698905278Graphemea written symbol that represents a phoneme19
698905279Phonemethe smallest unit of sound in a language20
698905280Schemata= (schema)a preexisting knowledge structure (cluster of information) developed about a thing, place, or idea21
698905281Syntactic cluesa clue derived from the word order in sentences22
698905282Semantic cluesa meaning clue23
698905283Alphabetic principlethe concept that letters represent speech sounds24
698905284Cognitive developmentthe development of the ability to think and reason25
698905285Direct instructionteacher control of the learning environment through structured lessons, goal setting, choice of activities, and feedback26
698905286Emergent literacya developing awareness of the interrelatedness of oral and written language27
698905287Environmental printwords that children frequently see in the world around them28
698905288Guided readingan instructional model of delivery that provides structure and purpose for reading29
698905289Invented spellingtemporary unconventional spelling resulting from children's attempts to associate sounds with letters30
698905290Phonemic awarenessan understanding that speech consists of a series of small units of sound, or phonemes31
698905291Phonological awarenessthe awareness of sound patterns in words, such as phonemes, onsets and rimes, and syllables32
698905292Scaffoldingproviding support through modeling or feedback and them withdrawing support gradually as the leaner gains competence33
698905294Sight wordwords that are recognized immediately, without having to resort to analysis34
698905295Zone of proximal developmentthe span between a child's actual skill level and potential level; a period when assistance should be provided35
698905296Context cluesclues to word meanings or pronunciations found in the surrounding words or sentences36
698905298Phonicsthe association of speech sounds within printed symbols37
698905300Structural analysisanalysis of words by identifying prefixes, suffixes, root words, inflectional endings, contractions, words combinations forming compound words, and syllabication38
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AP European History - European Consolidation Vocabulary Flashcards

AP European History Matching quiz vocabulary

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261436287PuritansEnglish Protestants who sought to "Purify" the church of England of any vestiges of Catholism1
261436288Jean BodinThe 1st to provide a theoretical basis for absolutism * Wrote during the France Civil wars, believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government2
261436289AbsolutismA government theory proposed by Jean Bodin *Term applied to strong centralized continental monarchies that attempted to make royal power dominant over aristocracies and other regional authorities3
261436290John LawOrganized a monopoly called The Mississippi Company on trading privileges with the french colony of Louisiana in North America * Believed you needed to increase paper money in order to stimulate the economy and established a bank in Paris that issued paper money4
261436291War of the Spanish SuccessionCaused by the will of Charles II (Habsburg King) leaving all the Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV. The put fear in European powers that Louis would consolidate the throne of France and Spain, thus creating monster power that would upset the balance of power.5
261436292Petition of RightsRequired that henceforth there should be no forced loans or taxation without consent of parliament, that no freeman be imprisoned without due cause and troops should not be billeted in private homes.6
261436293Charles IThe Son and successor of King James I. Like his father he resorted to extra-parliamentary measures such as levying new tariffs, and duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes, and subjecting English property owners to a "forced" loan and then imprisoning those who refused to pay7
261436294Hampton Court ConferenceHere King James rebuffed the Puritans and firmly declared his intention to maintain and even enhance the Anglican episcopacy in 16048
261436295ImpositionsKing James I developed other sources of income, largely by levying new custom duties known as this. *This was regarded as an effort to the authority of the Parliament over the royal pure, but they did not seek serious confrontation9
261436296MercantilismClose government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political10
261436297Dutch East Indies CompanySea born empire that helped bring the Dutch prosperity. It was a major presence in East Asia particularly in spice- producing areas of Java, the Moluccas, and Sir Lanka11
261436298StadtholderThe hereditary chief executive12
261436299Duke of OrleansA gambler and for a time turned over his financial management to the kingdom to John Law *He attempted to draw the french nobility into the decision making process of government He renewed authority of parlements and set up a system of councils on which nobles were to serve along with bureaucrats13
261436300Peace of UtrechtMost important Treaty (1713) *Maintained the balance of power in Europe, ended Louis XIV's expansion, the Spanish possessions were partitioned, and Britain as the biggest winner14
261436301Ottoman Empirethe Southeastern borders of Europe and surrounding the southern and eastern shores of the Med. Sea15
261436302Holy Synodconsisted of several bishops, headed by a layman called the procurator general16
261436303Table of RanksIntended to draw the nobility into state service *Equated a person's social position and privileges with his rank in the bureaucracy of the military, rather than with his lineage among the traditional landed nobility, many of whom continued to resent the changes peter had introduced into Russia17
261436304St. PetersburgThe new capital city of Russia. *Built government structures and compelled the boyars to construct town houses.18
261436305Great Northern WarLed a vigorous and often brilliant campaign defeating the Russians at the Battle of Narva. Peter defeated the swedes at Poltava in Ukraine19
261436306Maria TheresaSucceeds the Habsburg throne *The daughter of Charles VI, she was recognized as the rightful heir20
261436307BoyarsThe Russian Nobility *The Old Nobility21
261436308Time of TroublesA time that followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. *Moved from a program of sensible reform of law, government, and army towards violent personal tyranny.22
261436309Peter the Great10 year old boy who ascended the fragile Russian throne as co-ruler with his half brother. *(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)23
261436310StreltsyGuards of the Moscow garrison24
261436311Frederick the GreatUpset the pragmatic sanction and invaded Silesia. *Crystallized the Austrian-Prussian rivalry for the control of Germany that would dominate central European affairs for over a century25
261436312Frederick WilliamThe Great Elector *The person who began to forge areas in the HRE (Duchy of Cleves, counties of Mark, Ravensburg, east Prussia, and Pomerania)26
261436313HohenzollernFamily that ruled Brandenburg since 1417 *Inherited the Duchy of Cleves, the Counties of Mark, and Ravensburg in 164827
261436314JunkersThe noble land lords of Prussia28
261436315Pragmatic SanctionCharles VI devoted most of his reign to seeking approval of his family *The estates of his realms and the major foreign powers for a document called:29
261436316King John III SobieskiLead Polish army to rescue Vienna from a Turkish siege * Poland became a byword for the dangers of aristocratic independence30
261436317Edict of Nantes (Revocation)Relations between the Catholics and the Protestants had remained hostile31
261436318JansenismA Roman Catholic Religious movement *Arose in the 1630"s in opposition to the theology and the political influence of the Jesuits32
261436319Jean-Baptiste ColbertMost brilliant minister of Louis XIV most important accomplishment was developing merchant marines *Mercantilism, Export more than import, Monopolies, roads and canals, wealth based on gold and silver, favorable balance of trade, France: Self-Sufficient, high taxes (Tariffs), and increased emigration33
261436320"L'etat C'rest moi""I am the State34
261436321Bishop BossuetAdvocated the "Divine right of kings" theory in France during the Reign of King Louis XIV. *He believed 'divine right' meant that the king was placed on the throne by God and therefore owned his authority to no man or group35
261436322VersaillesLouis and his advisers became masters of Propaganda and political image creation *Central image of the Monarchy *A palace at Versailles became the grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe *Cost to maintain 60% of all royal revenues royal court grew from about 600 to 10,00036
261436323ParlementsRegional judicial bodies37
261436324Louis XIVA french absolutist ruler, his reign was portrayed as a time when the French monarchy exerted far-reaching, direct control of the nation at all levels38
261436325FrondeA series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 165239
261436326CorveeA French labor tax requiring peasants to work on roads, bridges, and canals for one month a year without pay40
261436327Third Estate-Bourgeoisie -Urban Workers (Factory Workers) *Peasants 96% of the population 1 Vote41
261436328Second EstateNobles 3% of the population 1 Vote42
261436329First EstateChurch 1% of the population and 1 Vote43
261436330Cardinal MazarinAttempted to impose direct royal administration of France. Provoked a series of widespread rebellions among French nobles between 1649 and 1652 as the Fronde44
261436331Robert Walpole-Took over the helm of government -Maintained peace -Ascendancy from 1721 to 1442 was based on royal support, ability to handle the house of commons and his control of government patronage45
261436332Act of SettlementProvided for the English crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Anne, the second daughter of James II and the Heir to the childless William III, died without issues46
261436333Bill of RightsProhibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English Throne47
261436334Glorious RevolutionWhen James II's wife had a son, parliament invited William of Orange to invade England because they wanted Mary succeed him, and then James fled to France proclaiming William III and Mary II the new monarchs; it was a bloodless battle48
261436335James IIImmediately demanded the repeal of the Test Act, parliament balked and he discovered it and proceeded to appoint Catholics to high positions in both his court and the Army *Issued the Declaration of Indulgence suspending all religious tests and permitting free worship49
261436336WhigsOpposing members of Parliament made an unsuccessful effort to exclude James from succession to the throne50
261436337Test ActA declaration which no loyal Roman Catholic could honestly do. Was an attempt to unit England and Holland51
261436338Clarendon CodeExcluded Roman Catholics Presbyterians and Independents from the official religious and political life of the nation52
261436339James ISon of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeded Elizabeth I. Inherited a large royal debt and separate church, he believed in Divine Rights and expected to rule with a minimum of consultation beyond his own royal court.53
261436340Charles IIA man of considerable charm and political skill, he was a refreshing change to the throne, England returned to the Status Quo54
261436341Oliver CromwellA country squire of iron discipline and strong independent religious sentiment55
261436342CavaliersKings supporters56
261436343Long Parliament(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament57
261436344Short Parliamentparliament called when the king was forced to call parliament because of the Scots' rebellion; was immediately disbanded because they refused to fund the king unless he addressed ther grievances58
261436345William III of OrangeThe Grandson of William the Silent and was the stadtholder of Holland. He rallied the Dutch and eventually led the entire European coalition against France. Answered the English Throne59
261436346Archbishop William LaudCharles I high-church Archbishop, he was against the opposition of both the English Puritans and the Presbyterian Scots, tried to impose in Scotland the English episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical the Anglican Book of Common Prayer60
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AP United States History AMSCO Review Unit 2 Flashcards

AP United States History AMSCO Review Unit 2

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149851798Thomas JeffersonPresident who got Louisiana Purchase, eliminated excise taxes, limited central government1
149851799Toussaint L'OuvertureLed slave revolt in Haiti2
149851800John MarshallHad major influence on supreme court actions and strengthened federal government; judicial review3
149851801Marbury vs MadisonSupreme court case that established judicial review4
149851802Aaron BurrConspired against Jefferson to secede the New England States from the Union, killed Alexander Hamilton, and tried to take over Louisiana5
149851803Quidsmembers of the Democratic-Republicans that opposed Jefferson6
149851804Barbary Pirate AffairJefferson sends fleet to Tripoli to attack pirates to stop attacks on merchants7
149851805Chesapeake-Leopard AffairUnder Jefferson a British warship fired on an American warship, sparking anti-British sentiments8
149851806Embargo ActAct that prevented American merchants from trading with foreign powers; hurt American economy9
149851807James MadisonPresident faced with British and French impressment and eventually War of 181210
149851808Macon's BillBill that resulted in Napoleon deception11
149851809TecumsehTried to unite all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River12
149851810William Henry HarrisonGeneral that put down Tecumseh's rebellion13
149851811Battle of TippecanoeBattle that ended Tecumseh's rebellion14
149851812War HawksWanted to fight British in War of 1812, not found in New England15
149851813Clay and CalhounLeaders of the War Hawks16
149851814Old IronsidesThe nickname for the warship called the Constitution that sunk a British ship in Nova Scotia, increasing moral17
149851815Battle of Lake ErieOliver Hazard Perry defeats Britain in the most important naval battle of the war18
149851816Andrew JacksonLed troops in south during War of 181219
149851817Battle of Horseshoe BendBattle where the important British ally the Creek Nation was defeated20
149851818Battle of New OrleansJackson defeats British in an impressive battle after the War of 1812 has already ended21
149851819Treaty of GhentTreaty that ended War of 1812, neither side achieved gains22
149851820Hartford ConventionNew England Federalists make demands before war ends but avoid secession: discredited Federalists23
151274179Era of good feelingsLasted from 1816-Panic of 1819, nationalism, optimism, goodwill24
151274180James MonroePresident known for acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise, and the Monroe Doctrine25
151274181Tariff of 1816First protective tariff in US history26
151274182Henry ClayCreator of "American system" of economic growth in the 1810s27
151274183American SystemEconomic growth system consisting of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements28
151274184Panic of 1819First major financial panic, unemployment, deflation29
151274185John MarshallSupreme court chief justice who's rulings established judicial review and implied powers30
151274186Missouri CompromiseMissouri is slave state, Maine is free, no slavery above 30'31
151274187Rush-Bagot AgreementLimited armies around British Canadian border32
151274188Treaty of 1818Improved relations with Great Britian33
151274189Florida Purchase TreatyBought Florida after Andrew Jackson attacks it34
151274190Monroe DoctrineDoctrine that stated that US would oppose European attempts to colonize the Americas35
151274191National Road, Lancaster Turnpike, Erie CanalTransportation projects in the early 1800s36
151274192Robert FultonInvented the steamboat37
151274193Eli WhitneyInvented cotton gin and interchangeable parts38
151274194Samuel SlaterFounder of first factory in America39
151274195Lowell SystemTextile factory system that made use of young farm women in company dormitories40
151274196Market RevolutionSpecialization on the farm, growth of cities, and development of modern capitalism created this41
151797172SectionalismLoyalty to a particular region42
151797173NativistsGroup of people reacting mostly strongly against foreigners43
151797174Old NorthwestOhio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota: west of Alleghenies44
151797175Nat TurnerLed a slave revolt in 183145
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AP United States History AMSCO Review Unit 1 Flashcards

AP United States History AMSCO Review Unit 1

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135172112Quebecfirst French settlement1
135169202Henry the NavigatorPortuguese man that sponsored voyages to open trade routes below Africa2
135169203Treaty of Tordesillasestablished papal line of demarcation3
135172113Ferdinand Magellanfirst to circumnavigate globe4
135172114Francisco Pizarroconquered Incas5
135172115Encomienda systemking of Spain gives grants of land to Indians and Spaniards6
135172116Asiento systemSpaniards pay taxes for each slave7
135172117John CabotEngland's first sea explorer8
135172118Jamestownfounded by Virginia Company, later became first Royal English Colony9
135172119Virginia CompanyEnglish joint-stock company that established Jamestown10
135172120John Rolfeestablished tobacco industry in Jamestown11
135172121Royal Colonycolony under control of king and queen12
135172122Mayflower Compactfirst form of constitution/colonial/democratic government; Pilgrims13
135172123John Winthropfounded Boston along with other Puritans14
135172124Great Migrationmigration from England during English civil war15
135172125Virginia House of Burgessesfirst representative assembly in America16
135172126Robert La Salleexplored Louisiana17
135229474Corporate colonyColonies operated by joint stock companies18
135229475Royal colonyColonies under authority of king's government19
135229476Proprietary colonyColony under authority of individuals20
135229477Chesapeake coloniesThe royal colonies of Maryland and Virginia colonies were known as the21
135229479Act of tolerationPermits Protestantism and Catholicism in Maryland22
135229480William BerkeleyGovernor of Virginia during Bacon's rebellion23
135229481Bacon's rebellionRevolt that protested Berkeley's favoring of large planters; emphasizes class differences and colonial resistance to royal control24
135229482Headright systemSystem where Virginia offers 50 acres of land to each immigrant who pays for passage or plantation owner who paid for immigrant's passage25
135229483Roger WilliamsFounded Providence26
135229484ProvidenceColony unique because it granted rights of native Americans and complete religious toleration27
135229485Anne HutchinsonBelieved in antinomianism and founded Portsmouth28
135229486AntinomianismFaith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation29
135229487Rhode islandProprietary colony that combined Portsmouth and Providence, complete religious freedom30
135229488Thomas HookerFounded Hartford31
135229489Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutFirst constitution in American history, representative government32
135229490John DavenportFounded New Haven33
135229491ConnecticutColony made up of Hartford and New Haven34
135229492New HampshireColony that was separated from Massachusetts Bay to give king more control35
135229494New England ConfederationOrganization made up of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven to combat attack, keep track of servants; established precedent for colonies taken unified action36
135229495King Philip's WarLarge Wampanoag Indian revolt, its end effectively ended Native American resistance37
135229496Restoration coloniesColonies founded during the restoration of England's monarchs38
135229497CarolinasColonies formed when King Charles II granted a large chunk of land to eight nobles39
135229498New YorkColony that was taken from Dutch (New Amersterdam) by Duke of York, didn't allow representation40
135229499New JerseyColony divided off of New York to ease managing41
135229500PennsylvaniaGiven to William Penn by king to repay debt42
135229501QuakersBelieve in equality of men and women, nonviolence ,and resistance to military service43
135229504Pensylvania Charter of LibertiesPennsylvania constitution that guaranteed freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration44
135229505DelawareColony divided off from Pennsylvania45
135229506GeorgiaLast colony, only colony to receive government support, debtor's colony, poor46
135229507James OglethorpeFounded Georgia, banned drinking and slavey47
135229508Navigation ActsTrading can only be carried out by English; colonial imports must pass through England; certain products can only be exported to England48
135229511Dominion of New EnglandJames II's experiment to make New England one unit49
135459380Established churchColonial church based on government taxes50
135459381Congressional churchChurch that were successors to Puritans51
135459382Great awakeningMovement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people; united Americans and challenge authority52
135459383Jonathan EdwardsStarted Great Awakening53
135459384George WhitefieldSpurred on Great Awakening in a preaching circuit; ordinary people could understand gospel54
135459386Phillis WheatleyColonial poet known for overcoming slavery and beautiful verse55
135459387Zenger CaseColonial era case where a new york newspaper editor was put on trial for libel against governor; his acquittal encouraged newspapers to take greater risks56
135459390Town meetingsLocal colonial government in New England was primarily carried out through small gatherings called57
135459391County governmentLocal colonial government in the south was primarily carried out by sheriffs in a system called:58
135958917Edward BraddockEnglishman that Led a failed expedition against French Quebec at beginning of French and Indian War59
135958918Albany Plan of UnionColonial alliance set up to defend colonies against French and Indian attack, failed; set precedent for unification60
135958919Peace of ParisTreaty that ended French and Indian War. France gives up Canada to British and Louisiana to Spanish, Spanish gives up Florida to British61
135958920Salutary NeglectBritain's lax enforcing of its colonial restrictions62
135958921George IIIEnglish king during revolution63
135958922Toriesthe majority party in parliament during revolutionary war and loyalists in America64
135958923Pontiac's rebellionIndian revolt that made England send troops after French and Indian War65
135958924Proclamation of 1763Forbade colonists from moving past the Appalachian Mountains66
135958925Patrick HenryProtested against stamp act and cried no taxation without representation67
135958926Stamp act congressCongress that resolved that only colonial authority could approve tax changes68
135958927Sons and daughters of libertySecret colonial organization designed to intimidate tax agents69
135958928Declaratory actEnglish law that asserted that Parliament could tax colonies in all circumstances70
135958929Townshend actsControversial act that taxed tea, glass, and paper and allowed search of private homes71
135958930Writs of assistanceA license to search anywhere72
135958931John Dickinson"Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania", protested Townshend acts, wrote Articles of Confederation73
135958933Samuel AdamsFounded sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence74
135958934Crispus AttucksAfrican American killed in Boston Massacre75
135958935Committees of CorrespondenceRegularly exchanged letters about suspicious or threatening British activities76
135958936Gaspee incidentColonists destroyed British vessel that captured slaves77
135958937Intolerable actsPunitive acts against Boston and colonists as a result of the Boston Tea Party78
135958938Coercive actsPunished Bostonians by closing port and limiting governmental power79
135958939John LockeStressed natural laws and the rights of the people80
137673546First Continental CongressConference that sought to determine how the colonies should react to grievances81
137673547Suffolk ResolvesResolutions that rejected the Intolerable acts and called for their repeal; urged economic sanctions against GB82
137673548Declaration of Rights and grievancesPetition to the king urging him to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights83
137673550ConcordLocation of military supplies and location of first battle of revolution84
137673551Battle of Bunker HillFirst true battle of revolution, fought on breed's hill85
137673553Olive Branch PetitionDocument from second continental congress trying to secure peace and pledging loyalty86
137673554Prohibitory ActParliamentary decree that declared that the colonies were in rebellion87
137673555ContinentalsWorthless paper money issued by Congress88
137673556Battle of SaratogaTurning battle in revolutionary war, led France to openly ally with US89
137673557Battle of YorktownLast major battle of the Revolutionary War90
137673558Treaty of ParisTreaty to end revolutionary war91
137673559Land ordinance of 1785Policy made under articles of confederation that established rules for surveying and selling western lands; set aside some land for education92
137673560Northwest ordinanceGranted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in new western states93
137673561Shays' rebellionFarmer uprising against high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of proper money; put down by our good friend George Washington94
137673562Mary McCauleyWoman who took place of her husband in Revolutionary War95
138261084Constitutional conventionConvention designed with the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation96
138261085George WashingtonChairperson of Constitutional Convention97
138261086James MadisonFather of the constitution, nationalist98
138261088Virginia planConstitutional proposal that favored large states99
138261089New jersey planConstitutional proposal that favored small states100
138261090Great CompromiseConnecticut compromise that created two houses in Congress101
138261091Commercial compromiseConstitutional compromise that allowed congress to place taxes on imports but not exports102
138261092FederalistsSupported the Constitution and strong federal government; generally found in cities103
138261093The federalist papersEssays written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton to show practicality of Constitution104
138261094Henry KnoxWashington's Secretary of War105
138261097Judiciary actEstablished supreme court that was allowed to rule on decisions made by state courts; Washington106
138261098Excise taxesNon-import/export taxes; usually on particular goods107
138261099George Washington1st president, dealt with French Revolution, national debt, and domestic uprisings108
138261101Jay treatyTreaty where Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on US western frontier, kept America neutral in French Revolution109
138261102Pinckney treatySpain gives America right of deposit in New Orleans and moves Florida border110
138261103Battle of fallen timbersBattle against Indians that would open up Ohio for settlement111
138261104Whisky rebellionFarmers protested the excise tax on whiskey, Washington put it down112
138261105Public land actestablished orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands.113
138261106Federalist partyPolitical party favoring Hamilton and his financial program; favored growth of federal power; northeast114
138261107Democratic-republican partySouthern states; state's rights115
138261109John Adams2nd president, first federalist candidate, XYZ affair116
138261110XYZ affairFrench diplomats try to collect bribes from Americans to stop crimes at sea117
138261111Alien and sedition actsAuthorized president to deport aliens and made it illegal for newspapers to criticize government118
138261112Naturalization actsImmigrant citizenship takes 14 years instead of 5119
138261113Kentucky and Virginia resolutionsSaid that a state could nullify an act of the federal government that broke the compact120
138261114Revolution of 1800The change from federalist control to democratic-republican control (Jefferson)121
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phylum, Cnidarian Phylum Nematoda Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Porifera Flashcards

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818255980Phylum Cnidariancorals, jellyfish, & hydras; radially symmetric & diploblastic; 2 body plans : Polyp & Medusa, animals whose stinging cells are used to capture their prey and defend themselves, and who take their food into a hollow central cavity., A. Radially symmetric, diploblastic B. Two distinct body plans (medusa & polyp) C. Rudimentary Digestive tract / circulatory system called gastrovascular cavity D. Nervous system - nerve net & ocili E. muscle-like structures F. Cnidocytes contain nematocysts g. gastrovascular cavity: functions both in digestion an dcirculation1
818255981Phylum Nematodaroundworms; bilaterally symmetrical; cylindrical body; gut with 2 openings; many parasitic; most are aquatic; example: hookworm, roundworms; bilaterally symmetrical; cylindrical body; gut with 2 openings; many parasitic; most are aquatic; example: hookworm2
818255982Phylum Platyhelminthesflatworms; bilateral symmetry; three cell layers; one opening; parasitic; ex. tape worm, planarian, flatworms; bilateral symmetry; three cell layers; one opening; parasitic; ex. tape worm, planarian3
818255983Phylum Poriferasponges; sessile (attached at base; don't move); 2 layers; filter feeders; body with pores, sponges; sessile (attached at base; don't move); 2 layers; filter feeders; body with pores4
818255984radial symmetrybody plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars, body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars5
818287522Phylum Annelidalittle rings, Head and tail with similar body segments, have closed circulatory system6
818287523tissuesgroups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions7
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