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American Pageant 14e: Chapter 33 The Great Depression and the New Deal Flashcards

Chapter 33

695263344	Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)	Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.
695263345	Eleanor Roosevelt	FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
695263346	Hundred Days Congress	Roosevelt's democratic congress who brought out legislation. Congress gave Roosevelt blank check power, passed many progressive goals, supported public reliability on banks during depression. FDR's "I'm here!" statement.
695263347	Relief, Recovery, Reform (Three Rs)	Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.
695263348	Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (1933)	This act forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to economy and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
695263349	Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)	1933. This unemployment relief act hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;
695263350	Father Coughlin	Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air. At one point he had 40 million radio fans. slogan was "Social Justice"
695263351	Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long	Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a "Share the Wealth" plan, which planned to give $5000 to all families (by taking from the rich). His ideas attracted a large national following. He was later assassinated. slogan was "make every man a king"
695263352	Francis Townsend	This man was a critic of the new deal. He developed the Townsend Plan as a way for the elderly to gain a monthly pension of $200 that must be spent within 30 days.
695263353	Works Progress Administration (1935)	New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies.
695263354	Frances Perkins	U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She took much flak from her contemporaries.
695263355	National Recovery Act (1933)	This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.
695263356	Schechter v. U.S. (1935)	Declared the National Recovery Administration (part of FDR's New Deal) unconstitutional on the basis that the NRA gave the executive branch regulatory powers that belonged exclusively to Congress.
695263357	Public Works Administration (1933)	Provided funding for numerous projects that created many jobs while improving the nation's infrastructure.
695263358	21st Amendment (1933)	This repealed prohibition.
695263359	Dust Bowl	A horrible natural disaster in which Midwestern dust from millions of acres of dry, arid land (which in-part got that way from the tilling of the area) was blown up into the air and carried as far as Boston. Caused by dry-farming, drought, the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains and soil erosion.
695263360	Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)	Congressional commission created in 1934 to administer the Securities Act requiring full financial disclosure by companies wishing to sell stock, and to prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.
695263361	Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)	It built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and soil conservation program. First federal business to compete with private enterprises.
695263362	Federal Housing Administration (1934)	Agency that stimulated the housing industry by granting loans to home owners.
695263363	Social Security Act (1935)	The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers
695263364	John L. Lewis	United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the coal miners strike
695263365	Wagner Act (1935)	Created the powerful National Labor Relations board to mediate disputes between labor and business, gave organized labor the legal authority to bargain collectively, reasserted rights to unionize and bargain through representatives. This act also helped spur the creation and development of the Congress of Industrial Workers.
695263366	National Labor Relations Board	An independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions.
695263367	Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)	Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955.
695263368	20th Amendment (1933)	The major effect of this was to severely cut down the "lame duck" period from the presidency.
695263369	Court Packing scheme (1937)	Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms.
695263370	Harry Hopkins	A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.
695263371	Harold Ickes	headed the PWA for unemployment relief, sec of interior
695263372	George W. Norris	Norris sponsored the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. In appreciation, the TVA Norris Dam and a new planned city in Tennessee were named after him.[1][2] Norris was also the prime Senate mover behind the Rural Electrification Act that brought electrical service to under-served and unserved rural areas across the United States.
695263373	Alfred M. Landon	ran for president in 1936 vs. FDR. Backed by Hoover. he didnt like social security
695263374	boondoggling	several work relief programs under the control of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). It is a politically motivated, trivial, wasteful or impractical government project funded with the intent to gain political favor.
695263375	parity	the price set for a product that gave it the same real value, in purchasing power, that it had enjoyed during the period from 1909-1914.
695263376	New Deal	the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented. It provided moderate social and economic reform to millions of Americans and probably staved off the rise of socialism in the United States.
695263377	Brain Trust	small group of reform minded intellectuals who wrote FDR's speeches often and other new deal legislation (often young college professors)
695263378	Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1933)	got off to a shaky start (was seen as wasteful in the mass slaughter of pigs) but made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages. Was criticized across the board.
695263379	Federal Housing Authority (FHA)	To speed up the recovery of better homes, Roosevelt established the this in 1934. This stimulated small loans to house holders, both improving their dwellings, and competing for new ones.
695263380	Liberty League	They were a group of wealthy consevatives who had organized in 1934 to fight "socialistic" new deal schemes. This group echoed Hoover's thoughts about Roosevelt's New Deal program. P. 792.
695263381	Roosevelt coalition	Also known as the New Deal. Established by Roosevelt during the Great Depression, it helped the unemployed and the lost wages due to the panic on wall street.
695263382	(Herbert) Hoover	lame-duck Republican president who was blamed for the Great Depression. Ran for reelection in 1932 and lost terribly.
695263383	Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)	gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened
695263384	Gold Reserve Act (1934)	United States nationalized gold and prohibited private gold ownership except under license.
695263385	National Recovery Administration (NRA)	Most complex and far-reaching effort by the New Dealers to combine immediate relief with long range recovery and reform. It prevented extreme competition, labor management disputes, and over-production; federally coordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) to regulate businesses (wages, limits, working conditions)
695263386	Mary McLeod Bethune	United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans. She was the director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration, and was also the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration.
695263387	Robert F. Wagner	Senator associated with the National Labor Relations Board Act
695263388	Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)	created a minimum wage of 40 cents per hour; set up a maximum of 44 hours per week in a number of industries; banned children under the age of 16 from working in some industries
695263389	Keynesianism	the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment
695280273	American workers had to be employed to obtain benefits	The most important difference between the American Social Security System and most European social welfare systems was that __________.

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US History Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards made off of the US History Final Exam Review Worksheet. Class - US History / Teacher - Steavens

Terms : Hide Images

593915539	Laissez-faire	A french phrase meaning "let people do as they choose." SIG: Supporters if this believed that the government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace
593915540	Rail Roads	Allows nation to expand westward, allows agriculture to expand into the Great Plains. Allows cities and towns to expand. Provides easy ways to get raw materials to factory then finished goods to market. First big business
593915541	Bessemer Process	New process of steel manufacturing that eliminates impurities, stronger products, with good efficiency = better product Andrew Carnegie
593915542	Vertical Integration	Management control - All companies in the supply train are united through a common owner = better financial growth and efficiency Andrew Carnegie
593915543	Horizontal Integration	Combining of factories/businesses into the same business/ one large corporation J.D. Rockefeller
593915544	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the US was destined to spread across the Northern American Continent
593915545	Andrew Carnegie	Invented vertical integrated steel industry, which allowed companies to grow bigger
593915546	J.D. Rockefeller	Famous industrialist who built oil refineries, Company- Standard Oil
593915547	Imperialism	Economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker ones
593915548	Queen Liliuokalani	Monark of Hawaii, "Hawaii is for Hawaiians'", 1900 Hawaii became part of the US
593915549	William Randolph Hearst	Owned the New York Journal, reported outrageous stories about how the Spanish treated the Cubans
593915550	Joseph Pulitzer	Owned The World newspaper, described Cuba as "hell"
593915551	Yellow Journalism	Exaggeration or making up stories to attract readers
593915552	Jingoism	Agressive nationalism
593915553	Emilio Aguinaldo	A Filipino revolutionary leader who had staged an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish
593915554	President McKinley	President during Spanish-American War, wanted Spanish to restore order in Cuba/expected it in a diplomatic way, peaceful
593915555	Valariano Weiler	"The Butcher" - Spanish general sent to Cuba, very violent
593915556	Admiral George Dewey	US Admiral who fought in Philippines
593915557	Pre-President Roosevelt	In charge of "Rough Riders" calvary
593915558	The Treaty of Paris	Cuba was freed from Spanish rule US gained: Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines
593915559	"Remember the Main"	Slogan for excuse for Spanish-American War
593915560	Four Main Reasons for Entering WW1	Nationalism, Militarism, Imperialism, Entangling Alliances
593915561	Militarism	Environment glorifying military spirit and need of constant preparation of war
593915562	Imperialism	Acquiring empire-contril of one people without the consent of the governed
593915563	Nationalism	Devotion to a nation state
593915564	Entangling Alliances	A defensive alliance when each member pledges to come to the assistance of the other if attacked
593915565	Sussex Pledge	Solved problems of Germany sinking merchant ships, kept US out of war tiny bit more
593915566	Zimmerman Telegram	Telegram from German official to ambassador asking to offer Mexico allieship, intercepted by British
593915567	Lusitania	Boat that was sunk by German submarines, changed Americans attitudes, made them want to enter the war
593915568	Trench Warfare	The use of tranches to protect soldiers and to fight from, horrific, gory, lost thousands
593915569	Treaty of Versailles	The treaty that ended WW1
593915570	League of Nations	A group of people that helped preserve peace - Fourteenth point of Wilson's 14 Points
593915571	President Wilson	The president of the US during WW1
593915572	Declaration of London	A document all about rules at sea during the war
593915573	"Big Four"	President Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando
593915574	Fourteen Points	President Wilsons peace plan, believing that they would establish the conditions for lasting peace in Europe
593915575	National Self-Determination	The idea that the borders of countries should be based on ethnicity and national identity
593915576	Reparations	Monetary compensation for all the war damage a country had caused
593915577	General Pershing	US General who lead the army during WW1
593915578	"Palmer Raids"	Raids on Russian and other various radical organizations in which 6,000 people were arrested -Lead to Russians being deported
593915579	Harding Administration	President Harding staffed his administration with political friends from Ohio; presidency marred by many scandals
593915580	Prohibition	Outlaw of transporting, selling, and manufacturing alcohol
593915581	Al Capone	Murderer, prisoner, all things bad tied to him
593915582	"Speakeasies"	1920 underground nightclubs where alcohol was served
593915583	Stock Market	Ordinary people becoming very wealthy through buying stocks, involved speculation
593915584	Buying on margin	Customers would pay for 10% of what stock was worth. The rest was borrowed from broker and then repaid after stock was sold
593915585	Stock speculation	People would buy and sell stocks quickly to make quick money
593915586	Black Tuesday	October 29th, 1929 - Stock market crashed
593915587	"Hoovervilles"	Temporary camps of homeless and unemployed people
593915588	"Bonus Army"	Veterans were promised $1,000 bonus, but when they didn't receive it, they got angry
593915589	Escapeism	Actions people take to try to relieve feelings of depression and sadness, helps to create a mental diversion
593915590	Radios + Movies + Literature in 1920	Gave people a way to escape from the depression
593915591	"Fireside Chats"	Direct talks in which the president lets Americans know what he is trying to accomplish
593915592	"Okies"	People who moved west
593915593	Herbert Hoover	"Do nothing" president, blamed for the Depression, Laizze-fare
593915594	Franklin D. Roosevelt	Man of action, restored confidence and promises a new plan for America
593915595	Three R's	Relief, Recovery, Reform
593915596	First New Deal	Focused on reform and temporary economic recovery
593915597	Second New Deal	Focused on permanent reform
593915598	Senator Huey Long	Said New Deal Relief measures were mere crumbs and advocated a "share the wealth" plan

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13.1 origins of the cold war. 13.2 early cold war years and korean war, 13.2 the cold war: new red scare, 13.4 Eisenhower's policies Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

705548374	Cold War?	A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
705548375	Iron Curtain?	a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
705548376	Potsdam?	Second peace conference after WWII
705548377	Satellite nation?	A country dominated politically and economically by another nation, especially by the Soviet Union during the Cold War
705548378	Explain the growing tensions between the united states and soviet union at the end of wwII?	there was tension because two had different goals. americans focused on economic problems while soviets focused on securing borders
705548379	What were stalin's goals after WWII?	he was concerned with security, wanted to keep germany weak
705548380	yalta conference?	...., 1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
705548381	Containment?	the policy designed to keep the Soviet Union from expanding its power
705548382	Limited war?	a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy
705548383	George kennan?	He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment"
705548384	Marshall plan?	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
705548385	Nato?	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
705548386	Truman doctrine?	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
705548387	Berlin airlift?	Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
705548388	How did Americans feel about the soviets and the policy of containment?	The objective was to build "situations of strength" around the globe in order to contain the spread of communism and contain the Soviet Union
705548389	How did the cold war spread to china?	it was such a big deal that everyone was finding out globally.
705548390	What were the causes of the Korean war?	- North Korea started war, wanted to make South Korea communist
705548391	What were the major events of the Korean war?	US was controlling the south
705548392	Subversion?	the overthrowing or undermining of something established, such as a government
705548393	Loyalty review program?	A policy established by Truman that authorized the screening of all federal employees to determine their loyalty to the American government.
705548394	HUAC?	The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
705548395	Alger hiss?	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
705548396	The rosenbergs?	Accused of being spies and selling information about nuclear weapons to Russia. The couple was executed.
705548397	Mccarran act?	Required all communist organizations to register with the government and to provide lists of members
705548398	Mccarthyism?	Term used to refer to tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without producing evidence
705548399	Fallout shelter?	a shelter to protect occupants from the fallout from an atomic bomb
705548400	How did life at home change in the early years of the cold war?	Americans began to fear communism
705548401	Describe the new red scare.	Effort of the Soviet Union to take over the world with Communism.
705548402	Why did mccarthy initially receive a lot of support for exposing communists?	/,.
705548403	Massive retaliation?	Eisenhower's policy; it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe
705548404	Brinkmanship?	the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down
705548405	Covert?	hidden; undercover
705548406	Developing nation?	A nation with limited resources that faces obstacles in achieving modern industrial economies.
705548407	Sputnik?	The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
705548408	Central intelligence agency (CIA)?	This group was created after WW II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well.
705548409	What was eisenhower's policy "The New Look" about?	strategic airpower became the centerpiece of US military strategy.
705548410	Describe the effectiveness of eisenhower's foreign policy?	Even though national security spending remained high—it never fell below 50 percent of the budget during Eisenhower's presidency—
705548411	How did the Korean war end?	with South Korea and North Korea remaining separate countries
705548412	Explain the crisis in the following places: Taiwan, Suez canal , Iran, Guatemala, Hungary?	.......

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13.1 origins of the cold war. 13.2 early cold war years and korean war, 13.2 the cold war: new red scare, 13.4 Eisenhower's policies Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

705548374	Cold War?	A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
705548375	Iron Curtain?	a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
705548376	Potsdam?	Second peace conference after WWII
705548377	Satellite nation?	A country dominated politically and economically by another nation, especially by the Soviet Union during the Cold War
705548378	Explain the growing tensions between the united states and soviet union at the end of wwII?	there was tension because two had different goals. americans focused on economic problems while soviets focused on securing borders
705548379	What were stalin's goals after WWII?	he was concerned with security, wanted to keep germany weak
705548380	yalta conference?	...., 1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
705548381	Containment?	the policy designed to keep the Soviet Union from expanding its power
705548382	Limited war?	a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy
705548383	George kennan?	He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment"
705548384	Marshall plan?	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
705548385	Nato?	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
705548386	Truman doctrine?	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
705548387	Berlin airlift?	Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
705548388	How did Americans feel about the soviets and the policy of containment?	The objective was to build "situations of strength" around the globe in order to contain the spread of communism and contain the Soviet Union
705548389	How did the cold war spread to china?	it was such a big deal that everyone was finding out globally.
705548390	What were the causes of the Korean war?	- North Korea started war, wanted to make South Korea communist
705548391	What were the major events of the Korean war?	US was controlling the south
705548392	Subversion?	the overthrowing or undermining of something established, such as a government
705548393	Loyalty review program?	A policy established by Truman that authorized the screening of all federal employees to determine their loyalty to the American government.
705548394	HUAC?	The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
705548395	Alger hiss?	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
705548396	The rosenbergs?	Accused of being spies and selling information about nuclear weapons to Russia. The couple was executed.
705548397	Mccarran act?	Required all communist organizations to register with the government and to provide lists of members
705548398	Mccarthyism?	Term used to refer to tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without producing evidence
705548399	Fallout shelter?	a shelter to protect occupants from the fallout from an atomic bomb
705548400	How did life at home change in the early years of the cold war?	Americans began to fear communism
705548401	Describe the new red scare.	Effort of the Soviet Union to take over the world with Communism.
705548402	Why did mccarthy initially receive a lot of support for exposing communists?	/,.
705548403	Massive retaliation?	Eisenhower's policy; it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe
705548404	Brinkmanship?	the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down
705548405	Covert?	hidden; undercover
705548406	Developing nation?	A nation with limited resources that faces obstacles in achieving modern industrial economies.
705548407	Sputnik?	The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
705548408	Central intelligence agency (CIA)?	This group was created after WW II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well.
705548409	What was eisenhower's policy "The New Look" about?	strategic airpower became the centerpiece of US military strategy.
705548410	Describe the effectiveness of eisenhower's foreign policy?	Even though national security spending remained high—it never fell below 50 percent of the budget during Eisenhower's presidency—
705548411	How did the Korean war end?	with South Korea and North Korea remaining separate countries
705548412	Explain the crisis in the following places: Taiwan, Suez canal , Iran, Guatemala, Hungary?	.......

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 14&15 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

Genetics
Vocabulary (Chapter 14): character, trait, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, hybridization, Law of Segregation, alleles, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, phenotype, genotype, testcross, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, Law of Independent Assortment, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, Tay-Sachs disease, pleiotropy, epistasis, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, quantitative characters, multifactorial characters, pedigree, carriers, albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease, Huntington's disease, achondroplasia, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define diploid and state which cells in your body are diploid.
2. State the number of chromosomes in your diploid cells and state how many of those
chromosomes came from your father and how many came from your mother.
3. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes, state how many of each are in
your diploid cells, and state the sex-chromosome combinations that are in human males
and human females.
4. Describe an individual's karyotype.
5. Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes.
6. Explain the relationship between genes and alleles.
7. Describe linked genes.
8. State the number of alleles you have for each gene in your diploid cells and state how
many of those alleles came from your father and how many came from your mother.
9. Distinguish between an individual's phenotype and genotype.
10. Distinguish between autosomal traits and sex-linked traits.
11. Distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
12. Describe the multiple allele inheritance pattern of the human ABO blood type.
13. Describe and give an example of polygenic inheritance.
14. Describe and give an example of epistasis.
15. Describe and give an example of pleiotropy.
16.

Terms : Hide Images

1353324658	The Law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
1353324659	Allele	Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
1353324660	Dominant Allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
1353324661	Recessive Allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
1353324662	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
1353324663	Phenotype	The EXPRESSED/observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
1353324664	The Law of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
1353324665	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
1353324666	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.
1353324667	Phenotype	Expressed. The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
1353324668	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
1353324669	Testcross	Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
1353324670	The Law of Independent Assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.
1353324671	Monohybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.
1353324672	Monohybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).
1353324673	Dihybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.
1353324674	Dihybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).
1353324675	Complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
1353324676	Incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
1353324677	Codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
1353324678	Tay-Sachs Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
1353324679	Polygenic Inheritance	An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
1353324680	Pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
1353324681	Carriers	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.
1353324682	Sex-Linked Gene	A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.
1353324683	Nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
1353324684	Deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
1353324685	Duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such taht a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.
1353324686	Inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.
1353324687	Translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.
1353324688	Down Syndrome	A humaan genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life threatening.
1358408900	How many genes a prokaryote has	Prokaryotes: 1 circular chromosome, no introns, simple structure
1358408901	How is DNA arranged in prokaryotic cells	DNA in the prokaryotic cells floats freely around in a unorganized manner
1363139849	Pleiotropy	genes having multiple phenotypic effects. pleiotropy alleles are the cause for multiple symptoms with hereditary diseases.
1363162771	Blood type and Compatibility	There are four main blood types: A, AB, B and O. AB positive is considered the universal recipient, and O negative is considered the universal donor.Each biological parent donates one of two ABO genes to their child. The A and B genes are dominant and the O gene is recessive. For example, if an O gene is paired with an A gene, the blood type will be A.

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Genetics - DNA Structure and Analysis Flashcards

-- Except in some viruses, DNA serves as the genetic material in all living organisms on Earth.
-- According to the Watson-Crick model, DNA exists in the form of a right-handed double helix.
-- The strands of the double helix are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonding between complementary nitrogenous bases.
-- The structure of DNA provides the means of storing and expressing genetic information.
-- RNA has many similarities to DNA but exists mostly as a single-stranded molecule.
-- In some viruses, RNA serves as the genetic material.

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237393388	What are the four characteristics a Genetic Material Must Exhibit?	Replication, storage of information, expression of information, and variation by mutation.
237393389	One of the characteristics a Genetic Material is Replication, what does this mean?	Once the genetic material of cells replicates and is doubled in amount, it must then be partitioned equally—through mitosis—into daughter cells. The genetic material is also replicated during the formation of gametes, but is partitioned so that each cell gets only one-half of the original amount of genetic material—the process of meiosis.
237402486	What is central dogma of molecular genetics?	DNA makes RNA, which makes proteins.
237402487	At what wavelength λ is UV light most mutagenic on DNA and RNA?	UV light is most mutagenic at the wavelength λ of 260 nanometers (nm), and both DNA and RNA absorb UV light most strongly at 260 nm.
237410735	What are retroviruses?	These are the retroviruses, which replicate in an unusual way. Their RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of the complementary DNA molecule. The process, reverse transcription, occurs under the direction of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This DNA intermediate can be incorporated into the genome of the host cell, and when the host DNA is transcribed, copies of the original retroviral RNA chromosomes are produced. Retroviruses include the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, as well as the RNA tumor viruses.
237410736	DNA stands for?	Deoxyribonucleic acid
237410737	RNA stands for?	Ribonucleic acids
237410738	Nucleotides structural units consist of three essential components?	a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (a 5-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group.
237410739	two kinds of nitrogenous bases?	the nine-member double-ring purines and the six-member single-ring pyrimidines.
237410740	The two purines are?	The two purines are adenine and guanine, abbreviated A and G.
237410741	The three pyrimidines are?	The three pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, and uracil, abbreviated C, T, and U.
237410742	Nitrogenous bases in RNA?	Both DNA and RNA contain A, C, and G, but only DNA contains the base T and only RNA contains the base U.
237410743	Ribonucleic acids (RNA) contain -------- sugar?	ribose sugar.
237417604	deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) contain ----- sugar?	deoxyribose sugar.
237417605	The linkage between two mononucleotides consists of ?	The linkage between two mononucleotides consists of a phosphate group linked to two sugars. It is called a phosphodiester bond.
237417606	Number of hydrogen bonds between A and T?	Two
237417607	Number of hydrogen bonds between G and C?	Three
237421324	Different forms of DNA?	Right-handed double helix: A-,B- (most common), C-,D-, E-, P- left-handed double helix: Z-DNA
237429470	Difference between RNA and DNA molecules?	Although RNA also has nucleotides linked into polynucleotide chains, the sugar ribose replaces deoxyribose, and the nitrogenous base uracil replaces thymine. Another important difference is that most RNA is single stranded, although there are two important exceptions. First, RNA molecules sometimes fold back on themselves to form double-stranded regions of complementary base pairs. Second, some animal viruses that have RNA as their genetic material contain double-stranded helices.
237429471	Three major classes ofcellular RNA molecules?	ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
237429472	ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	The RNA molecules that are the structural components of the ribosomal subunits. In prokaryotes, these are the 16S, 23S, and 5S molecules; in eukaryotes, they are the 18S, 28S, and 5S molecules. S stands for Svedberg coefficient --based on sedimentation.
237429473	messenger RNA (mRNA)	An RNA molecule transcribed from DNA and translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
237429474	transfer RNA (tRNA)	A small ribonucleic acid molecule playing an essential role in translation. tRNAs contain: (1) a three-base segment (anticodon) that recognizes a codon in mRNA; (2) a binding site for the specific amino acid corresponding to the anticodon; and (3) recognition sites for interaction with ribosomes and with the enzyme that links the tRNA to its specific amino acid.
237429475	Svedberg coefficient (S)	Sedimentation behavior depends on a molecule's density, mass, and shape, and its measure is called the Svedberg coefficient (S).
237429476	telomerase RNA	The enzyme that adds short, tandemly repeated DNA sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
237429477	small nuclear RNA (snRNA)	Abundant species of small RNA molecules ranging in size from 90 to 400 nucleotides that in association with proteins form RNP particles known as snRNPs or snurps. Located in the nucleoplasm, snRNAs have been implicated in the processing of pre-mRNA and may have a range of cleavage and ligation functions.
237429478	antisense RNA	An RNA molecule (synthesized in vivo or synthetic) with a ribonucleotide sequence that is complementary to part of an mRNA molecule.
237429480	microRNA (miRNA)	Single-stranded RNA molecules approximately 20-23 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression by participating in the degradation of mRNA.
237429482	short interfering RNA (siRNA)	Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 nucleotides in length, that play a variety of roles in biology. The most notable role of siRNA is its involvement in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of a specific gene.

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Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon Flashcards

Made for Chapter 19:
A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
Identifications (IDs) and Essays
Western Civilization—Jackson Spielvogel text

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1069387504	The Treaty of Paris	It was a peace treaty at the end of the war that said that the British looked at America as a free country. It also said that the Americans had to pay back the loyalists for all the property they had broken.
1069387505	marquis de Lafayette	French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)
1069387506	the First Estate	The clergy made up the first estate. They included archbishops, bishops, abbots, parish priests, monks, and nuns. There were 400,000 of them which made up 2% of the population
1069387507	the Second Estate	made up of rich nobles. Only made up 2% od population, but owned 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. most hated enlightenment ideas b/c they threatened their status.
1069387508	the Third Estate	was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.
1069387509	bourgeoisie	the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
1069387510	the Estates-General	legislative body of France with each of the 3 estates represented, called in 1789 to help Louis XVI solve the debt crisis. Unfair because although the third estate made up 98% of the population, each estate had an equal vote; resulting in the third estate being out voted by the first two estates. third estate formed its own assembly, the National Assembly, beginning the French Revolution.
1069387511	the National Assembly	made up of the third estate, or the lower class. When the Estates General first opened, the delegates of the third estate saw that they would always be beaten, as the clergy and nobility would usually vote together. This caused them to call themselves the National Assembly on June 17, 1789. The assembly was forced to disband after about a month, after Louis XVI wanted to re-establish absolutism. The national Assembly was recalled however, after the storming of the Bastille.
1069387512	cahiers de doleances	statements of local grievances drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General, advocating a regular constitutional government abolishing fiscal privileges of the church and nobility
1069387513	the Tennis Court Oath	Due to being outnumbered the Third Estate took a daring step and claimed to represent France calling themselves the National Assembly. When they later convened the meeting hall was locked so they met on a nearby tennis court and swore to never seperate and meet wherever the circumstances required.
1069387514	Louis XVI	- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
1069387515	the Bastille	French prison that became known as a symbol of the royal abuse of power; stormied in 1789, July, one of the first steps of revolt.
1069387516	the Great Fear	a vast panic that spread quickly through France in 1789; peasant rebellions bacame part of the Great Fear; citizens, fearing invasion by foreign troops that would support the French monarchy, formed militias
1069387517	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
1069387518	the March on Versailles	7,000 Parisian women, demanding bread while fearing another attempt by the king to use force, marched to Versailles and brought the king and queen back to the Palace in Paris so that they could be more easily watched (October 1789)
1069387519	the Civil Constitution of the Clergy	written by the National Assembly; subjected church to state control; declared that the Catholic Church in France is a national church independent of the Pope, and that the Catholic clergy in France are paid government officials to be elected by the people; condemned by the Pope and most of the French clergy (nonjuring clergy)
1069387520	the Constitution of 1791	The first government created during the French Revolution. It created a Limited Monarchy (like England's) which focused on the rights of people. It represented the desires of the Bourgeousie elements of the revolution.
1069387521	Jacobins	Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)
1069387522	sans-culottes	in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
1069387523	the National Convention	Governed by the French Republic from 1792-95, members were elected through universal male suffrage and became divided along political lines. Declared the end of the monarchy. Brought Louis XVI to trial and executed him and his wife.
1069387524	The Girondins	wanted a republic, wanted Louis XVI to have life in prison, get blamed for the war and are executed by the mountain for treason
1069387525	the Mountain	This was a political party within the National Convention named because the people that made up this party sat on the highest benches in the assembly hall. These people were the activists within the Convention. The Mountain worried that the Girondists would become conservative because of their already moderate beliefs. Although they were in competition with each other, the Mountain eventually won due to their alliance with the Sans-Culottes, resulting in a more radical group of people. The mountains believed in equal outcome.
1069387526	the Committee of Public Safety	they ruled the government, started reign of terror, and eventually executed by their own death device; the guillotine
1069387527	Maximilien Robespierre	"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.(also the founder of the church of reason)
1069387528	the Reign of Terror	began when Robespierre came into power. He was an enemy of the French Republic. During this time Robespierre would accuse people of going against the government and he would daily execute them in the newly formed way of torture/killing, the guillotine.
1069387529	de-Christianization	During the Terror, The Catholic Church was linked to real or potential counter-revolutions. Religion was linked with the Ancient Regime, and Superstition, and so the Committee of Public Safety enacted measures to reduce its influence. IT included: New Calendar, aboloishment of Religious holidays, new names for months, 7-day weeks replaced with 10-day decades.
1069387530	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
1069387531	the Directory	Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
1069387532	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
1069387533	the Concordat (1801)	pope gained right to depose French bishops; state retained right to nominate bishops; Catholic church permitted to hold processions again and reopen seminaries; pope acknowledged accomplishments of the Revolution and agreed to not question church lands confiscated; clergy paid by state
1069387534	the Code Napoleon (Civil Code)	preserved most of revolutionary gains by recognizing principle of equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions, religious toleration, and abolition of serfdom and feudalism; property rights protected; trade unions and strikes outlawed; reflected uniform legal system; most rights restricted
1069387535	prefects	Administrators sent out from Paris to impose the will of the government on the people in the provinces.
1069387536	the Third Coalition	Napoleon began preparations to invade Great Britain;his conquest of Italy convinced Russia and Austria that Napoleon was threat to balance of power. Coalition was complete with the addition of Russia under Tsar Alexander I and Sweeden.
1069387537	the Continental System	Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient, an economic blockade of Britain. The Foreign Policy of Napoleon, essentially an effort to thwart English advancement by nationally prohibiting British trade with France. It didn't work and weakened France more than Brittian
1069387538	nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
1069387539	the Great Retreat	After Napoleon invaded Russia they retreated and the Russians had burned down all the houses so Napoleons Grand Army didn't have any food and most of them starved on the way home.
1069387540	The battle of Waterloo	In this battle on June 18, 1815 in modern Belgium, Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of the English and the Prussians, putting an end to the Napoleonic Wars and his reign as emperor
1069387541	Declaration of Pillnitz	this was the king of Prussia's threat to intervene in France if necessary to protect the French monarchy which resulted in France declaring war on Austria, sparking the radical stage of the Revolution
1069387542	Georges Danton	leader of the sans-culottes, was the former Minister for Justice and was killed during the Reign of Terror
1069387543	First Coalition	group of monarchs that united after Louis XVI was executed to stop the spread of the revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution
1069387544	Thermidorian Reaction	the death of Robespierre on 8 Thermidor began this movement, the moderates gained control of the National Convention and wrote a new constitution in 1795
1069387545	Second Coalition	the second alliance formed by European nations to combat France's revolutionary changes, except this time, they faced Napoleon
1069387546	levee en masse	the call to use all able-bodied men to rally around the country, was used by Napoleon to fight the Second Coalition
1069387547	Confederation of the Rhine	German states that were grouped into one coalition after Napoleon defeated the Third Coalition and abolished the Holy Roman Empire
1069387548	Treaty of Tilsit	agreement between Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon in which the two forces became allies against Great Britain, with Alexander accepting Napoleon as the Emperor of the West, while Russia got influence in Switzerland and Sweden
1069387549	Congress of Vienna	after Napoleon's defeat, England, Russia, Prussia and Austria met to decide the fate of France. it agreed to establish a balance of power in Europe to ensure that one nation would never become politically and militarily strong enough to dominate the continent. Europe wouldn't see another war at the scale of the Napoleonic Wars until WWI
1069387550	Quadruple Alliance	alliance organized by Metternich to maintain the balance of power and stop and suppress any revolutionary ideas of nationalism and democracy which threatened to upset the Vienna settlement
1069387551	Continental System	Napoleon's economic warfare method against England, except it back fired and continental Europe was more affected that England
1069387552	taille	one of the taxes the Third Estate had to pay, and was a tax on agricultural goods such as produce
1069387553	Liberty, Equality and fraternity	the slogan of the French Revolution
1069387554	Battle of Trafalgar	naval battle where the English victory over France ended any chance of France invading England
1069387555	émigrés	aristocrats that fled France
1069387556	Assignats	Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
1069387557	Hundred days	after Napoleon returned from Elba, he was only popular again for 100 days before being exiled to St. Helena for life
1069387558	September Massacre	When the Paris Commune killed about 1200 people from the city jails because they were assumed to be counterrevolutionaries
1069387559	Necker	Swiss banker, French director of finances who claimed the budget was in surplus, though royal expenditures went for pensions to the aristocracy
1069387560	Olympe de Gouges	A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves.
1069387561	Abbie Sieyes	Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
1069387562	Departments	83 equal districts that France was divided into by the National Assembly

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A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napolean Flashcards

The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution; Background to the French Revolution; The French Revolution; The Age of Napolean

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602222265	July 4, 1776	date of the signing of the declaration of independence; approved by the Second Continental Congress
602222266	George Washington	Commander in Chief of the Continental Army; had political experience in Virginia and military experience in the French and Indian War
602222267	Treaty of Paris	signed in 1783; recognized the Independence of the American colonies; granted Americans control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River
602222268	Central Government	better than the government of the individual states;could levy taxes, raise a national army, regulate domestic and foreign trade and create a national currency
602222269	President	chief executive with the power to execute laws, veto the legislature's acts, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces
602222270	United States Constitution	approved by the states in 1788; a bill of rights was the government's first promised piece of business
602222271	Bill of Rights	guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and assembly
602222272	American Revolution's impact on Europe	it showed Europeans that the liberal political ideas of the Enlightenment could be achieved; rights of man, liberty and equality, freedom of religion were not just ideas; Americans made concepts of liberty and representative government a reality
602222273	Revolutions	not always the result of a bad economy
602222274	The First Estate	made up of the clergy (about 130,000 people); owned about 10% of the land; exempt from taille; divided, higher clergy were part of the nobles while parish priests were often poor commoners
602222275	The Second Estate	composed of nobility (350,000 people) owned about 25-30% of the land; held lead positions in the government, the military, the law courts and the higher church offices; they wanted to expand their privileges at the expense of the monarch; most were wealthy
602222276	The Third Estate	commoners of society; owned 34-40% of the land but were 75-80% of the population; peasants had to work for rich landlords; played an important part in the revolution because of their struggle for survival
602222277	Old order	France's social and political structure that places the king at the top and three estates below him
602222278	National Assembly/ Tennis Court Oath	June 20, 1789; the Third Estate met on indoor tennis courts because they were locked out of their original meeting place. became the first step toward the French Revolution
602222279	Intervention of the Common People	led rural and urban uprising in July and August of 1789 to help the revolution; they used the Third Estate to fight against the rich
602222280	Bastille	the commoners led an attack on the royal armory (Bastille) which also happened to be a prison; its fall became a symbol for revolutionaries all over France
602222281	The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	A document drafted in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly. This declaration uphled that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights" of "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression." It called for equality of law, education, employment, innocent until proven guilty, and freedom of religion.
602222282	Women's march	Parisian women who had run out of flour because of the taxes blamed it on the king, broke into his palace at Versailles, and took the king and queen back to Paris to deal with the issue
602222283	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	July 1790; bishops and priests of the catholic Church had to be elected by the people and paid by the state
602222284	sans-culottes	ordinary patriots without fine clothes; made up the Paris Commune
602222285	January 21, 1793	King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine; end of the old regime; didn't help in all ways, created new enemies of the Revolution
602222286	Legislative Assembly	1791: Constitution; elitist, didn't include average people, limited monarchy; didn't work
602222287	Paris Commune	part of the national convention; third estate; working class; ward; their problems tend to be more magnified in the city; most radical; San-culottes; made decisions
602222288	Jacobins	political clubs, met in Jacobin monastery; varying ideas, radical to less radical; broad title for anybody in the radical movement
602222289	Mountains	mostly Paris commune and extreme radical; had most radical view to creating a republic
602222290	Robespierre	wanted to create a new France; thought that the ideal citizen would be one person who would be loyal to the state and make it their number 1 priority; highest form of virtue is terror, replaced the church in a secular way
602222291	Reign of Terror	protected the Republic from internal enemies; anyone who showed signs of resiting the Republic was killed, usually by guillotine; even whole cities were killed, Lyons being the example set for not agreeing with the Republic
602222292	Dechristianization	saint was removed from street names; churches were closed; priests were encouraged to marry; Notre Dame was renamed the Temple of Reason
602222293	Napoleon	A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.
602222294	Directory	National Convention-middle class writes a constitution in 1795. Elect members of a reorganized legislative assembly-5 man executive. Continued to support French military expansion. Actions reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation(shown in national elections). Use army to nullify elections, govern dictatorially.

730784400	London Conference	Conference in 1933 subverted by FDR's attempts to protect US dollars from deflation
730784401	Great Depression	the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
730784402	Cordell Hull	United States diplomat who did the groundwork for creating the United Nations (1871-1955)
730784403	Tydings- McDuffie Act	for the independence of the Philippines. let Phillipines become free after 12 year transition time
730784404	Good Neighbor Policy	FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region
730784405	Seventh Pan-American Conference	1933 conference held in Montevideo, Uruguay; U.S. delegation formally endorsed nonintervention in Latin America
730784406	Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act	these reversed the high protective tariffs, amending tariff laws providing that countries established similar laws in return
730784407	Joseph Stalin	Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
730784408	Benito Mussolini	Italian fascist dictator
730784409	Adolph Hitler	Nazi dictator of Germany during WWII
730784410	Rome-Berlin Axis	1936 The alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)
730784411	Ethiopia	Mussolini invaded, conquering it in 1936. The League of Nations failed to take any effective action against Mussolini, and the U.S. just looked on.
730784412	Neutrality Acts	4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents
730784413	Francisco Franco	Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)
730784414	Quarantine Speech	1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations.
730784415	Panay incident	1937 - On the Yantze River in China, Japanese aircraft sank an American gunboat escorting tankers. The U.S. accepted Japan's apologies.
730784416	Rhineland	name of the territory in which Hitler sent troops into in defiance of the Versailles treaty in 1935.
730784417	Munich Conference	1938 Meeting between Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France that gave Hitler the Sudetenland
730784418	Neville Chamberlain	Prime Minister of Great Britain from -1940. Famous for appeasing Hitler at the Munich Conference.
730784419	Cash and carry	the policy whereby the British brought money to buy materials they needed for the war
730784420	Battle of Britain	German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar
730784421	America First Committee	Group formed in 1940 by isolationists to block further aid to Britain
730784422	Lend-Lease Act	1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security
730784423	Atlantic Conference	Churchill secretly met with Roosevelt to discuss common problems
730784424	Atlantic Charter	Agreement signed by President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941 outlining the two nations' war aims (similar to 14 points) -no territorial changes contrary to natives' wishes -self-determination -disarmament and peace of security, League of Nations
730784425	Pearl Harbor	United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
731614042	Korematsu v. US	Supreme Court case which upheld the relocation of Japanese to internment camps 1944
731614043	Henry J Kaiser	Leading American industrialist and shipbuilder during World War II, "Sir Launchalot"
731614044	War Production Board	WWII government agency that decided which companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials
731614045	Office of Price Administration	WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation
731614046	WAACS	Women's Auxiliary Army Corps,clerical and support positions (truck drivers, nurses, pilots)
731614047	WAVES	Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy
731614048	SPARS	women serving in the Coast Guard
731614049	Bracero Program	plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms.
731614050	baby boom	the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II
731614051	Sunbelt	states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative
731614052	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality
731614053	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality, founded 1942
731614054	code talkers	Indians who transmitted messages in their native languages; languages which the Germans and Japanese could not understand
731614055	Gen. Douglas MacArthur	He was the commanding general in the Pacific. He was likewise the leader of occupying forces that entered Japan.
731614056	Midway Island	pivotal battle won by Admiral Nimitz, it deprived Japan of a strategic base and without which the US might have been compelled to negotiate a cease fire in the Pacific
731614057	Admiral Chester W Nimitz	naval strategist who lead a smaller carrier at Coral Sea and Midway; commander of Pacific fleet. Led under Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, against the powerful invading Japanese fleet.
731614058	Island hopping	WWII strategy of conquering only certain Pacific islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan
731614059	El Alamein	Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943
731614060	soft underbelly	Instead of the Allies invading Nazi-held France, they attacked the German's in North Africa and then Italy.
731614061	Casablanca Conference	January 1943 conference between FDR and Churchill that produces Unconditional Surrender doctrine
731614062	Tehran Conference	Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France
731614063	D Day	June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
731614064	Gen. George S Patton	United States , led U.S. troops across the French countryside during D-Day.
731614065	Thomas E Dewey	the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948
731614066	Harry S Truman	President of the US after Roosevelt's death; approved the use of the atomic bomb against Japan
731614067	Battle of the Bulge	World War II battle in December 1944 between Germany and Allied troops that was the last German offensive in the West.
731614068	V-E Day	May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered
731614069	Iwo Jima	a bloody and prolonged operation in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders
731614070	kamikaze	a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II
731614071	Potsdam Conference	Conference which issued an ultimatum to the Japanese: surrender or be destroyed 1945
731614072	Manhattan Project	code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
731614073	Hiroshima	City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
731614074	Nagasaki	Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).
731614075	Emperor Hirohito	emperor of Japan during WWII, his people viewed him as a god
731614076	USS Missouri	site of Emperor Hirohito's surrender to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2, 1945
731614077	penicillin	resulted in few deaths from disease and infection
752827928	Taft-Hartley Act	allowed states to outlaw the "closed shop" unions, boycotts by unions; allowed the pres to call for an 80 day cooling period before a strike
752827929	Employment Act of 1946	made it government policy to "promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power," and created the Council of Economic Advisors
752827930	GI Bill of Rights	Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business
752827931	Dr. Benjamin Spock	Was a 1950's doctor who told the whole baby boom generation how to raise their kids. He also said that raising them was more important and rewarding than extra $ would be.
752827932	Federal Housing Authority	Established by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for the poor. (cheaper to live in suburbs than in city apartments)
752827933	Veteran's Administration	A federal agency that administers benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces.
752827934	Levittown	New York suburb where postwar builders pioneered the techniques of mass home construction
752827935	Missouri Gang	Trumans cabinet whom were friends from senator job in missouri
752827936	Big Three	allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt
752827937	Yalta Convention	1945 - the Big 3 met to make plans for the end of the war
752827938	Chiang Kai-shek	Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party after 1925
752827939	Cold War	The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.
752827940	Bretton Woods	1944 meeting of 45 Allied nations to create International Monetary Fund and World Bank - encouraged world trade by regulating currency exchange rates
752827941	United Nations	International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
752827942	Security Council	Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
752827943	Israel	This country was formed in 1947 by the United Nations to give Jews a homeland.
752827944	Bernard Baruch	called for a United Nations, free from veto, with worldwide authority over atomic energy, weapons and research
752827945	Nuremberg Trials	Twenty-two Nazi leaders were tried for war crime and found legally responsible for their actions during wartime
752827946	Berlin Airlift	airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
752827947	containment policy	US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism
752827948	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
752827949	George C Marshall	Secretary of State, in charge of state department during and after WW2, came up with the Marshall Plan
752827950	Marshall Plan	a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
752827951	European Community	an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
752827952	National Security Act	Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.
752827953	Central Intelligence Agency	an agency created after World War 2 to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well.
752827954	Selective Service System	The system used in the United States to draft young people into armed service, including the Vietnam War.
752827955	NATO	an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security
752827956	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
752827957	Mao Zedong	Chairman of China's Communist Party and de facto ruler of China From 1949 until his death in 1976.
752827958	Smith Act	1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists
752827959	Dennis v United States	1951, made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (upheld the Smith Act of 1940)
752827960	Committee on Un-American Activities	U.S. House of Rep. committee that took the lead in investigating alleged pro-communist agents such as Alger Hiss
752827961	Alger Hiss	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
752827962	Joseph R. McCarthy	Led a crusade to investigate officials he claimed were Communists
752827963	Julius and Ethel Rosenberg	two American citizens convicted of espionage and executed in 1951
752827964	Dixiecrats	Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.
752827965	Point Four	Truman's bold new program to lend money and technical aid to under developed countries so that they would not succumb to communism
752827966	Fair Deal	Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing
752827967	NSC-68	A document that pushed for a large build up of the U.S military. It allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict.
752827968	38th Parallel	Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

288110807	Henry Ford	perfected the assembly line, and produced a reliable, affordable automobile to the average american.
288110808	As the stock market grew how did people start buying?	purchasing on margin
288110809	scopes trial	found guilty for teaching evolution in the public schools
288110810	ku klux klan	promoted white superiority, reached height in membership during 1920's
288110811	prohibition	bootlegging and speakeasies were the result of this. (18th amendment)
288110812	charles lindbergh	made the first non stop flight across the atlantic.
288110813	lost generation	talented group of american writers who lost faith in the victorian principles of their predecessors
288110814	f scott fitzgerald	called the 1920's the jazz age
288110815	louis armstrong	jazz musician who introduced jazz in the 1920 african american trumpeter, singer, cornet player, introduced scat, jazzman.
288110816	duke ellington	african american musician jazz piano player, A-train.
288110817	harlem renaissance	name given to the achievements in art, music and literature by african americans in the 1920's
288110818	sigmund freud	phsychologist, developed free association therapy
288110819	lou gehrig	the iron horse, known for his batting average. had aid now called lou gehrig disease.
288110820	babe ruth	played for the new york yankees, the home run king, 1st to be in baseball hall of fame.
288110821	the chicago black sox	fixed series, shoeless joe jackson- best hitter
288110822	waren harding	29th president, return to normalcy, teapot dome scandal with albert fall
288110823	calvin coolidge	30th president, known as quiet call, during the booming years.
288110824	knute rockne	developed the forward pass in football while head coach at Notre Dame
288110825	clara bow	known as the "it" girl, in lots of movies, flapper life.
288110826	al capone	american gangster, smuggled liquor, modern day robin hood. saint valentines massacre
288110827	jack dempsy	heavy weight champion and legend 1919-1926
288110828	coco chanel	perfume, chanel no. 5, concept of the little black dress, chanel suit, invented flapper look.
288110829	herbert hoover	31st president, relationship with the press, ignored civil rights for african americans, blamed for the depression
288110830	flappers and vamps	women of the 20's, independent, worked outside of the home, short hair, raised hemlines, straight waist.
288110831	gene tuney	called the fighting marine, smart fight, excellent footwork. long count, rematch
288110832	bobby jones	amateur golfer never went pro, because he was a lawyer. won the grad slam. built agasta national golf course
288110833	xenophobia	the fear of foreigners, policies put in place to limit immigration. quota system- specific # of people, asians excluded.
288110834	mary pickford	Americas sweatheart, united artist corporation, best actress, 1930
288110835	alexander fleming	creator of penicillin, pharmologist, nobel prize winner for the medicine.
288110836	installment plan	small down payment, paid balance over months years.
288110837	consumer spending	made stock purchases on margin, americans accumulated debt, credit hid the problem.
288110838	uneven distribution of wealth	the rich got richer and the poor got poorer, the rich didn't spend their money, they invested in it.
288110839	causes of the stock market crash	easy credit, uneven distribution of wealth, buying stock on margin, over production and underconsumption
288110840	industry	business leaders started laying off workers, after wages went up.
288110841	agriculture	rural depression, price of crops dropped, had no cash, overproduction, underconsumption.
288110842	alfred e. smith	ran against hoover,
288110843	dow jones industrial average	primary indicator of the health of the economy
288110844	black tuesday	Oct. 29 1929
288110845	hawley-smoot tariff act	raised price on foreign goods, ruined international trade
288110846	great depression	stock market crash, tariffs, world wide crash, credit, uneven distribution of wealth. (banks collapse, unemployment, international trade ruined)
288110847	who march on washington	the bonus army
288110848	fireside chats	speeches given by FDR
288110849	buying on margin	overspeculation
288110850	FDIC	federal deposit insurance corporation, reestablished americans faith in banks.
288110851	AAA	Agriculture adjustment administration helped farmers by trying to raise crop prices, and to control production.
288110852	TVA	Tennessee valley authority- brought electricity, flood control, and modernized some of the most rural areas.
288110853	CCC	civillian conservation corps- employed young men, restoring forests, parks, beaches, and roads. sent money home to their families
288110854	NRA	national recovery administration- purpose was to create a code of fair competition, helped to set minimum wage.
288110855	PWA	public works association- launched projects such as the grand coulee dam, hover dam. sewer systems
288110856	WPA	works progress association- contraction or repair, on high schools, hospitals, airfields.
288110857	SSA	social security act- suppose to protect the elderly, unemployed, disabled, helped americans feel secure.
288110858	REA	rural electrification administration- modernize rural areas, built power lines.
288110859	the wagner act	(national labor relations act) - limited the means by with employers may react to labor unions
288110860	SEC	securities and exchange- regulate stock market to prevent another crash

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