AP US History 1- Final Exam Flashcards
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| 72160425 | Year of the Second BUS | 1816 | |
| 72160426 | The Factor System | Governments supplied tribes with goods to drive them out of western lands. | |
| 72160427 | First Party System | Federalists (Hamiltonians) and Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians) | |
| 72160428 | Seminole War | A conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the Seminole Indians and the U.S. army when the seminoles resisted removal | |
| 72160429 | Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819 | Made Spain cede all of Florida to the U.S.and give up its claim to the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return America gave up its claims to Texas. | |
| 72160430 | Missouri Compromise | Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820). | |
| 72160431 | Johnson v. McIntosh | 1823, est. the Indian tribes rights to tribal land that preceded all other american law; only the Federal Government could take land from the tribes. | |
| 72160432 | Monroe Doctrine | 1822, declared that the U.S. was not to be subjects for future colonization by European Powers. | |
| 72160433 | 1824 | The Caucus System ended in what year? | |
| 72160434 | Election of 1824 | John Quincy Adams won after Henry Clay gave his support to Adams, securing his Presidency. When Adams appointed Clay as his secretary of state, Jackson's supporters raged that a corrupt bargain had cheated Jackson of presidency. | |
| 72160435 | Election of 1828 | Andrew Jackson wins the Presidency and the Democratic Party is established. The opposing party called themselves National Republicans. | |
| 72160436 | "Age of Jackson" | period when marked by belief that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold office, and do anything they had the ability to do. Spoils System, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, 'era of the common man'. | |
| 72160437 | Property Qualification | 1821 this qualification was abolished, which made it easier for other groups to vote. | |
| 72160438 | "People's Party" | 1840, Thomas Dorr formed this party and submitted a new constitution to a popular vote. It was rejected, so the Dorrites set up their own government. The Dorr Rebellion failed. | |
| 72160439 | Albany Regency | Believed that a political party was undemocratic and that an institutionalized party based in the populace, would ensure democracy. In the new kind of party:Ideological commitments would be less important than loyalty to the party itself. Preservation would be the principal goal of leadership. For a party to survive it must have a permanent opposition. | |
| 72160440 | Anti-Jackson= Whigs, Pro-Jackson= Democrats | The new two-party system in 1830 consisting of pro & anti-Jackson advocates. | |
| 72160441 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. | |
| 72160442 | Black Hawk War | In the early 1830's, white settlers in western Illinois and eastern Iowa placed great pressure on the Native American people there to move west of the Mississippi River. Native American tribes visited Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe. Black Hawk lead a rebellion against the United States. The war started in Illinois and spread to the Wisconsin Territory. It ended in August 1832 when Illinois militia slaughtered more than 200 Sauk and Fox people. | |
| 72160443 | Removal Act | 183-, the Federal Government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west. | |
| 72160444 | Payne's Landing | All the Indians ceded their land under this treaty in 1832-1833. | |
| 72160445 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | |
| 72160446 | Soft-Money | This faction wanted more currency in circulation and believed that issuing bank notes unsupported by gold or silver was the best way to circulate more currency | |
| 72160447 | Hard-Money | This faction belieced that gold and silver were the only basis for money. They condemned all banks and issued bank notes, including the BUS. Jackson was in favor of this faction. | |
| 72160448 | Reasons for Westward Expansion | - California Gold Rush - The Transcontinental Railroad and other improvements in infrastructure (turnpikes/roads 1790-1810, canals 1817-1830, railroads 1830's-present day--- innovation pushes market revolution). - The Louisiana Purchase - The expansion of slavery - Idea of Manifest Destiny | |
| 72160449 | Reasons for Immigration Growth | - Majority of the immigrants (45%)came from Ireland due to the potato famine and because of oppressive English rule. - The other half (20%) came from Germany because of severe poverty and the collapse of the liberal revolution as a result of economic dislocations of the industrial revolution. | |
| 72160450 | Reasons for Growth of Cities | - The move from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy. - There were many small businesses - New inventions such as the telegraph, rotary press, the sewing machine, steel plow, interchangeable parts, grinding machine, rubber-vulcanized. - New industries (textile, machines) - Development of the corporate structure | |
| 72160451 | Reasons for New Inventions | Wanted to improve and expand technologically. | |
| 72160452 | General Rogery Taney | This man was appointed by Jackson as Secretary of State (during this time he put in a number of state banks to place the government's deposits), and later became the chief justice of the Supreme Court. | |
| 72160453 | Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge | In this 1837 Supreme Court Case, Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that a state had a right to place the public's convenience over that of a private or particular company, over the presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter. Thus a company that had a prior long-term contract for a toll bridge over the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge—and hence a monopoly on bridge traffic—could not prevent a second company from receiving another state contract to construct a competitive toll-free bridge. It advanced the interests of those who favored economic development. Expansion was key in in economic opportunity, but could achieve this if existing companies' monopoly chokes off competition from new companies. | |
| 72160454 | The Democratic Party | This party... - envisioned expanding economic and political opportunities. - thought role of government should be limited. - defended the Union. - attacked centers of corrupt villages. - opposed legislation establishing banks, corporations, and institutions. - drew attention from the small merchants and workingmen of the Northeast, southern planters, and westerners from southern roots. - attracted Irish and German Catholics. | |
| 72160455 | The Whig Party | This party... - wanted expanding power of the federal government. - encouraged industrial and commercial development. - keeping country together in an economic system. - cautious about westward expansion because they feared it would produce instability. - rising to commercial and manufacturing power. - favorable to the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, the wealthy planters of the South, and the farmers of the West. - attracted Evangelical Protestants. | |
| 72160456 | The Great Triumvirate | This group consisted of Henry Clay from Kentucky (represented the west), John C. Calhoun from South Carolina (represented the south), Daniel Webster from Massachusetts (represented the north). Guided Congress for almost 50 years. Were all in the Senate. | |
| 72160457 | Election of 1836 | Hand-picked sucessor for the Democratic party was Martin Van Buren. The Whig party nominated 3 candidates (Lawson, White, and Harrison) and so the election was thrown into the House of Representatives but Martin Van Buren was still elected. He was the first American born president nicknamed Old Kinderhook ("Ok"). | |
| 72160458 | The Panic of 1837 | In 1836 Congress passed a distribution act requiring the federal government to pay its surplus funds to the states each year in four quarterly installments as interest free, unsecured loans. These loans were not expected to be repaid. The states used this money toward infrstructure, but the withdrawal of federal funds strained the state banks. They had to call in their loans to make the transfer of funds to the state governments. This put the nation in a depression for five years. The government tried to create a new financial system to replace the BUS known as the subtreasury system. The government would replace funds in an independent treasury in Washington and in subtreasuries in other cities. Governments and banks would be separated from each other. The proposal failed. | |
| 72160459 | Election of 1840 | Whigs chose Harrison for President and Tyler for Vice President. Democrats nominated Van Buren, but no Vice Presidential candidate. Harrison won and Tyler was Vice President. Tyler took office shortly after Harrison died. He was planning to rejoin the Democratic party, so the Whigs were becoming very frustrated with him. | |
| 72160460 | Aroostook War | Boundary dispute between settlers in Maine and New Brunswick in 1838 to 1839. Involved the chartering of an American steam ship: The Caroline. British authorities in Canada seized the ship and burned it killing one American. Later the Creole ship was sailing with 100 slaves on board from Virginia to New Orleans when slaves took possession of the ship and sailed it to the Bahamas where British officials claimed them free and refused to overrule them. Issue settled by Ashburton treaty. | |
| 72160461 | The Ashburton Treaty | 1842, this treaty established a boundary along the Maine-New Brunswick border (between Canada and Maine). | |
| 72160462 | The Treaty of Wang Hya | 1844, this treaty gave America some part in the China trade after Britain forced China to open their ports to foreign trade. | |
| 72160463 | "Nativism" | A defense of native-born people and hostility towards foreign-born, usually with a desire to stop immigration. | |
| 72160464 | The Erie Canal | Construction for this canal began on July 4th, 1817 in New York. Was completed in 1825 and linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It was very important to the Industrial Revolution. | |
| 72160465 | The Factory System | This system spread rapidly in the 1820's and changed the shoe and textile industry and produced 2/3 of the nation's manufactured goods. | |
| 72160466 | Merchant Capitalism | This industry was declining by the middle of the nineteenth century because British competitors were stealing America's export trade and because of the discovery that there were greater opportunities for profit in manufacturing than in trade by merchants. | |
| 72160467 | The Lowell System | Systems of recruitment were needed to bring new labor supply into the expanding textile mills. This labor force relied heavily on young married women and provided them with good living conditions. | |
| 72160468 | Female Labor Reform Association. | This organization, previously known as the Factory Girls Association, was created and led by Sarah Bagley. | |
| 72160469 | National Trades' Union | Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and New York combined to form this union in 1834. In order to reform work and labor industries. | |
| 72160470 | "Cult of Domesticity" | Discussion of the issues and roles for women in politics and education. A sphere was created by middle-class women and their role in society was more recognized and valued. | |
| 72160471 | Emancipation Laws | These laws were created out fo fear of the violence free blacks would generate. Their growing minority would serve as an example for blacks still in slavery. The new laws made it more difficult for owners to set their slaves free. | |
| 72160472 | Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner | These three men attempted to lead a band of African Americans in a rebellion, but their attempts failed. | |
| 72160473 | Transcendalists | This group embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between reason and understand. Any group of New England writers who stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience. They tried to defend nature against exploitation for economic gain and believed that nature wasn't for economic activity, but for personal human inspiration. | |
| 72160474 | Brook Farm | This experimental community was developed by George Ripley which allowed members to equally take part in labor so everyone could enjoy the leisure equally. It inspired Robert Owen to open New Harmony. | |
| 72160475 | The Oneida Community | Was established in 1848 by John Noyes. It was a community with residents who rejected traditions of family and marriage. | |
| 72160476 | The Amanas | The group, formed in 1843, attempted to realize Christian ideals by creating an ordered, socialist society. | |
| 72160477 | The Shakers | This group made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles. | |
| 72160478 | The Mormons | A religion formed by Joseph Smith from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. A sect that was individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise. they caused scandle because of their military and beliefs in polygamy. Believed in human perfectability, genealogy, and placed emphasis on family. | |
| 72160479 | The American Society for the promotion of Temperance | 1826, this group emerged to use techniques of revivalism to preach abstinence because, alcoholism was growing rapidly. | |
| 72160480 | The Washington Temperance Society | 1840, this group was formed by reformed alcoholics, and people signed a formal pledge to forgo hard liquor. | |
| 72160481 | The Benevolent Empire | An institution formed for the handicapped and part of this network. | |
| 72160482 | "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" | 1848, this declaration was created by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. It was their demand for the right to vote launching a movement for women suffrage that continued until 1920. | |
| 72160483 | The American Colonization Society | 1817, this group worked to challenge slavery without challenging property rights or southern sensibilities. Proposed gradually freedom of slaves with masters receiving compensation through funds from private charities or state legislatures. | |
| 72160484 | American Antislavery Society | Originally known as the New England Society in 1832, Williams Garrison founded this group that rejected gradualism and demanded the immediate abolition of slavery. | |
| 72160485 | Manifest Destiny | A movement that rested on the idea that America was destined by God to expand boundaries over a vast area. The goal was to spread a political system and a racially defined society. | |
| 72160486 | Battle of Alamo | 1836, America claimed its independence from Mexico in this battle. | |
| 72160487 | The Mexican War | In this war, in 1846-1848, Congress declared war after a small attack on a unity of American soldiers. | |
| 72160488 | The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | This treaty ended the Mexican War in 1848 and ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S. | |
| 72160489 | Election of 1848 | Democrats nominated Lewis Cass, and Whigs Zachary Taylor. Out of this election the Free-Soil Party emerged which drew from the Liberty Party and the Whig and Democratic parties. | |
| 72160490 | Wilmot Proviso | Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. It became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. | |
| 72160491 | The Compromise of 1850 | The terms of Clay's proposal included: - California would be admitted as a free state into the Union. - The remainder of the Mexican territory would be divided into two new territories: Utah and New Mexico. The determination of whether they were a slave or free state would be based on popular sovereignty. - Texas would surrender their claims of the New Mexico territory in exchange for ten million dollars from the government to cover their war debts. - Slave trade would continue to exist, but ti would be abandoned in the District of Columbia. - Congress would strengthen the Fugitive Slave Acts for the purpose of requiring citizens, of either free or slave states, to assist in returning runaway slaves (FSA of 1850). | |
| 72160492 | Pottawatomic Massacre | John Brown moved to Kansas to fight to make it a free state. He killed pro-slavery advocates in what became known as this. | |
| 72160493 | The Dred Scott Decision | 1857, a Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property. It affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress and slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states. This fueled abolitionist movement and was hailed a victory for the South | |
| 72160494 | Kansas | In 1861, this state was entered into the Union as a free state. | |
| 72160495 | The Republican Party | In 1854, during the time of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this political party was formed as the Whig Party disappeared. | |
| 72160496 | The Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854, Douglas proposed a new territory known as Nebraska. Nebraska would be able to open itself as a slave or free state. When southerners opposed this, Douglas introduced two territories. Nebraska & Kansas. Kansas was more likely to become a slave state. | |
| 72160497 | Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 | This act declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters; Denied runaway slaves a trial by jury; required citizens to assist federal marshals in its enforcement, whites and freedmen to face fines and prison terms if caught aiding runaway slaves | |
| 72160498 | Personal Liberty Laws | 1830's-40's, these laws were designed to protect free blacks, freedmen, and fugitive slaves by effectively nullifying the Fugitive Slave Law without actually invoking the doctrine of nullification, which is unconstitutional. | |
| 72160499 | Prigg v. Pensylvania | 1842, a bounty hunter (Prigg) had been accused of capturing fugitives in violation of Pennsylvania law. The Supreme Court ruled that federal law is superior to the state law. They reversed Prigg's conviction. Only federal marshals/authorities are responsible for returning runaways. | |
| 72160500 | Anthony Burns | A slave that was arrested after escaping from his master. His counsel argued for him to be released, but he was still not set free. After five months in jail he was sold to a speculator, who sold him to a group of Bostonians who set him free in 1855. | |
| 72160501 | Ableman v. Booth | 1854, abolitionist Sherman Booth was arrested for violating the Fugitive Slave Act when incited a mob to rescue a fugitive slave from Stephen Ableman. Booth appealed claiming that the act was unconstitutional. Wisconsin court affirmed his release and declared it unconstitutional. Ableman asked them to review the case. Taney declared that the Wisconsin Supreme Court could not interfere with federal laws. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Ableman. | |
| 72160502 | Election of 1800 | Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. | |
| 72160503 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | Passed by the Federalists in Congress in 1801 after the election of Democratic-Republican president Thomas Jefferson. This act was a blend of needed judicial reform and partisan politics. The law added six new circuit courts and added 16 new judgeships, along with their support staffs, for outgoing Federalist president John Adams to fill. These judgeships were criticized as "midnight appointments." It was later repealed by Jefferson which eliminated the judgeships controlled by the Federalists. The 1803 case, Marbury v. Madison, showed the Supreme Court's reasoning in the decision making. | |
| 72160504 | The Second Great Awakening | This religious revial in 1801 has a motto as follows: "individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives, must embrace a fervent, active piety, and must reject skeptical rationalism that threatened traditional beliefs." It combined a piety with a belief in God as an active force in the world, whose grace could be accomplished through faith and good works. | |
| 72160505 | The Embargo Act | This act was eventually replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act which reopened trade with all nations, but Great Britain and France. Its original goal was to show the U.S's neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars by cutting off trade with Europe. | |
| 72160506 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | This bill reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France, but authorized the president to prohibit commerce with either country if one should violate the neutral shipping after the other had stopped. | |
| 72160507 | The War of 1812 | On June 18, 1812, a declaration of this war against Britain was approved by Madison. It is often called the Second American Revolution, due to the fact that Britain impeded the United State's national sovereignty and left the country with both financial and political problems. The causes of the war include Britain's interference in the U.S.'s foreign trade. Britain seized American naval vessels. Britain also interfered with the conflict between the U.S. and the Indians by reestablishing a relationship with them. | |
| 72160508 | The Ghent Treaty | This treaty was the peace settlement for the War of 1812 between the United States and England. The treaty was signed Christmas Eve of 1814. | |
| 72160509 | The Louisiana Purchase | The United States paid a total of fifteen million dollars to Napoleon for the purchase New Orleans and western parts of Louisiana as well. It added a large portion of land to the United States. The treaty stated that Lousiana would occupy the same extent as it had before when France and Spain owned it. |
