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Ch. 3 AP Comparative Government (The United States) Flashcards

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443915250Manifest DestinyThis expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Occurred at expense of Native American population.
443915251American ExceptionalismHistorical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation.
443915252FederalA system in which a national government shares power with states, cities, counties and other jurisdictions. System used by US.
443915253Checks and BalancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power. Same as separation of powers.
443915254Civil SocietyA complex network of voluntary associations, economic groups, religious organizations, and many other kinds of groups that exist independent of government. Robert Putnam argues that involvement in this is declining in the US and other industrialized democracies.
443915255Robert PutnamA political scientist who published studies suggesting fewer and fewer Americans were joining clubs, associations, churches and other groups that promote civic trust and cooperation ("social captialist". Americans, once a nation of joiners, were now as he called it "bowling alone". His thesis was known as the "bowling alone" thesis.
443915256relative easeThe US has been able to handle major transitions with __________ ______ when compared to other industrialized democracies. It has also been free of outside constraints.
443915257Federalist PapersA series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution.
443915258Federalist Paper No. 10Written by James Madison, it argued that the latent causes of faction are sown in the nature of man. Warns against "the evils of faction"
443915259Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
443915260IndividualismA belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence, important in American political life.
443915261Functional apathyTerm that is used to describe the US's extremely low turnout rates which allow politicians in power to govern with more leeway when compared to that of other countries.
443915262New LeftCoalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.
443915263Republican PartyOne of the two major American political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats. Now the party is conservative (pro-life, anti-affirmative action, anti-too much government intervention, anti-taxing on the rich, pro-death penalty
443915264Democratic PartyPolitic party in the US that has its roots in the 1830's. Presents itself as the party of the "little man".
443915265carpetbaggerNortherners who went to the South during Reconstruction. Most intended to settle in the South and make money there. Part of the radical government, they passed much needed reforms.
443915266New RightConservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone. A response to the liberalism of the 1960's, against affirmative action, abortion, feminism, ERA.
443915267Movement conservativesMembers of the religious political revival that was an answer to 60's radicalism.
443915268Reagan DemocratDemocratic, blue-collar workers who tended to vote Republican during the 1980s
443915269Conference committeeA temporary joint committee set up when the House and the Senate have passed different versions of the same bill.
443915270IncrementalismPolicymaking in the US tends to be slow and characterized by ________________. Otherwise defined as the limited, marginal or minor changes over time.
443915271Weak StateCompared to other industrialized democracies, the US has a ______ ________. This is because of the balance of powers in the governmental system.
443915272Judicial ReviewThe power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional. NOT common in most industrial democracies.
443915273Unitary StatesA state in which no other governmental body but the central government has any areas of power that are exclusively under its control. MOST common among liberal democracies, the US however has a federal system. Examples include: France, Italy, and the UK.
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Elements, Their Symbols and the Polyatomic Ions Flashcards

This is a set of the most commonly used elements and polyatomic ions in high school chemistry.

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542353936HydrogenH
542353937HeliumHe
542353938LithiumLi
542353939BerylliumBe
542353940BoronB
542353941CarbonC
542353942OxygenO
542353943NitrogenN
542353944FluorineF
542353945NeonNe
542353946SodiumNa
542353947MagnesiumMg
542353948AluminumAl
542353949SiliconSi
542353950PhosphorusP
542353951SulfurS
542353952ChlorineCl
542353953ArgonAr
542353954PotassiumK
542353955CalciumCa
542353956ScandiumSc
542353957TitaniumTi
542353958VanadiumV
542353959ChromiumCr
542353960ManganeseMn
542353961IronFe
542353962CobaltCo
542353963NickelNi
542353964CopperCu
542353965ZincZn
542353966GalliumGa
542353967GermaniumGe
542353968ArsenicAs
542353969SeleniumSe
542353970BromineBr
542353971KryptonKr
542353972RubidiumRb
542353973StrontiumSr
542353974SilverAg
542353975CadmiumCd
542353976TinSn
542353977IodineI
542353978XenonXe
542353979CesiumCs
542353980BariumBa
542353981GoldAu
542353982MercuryHg
542353983LeadPb
542353984AmmoniumNH4 +1
542353985HydroniumH3O +1
542353986acetateC2H3O2 (-1 chg)
542353987chlorateClO3 (-1 chg)
542353988cyanideCN (-1 chg)
542353989carbonateCO3 (-2 oxidation chg)
542353990chromateCrO4 (-2 oxidation chg)
542353991sulfateSO4 (-2 oxidation chg)
542353992sulfiteSO3 (-2 oxidation chg)
542353993phosphatePO4 (-3 oxidation chg)
542353994cyanideCN (-1 chg)
542353995hydroxideOH- (-1 chg)
542353996nitrateNO3 (-1 chg)
542353997nitriteNO2 (-1 chg)
542353998permanganateMnO4 (-1 chg)
542353999perchlorate -ClO4 (-1 chg)
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Chapters 16, 17, and 18 Test Flashcards

Retake. Woot.

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345526512A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact thatmany noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA.
345526513Which of the following covalently connects segments of DNA?Ligase
345526514Which of the following synthesizes short segments of RNA?Primase
345526515When does translation begin in prokaryotic cells?As soon as transcription has begun
345526516Choose the answer that has these events of protein synthesis in the proper sequence: 1. An aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site. 2. A peptide bond forms between the new amino acid and a polypeptide chain. 3. tRNA leaves the P site, and the P site remains vacant. 4. A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA. 5. tRNA translocates to the P site.4, 1, 2, 5, 3.
345526517In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above would be expected after one DNA replication in the presence of 14N?The flask with the middle, single line.
345526518An Okazaki fragment has which of the following arrangements?5' RNA nucleotides, 3' DNA nucleotides
345527386What are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?exons
345527387Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?several transcription factors (TFs)
345527388Which of the following removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments?DNA polymerase I
345541038The enzyme telomerase solves the problem of replication at the ends of linear chromosomes byadding numerous short DNA sequences such as TTAGGG
345541039Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell becauseRNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material
345541040In eukaryotes there are several differnet types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in the transcription of mRNA for globin protein?RNA polymerase II
345541041Which would you expect of a eukaryotic cell lacking telomerase?A reduction in chromosome length
345541042Which of the folllowing help to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?single-strand binding proteins
345541043What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA
345541044What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?The nucleotide sequence of the template strand
345541045In his transformation experiments, what did Grifffith find?Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form
345541046Which of the following helps to stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation?5' GTP cap and poly (A) tail
345541047What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
345541048A frameshift mutation could result fromeither an insertion or a deletion of a base.
345541049What is the function of DNA polymerase III?to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand
345541050The tRNA shown in figure 17.4 has its 3' strand projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?The amino acid binds covalently
345541051Figure 17.4 represents tRNA that recognizes and binds a particular amino acis. Which codon on the mRNA strand codes for this amino acid?CUU
345541052The leading and lagging strands differ in thatthe leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction.
345541053When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are directed to the ER membrane byA signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane
345541054Which point mutation would have a catastrophic effect?A base deletion near the start of a gene
345541055Cytosine makes up 38% of a the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?12
345541056Alternative RNA splicingcan allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA
345541057Which of the following investigators was/were responsible for the following discovery? In DNA from any species, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine.Erwin Chargaff
345541058Which of the following seperates DNA strands during replicationHelicase
345541059What amino acid sequence would be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'Met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
345541060As a ribosome translocates along an mRNA molecule by one condon, which pf the following occurs?the tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site
345541061Which of the following is true of SNRPS?They join together to form a large structure called the spliceosome.
345541062In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis
345541063According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway?2
345541064Which is analogous to a single substitution mutation in THECATATETHERATTHECATARETHERAT
345541065What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?Hydrogen
345541066What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5'->3' direction?DNA polymerase 3
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AP PSYCH Chapter 10: Language Flashcards

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432955528Languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
432955529PhonemeIn a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
432955530MorphemeIn a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
432955531GrammarIn a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
432955532Semanticsset of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
432955533Syntaxrules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
432955534Babblingstage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
432955535One-wordstage in speech development, from 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly single words
432955536Two-wordstage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
432955537TelepathicEarly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram with noun-verb phrases and no auxiliaries
432955538Adult-like speechSpeech rapidly develops into complete sentences
432955539Linguistic determinationWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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AP PSYCH Chapter 9: Memory Flashcards

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432955430Memorythe persistence of learning over time thru the storage and retrieval of information
432955431flashbulb memorya clear memory and emotionally significant moment or event
432955432storageThe retention of encoded information over time
432955433retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory storage
432955434sensory memorythe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
432955435short term memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digit telephone number well dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
432955436long-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
432955437working memorya newer understanding short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
432955438automatic processingunconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency
432955439spacing effectthe tendency to distribute study or practice to yield better long-term attention than is achieved through massed study or practice
432955440serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first item in a list
432955441visual encodingthe encoding of picture images
432955442acoustic encodingthe encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
432955443semantic encodingthe encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
432955444imagerymental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
432955445Mnemonicsmemory aids, especially those techniques that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices
432955446Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
432955447iconic memorya momentary sensory memory is visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of the second
432955448Echoing memorya momentary memory of auditory stimuli; attention elsewhere, sounds in words can still be recalled within three or 4 seconds
432955449LTP (long-term potentiation)cells that fire together wire together
432955450amnesialoss of memory
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Chapters 16 and 17 US History Flashcards

AP US History: Out of Many

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288236141Legal Tender ActAct creating a national currency in February 1862
288236142National Bank ActAct prohibiting state banks from issuing their own notes and forcing them to apply for federal charters
288236143Morrill Tariff ActAct that raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate
288236144Homestead ActLaw passed by Congress in May 1862 providing homesteads with 160 acres of free land in exchange for improving the land within five years of the grant
288236145Morrill Land Grant ActLaw passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges
288236146Peninsular campaignUnion offensive led by McClellan with the objective of capturing Richmond
288236147Emancipation ProclamationDecree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863 , freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion
288236148Thirteenth AmendmentConstitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughout the United States
288236149CopperheadsA term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War
289203169Ten Percent PlanWhen the number of Confederate states voters who took allegiances reached 10%, Lincoln would let them establish a state government that he approved
289203170Radical RepublicansA shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South
289203171Wade-Davis BillRequired 50% of seceding state's white male citizens to take loyalty oath before elections and conventions could happen to rewrite the state's constitution; required equality of former slaves; Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill
289203172Special Field Order 15Order by General William T. Sherman in Jan 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year
289203173Freedmen's BureauAgency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted 7 years
289203174Black CodesLaws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War
289203175Civil Rights Act1866 Act that gave full citizenship to African Americans
289203176Congressional ReconstructionName given to the period 1867-1870 when the Republican-dominated Congress controlled Reconstruction-era policy
289203177Reconstruction Act1867 act that divided the South into 5 military districts subject to martial law
289203178Tenure of Office ActAct stipulating that any officeholder appointed by the president with the Senate's advice and consent could not be removed until the Senate had approved a successor
289203179Klu Klux KlanPerhaps the most prominent of the vigilant groups that terrorized black people in the South during the Reconstruction era, founded by the Confederate veterans in 1866
28920318015th AmendmentPassed by COngress in 1869, guaranteed the right of AMerican men to vote, regardless of race
289203181SharecroppingLabor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers' crop
289203182Union LeagueRepublican Party organizations in northern cities that became an important organizing device among freedmen in southern cities after 1865
289203183CarpetbaggersNorthern transplants to the South, many of whom were Union Soldiers who stayed in the South after the war
289203184ScalawagsSouthern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, who supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction
289203185Slaughterhouse CasesGroup of cases resulting in one sweeping decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873 that contradicted the intent of the 14th Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained under states, not federal, control.
289203186Liberal RepublicansDisaffected Republicans that emphasized the doctrines of classical economics
289203187Compromise of 1877The congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the WHite House and gave Democrats control of all states governments in the South.
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HESI A2 Vocab Flashcards

HESI A2 Vocab

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535136070Abruptsudden
535136071Abstainto voluntarily refrain from something.
535136072Accessa means to obtain entry or a means of approach
535136073accountableresponsible
535136074adhereto hold fast or stick together
535136075adverseundesireable, possibly harmful
535136076affectappearance of observable emotions
535136077Applyto place, put on, or spread something
535136078Audibleable to hear
535136079Bilateralpresent on two sides
535136080casthard protective device applied to a broken bone while it heals.
535136081Ceasecome to an end.
535136082compensatoryoffsetting or making up for something
535136083complicationan undesired problem that is the result of another event.
535136084complydo as directed.
535136085Concaverounded inward
535136086Concisebrief, to the point.
535136087ConsistencyDegree of viscosity; how thick or thin a fluid is.
535136088constrictTo draw together or become smaller
535136089ContingentDependent
535136090ContourShape or outline of a shape
535136091ContractTo draw together, to reduce in size
535136092ContraindictionA reason why something is not advisable or should not be done.
535136093DefecateExpel feces
535136094DeficitA deficiency or a lack of something.
535136095DepressPress downward
535136096DepthDownward measurement from a surface.
535136097DeterioratingWorsening
535136098DeviceTool or piece of equipment.
535136099Diameterthe distance across the center of a object.
535136100DilateTo enlarge or expand
535136101Diluteto make a liquid less concentrated.
535136102DiscreteDistinct, separate
535136103DistendedEnlarged or expanded from pressure
535136104ElevateTo lift up or place in a higher position
535136105EndogenousProduced within the body
535136106Exacerbateto make worse or more severe.
535136107excessmore than what is needed or usual
535136108ExogenousProduced outside the body
535136109Expandto increase in size or amount
535136110ExposureContact
535136111ExternalLocated outside the body
535136112Fatalresulting in death
535136113FatigueExtreme tiredness, exhaustion
535136114flaccidlimp, lacking tone
535136115FlushedReddened or ruddy appearance
535136116GapingWide open
535136117GenderSex of an individual, as in male or female
535136118HydrationMaintenance of body fluid balance
535136119HygieneMeasures contributing to cleanliness and good health.
535136120ImpairedDiminished or lacking some usual quality or level.
535136121ImpendingLikely to occur soon
535136122IncidenceAn occurance
535136123InflamedReddened, swollen, warm and often tender.
535136124IngestTo swallow for digestion.
535136125InitiateTo begin or put into practice
535136126InsidiousSo gradual as to not become apparent for a long time.
535136127IntactIn place, unharmed
535136128InternalLocated within the body
535136129InvasiveInserting or entering into a body part.
535136130LabileChanging Rapidly and often
535136131Latentpresent but not active or visible
535136132LethargicDifficult to arouse.
535136133ManifestationAn indication or sign of a condtion.
535136134NutrientSubstance or ingredient that provides nourishment
535136135OccludedClosed or obstructed.
535136136OminousSignificatly important and dangerous
535136137OngoingContinuous
535136138OralGiven through or affecting the mouth.
535136139OvertObvious, easliy observed
535136140ParameterA characteristic or constant factor
535136141ParoxysmalBeginning suddenly or abruptly.
535136142PatentOpen
535136143PotentProducing a Strong effect.
535136144PotentialCapable of occurring or likely to occur.
535136145precautionto take Preventive measure.
535136146PredisposeTo make more susceptible or more likely to occur.
535136147PreexistingAlready present
535136148PrimaryFirst or most signifcant
535136149PriorityOf great importance
535136150Prognosisthe anticipated or expected course or outcome.
535136151RationaleThe underlying reason.
535136152RecurTo occur again
535136153Restrictto limit
535136154RetainTo hold or keep
535136155SiteLocation
535136156StatusCondition
535136157StrictStringent, Exact, complete.
535136158SupplementTo take in addition to or complete.
535136159SuppressTo stop or subdue
535136160SymmetricBeing equal or the same in size, shape, and relative postion.
535136161SymptomAn indication of a problem
535136162UntowardAdverse or negative.
535136163UrinateExcrete or repel urine.
535136164VerbalSpoken, using words.
535136165VitalEssential
535136166VoidExcrete, or expel urine
535136167VolumeAmount of space occupied by a fluid.
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Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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522124700what is photosyntheis?the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
522124701what nourishes almost the entire world?photosynthesis
522124702what do chloroplasts do?capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy that is stored in sugar and other molecules
522124703what sustains themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms?autotrophs
522124704what are the producers of the biospher?autotrophs
522124705what do autotrophs produce?organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
522124706what are almost all plants?photoautotrophs
522124707define: photoautotrophsthey use the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules
522124708how does an organism acquire the organic compounds it uses for energy?by autotrophic nutrition or heterotrophic nutrition
522124709what are the ultimate sources of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms?autotrophs
522124710what are the only nutrients plants require? (3)minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide & air
522124711what obtains their organic material from other organisms?heterotrophs
522124712what are the consumers of the biosphere?heterotrophs
522124713what do heterotrophs depend on for survival?photoautotrophs
522124714what are almost always decomposers?fungi & prokaryotes
522124715what do photoautrophs include (5)plants, multicellular alga, unicellular protists, cyanobacteria
522124716what did the process of photosynthesis most likely originate in?a group of bacteria
522124717what are the major locations of photosynthesis?leaves
522124718what is the green color of plants from?photosynthesis
522124719where are chloroplasts found?in cells of the mesophyll
522124720define: mesophyllthe interior tissue of the cell
522124721what maximizes photosynthetic yield?mesophyll
522124722What did the endosymbiont theory state?the original chloroplast was a photosynthetic prokaryote that lived inside an ancestor of eukaryotic cells
522124723How does Carbon dioxide exit and oxygen enter a leaf?through the stomata
522124724where is chlorophyll located?in the membranes of thylakoids
522124725if thylakoids are stacked in columns what is this called?grana
522124726what is a dense interior fluid in chloroplasts called?stroma
522124727what drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast?light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
522124728What is the direct product of photosynthesis?a 3-carbon sugar that can be used to make glucose
522124729_______________ splits H2O into hydrogen and oxygen?chloroplasts
522124730what was one of the first clues ot the mechanism of photosynthesis?the discovery that oxygen given off by plants is derived from water and not carbon dioxide
522124731who challenged the hypothesis that predicted that oxygen released during photosynthesis came from Carbon Dioxide?C.B. Van Niel
522124732how did scientists confirm C.B. Van Niels hypothesis?by using oxygen-18
522124733what reverses the direction of electron flow compared to respiration?photosynthesis
522124734Photosynthesis is a redox reaction in which?water is oxidized and Carbon Dioxide is reduced
522124735what kind of process is photosynthesis? what is the energy boost provided by?endergonic process; light
522124736what 2 things involve redox reactions?photosynthesis and cellular respiration
522124737what are the sites of the light reactions?thylakoids
522124738what is the site of the calvin cycle?the stroma
522124739What 2 parts does photosynthesis consist of?light reactions & the calvin cycle
522124740What are the 4 processes of the light reactions?1. split water 2. release oxygen 3. reduce NADP+ to NADPH 4. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
522124741What converts solare energy to chemical energy?the light reactions
522124742What is NADP+?an electron carrier in photosynthesis that differs by the presence of a phosphate group
522124743what does the light reaction not produce?sugar
522124744what does the calvin cycle form? from what?sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
522124745What does the carbon cycle begin with?carbon fixation, incorporationg CO2 into organic molecuels
522124746The calvin cycle can only make sugars with the help of what?NADPH & ATP which are produced by the light reactions
522124747who is the light cycle named for?Melvin Calvin
522124748Light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of what?NADPH & ATP
522124749define: carbon fixationthe initial corporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.
522124750When does the calvin cycle in most plants occur?during daylight
522124751What are solar powdered chemical factories?chloroplasts
522124752what do chlorplasts' thylakoids do?transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
522124753What is light?electromagnetic radiation
522124754what does light travel in?waves
522124755what determines the type of electromagnetic energy?wavelength
522124756what are electromagnetic waves?disturbances of electric and magnetic fields rahter than disturbances of a material medium
522124757what does wavelenght that is essential to life range from?360nm to 750nm this is visible light
522124758what does each photon have?a fixed quantitity of energy
522124759What is the amount of energy in a photon inversely related to?the wavelength of light; the shorter the wavelenght the greater the energy of each photon of light
522124760what drives photosynthesis?visible light
522124761what are pigments?substances that absorb visible light
522124762different pigments absorb?different wavelengths
522124763what happens to wavelengths that are not absorbed?they are reflected or transmitted
522124764Why do leaves appear green?because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light
522124765What does a spectrophotometer measure?a pigments ability to absorb various wavelengths
522124766what is an absorption spectrum?a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength
522124767what does the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggest ?violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis
522124768What does an action spectrum profile?the relative effectiveness of different wavelenghts of radiation in driving a process.
522124769what can light perform work in chloroplasts?only if it is abosrbed
522124770who first demonstrated the action spectrum?Theodore W. Engelmann
522124771Why are leaves green?because the chlorophylll molecules of chloroplast absorb violet-blue and red light and reflect or transmit green light
522124772what is the main photosynthetic pigment?chlorophyll a
522124773What broadens the spectrum used for photosynthesis?chlorophyll b
522124774What absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll?carotenoids
522124775what are the 3 pigments in chlorophyll?chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids
522124776what is an example of a phytochemcal?carotenoids
522124777what is in chlorophyll a? wht does this doCH3 it couses teh pigments to aborb at different wavelengths in the red and blue parts of the spectrum
522124778what in chlorophyll b causes the pigments to absorb at different wavelengths in the red and blue parts of the spectrum?CHO
522124779What happens when a pigment absorbs light?it goes from a ground state to an excited state which is unstable
522124780What happens when excited electrons fall back to the ground?the give off flourescence
522124781if illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will flourescence and do what?give off light and heat
522124782What are the only photons absorbed?those whose enrgy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state
522124783what does a photosystem consist of?a reaction center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes
522124784what do the light harvesting complexes transfer?ther enrgy of photons to the reaction center
522124785what is an emergent property?chlorophyll
524975400What accepts excited electron and is reduced as a result?a primary electron acceptor
524975401What is the first step of light reactions?solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor
524975402How many photosystems are there in the thylakoid membrane?2
524975403what is the first photosystem that occurs?photosystem II
524975404What is photosystem II best at absorbing?a wavelength at 680 nm
524975405What is the reaction center of chlorophyll a of PS II called?P680
524975406What is photosystem I best at absorbing?wavelength of 700nm
524975407Why does isolated chlorophyll fluorescence?because there is no electron accepter so it drops back to ground state.
524975408what are nearly identical chlorophyll a molecules?P680 and P700
524975409What are the 2 main products of the light reactions?ATP & NADH
524975410What are the 2 possible light reactions for electron flow?cyclic and linear
524975411What is linear electron flow?the primary pathway, that involves both photosystems nd produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
524975412How do you make NADPH from NADP?Add 2 electrons
524975413What happens to an excited electron from P680?it is transferred to the primary electron acceptor P680+
524975414What is the strongest oxidizing agent known?P680+
524975415what is released as a byproduct of photosytem II?oxygen
524975416Each electron falls down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of ____________ to PS I?PS II
524975417What drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?energy released by the fall
524975418What drives ATP synthesis from PS II to PS I?diffusion of H+ across the membrane
524975419what is the final electron acceptor of PS II?PS I
524975420The electrons of NADPH are avilable for reations in what?the calvin cycle
524975421What is the process of PS II to PS I an example of?an exergonic fall of electrons to a lower energy level
524975422What happens as electrons pass through the cytochrome commples?H+ are pumped into the thylakoid lumen
524975423What does not produce ATP?the second electron transport chain in photosynthesis
524975424what does Cyclic electron flow use? what does it produce? what does it not produce?uses only PS I, produces ATP, does not produced NADPH
524975425what is not released in cyclic electron flow?oxygen
524975426Why does cyclic electron flow generate surplus ATP?to satisfy the higher demand in the Calvin cycle
524975427why does cycle electron flow probably come before linear flow?because it is more complex
524975428what is thought to have evolved first cyclic electron flow or linear electron flow?cyclic electron flow
524975429what may protect cells from light-induced damage?cyclic electron flow
524975430what is the process that uses membranes to couple redox reactions to ATP production?chemosmosis
524975431what generates ATP by chemiosmosis?chloroplasts and mitochondria
524975432Mitochondria transfers chemical energy from __________ to ______.food to ATP
524975433Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of what?ATP
524975434what are cytochromes?iron containing proteins
524975435in chloroplasts what is the source of electrons?water
524975436what serves as a resorvoir of hydrogen ions?mitochondria
524975437where are protons pumped to the inter membrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix.in mitochondria
524975438what happens in chloroplasts?protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma
524975439on what side of the stroma are ATP and NADPH produced?on the side facing the stroma-- this is where the cycle takes place
524975440what increases the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH?light reactions
524975441what is the most abudant protein on the planet?rubisco
524975442what does the calvin cycle regenerate?its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle
524975443how does the calvin cycle build sugar?from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH
524975444what does carbon enter the calvin cycle as? what does it leave as?CO2 and leave as G3P
524975445In the calvin cycle for net synthesis of 1 G3P what must happen?the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2
524975446what are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle?carbon fixation reduction regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
524975447what is found in glycolysis?G3P
524975448what does not require energy and is catalyzed by rubisco?carbon fixation
524975449For every 3 molecules of CO2 that enter the calvin cycle what is produced?6 molecules of G3P
524975450FOr the net synthesis of one G3P molecule what happens in the calvin cycle?the calvin cycle consumes 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH
524975451what cant make sugar from CO2?the light reactions and the calvin cycle
524975452what is an emergent property of intact chloroplast?photosynthesis
524975453what do plants do on hot dry days?plants close their stomata which conserves water but also limits photosynthesis
524975454What reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up in plants?the closing of a plants stomata
524975455how does the CO2 required for photosynthesis enter a leaf?via stomata
524975456what happens in photorespiration?rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the calvin cycle
524975457what does photorespiration consume? what does it release?O2 and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar
524975458what does photorespiration limit?damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the calvin cycle
524975459why is photorespiration a problem in plants?because on a hot dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
524975460what process in plants consumes ATP?photorespiration
524975461what is an enzyme that is present only in mesophyll cells?PEP carboxylase
524975462what does photorespiration try to neutralize?the damaging products of the light reactions which buildup when low CO2 limits the calvin cycle
524975463how do c4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration? what does this require?by incorporating CO2 into four carbon compounds in mesophyll cells which requires PEP carboxylase
524975464what do c4 plants contain?bundle sheath and mesophyll cells
524975465what are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf?bundle sheaths
524975466what cycle is confined to the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells?calvin cycle
524975467in C3 plants the binding of oxygen rather than carbon dioxide leads to what?photorespiration-- lowering the efficiency of photosynthesis
524975468what do some plants use to fix carbon?CAM
524975469what do cam plants do at night?open their stomata, and close it at night
524975470what is the difference between CAM and C4 plants?in CAM plants the two steps occur at different times but within the same cell
524975471what is the most abundant molecule in the plant?cellulose
524975472what are the only autotrophic parts of plants?green cells
524975473what do plants store excess sugar as?starch
524975474what produces the O2 of our atmosphere?photosynthesis
524975475what are carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membranes?light reactions
524975476what takes place in the stroma?the calvin cycle
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Intro to Psychology - Chapter 7 Flashcards

Memory - Laura A. King

Psychology 101 BSU

Professor Clark

Terms : Hide Images
486202530MemoryThe retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval
486202531EncodingThe first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage
486202532Divided attentionConcentrating on more than one activity at the same time
486202533Sustained attentionAlso called vigilance, the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
486202534Levels of processingA continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory
486202535ElaborationThe formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding
486202536StorageThe retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory
486202537Atkinson-Shiffrin theoryTheory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
486202538Sensory memoryMemory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
486202539Short-term memoryLimited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer
486202540Working memoryA three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems
486202541Long-term memoryA relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time
486202542Explicit memoryAlso called declarative memory, the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated
486202543Episodic memoryThe retention of information about the where, when and what of life's happenings-that is, how individuals remember life's episodes
486202544Semantic memoryA person's knowledge about the world, including his or her areas of expertise; general knowledge, such as of things learned in school; and everyday knowledge
486202545Implicit memoryAlso called non-declarative memory, memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience
486202546Procedural memoryMemory for skills
486202547PrimingThe activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster
486202548SchemaA preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way we encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information
486202549ScriptA schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurences
486202550ConnectionismAlso called parallel distributed processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory
486202551RetrievalThe memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
486202552Serial position effectThe tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
486202553Autobiographical memoryA special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences
486202554Flashbulb memoryThe memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events
486202555Motivated forgettingForgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable
486202556Interference theoryThe theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
486202557Proactive interferenceSituation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
486202558Retroactive interferenceSituation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier
486202559Decay theoryTheory stating that when we learn something new, a neuro-chemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting
486202560Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenonA type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory
486202561Retrospective memoryRemembering information from the past
486202562Prospective memoryRemembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions
486202563AmnesiaThe loss of memory
486202564Anterograde amnesiaA memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
486202565Retrograde amnesiaMemory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events
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