| CourseNotes

Chapter 14 American Pageant Flashcards

354398282	Pioneers in the Western Frontier, 1850	- energetic, under 30 -annual westward movement, wanted internal improvements -poorly fed, ill-clad, shanties, disease, depression premature deaths -women: isolated, lonely, secluded -superstitious, ill-informed	0
354398283	George Catlin	a painter who was among the first to advocate the preservation of nature as a national policy -Yellowstone National Park	1
354398284	Environment, 1820's	-depleted soil (tobacco), extinct beavers (fur trappers) -increased appreciation of land and nature	2
354398285	Urban Growth	-rapid population growth > slums, bad streets, impure water, bad sewage, unsanitary -high birth rates, immigrants (displaced people)	3
354398286	Immigrants in 1830-1900	-Ireland: British gave poor conditions which led to famine and America served as the Land of Plenty, eventually became managers and owners -Irish, Jews, Africans, German Forty Eighters -Native (American) hated Irish -Irish hated African Americans	4
354398287	Push from Europe	-Irish: bad potatoes, disease, hunger > British -German Forty Eighters: crop failures, hardships, no autocracy (came to America for democracy), and contributed to American culture -Militarism, wars	5
354398288	Know-Nothings	-restrictions on immigration and naturalization -deportation of aliens	6
354398289	American vs Foreigners	-Americans hated foreigners -"Outbreed, outvote natives" -helped America towards Industrial Revolution	7
354398290	Eli Whitney	-Cotton Gin: made cotton highly profitable, south more dependent on slaves, both north and south prospered, New England dependent on US for clothes -Interchangeable Parts (muskets)	8
354398291	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) -went back and forth on river	9
354398292	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions	10
354398293	Worker Conditions	-long hours, low wages, unsanitary, bad food, poor ventilation, child workers, mental, whipped, unions forbidden -improved with Jacksonian Democracy	11
354398294	Women in Industrial Revolution	-before marriage: sewing jobs in industries, teaching, nursing, domestic serving, -marriage: isolated women, love marriages -female independence, less children	12
354398295	Catherine Beecher	Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; however, she still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women. She was an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.	13
354398296	Unions	An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.	14
354398297	New Economy: Women and Family	-birth control (independence), love marriages -Children: more freedom, less obedient, punishments as lessons -families: affectionate, smaller	15
354398298	Farming Innovations	-steel plow (John Deere) -mechanical mower reaper (Cyrus McCormick) -farmers grew debt because they bought too many tools and land	16
354398299	John Deere (1837)	United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)	17
354398300	Cyrus McCormick (1830s)	Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.	18
354398301	Roads, Steamboat, Telegraph, Railroad	-faster trade/communication, defy nature -opened west and south -lower costs to ship -brought everyone closer	19
354398302	Clinton's Big Ditch	Erie Canal; fast travel, low shipping, brings industrial, agricultural prosperity	20
354398303	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from the combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR. Widened gap between rich and poor.	21
354398304	Natty Bumppo (James Fenimore Cooper)	considered to be the first national literary hero	22
354398305	Captain Ahab	Captain of Pequad in "Moby Dick". Obsessed so he sacrificed himself, his crew, and his boat	23
354398306	"Rugged Individualism"	The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.	24
354398307	"Rendezvous System"	system designed by William Ashley to have fur trappers gather once a year to sell furs and buy supplies	25
354398308	Irish Potato Famine (1840s)	The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S.	26
354398309	Ancient Order of Hibernians	A semisecret society founded in Ireland to fight rapacious landlords, served in America as a benevolent society, aiding the downtrodden.	27
354398310	Tammany Hall	a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism	28
354398311	Elias Howe and Isaac Singer	Howe invented the sewing machine, which was perfected by Singer. This invention gave another boost to northern industrialization, specifically the read made clothing industry, It made clothes fit better and less expensive than homespun clothes. It also opened up a new line of employment for women, who began working in clothing factories.	29
354398312	Samuel F. B. Morse	an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code	30
354398313	Lowell Mills	textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses	31
354398314	"Cult of Domesticity"	the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house	32
354398315	DeWitt Clinton	United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)	33
354398316	Cyrus Field (1858)	American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.	34
354398317	Pony Express	Service begun in 1860 that used a relay of riders on horses to deliver mail from Missouri to California in 10 days.	35
354398318	John Jacob Astor	A new Yorker, he founded the American Fur company, he made so much more money in the fur treade that he became the richest man in the U.S.	36
354398319	Panic of 1819	Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. -expands voting rights to every white male	37
354398320	Speculation	tightening credits and banks demand loans	38
354398321	National Republicans	supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants -Clay, Adams, Webster	39
354398322	Democrats	common man, states rights, liberty of individuals -Jackson, Calhoun	40
354398323	Eaton Affair	John Eaton, Secretary of War, was rumored to have had an affair with Peggy Timberlake, whom he later married, before her husband died in 1828. She was snubbed by the wives of Jackson's cabinet (led by Calhoun's wife). The President wanted to help her because his wife had been the object of similar rumors. This turned Jackson against Calhoun, drew Van Buren and Jackson closer together and dissolved the Cabinet. Calhoun resigned the vice presidency the next year and entered the Senate for South Carolina.	41
354398324	Trail of Tears (1838-1839)	Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.	42
354398325	Tariff of Abomination	1828 tariff on manufactured goods, South's term for it because they had to pay inflated prices on manufactured goods while the cost of their cotton remained the same -threatened secession -nullification crisis	43
354398326	The Bank War	Jackson was determined to destroy the Bank of the United States because he thought it was too powerful. He felt the Bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the rich., the name given to Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. Andrew Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a monopoly. The Bank of the United States was a private institution managed by a board of directors. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, exercised vast influence in the nation's financial affairs and ripped people off.	44
354398327	Panic of 1837	When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.	45

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APUSH Chapter 17 Flashcards

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537218591	Willam Henry Harrison	9th President of the United States; caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after.
537218592	John Tyler	Dubbed "His Accidency" by his detractors, he was the first Vice President to be elevated to the office of President by the death of his predecessor. He vetoed the 3rd Bank of the United States that was proposed by Henry Clay
537218593	WHO was dubbed "His Accidency" by his detractors,"His Accidency"?	John Tyler
537218594	Henry Clay	leader of the senate whigs and unsuccessful presidential candidate against Polk in 1844
537218595	Caroline	A group of Canadian rebels determined to free Canada from British rule made looting forays into Canada from an island being supplied by a ship from Carolina. The Canadians burned the vessel and killed an American on board.
537218596	Creole	it involved slaves who mutinied and killed a crewman aboard this ship, then sailed to the Bahamas, where the British let them all go. The U.S. wanted the slaves back, but Britain refused
537218597	Aroostook War	Maine lumberjacks camped along the river in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militias were called in from both sides until an agreement was reached. Took place in disputed territory of the Canada-Maine boundary
537218598	Lord Ashburton	the second son of Sir Francis Baring (a title that has been created twice and revived)
537218599	Daniel Webster	whig leader and secretary who negotiated an end to maine boundary dispute in 1842
537218600	Lone Star Rebublic	Nickname for Texas after it won independence
537218601	Conscience Whigs	A political faction that condemned slavery on moral grounds.
537218602	54 40' (or flight?)	an aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's Democratic campaign slogan in the Election of 1844
537218603	Wilamemette Valley	the river valley south of the Columbia that was the goal of many people who took the Oregon Trail in the 1840s.
537218604	Oregone Trail	a common route to Oregon during the early 1840's
537218605	James K. Polk	As President of the United States, his expansionism led to the Mexican-American War and the annexation of California and much of the southwest
537218606	Dark Horse	a political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly
537218607	John Slidell	President Polk authorized this states' right Democrat to travel to Mexico City to offer Mexico up to $40 million for the purchase of Alta California and New Mexico Territory
537218608	Nueces River	River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846
537218609	Zachary Taylor	Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, his forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Anna made him a national hero
537218610	Spot Resolutions	Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact location where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory
537218611	Stephen Kearney	Marched wth his 1,700 troops to the New Mexico and Mexico border then to San Diego
537218612	John C. Fremont	United States explorer who mapped much of the American west and Northwest (1813-1890)
537218613	Bear Flag Republic	The government established by American settlers in California following a rebellion in 1846.
537218614	Winfield Scott	"Old Fuss and Feathers", United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)
537218615	Nicholas P. Trist	Negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
537218616	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	TX was annexed and the bottom border was Rio Grande -MEXICAN CESSION: CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, and parts of CO -U.S. paid 15 million to Mexico for all land
537218617	Wilmot Proviso	stated that slavery should not exist in any of the Mexican cessions -passed House, but not Senate -IMPORTANCE: opened old wounds of slavery and leads to the Civil War
537218618	Californios	Were the Hispanic residents of California.
537218619	Father Juipero Serra	Founded a chain of 21 missions along the California coast
537218620	Franciscans	Spanish religious converters who experienced limited success due to their coercive tactics and forced labor.
537218621	Secularization	Act created in 1833 this act emancipated Indians from church control; opened mission lands to settlement.
537218622	Anglos	Second Powhatan War resulted in the indians being force from there land

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French Revolution Flashcards

French Revolution and Nepolian (whatever I need flashcards for)

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114034067	Abbe Sieyes	What Is the Third Estate? -Everything What is it being? -Nothing What does it want? -To be something 1man=1vote idea (rejected)
114034068	What is the Third Estate?	Abbe Sieyes 1man=1vote
114034069	Necker	tried to reform taxes and the taxation problems
114034070	parlements	13 of them which were ruled by the nobles basically court systems
114034071	First Estate	Made up of wealthy clergy Numbers declined during the enlightenment
114034072	Second Estate	Made up of Nobles (who had tax exemptions) Basically run the country because L15 & L16 were weak Want to shove L16th aside
114034073	Nobility of the Sword	original nobles who inherited their places
114034074	Nobility of the Robe	bought their way in
114034075	Third Estate	Made up of everyone else (who owned land) Some were starving Wanted tax exemptions
114034076	National Assembly	1st Government try (in the Revolution) 3rd Estate was kicked out of the Estates General, so they went to a tennis court and formed this coalition takes land from the clergy lead the revolution
114034077	Causes of the French Revolution	1.) Country in debt from wars 2.) Nobles didn't have to pay taxes 3.) Peasants were starving
114034078	Olympe de Gouges	French feminist Mad that the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen didn't mention women Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women
114034079	Great Fear	peasants heard rumors of bandits coming and attacking and they went bonkers and killed some of their nobles
114034080	Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen	Similar to the Declaration of Independence, the National Assembly wrote this in order to give everyone the right to vote and said that the government should protect the rights of the people.
114034081	Declaration of the Rights of Women	Written by deGouges How women should be accepted in Government Rejected
114034082	Civil constitution of the Clergy	National Assembly makes the clergy sign a contract with the government Overshadows Papal Decrees to France
114034083	Refractory	Clergy members that secretly didn't agree with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy Error in the Revolution
114034084	Legislative Assembly	2nd Government try Had separation of powers king could still veto members had to be elected
114034085	Sans-Culottes	mostly Jacobins poor didn't own land-->couldn't make government decisions
114034086	Jacobins	Liberal Hated king wanted the poor to run the government
114034087	National Convention	3rd Government try Results from sans-culottes storming the Legislative Assembly Used Universal Manhood Suffrage
114034088	Universal Manhood Suffrage	giving all adult men the right to vote beginning of radical revolution
114034089	Girondins	Conservatives didn't think the king should have to die more moderate
114034090	Mountains	represented city interests extreme radicals wanted complete equality
114034091	Paris Comune	Extremists Responsible for most of the deaths during the revolution
114034092	Marat	Radical Jacobin martyr of the revolution saint of the cult of reason
114034093	5 or 600 heads will spare 10,000	Marat, referring to killing nobles for the revolutions sake
114034094	Constitution of 1791	Written by the Constituent Assembly (before Legislative Assembly) constitutional monarchy unicameral legislature
114034095	The Terror	Began with Robespierre executing people Ended with Thermadorian Reaction
114034096	Thermadorian Reaction	Girondins gather and kill Robespierre and the National Assembly Convention stops supporting the Committee on Public Safety Revolution becomes more conservative
114034097	First Republic	1792 Created by the National Convention
114034098	Fall of the Bastille	July 14th, 1789 Working class end of absolutism
114034099	Nation of Virtue	part of deChristianization replacement for religion
114034100	Danton	top Lieutenant to Robespierre Killed by Robespierre when he became a dictator
114034101	cult of reason	lead the deChristianization in France
114034102	cult of the supreme being	the only place religion was kind of acceptable worshiped a "natural god" creation not creator
114034103	Flight to Varense	when Louis the 16th tried to escape with Marie Antoinette to Austria, but they were captured
114034104	Levee en Masse	a draft to the army to help the committee on public safety
114034105	Corday	Girondin woman that killed Morat in the bathtub
114034106	La Marseillaise	the French national anthem
114153990	Mary Shelley	wrote "Frankenstein" which was a criticism of man controlling nature, "Gothic literature"
114153991	Mary Wollstonecraft	Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Feminist
114153992	Marie Louise	Austrian princess second wife of Napoleon
114153993	King of Rome	Napoleon's son a Pope was imprisoned for protesting it
114153994	Consulate	After the Directory Established by Napoleon Nepoleon=1st consule
114153995	Concordat of 1801	Makes friends with the Pope Pope accepts revolution
114153996	Napoleonic Code	Code that Napoleon enforced wherever he conquered included: free speech and religion set up military schools was a great life for men, but not women and children
114153997	lycees	Government-Run public schools Part of the Napoleonic Code
114153998	First Empire	1804 All of Napoleon's land
114153999	Goya	Spanish painter that depicted the wars during the Napoleonic reign
114249713	Alexander I	Tsar of Russia Fought Napoleon Signed the treaty of Tilsit --France gives up fighting Russia for awhile
114249714	Louis XVII	disappeared
114249715	Louis XVIII	brother of Louis XVI runs away when Napoleon comes back
114249716	Duke of Wellington	leader of the combined British and Prussian army; would defeat Napoleon at Waterloo
114249717	Lord Nelson	Brtains best admiral Killed in Battle of Trafalgar
114249718	Grand Army	Napoleon's Army
114249719	Treaty of Ameins	(1802) Treaty with Britain in which France remained in control of the Austrian Netherlands and Holland. Considered a great victory over Britain.
114249720	Battle of Trafalgar	Napoleon's navy sucked He tried to finish off Europe by getting Britain first major defeat
114249721	Battle of Austerlitz	Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia in 1805
114249722	Battle of Jenna	Napoleon defeats Prussia in 1805
114249723	Confederation of the Rhine	new name for HRE ruled by a relatve of Napoleon
114249724	"nation of Shopkeepers"	What Napoleon called Britain Then tries the Continental system
114249725	carbonari	Italian secret society Tried to overthrow Napoleon and his relatives Liberal patriots
114249726	Treaty of Tilsit	Between Tsar Alex I and NB NB conquered Prussia
114249727	Metternich	Conservative Tried to get europe back to normal
114249728	Congress of Vienna	conservative, reactionary meeting led by prince metternich restore europe to prerevolution time
114249729	Castlereagh	British representative at Congress of Vienna.
114249730	Talleyrand	French minister of Foreign affairs Representative in Congress of Vienna
114249731	Edmund Burke	Father of modern conservatism revolution-phobic
114249732	Reforms on the Revolution in France	By Edmund Burke Defended inherited throans very conservative
114249733	Wesley	English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)
114249734	Concert of Europe	meetings between the holy alliance and the quadruple alliance. Its objective was to avoid major european conflicts by resolving local problems peacefully Metternich
114249735	Conservatism	founded by Burke
114249736	Methodism	form of protestantism said God loves us and we can be saved by faith Wesley
114249737	Byron	a rebel poet wrote about the French revolution
114249738	Wordsworth	English Romanticist poet Childhood brings imagination fond of French revolution
114249739	Goethe	German leading Romantic writer
114249740	Blake	visionary British poet and painter (1757-1827)
114249741	Delacroix	French Romantic artist political painter "Liberty Leading the People"
114249742	Beethoven	German musitian Romanticism/classcal
114249743	Scott	British Author Hstorical Novels Ballads
114249744	Romanticism	19th century artistic and litterature movement appealed to emotion rather than reason
114249745	French Empire	What was actually France France down to Rome, Netherlands, Belgium
114249746	Grand Empire	Indirectly ruled Confed. of the Rhine, Austria, Russia, Prussia
114249747	Battle of the Nations	Leipzig Battle Napoleon was finally defeated Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain
114249748	Nicknames of Napoleon	"la'petitte corpralle" "Man of Destiny"
114249749	Metric System	John Wilkins Englishman
114249750	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary wrote "Common Sense"
114249751	L'Overture	Restored order to Haiti after all of the slaves revolted
114249752	Coup d'etat of Brumaire	Abbe Siyese helps NB drive out Directory at gunpoint
114249753	Haitian Slave Revolt	500,000 Africans brought to Haiti to be enslaved they rebelled in 1790 while the French Revolution was going on
114249754	the Directory	4th government try leadership passed to 5 directors Girondins Almost overthrown, but its army was too strong
114249755	Thermidorian Reaction	Robespierre is killed Girondins take over return to catholicism
114249756	Vendee rebellion	peasents in the vendee region rebelled very bloody

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Frech Revolution Flashcards

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569051497	Louis XV	;
569051498	Parlement	;
569051499	Marie Antoinette	;
569051500	First estate	...
569051501	Second Estate	...
569051502	Third Estate	...
569051503	Gallican church	...
569051504	Bourgeoisie	...
569051505	Letter de cachet	...
569051506	Ancien regime	...
569051507	Jacques Necker	...
569051508	Assembly of Notables	...
569051509	Estates General	...
569051510	Cahiers de doleances	...
569051511	Abbe Sieyes	...
569051512	National Assembly	...
569051513	Tennis Court Oath	...
569051514	Storming of the Bastille	...
569051515	Great Fear	...
569051516	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	...
569051517	Olympe de Gouges	...
569051518	Madame de Stael	...
569051519	Women's March on Versailles	...
569051520	Jean-Paul Marat	...
569051521	Refractory clergy	...
569051522	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	...
569051523	Assignats	...
569051524	Flight to Varennes	...
569051525	Edmund Burke	...
569051526	Legislative Assembly	...
569051527	Jacobins	...
569051528	Girondins	...
569051529	Declaration of Pilnitz	...
569051530	Émigrés	...
569051531	War of the First Coalition	...
569051532	Brunswick Manifesto	...
569051533	Paris Commune	...
569051534	Georges-Jaques Danton	...
569051535	Septembre Massacres	...
569051536	National Convention	...
569051537	Mountain	...
569051538	Sans-Culottes	...
569051539	Enrages	...
569051540	Committee of Public Safety	...
569051541	Maximilien Robespiere	...
569051542	Louis Saint-Just	...
569051543	Law of Maximum	...
569051544	Lazare Carnot	...
569051545	Levee en masse	...
569051546	Reign of Terror	...
569051547	Law of Suspects	...
569051548	Vendee	...
569051549	Jacques Herbert	...
569051550	Cult of the Supreme Being	...
569051551	Temple of Reason	...
569051552	Thermidorian Reaction	...
569051553	The Directory	...
569051554	Conspiracy of Equals	...
569051555	Coup d-Estat	...
569051556	Brumaire	...
569051557	Plebiscite	...

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APEC Chapter 20 Flashcards

The Industrial Revolution

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259356973	Industrial Revolution	New sources of energy and power (i.e. coal and steam) were used to build and run new machinery, decreasing the use of human and animal labor, and increasing productivity. Human labor was reorganized to maximize profits from the new machines; factories replaced workshops. Beginning after 1750, Europe shifted from a traditional economy based to farming and handicrafts to an economy based on machine-based manufacturing, specializied labor, and industrial factories.
259356974	agricultural revolution	The application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the 18th century.
259356975	cotton industry	This industry took the first major steps toward the Industrial Revolution in the 1770s and 1780s with the creation of the modern factory; new advances in production made it more efficient to bring workers to the machines and organize labor collectively than to leave workers dispersed in their cottages; this brought laborers and their families to live in the new towns that grew around the factories.
259356976	canals	Constructed in the 1750s and 1760s to link major industrial centers in England; funded by both public and private investment.
259356977	Richard Arkwright	Inventor of the water frame.
259356978	water frame	A machine that used water or horse power to spin yarn; increased productivity in the cotton industry.
259356979	James Hargreaves	Inventor of the spinning jenny.
259356980	spinning jenny	This invention allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities than with a spinning wheel.
259356981	Samuel Crompton	Inventor of the "mule", used in yarn production.
259356982	"mule"	This invention combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny to increase yarn production even more.
259356983	hand-loom weavers	Although initially able to prosper due to the inefficiency of early power looms, they were gradually replaced by the new machines, beginning in the 1820s.
259356984	the cottage system	A system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneus.
259356985	coal	Used to power steam engines; seemed "unlimited" in quantity; allowed greater flexibility in the location of factories, as they no longer needed to be located near rivers.
259356986	coke	A derivative of coal; used in the process of puddling to produce high quality iron.
259388779	James Watt	Inventor of the steam engine; enlarged its possibilities with the development of the rotary engine.
259388780	the rotary engine	This invention used steam power to turn a shaft, thus driving machinery. As a result, steam power could be applied to spinning and weaving, leading to the establishment of cotton mills across Britain.
259388781	Henry Cort	Developed the system of puddling.
259388782	puddling	A system using coke to burn away the impurities in pig iron to produce high-quality iron, which was used in the creation of factory machinery; replaced the process of producing iron using charcoal, used since the Middle Ages.
259388783	Richard Trevithick	Developed the first steam-powered locomotive, on an industrial rail line in southern Wales; pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles an hour.
259388784	George Stephenson	Built locomotives for the first modern railways in Britain; an improvement on the early steam locomotives.
259388785	"Rocket"	Locomotive used on the first public railway line (extending 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester), opened in 1830; traveled 16 miles per hour.
259388786	railroads	Contributed significantly to the Industrial Revolution; demand for coal and iron furthered the growth of those industries; created new job opportunities; cheaper and faster transportation reduced the cost of goods, increasing sales and creating more markets and more factories. A symbol of the Industrial Revolution, it provided a visible sense of power and economic growth.
259388787	the factory	The chief means of organizing labor for the new machines of the Industrial Revolution; hired workers no longer owned the means of production, as in the cottage system, but were simply paid wages to run machines.
259388788	factory discipline	To increase productivity and efficiency, factory workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep a steady pace of production; this timed format was a massive adjustment from preindustrial practices. Rules were minute and detailed, with dismissals and fines for misdoings; children were often beaten for their infractions.
259388789	Great Exhibition of 1851	The world's first industrial fair, organized by Britain; showcased the wide variety of products created by the Industrial Revolution; visited by six million people. Britain had become the first industrialized nation, and the wealthiest, creating one half of the world's manufactured goods.
259388790	the Crystal Palace	Enormous structure made entirely of glass and iron; housed the Great Exhibition of 1850; a tribute to British engineering.
259430443	tariffs	A tax on imported goods; used by Continental governments to futher their own industrialization; after Continental markets were flooded with cheap British goods, governments responded by using these taxes to protect their fledgling industries.
259430444	joint-stock investment banks	A bank created by selling shares to investors; these banks have greater access to capital than private banks. Used on the Continent to mobilize the savings of thousands of small and large investors to create a supply of capital used to invest in industry; essential to Continental industrialization.
259430445	Credit Mobilier	A joint-stock investment bank in France.
259430446	the Kreditanstalt	A joint-stock investment bank in Austria.
259430447	the American system	A system of production featuring interchangeable, identical parts, allowing the final product to be put together easily; reduced costs and saved labor by eliminating the need for skilled workers; revolutionalized labor in America.
259430448	steamboats	Facilitated transportation on America's waterways; remedied America's lack of good internal transportation, which was limiting economic growth, as the cost of transporting goods was prohibitively expensive.
259430449	India's cotton cloth production	One of the world's greatest exporters of cotton cloth in the 18th century, thousands of hand spinners and weavers became unemployed when British control brought inexpensive British factory-produced textiles. An example of the policy pursued by industrialized European states to prevent the growth of industry in their colonies.
259430450	Ireland and the potato	This nutritious and relatively easy to grow crop gave peasants a basic staple to survive and allowed for population growth; they faced desperate poverty as a result of the oppression of absentee British landlords, whose main concern was to collect rent.
259430451	the Great Famine	With probably half the population dependent on the potato for survival, this blight, a fungus that turned the potatoes black, decimated the Irish population. Led to the deaths of more than one million Irish, and the emigration of two million Irish to America and England.
259430452	suburbs	As urban conditions worsened, middle class families moved to outer areas of the city, where they could insulate themselves and reside in individual houses with gardens.
259430453	Britain's Poor Law Commission	Investigated conditions in the early British industrial cities, producing detailed reports of the physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life.
259430454	Edwin Chadwick	british urban reformer, obsessed with eliminating poverty and squalor; appointed as secretary of the Poor Law Commission, he published a report of his investigations which advocated a system of modern sanitary reforms.
259430455	the Public Health Act	Advocated by Edwin Chadwick, it created a National Board of Health to establish modern sanitary systems.
259430456	cholera	Deadly disease that ravaged Europe in the 1830s and 40s, espcially in overcrowded cities; inspired public health reforms, advocated by middle class citizens who were fearful of the filthy conditions that helped the disease spread.
259430457	bourgeois	The new middle class produced by the rise of industrial capitalism; included people involved in finance, commerce, industry, as well as professionals and government officials.
259703100	the old and new elites	New industrial entrepreneurs, such as bankers and factory owners, came from the middle classes; they amassed wealth and began to play an important role alongside the traditional landed elites, buying great estates and acquiring social respectability.
259703101	the working class	Consisted of a mixture of groups in the early 19th century; factory workers, agricultural laborers, domestic servants, and urban artisans.
259703102	child labor	Significant source of labor during the Industrial Revolution; cheap and abundant, it made up to 29 percent of the total workforce.
259703103	domestic servants	Predominant type of female labor during the Industrial Revolution; continuation of traditional female work patterns.
259703104	Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800	Outlawed associations of workers in Britain; failed to prevent the formation of trade unions, however; repealed in 1824. A response to the radicalism of the French working class.
259703105	trade unions	An association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.
259703106	Robert Owen	Cotton magnate and social reformer; believed in the creation of voluntary associations to demonstrate the benefits of cooperative living; his beliefs appealed to the trade unionists.
259703107	the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union	Developed under the direction of Robert Owen; a national federation of trade unions, with the goal of organizing a strike for an 8 hour work day; lack of working class support led to a collapse of the federation.
259703108	the Amalgamated Society of Engineers	The largest and most successful trade union in England, formed in 1850; secured generous unemployment benefits for a small weekly payment.
259703109	Luddites	Skilled craftspeople who attacked the machines they believed threatened their livlihoods, in 1812; received local support, but ultimately failed to make an impact.
259703110	The People's Charter	A document drawn up by the London Working Man's Association; demanded universal male suffrage, payment for Parliament members, elimination of property qualifications for Parliament members, and annual Parliament sessions.
259703111	Chartism	Peaceful British worker's movement with the goal of achieving political democracy; gained millions of petition signatures, yet their demands were rejected by the members of Parliament. First important political working class movement.
259703112	the London Working Men's Association	Created the People's Charter, demanding political democracy.
259703113	Factory Act of 1833	Strengthened child labor legislation; the result of efforts to reform conditions in industrial factories.
259703114	Ten Hours Act of 1847	Reduced the workday for women and children between 13 and 18 to ten hours.
259703115	Coal Mines Act of 1842	Eliminated the employment of boys under ten and women in mines.

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Chapter 18 Campbell Flashcards

Online book study practice test for Ch. 18.

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382378027	Why do both bacteria and humans need tryptophan to survive?	It is one of the 20 amino acids used by all organisms to synthesize proteins.
382378028	What are some properties of feedback inhibition?	It is commonly found in anabolic pathways, it allows a cell to adapt quickly to fluctuations in the availability of important substances, and if the end product accumulates in the cell--the whole pathway is shut down.
382378029	In prokaryotic genomes, where can we find groups of functionally related genes along with their promoters and operators?	In an operon.
382378030	In general, operons that encode the enzymes of an anabolic pathway are what?	Repressible.
382378031	Operons that encode the enzymes of a catabolic pathway are what?	Inducible.
382378032	In an inducible operon, the inducer is often the _____ in the pathway being regulated. The inducer binds to the _____, rendering it ______.	Substrate, repressor, inactive.
382378033	Both repressible and inducible operons control gene expression at what level?	Transcription level.
382378034	What is gene expression bacteria primarily regulated by?	Control of the transcription of genes into mRNA.
382378035	Why is the control of gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes more complex than in prokaryotes?	In a multicellular environment, different cells are specialized for different functions.
382378036	In some cases, what can happen when DNA methylation and histone deacetylation combine?	Certain genes can be silenced.
382378037	In eukaryotes, how does DNA packing primarily affect gene expression?	By controlling access to DNA.
382378038	Are operons found in eukaryotes?	No, only in prokaryotes.
382378039	In a eukaryote, activating transcription factors may stimulate gene expression by binding to a DNA site called what?	An enhancer.
382378040	What do enhancers do and where are they located?	Increase the rate of transcription. May be upstream or downstream from the genes they regulate, possibly thousands of base pairs away from the promoter.
382378041	What is the significance of post-transcriptional controls?	They can affect mRNA stability, regulate the rate at which a molecule is translated, and can regulate mRNA splicing. They may also include controls.
382378042	What are some means of controlling eukaryotic gene expression?	Transcriptional regulation, methylation of DNA, mRNA processing, and DNA packing.
382378043	What is the evolutionary significance of alternative RNA splicing?	It expands the number of proteins that can be coded for by one gene, increasing an organisms ability to produce novel proteins.
382378044	What is the role of proteasomes?	They are giant protein complexes that recognize ubiquitin and degrade the tagged proteins.
382378045	What determines how long a particular mRNA molecule will persist in a eukaryotic cell?	The nucleotide sequences in the poly-A tail.
382378046	The expression of a gene located in a tightly coiled region of DNA can be promoted by what?	Histone acetylation.
382378047	Do chemical mutagens play a role in epigenetic inheritance?	No.
382378048	What is a high rate of transcription in eukaryotes usually dependent on?	Binding of general transcription factors to the TATA box, the coordinated control of genes in operons, specific binding of activator molecules to enhancers, and protein-protein interactions promoted by the activation domains.
382378049	Although the number of genes in the human genome is low compared to less complex organisms, the number of possible products from those genes is greatly amplified. By what?	Alternate arrangements of exons from a primary transcript.
382378050	What is a good general description for the makeup of the human genome?	Genes for noncoding RNA make up the majority of meaningful genetic information.
382378051	MicroRNA's and small interfering RNAs both function to silence genes. What are two ways they may act?	They may either degrade mRNA, or bind to complementary mRNA sequences to prevent translation.
382378052	Specific cells that appear undifferentiated under the microscope but are already set to become muscle cells are called what?	Myoblasts.
382378053	How does MyoD promote muscle cell development?	By turning on the expression of multiple muscle-related genes.
382378054	What codes cytoplasmic determinants?	Maternal genes.
382378055	What is the process in which cells influence each other's development?	Induction.
382378056	Instead of developing a head and a tail, an abnormal Drosophila develops two tails. What is the most likely cause of this?	A mutation in a maternal effect gene.
382378057	When is cell differentiation first observable?	When mRNA's for tissue-specific proteins appear in a cell.
382378058	What makes a cancer cell different from a regular organismal cell?	It does not respond to chemical signals that control cell division.
382378059	What do oncogenes do in the human genome?	Stimulate cell division.
382378060	How are most human cancers caused?	By the accumulation of somatic mutations.
382378061	What gene has been called the guardian angel of the genome?	p53.
382378062	What two genes are often mutated in colon cancer?	ras and p53.
382378063	Why is cancer more prevalent in older people?	It involves an accumulation of mutations, and with more time to accumulate the mutations, the chances of it increase.
382378064	How can cancer be hereditary?	One or two of several mutations necessary for development can be inherited, giving the person in question a higher chance of developing the issue.
382378065	What are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes known as?	Tumor-suppressors.
382378066	How can we accurately characterize our current understanding of cancer development?	In order for a cell to become fully changed, it typically must have at least one active oncogene and the mutation or loss of several tumor-suppresor genes.

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Amsco AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards

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550708025	antebellum period	the period before the civil war; a diverse mix of reformers dedicated themselves to such causes as establishing free public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or abolishing the sale of liquors and beers, winning equal legal and political rights for women, and abolishing slavery
550708026	second great awakening	partly a reaction against the rationalism that had been the fashion during the enlightenment and the american revolution; began among educated people; successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated; they offered the opportunity for salvation to all
550708027	timothy dwight	president of yale college in connecticut; his campus revivals motivated a generation of young men to become evangelical preachers
550708028	revivalism; revival (camp) meetings	appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation and persuaded thousands to publicly their revived faith; preachers would travel from one location to another and attract thousands
550708029	millennialism	the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of christ; continued as a new religion: the seventh-day adventists
550708030	church of latter-day saints; mormons	traced a connection between the native americans and the lost tribes of isreal
550708031	joseph smith	found the church of latter-day saints; based his religious thinking on a book of scripture: the book of Mormon
550708032	brigham young	with his leadership, the mormons migrated to the far western frontier, where they established the new zion on the banks of the great salt lake in utah
550708033	new zion	the mormon religious community
550708034	romantic movement	stressed intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature in art and literature
550708035	transcendantalists	questioned the doctrines of estabished churches and the capitalistic habits of the merchant class; argued for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of god in nature; challenged the materialism of american society by suggesting that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth
550708036	ralph waldo emerson; "the american scholar"	best-known transcendantalist; evoked the nationalistic spirit of americans by urging them not to imitate european culture but to create an entirely new and original american culture
550708037	henry david thoreau; "walden" and "on civil disobedience"	transcendentalist philospher; used observations of nature to discover essential truths about life and the universe; established himself as an early advocate of nonviolent protest and his essay presented his argument for not obeying unjust laws
550708038	george ripley; brook farm	launched a communal experiment; the goal was to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor
550708039	feminist	an advocate of women's rights
550708040	margaret fuller	a feminist writer and editor
550708041	theodore parker	theologian and radical reformer
550708042	utopian communities	the idea of withdrawing from conventional society to create an ideal community led to many of these
550708043	shakers	one of the earliest religious communal movements; held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate (forbidding marriage and sexual relations)
550708044	robert owen; new harmony	hoped his utopian socialist community would provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the industrial revolution; but it failed due to financial problems and disagreements among members of the community
550708045	john humphrey noyes; oneida community	dedicated to an ideal of perfect social and economic equality, members of his community shared property (and marriage partners)
550708046	charles fourier; phalanxes	advocated that people share work and living arrangements in communities to solve the problems of a fiercely competitive society
550708047	george caleb bingham	depicted the common people in various settings (genre painting)
550708048	william s. mount	won fame and popularity for his lively rural compositions
550708049	thomas cole and frederick church	emphasized the heroic beauty of american landscapes, espcially in uplifting dramatic scenes along the hudson river and the western frontier wilderness
550708050	hudson river school	expressed the romantic age's fascination with the natural world
550708051	washington irving	wrote about american themes; helped to creat a literature that was distinctively american
550708052	james finimore cooper	wrote fiction using american settings; his novels glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman
550708053	nathaniel hawthorne	questioned the intolerance and conformity in american life through his novels
550708054	temperance	reformers targeted alcoholas the cause of social ills and this became the most popular of the reform movements
550708055	american temperance society	found by protestant ministers and others because of their concern with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the effects of such excessive drinking; using moral arguments, the society tried to persuade drinkersnot just to moderate their drinking but to take a pledge of total abstinence
550708056	washingtonians	begun by recovering alcoholics who argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment
550708057	women's christian temperance union	helped the temperance movement gain strength again in the lat 1870s and achieve nation success with the passage of the eighteenth amendment in 1919
550708058	asylum movement	reformers proposed setting up new public institutions (state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses) in hopes that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior
550708059	dorothea dix	dedicated her adult life to improving conditions for emotionally distrubed persons; as a result mental patients began receiving professional treatment at state expense
550708060	thomas gallaudet	founded a school for the deaf
550708061	samuel gridley howe	founded a school for the blind
550708062	penitentiaries	experimented with the technique of placing prisoners in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on their sins and repent
550708063	auburn system	enforced rigid rules of discipline while also providing moral instruction and work programs
550708064	horace mann	the leading advocate of the common (public) school movement; worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation
550708065	mcguffey readers	extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety (the kind of behaviors needed in an emerging industrial society)
550708066	women's rights movement	women reformers, especially those involved in the antislavery movement, resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the movement and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions
550708067	sarah and angelina grimke	objected to male oppoistion to their antislavery activities; wrote her "letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes"
550948003	letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes	written by sarah grimke
550948004	lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton	began campaigning for women's rights after they had been barred from speaking at the antislavery convention
550948005	seneca falls convention (1848)	the first women's rights convention in american history; the "declaration of sentiments" declared that all men and women are created equal and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them
550948006	susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton	led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women at the seneca falls convention
550948007	american colonization society	was founded with the idea of transporting freed slavds to an african colony; appealed to antislavery reformers with moderate view and especially to politicans
550948008	abolitionism	opponents of slavery; ranged from moderates to radicals
550948009	william lloyd garrison; the liberator	marks the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement; advoated immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensating the slaveowners
550948010	american antislavery society	founded by garrison and other abolitionists
550948011	liberty party	formed from the beliefs that political action was a more practical route to reform than garrison's moral crusade; their one pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means
550948012	frederick douglas; the north star	an escaped slave and free black; he could speak about the brutality and degradation of slavery from firsthand experience; advocated both political and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice
550948013	harriet tubman, david ruggles, sojourner truth, william still	helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the north or to canada, where slavery was prohibited
550948014	david walker and henry highland garnet	two northern blacks who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question; argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up the revolt against their "masters"
550948015	nat turner	led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. in retaliation, whites killed hundreds of blacks in brutal fashion and managed to put down the revolt. after the revolt, fear of future uprisings as well as garrison's inflamed rhetoric put and end to antislavery talk in the south
550948016	american peace society	founded in 1828 with the objective of abolishing war; influenced some new england reformers to oppose the later mexican war
550948017	sylvester graham	type of crackers that were eaten to promote good digestion (dietary reforms)
550948018	amelia bloomer	typer of pantalletes that were worn by women instead of long skirts (dress reform for women)

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Central Nervous System and Periphreal Nervous System Flashcards

CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS: Cranial and Spinal Nerves

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499390403	Cerebrum	consists of hemispheres
499390404	Gyri	thick folds (sections)
499390405	Sulci	shallow grooves (lines)
499390406	longitudinal fissure	separates the right and left hemispheres
499390407	corpus callosum	allows the hemispheres to communicate
499390408	Cerebellum	occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum; contains arbor vitae and vermis; responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills
499390409	Brainstem	contains the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
499390410	Gray matter	the location of cell bodies; forms the surface layer called the cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum
499390411	White matter	the location of myelinated axons; "highway of cortex"; also makes up the cortex
499390412	Frontal lobe	lies behind the frontal bone, superior to the eyes; chiefly concerned with voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression
499390413	Central sulcus	the wavy vertical groove that outlines the area of the frontal lobe
499390414	Parietal lobe	forms the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone; starts at the central sulcus and extends to the parieto-occipital sulcus; primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses, taste, and some visual processes
499390415	Occipital lobe	at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone; principal visual center of the brain
499390416	Temporal lobe	a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone, separated from the parietal lobe above it by a deep lateral sulcus; concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion
499390417	Lateral ventricle	form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere
499390418	Third ventricle	a narrow median space inferior (below) to the corpus callosum
499390419	Fourth ventricle	a small triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum
499390420	Diencephalon	a portion of the brain between the midbrain and corpus callosum; composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
499390421	Thalamus	the largest part of the diencephalon, located immediately inferior to the corpus callosum and bulging into each lateral ventricle; a point of synaptic relay of nearly all signals passing from lower levels of the CNS to the cerebrum
499390422	Epithalamus	a very small mass of tissue composed mainly of the pineal gland, habenula, and thin roof over the third ventricle
499390423	Hypothalamus	the inferior portion of the diencephalon of the brain, forming the walls and floor of the third ventricle and giving rise to the posterior pituitary gland; controls many fundamental physiological functions such as appetite, thirst, and body temperature and exerts many of its effects through the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems (hormone secretion, thermoregulation, food/water intake, sleep/circadian rhythms, memory, emotional behavior, and sexual response)
499390424	Reticular activating system	reticular formation nuclei that modulate activity of the cerebral cortex
499390425	habituation	process in which the brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others
499390426	Limbic system	an important center of emotion and learning; it is a ring of structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere, encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus Cingulate gyrus arches over the top of the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobes
499390427	Hippocampus	in the medial temporal lobe
499390428	Amygdala	immediately rostral to the hippocampus and also in the temporal lobe
499390429	Medulla Oblongata	the most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull, connecting the spinal cord to the rest of the brain; all nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla
499390430	Pons	rostral to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum; functions include arousal, controlling autonomic functions, relaying sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and sleep
499390431	Midbrain	a short segment of brainstem that connects the hindbrain and forebrain; also contains the cerebral aqueduct, continuation of reticular formation and motor nuclei for 2 cranial nerves that control eye movement (occulomotor and trochlear)
499390432	Cerebellum	a large portion of the brain posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum, responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills; consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by a narrow wormlike bridge called the vermis; has a surface cortex of gray matter and a deeper layer of white matter; white matter looks like branches and is referred to as the arbor vitae
499390433	Blood-brain barrier (BBB)	a barrier between the bloodstream and nervous tissue of the brain that is impermeable to many blood solutes and thus prevents them from affecting the brain tissue; forms tight junctions between the endothelial cells that form capillary walls; also, astrocytes reach out and contact the capillaries with their perivascular feet, inducing the endothelial cells to form tight junctions that completely seal off the gaps between them; ensures that anything leaving the blood must pass through the cells and not between them; endothelial cells can exclude harmful substances from the brain tissue while allowing necessary ones to pass through
499390434	Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)	a clear colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS and bathes its external surface; CSF production starts with filtration of plasma through capillaries in the brain  ependymal cells change the filtrate so that CSF has more sodium and chloride than plasma, but less potassium, calcium, and glucose
499390435	Choroid Plexus	a spongy mass of blood capillaries on the wall of each ventricle (produces CSF)
499390436	Olfactory	smell
499390437	Optic	vision
499390438	Oculomotor	eye movements, opening eyelid, pupillary constriction
499390439	Trochlear	eye movements
499390440	Trigemenal	touch, temperature, and pain sensations
499390441	Abducens	lateral eye movement
499390442	Facial	taste, facial expression, secretion tears/saliva/nasal/oral mucus
499390443	Vestibulocochlear	hearing and equilibrium
499390444	Glossopharyngea	taste, touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations from tongue and outer ear; regulation of blood pressure and respiration; salivation, swallowing, gagging
499390445	Vagus	taste, sensations of hunger, fullness, gastrointestinal discomfort; swallowing, speech, deceleration of heart, bronchoconstriction, gastrointestinal secretion and motility
499390446	Accessory	swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movements
499390447	Hypoglossal	tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing
499390448	Spinal cord	a cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem-the cord only reaches about two-thirds of the vertebral canal in adults; the cord gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
499390449	cervical enlargement	gives rise to nerves of the upper limbs
499390450	lumbar enlargement	gives rise to nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs
499390451	cauda equina	bundle of nerve roots that taper from the spinal cord
499390452	terminal filum	a strand of connective tissue that arises from the pia mater and runs all the way down to the termination of the vertebral canal
499390453	Epidural Space	a space between the dura mater and vertebral bones; it contains blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue
499390454	Arachnoid Mater	consists of simple squamous epithelium and a loose mesh of collagenous and elastic fibers spanning the gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
499390455	Subarachnoid Space	filled with cerebrospinal fluid
499390456	Pia Mater	a delicate, transparent membrane that closely follows the contours of the spinal cord
499390457	Dorsal root	the branch of a spinal nerve that enters the posterior side of the spinal cord and carries afferent (sensory) nerve fibers; dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of nerve cells
499390458	Ventral root	the branch of a spinal nerve that emerges from the anterior side of the spinal cord and carries efferent (motor) nerve fibers
499390459	Reflex	a stereotyped, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus; includes somatic reflexes, in which the effectors are skeletal muscles, and visceral (autonomic) reflexes, in which the effectors are usually visceral muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
499390460	Plexus	a network of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, or nerves
499390461	Cervical plexus	in the neck; lesser occipital nerve
499390462	Brachial plexus	near the shoulder; radial nerve
499390463	Lumbar plexus	in the lower back; femoral nerve
499390464	Sacral plexus	inferior to the lumbar plexus; superior gluteal nerve
499390465	Coccygeal plexus	adjacent to the lower sacrum and coccyx
499390466	Sensory receptor	any structure specialized to detect a stimulus
499390467	Cutaneous receptor	a type of sensory receptor found in the dermis or epidermis; i.e. Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle
501530870	Dura Mater	forms a loose-fitting sleeve around the spinal cord; tough collagenous membrane

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Anatomy Exam #2 Flashcards

Topics: nervous system (CNS & PNS), brain, spinal cord, nerves.

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335241725	Identify two layers of dura	1. Outer Periosteal layer: tough, dense irregular connective tissue 2. Inner Periosteal layer: fused to the periosteal layer
335241726	What kind of damage occurs if the dura mater is torn or injured?	Blood will leak into the brain cavity and because the brain is a closed system, the blood will create an increase in pressure that will crush the brain.
335241727	What are some characteristics of the central nervous system (CNS)?	- Composed of the brain and spinal cord - Command center of the nervous system - Integrates and processes nerve information
335241728	What are some characteristics of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?	- Composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia - Projects information to and receives information from the CNS and mediates some reflexes
335241729	Identify some characteristics of sensory (afferent) neurons.	- Brings information to the CNS - Detects changes in environment stimuli, touch, pressure, heat, light, or chemicals - Cell bodies are unipolar - Ex: found in skin
335241730	Identify some characteristics of motor (efferent) neurons.	- Takes information from the CNS to other parts of the body - Cell bodies are mostly in spinal cord - All motor neurons are multipolar - Innervates muscle and glands
335241731	Identify some characteristics of interneurons.	- Helps coordinate and integrate information between sensory and motor neurons - Are multipolar and lie entirely within the CNS
335253592	During the 4th week of development, the cranial part of the neural tube develops into what 3 primary vesicles?	- Prosencephalon: forebrain - Mesemcephalon: midbrain - Rhombencephalon: hindbrain
335253593	During the 5th week of development, what 5 secondary vesicles develop from the 3 primary vesicles?	• Telencephalon: cerebrum • Diencephalon: thalamus & hypothalamus • Mesencephalon: midbrain • Metencephalon: cerebellum & pons • Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
335312800	Explain the functions of CSF.	-Buoyancy: brain floats in CSF. Without CSF, the brain would sink through the foramen magnum -Protection: provides a liquid courage to protect the neural structures from sudden movements -Environmental Stability: CSF transports nutrients and chemical messengers to the brain, also removes waste products -Produced Continuously: rate of 500 mL/day, MUST be balanced...
335312801	Where is CSF produced?	In the ventricles by the choroid plexus and composed of: layer of ependymal cells (has cilia to circulate CSF) and capillaries that lie within the pia mater.
335312802	What are some cerebellar functions?	-Fine tunes skeletal movements (coordination) -Stores the memories of previously learned (muscle memory) -Adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain balance and posture -Receives sensory information from the muscles and joints (balance) -Kinesthetic sense (knowing where your body is without looking)
335320498	Cranial Nerve: Sense of smell	CN I: Olfactory Nerve
335320499	Cranial Nerve: Vision	CN II: Optic Nerve
335320500	Cranial Nerve: Controls eye movement and pupil dilation	CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
335320501	Cranial Nerve: Controls eye rotation	CN IV: Trochlear Nerve
335320502	Cranial Nerve: Controls touch and pain from face, head, and muscles for chewing	CN V: Trigeminal Nerve
335320503	Cranial Nerve: Controls turning the eye laterally	CN VI: Abducens Nerve
335320504	Cranial Nerve: Controls the muscles of facial expression	CN VII: Facial Nerve
335320505	Cranial Nerve: Senses sound, rotation, and gravity	CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
335320506	Cranial Nerve: Partially controls taste and muscles used for swallowing	CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
335320507	Cranial Nerve: Controls heart rate, speech, digestion, and sweating	CN X: Vagus Nerve
335320508	Cranial Nerve: Controls swallowing movements	CN XI: Accessory Nerve
335320509	Cranial Nerve: Controls tongue movements	CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
335330267	What is the myelination process?	Myelination is the process of wrapping an axon with myelin (a protective fatty coating). Supports, protects, and insulates an axon.
335330268	Describe the myelination process in the PNS.	-Neurolemmocytes wraps around a portion of an axon successively -Cytoplasm and nucleus of neurolemmocyte gets squeezed to the outside -Inner successive layers of cell membrane make up the myelin sheath -Neurolemmocytes are separated by neurofibril nodes
335330269	Describe the myelination process in the CNS.	-One oligodendrocyte that myelinates portions of many axons -Many oligodendrocytes are necessary for myelinating many axons
335330270	Name the 6 components of a neuron.	Cell body, nucleus, nissl bodies, dendrites, axons, and an axon hillock
335330271	What is a cell body?	-Serves as the neuron's control center -Responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses -Large round nucleus
335330272	What is a nucleus?	Contains nucleolus which indicates high metabolic activity
335330273	What are nissl bodies?	Components of gray matter in brain
335330274	What are dendrites?	Short, small processes with many branches off cell bodies. Function: conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body
335330275	What is an axon?	-Long nerve cell processes -Only one per cell -Transmits the nerve impulse away from the cell body toward another cell
335330276	What is an axon hillock?	Initial portion of axon as it comes off the cell body
336541922	What are the structures that make up the mesencephalon?	1. Corpora Quadrigemina: relay stations in the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensations 2. Cerebral Peduncles: conduct impulses between cerebrum and brainstem 3. Mesencephalic (Cerebral) Aqueduct: connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle
336541923	What are the two components of the corpora quadrigemina?	1. Superior Colliculi: visual reflex centers Function: visually tracking moving objects 2. Inferior Colliculi: auditory reflex centers Function: turning towards a sound
336541924	What are the structures and functions of the Pons?	-Composed of groups of axons (nerve fiber tracts) with both motor and sensory abilities that connect the spinal cord and the brain
336541925	What happens if the Pons is injured?	If injured, motor and sensory signals cannot be passed on from the spinal cord to the brain
336541926	What are the structures and functions of the Medulla Oblongata?	A. Pyramids: house the motor tracts of the corticospinal tracts B. Autonomic Nervous System Centers: controls the parts of our body that we cannot control (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, etc) C. Sensory and Motor nuclei of the Cranial Nerves
336541927	What happens if the Medulla Oblongata is damaged?	It will be very difficult to sustain life because autonomic functions are likely to be affected.
336541928	Name the three layers that cover the brain.	1. Pia Mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Dura Mater
336541929	What is the telencephalon?	The cerebrum!
336541930	What is the cerebral cortex composed of?	1. Gyrus: raised area allows a greater amount of cortex to fit into the cranial cavity 2. Sulcus: shallow groove between gyri 3. Fissures: deeper grooves
336541931	What is the cerebral white matter?	Composed primarily of myelinated axons. Most of the axons are bundled into groups called tracts.
336541932	What are association tracts?	They connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. Allow communication within the brain
336541933	What are commissural tracts?	Extend across hemispheres e.g. the corpus callosum
336541934	What are projection tracts?	Links the cerebral cortex to caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. e.g. carry motor signals from the cerebrum to the brainstem and spinal cord
336567703	The spinal cord has many divisions. State each division as well as the number of nerves it's composed of.	Cervical: 8 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 Coccygeal: 1
336567704	The spinal cord has two enlarged areas. Name these and the areas they innervate.	Cervical Enlargement: neurons that innervate upper limb Lumbar Enlargement: neurons that innervate lower limb
336567705	What are some characteristics of the spinal cord?	-Cord is shorter than the column -Is a vital link between body and brain -Functions: pathway for sensory and motor impulses; reflexes (quickest reactions to stimuli)
336567706	What are the meninges of the spinal cord? And what are their functions?	Dura Mater: provides stability to the spinal cord Arachnoid: shock absorber, diffuses gases, circulates nutrients, removes waste products, and provides chemical messengers
336567707	Explain why a crush injury of the spinal cord at C7 would still allow motion in the upper limb.	C5-6 still innervates the upper limb to a point where it can still function. But without the ulnar nerve, you still lose some of your normal range of motion. It depends on the individual.
336567708	Explain the functions of the autonomic nervous system.	Composed of the sympathetic ("fight or flight" and the parasympathetic ("rest and digest") nervous system. - The autonomic nervous system regulates homeostasis in the body. Something that we don't necessary have control over (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, etc.)
336567709	Name three primary plexes of nerves in the body.	Cervical Plexus Brachial Plexus Lumbar Plexus Sacral Plexus
336567710	What nerve roots make up the cervical plexus?	C1-C4 -Sensory: skin of neck, ears, and shoulders -Motor: anterior neck muscles
336567711	What nerve roots make up the brachial plexus?	C5-T1 -Innervates the upper limb -Axillary nerve: deltoid -Musculocutaneous nerve: biceps -Radial nerve: triceps, wrist extensors -Median nerve: innervation of wrist, thumb... sensory info from palm -Ulnar nerve: innervation in flexor carpi ulnaris
336567712	What is something interesting about the ulnar nerve?	It is commonly known as your funny bone! When you hit this nerve, it causes a tingling sensation to occur on the medial side of your arm.
336567713	What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus?	L1-L4 -Innervates parts of the lower abdominal wall and lower limb (thigh)
336567714	What nerve roots make up the sacral plexus?	L4-S4 -Responsible for information to the butt, pelvic structures, posterior thigh and lower leg
336567715	Why are plexus of nerves only found in limbs?	Because the nerves get pulled out with the structures. This allows us to stretch and reach out further.
336567716	Explain some typical reactions to the sympathetic nervous system kicking into high gear.	-Increased heart rate, blood pressure...
336567717	Describe two pathways of the sympathetic chain ganglia	1. From lateral horn with a preganglionic axon -> through the spinal nerve -> out the white rami -> sympathetic chain ganglion -> synapse ->back out onto gray rami -> target organ 2. Preganglionic axon leave lateral horn ->passes through spinal nerve --> off white rami -> synapses ->sends to target organ
336567718	Describe the pathway for the collateral ganglia	preganglionic ganglion axon leave lateral horn -> to spinal nerve -> exit on white rami to sympathetic chain ganglion -> pervertebral ganglion ->synapse -> to target organ
336567719	Describe the pathway for the adrenal medulla	preganglionic axon leaves lateral horn ->to spinal nerve -> exits white rami -> passes through sympathetic chain -> prevertebral ganglion -> synapses on the adrenal medulla -> to target organ
336567720	What occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system?	Concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. Most active when body is at rest or when digesting a meal. Responsible for maintaining homeostasis in body.
336567721	The spinal cord has two primary kinds of tracts. Name and describe these.	1. Ascending tracts: composed of sensory axons 2. Descending tracts: composed of motor axons -Sensory info goes in --> motor reaction goes out Ex: Touch a hot stove (sensory), quickly remove hand (motor)
336567722	Name the three types of receptors and the function of each.	1. Exteroceptors: found in skin; detects stimuli from the outside environment 2. Interoceptors: found in organs (smooth muscle); mostly unaware until we are uncomfortable (like when we're really full) 3. Proprioceptors: found in muscles, joints; detects body and limb movements

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Chapter 1-4 Vocabulary Flashcards

AP US History

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570988314	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies. (Found in 1630)
570988315	Glorious Revolution	Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II, William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits of monarchical authority.
570988316	Calvinism	Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in presdestination- that only "the elect" were destined for salvation
570988317	Joint-Stock Company	short term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial settlement
570988318	Act of Toleration (1649)	passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of jesus christ. ensured that maryland would continue to attract of a high proportion of catholic migrants throughout the colonial period
570988319	Salutary Neglect(1688-1763)	unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of navigation laws. lasted from the glorious revolution to the end of the French and Indian War.
570988320	Headright System	employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed of an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for laborers passage to the colony
570988321	Barbados Slave Code(1661)	first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishment against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. similar statutes were adopted by southern plantation societies on the north american mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries
570988322	Navigation Laws	series of the laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only english ships would be allowed to trade in english and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through england
570988323	Primogeniture	legal principle thatbthe oldest son inherits all family property or land. landowners younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the americans
571061868	Popés's Rebellion	pueblo indian rebellion which drove spanish settlers from new mexico
571061869	Mayflower Compact(1620)	agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the mayflower. created a foundation for self government in the colony
571061870	Anne Hutchinson	she held unorthodox views that challenged the authority of the clergy and the very integrity of the Puritan experiment in Massachusetts Bay Colony
571061871	Antinomianism	belief that the elect need not obey the law of either god or man; most notable espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson
571061872	Encomienda	spanish governments policy to commend or give, indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to christianize them. part of a broader spanish effort to subdue indian tribes in the west indies and on the north american mainland
571061873	Second Anglo Powhatan War(1644-1646)	last ditch effort by the indians to dislodge virginia settlements. the resulting peace treaty formally separated white and indian areas of settlement
571061874	Black Legend	false notion that spanish conquerors did little but butcher the indians and steal their gold in the name of christ
571061875	Bacon's Rebellion(1676)	uprising of virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to governor william berekeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.
571061876	Peter Stuyvesant	Led small dutch military expedition in 1655. fought for new netherland against new sweden.
571061877	First Anglo Powhatan War(1614)	series of clashes between the powhatan confederacy and english settlers in virginia. english colonists torched and pillaged indian villages, applying tactics used in Englands campaigns against the irish
571061878	Dominion of New England (1686-1689)	administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of the new england, new york, east and west jersey. placed under rule of sir edmund andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced navigation laws. its collapse after the glorious revolution in england demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control
571061879	Caravel	small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. could sail closer into the wind
571061880	Massasoit	Wampoanoag chief signed treaty with Plymouth pilgrims
571061881	Lord Baltimore	found the second plantation colony and fourth english colony in 1634. refuge for his fellow catholics in maryland
571061882	Treaty of Tordesillas(1494)	signed by spain and portugal, dividing the territories of the new world. spain recieved the bulk of the territory in the americas, compensating portugal titles to lands in africa and asia
571061883	Great Migration(1630-1642)	migration of 70000refugees from england to north american colonies, primarily new england and the caribbean. the 20000 migrants who came to massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose to establish a model christian settlement in the new world
571061884	Christopher Columbus	Pleaded with spanish monarchs to have 3 ships to travel into the unknown ocean. October 12, 1492 landed on the island of the Bahamas
571061885	Captain John Smith	intrepid young adventurer who took over in 1608, had ruled gold hungry colonists
571061886	John Rolfe	father of the tobacco industry and an economic savior of the virginia colony. perfected methods of raising and curing tobacco in 1612
571061887	Conquistadores	16th century spaniards who fanned out across the americas, from colorado to argentina, eventually conquering the aztec and incan empires
571061888	Presdestination	colonist doctrine that god has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. though their fate was irreversible, calvinists, particulary those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect"
571061889	South Carolina Slave Revolt (1739)	uprising, also known as the stono rebellion, of more than fifty south carolina blacks along the stono river. the slaves attempted to spanish florida but were stopped by the south carolina militia
571061890	Pequot war(1636-1638)	series of clashes between english settlers and pequot indians in the connecticut river valley ended in the slaughter of the pequots by the puritans and their narragansett indian allies
571061891	Yamasee Indians	defeated by the south carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. the yamasee defeat devastated the best of the coastal indian tribes in the southern colonies
571061892	Three Sister Farming	agricultural system employed by north american indians as early as 1000 AD; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
571061893	Columbian Exchange	the transfer of goods, crops,and diseases between new and old world societies after 1492
571061894	Roger Williams	threatening to puritan leaders and extreme separatist who challenged his fellow clergymen

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