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Chapter 4 Sections 1 & 2
Building a National Identity
The Era of Good Feelings
w/ end War 1812 Rep. took control fed gov
pres election 1816 victory Rep. James Monroe
Monroe beat Fed. Rufus King ? 183 to 34 electoral votes
Fed. party started 2 lose powa
Monroe wanted promo national unity
Spring & Summer 1817 goodwill circuit w/ middle & north o? country
while Monroe in Boston, local newspaper described national unity: ?Era of Good Feelings?
name described 2 terms Monroe
I. The Earliest Americans
A. The First Americans
1. various theories on how people arrived to the Americas
a. most agree they arrived on land
B. The Land Bridge Theory
1. 10,000 ? 100,000 yrs ago most world covered by glaciers
a. shallow h2o dry land
2. area btwn Siberia & Alaska (today is Bering Strait)
3. hunter-gatherers followed hunting animals over land bridge
a. 20,000-30,000 yrs ago
b. mammals like woolly mammoths
C. Other Theories
The Crisis Deepens
A New Antislavery Party
As Whig Party split 1854 north Whigs joined Republican Party 2 stop spread slavery into west
attracted northern Democrats & Free-Soil Party members
Republicans grew force & congressional elections 1854 few months after founding
245 candidates, 105 Republican
cost Democrats control all but 2 north state legislatures
2 yrs l8er 1856 Republican party chose John C. Fr?mont
waged strong antislavery campaign
won 11 of 16 free states
Buchanan elected
Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Slavery and the Mexican-American War
btwn 1820 & 1848 4 new slave states & 4 new free states admitted
15 free 15 slave total
The Wilmot Proviso
Missouri Compromise didn?t apply 2 territory gained 4om Mexico 1848
1846 Rep David Wimot Pennsylvania prop. Congress ban slavery in territories
Wilmot Proviso passed House Rep but failed Senate
aroused concern in South
An Antislavery Party
neither Democrats nor Whigs took stance 2 slavery
A Call for Women?s Rights
The Struggle Begins
1820 rights of USA women limited
couldn?t vote, serve on jury, attend college, enter medicine/law
married women couldn?t own property or keep wages
both men & women believed women belonged 2 privacy of home
women active in social reforms began 2 demand equal rights to all citizens
Sojourner Truth born into slavery in NYS
illiterate but important voice in woman?s rights
Lucretia Mott, Quaker abolitionist
Quakers allowed women 2 take public roles
Improving Society
The Reforming Spirit
1830?s lots Americans interested in social reform
2 create a better society
based off political & religious beliefs
Jacksonian Democracy
expansion o? democracy called 4 reform
4om Jackson Age
most states dropped property requirement to vote
some reformers argued no society could have slaves and still b called ?democratic?
The Second Great Awakening
in colonial days, American Protestants believed in predestination
the idea God decided fate o? person?s soul b4 birth
The Plantation South
The Cotton Kingdom
north urbanized but south agricultural
industrial revolution boomed textile demand booming cotton demand
The Cotton Gin
1793 Eli Whitney devised simple machine sped up process o? cotton
spiked cylinder 2 remove seeds 4om cotton fibers
Slave Labor
1790 698,000 enslaved African Americans ? 1860: 4 million
slave price increased 10-20 times
cotton greatest source o? wealth in US
where there waz mo cotton (Alabama, Mississippi), mo slaves
Washington Takes Office
The First President
April 1789 GW traveled 4om VG NYC (cap)
8 day trip
inauguration hel April 30 1789
The Executive Branch
Cons. general outline 4 fed gov
entire fed gov was 75 post offices, few clerks, army 672 soldiers
1st job: instill working gov
Congress made 3 laws 2 set up 3 departments in exec. branch
Treasury, State, War ? secretaries appointed by pres
attorney appointed by pres 2 advise him/her
Alexander Hamilton ? secretary o? treasury
Governing a New Nation
Government by States
CC independence 1776 ? each o? 11 states began writing constitutions
Rhode Island & Connecticut cont. w/ colonial charters ? removed references 2 Brit king
Writing State Constitutions
state legislatures elected by ppl held powa
governor ? state?s exec.
legislatures approve appointing o? governors
some states still barred AAs from voting
even free ones
NJ allowed some women 2 vote until 1807
no voting in almost any other state
The War Widens
African Americans in the War
African Americans fought both sides o? war
Free and Slave
free AA & slaves took part in war
brits offered freedom 2 enslaved AA
most served as cooks, blacksmiths, teamsters
at first Washington refused AA soldiers
brit change in policy convinced Big G 2 change his policy
7000 AA altogether 4 American cause
2000 AA in navy
Freedom Beckons
lots o? north states 2k steps 2 end slavery
A Critical Time
Retreat From New York
mid-1776 heavy fighting 4om New England Middle Colonies
worst times during war 4 Continental Army
Attack and Retreat
June 1776 large Brit fleet arrived New York ? Sir William Howe
gathered forces on Staten Island on south harbor
Washington anticipated & had forces 4om Boston 2 Brooklyn on Long Island
but lost cuz of not well trained soldiers
Howe: 34,000 soldiers & 10,000 sailors
Washington: 20,000 poorly trained troops
A Nation Declares Independence
A Call For Independence
beginning 1776 most colonists still hoped 4 peaceful end 2 quarrel w/ Britain
Colonists Divided
beginning 1776 most colonists still neither Patriot/Loyalist
even in CC support 4 independence limited 2 1/3 delegates
John Adams found difficult 2 convince ppl 2 independence cause
complained loyalists used prospect independence 2 frighten ppl
Common Sense
January 1776 50 pg. pamphlet called Commen Sense published Philadelphia by Thomas Paine
Pages
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