Foundations of industrialization Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain Shift from wood to coal in eighteenth century; deforestation caused wood shortages Abundant, accessible coal reserves in Britain Overseas colonies provided raw materials Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton Colonies also became markets for British manufactured goods Grain, timber, and beef shipped from United States to Britain after 1830 Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of cotton industry John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733 Samuel Crompton invented the spinning "mule," 1779 Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power loom, 1785 James Watt's steam engine, 1765 Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel