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Chemical bonding

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 2

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ELEMENT ATOMIC # ATOMIC WEIGHT VALENCE ELECTRONS COVALENT BONDS H hydrogen 1 1 C carbon 6 12 N nitrogen 7 14 O oxygen 8 16 P phosphorus 15 31 S sulfur 16 32 1 4 5 6 5 6 1 4 3 2 3 2 SPONCH Facts CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life ?Devil?s Gardens? Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is a multidisciplinary science Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain ?devil?s gardens,? stands of Duroia trees Sodium Chlorine sodium chloride- a compound Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Honors Chem Notes - Bohr Models Dot Diagrams - powerpoint pdf

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Octet rule
Valence electron
Lewis structure
Bohr model
Energy level
Valence
Electron
Covalent bond
Chemical bond

I. Valence Electron ?Are the electrons in the HIGHEST energy level. II. The Octet Rule ?Most atoms tend to be more stable when their outer shell contains eight electrons. ?Atoms with fewer than 8 electrons are more reactive. Na VI. The Electron Dot Diagram ?Is a dot representing the number of electrons in the outer shell. What about Chlorine? Cl Na Cl 1 Electron in the outer shell 7 Electrons in the outer shell Let?s think??? What is the pattern? Assignment ?Complete worksheet on Electron Dot Diagrams!! ?This will be due next class!!

Periodic Table Notes

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Block
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Atom
Halogen

Trends: 1. Across? ?the? ?period ? There? ?is? ?a? ?general? ?decrease? ?in? ?atomic? ?radius? ?across? ?the? ?period. - Across? ?a? ?period,? ?proton? ?number? ?increases? ?and? ?electrons? ?are? ?being? ?added? ?to? ?the? ?same? ?outermost principal? ?quantum? ?shell - Forces? ?of? ?attraction? ?between? ?the? ?valence? ?electron? ?and? ?nucleus? ?increases? ?as? ?nucleus? ?becomes more? ?positively? ?charged - Distance? ?between? ?the? ?valence? ?electron? ?and? ?nucleus? ?decreases. 2. Down? ?the? ?group ? There? ?is? ?a? ?general? ?increase? ?in? ?atomic? ?radius? ?down? ?the? ?group - Number? ?of? ?filled? ?principal? ?quantum? ?shell? ?increases

Bonding Structure

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Chemistry
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Ion

Chemical? ?Bonding? ?and? ?Structure 1.1? ?chemical? ?bonding:? ?the? ?attraction? ?between? ?particles Atoms Ions Molecules Smallest? ?unit? ?of? ?elements? ?that cannot? ?be? ?broken? ?down? ?into anything? ?simpler Atoms? ?that? ?are? ?covalently? ?bonded and? ?carry? ?an? ?overall? ?electrical charge Groups? ?of? ?atoms? ?that? ?are covalently? ?bonded Calcium? ?atom,? ?carbon? ?atom Calcium? ?ion,? ?oxide? ?ion Carbon? ?dioxide? ?molecule 1.2? ?Metallic? ?bond 1.2.1? ?Bonding? ?and? ?Structure - Metallic? ?bond? ?is? ?the? ??electrostatic? ?force? ?of? ?attraction?? ?between? ??positive? ?metal? ?ions?? ?and? ?the? ??sea? ?of delocalised? ?electrons - Giant? ?metallic? ?lattice? ?structure - Non-directional

Ap Bio chap2_3 ppt

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Inorganic solvents
Properties of water
Chemical bond
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Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Valence

The Chemistry of Life Why are we studying chemistry? Chemistry is the foundation of Biology Proton Neutron Electron Hydrogen 1 proton 1 electron Oxygen 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons + 0 ? Everything is made of matter Matter is made of atoms The World of Elements C Different kinds of atoms = elements H O N P S Na K Mg Ca Life requires ~25 chemical elements About 25 elements are essential for life Four elements make up 96% of living matter: ? carbon (C) ? hydrogen (H) ? oxygen (O) ? nitrogen (N) Four elements make up most of remaining 4%: ? phosphorus (P) ? calcium (Ca) ? sulfur (S) ? potassium (K) Effect of electrons electrons determine chemical behavior of atom depends on number of electrons in atom?s outermost shell valence shell Bonding properties

Biochemistry powerpoint

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Electron

Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Basic Terms Element = cannot be broken down to other substances Examples: Na, O, C, Cl Compound = combination of 2 or more different elements Examples: NaCl, CO2, CH4 Requirements for Life 92 natural elements? 25 are essential to life Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Trace elements are needed, too, though Iodine?lack of = goiter!! Atomic Structure Atom = smallest possible amount of an electron that retains the element?s properties Subatomic particles: Protons = + charge Electrons = - charge Neutrons = neutral charge Atomic Structure Atomic Number: # of protons (also equals # of electrons?) Mass Number: # of protons + # of neutrons Examples Isotopes

Organic Chemistry Lecture 15

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Diene
Physical organic chemistry
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Allyl group
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Alkene

Chapter 15 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Chaper 15 * Conjugated Systems Conjugated double bonds are separated by one single bond. Isolated double bonds are separated by two or more single bonds. Conjugated double bonds are more stable than isolated ones. Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Heat of Hydrogenation of Conjugated Bonds For conjugated double bonds, the heat of hydrogenation is less than the sum for the individual double bonds. The more stable the compound, the less heat released during hydrogenation, Conjugated double bonds have extra stability. Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Relative Stabilities twice 1-pentene more substituted Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Structure of 1,3-Butadiene

Organic Chemistry Lecture 15

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Chemistry
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Diels–Alder reaction
Diene
Physical organic chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Antibonding molecular orbital
Allyl group
Conjugated system
Alkene

Chapter 15 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Chaper 15 * Conjugated Systems Conjugated double bonds are separated by one single bond. Isolated double bonds are separated by two or more single bonds. Conjugated double bonds are more stable than isolated ones. Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Heat of Hydrogenation of Conjugated Bonds For conjugated double bonds, the heat of hydrogenation is less than the sum for the individual double bonds. The more stable the compound, the less heat released during hydrogenation, Conjugated double bonds have extra stability. Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Relative Stabilities twice 1-pentene more substituted Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Structure of 1,3-Butadiene

Organic Chemistry Lecture 2

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Antibonding molecular orbital
Sigma bond
Molecular orbital
Chemical bond
Chemical polarity
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Orbital hybridisation
Pi bond
Delta bond

Chapter 2 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Chapter 2 * Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, ?, is a mathematical description of size, shape, and orientation. Amplitude may be positive or negative. Node: Amplitude is zero. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Wave Interactions Linear combination of atomic orbitals: between different atoms is bond formation. on the same atom is hybridization. Conservation of orbitals Waves that are in phase add together. Amplitude increases. Waves that are out of phase cancel out. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 * Sigma Bonding Electron density lies between the nuclei. A bond may be formed by s?s, p?p, s?p, or hybridized orbital overlaps.

Pearson Biology Guided Reading Answers Chapter 2

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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life 8 Copyright ? 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. name ________________________ Period _________ # 152826 Cust: Pearson Au: Reece Pg. No. 8 Title: Active Reading Guide for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8e C / M / Y / K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4-CARLISLE Publishing Services Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life Guided Reading Activities Big idea: Elements, atom, and compounds Answer the following questions as you read modules 2.1?2.4: 1. Match the following terms with their correct definitions: matter, trace element, emergent properties, element, and compound. a. A substance required by humans in small quantities: _____________

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