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Geology

Holt Earth Science Chapter 12, Section 12.1

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Stratigraphy
Petrology
Geochronology
Dating methods
Biostratigraphy
Relative dating
Principle of original horizontality
Bed
Law of superposition
Sedimentary rock
Cross-cutting relationships

Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles A. Importance of a Time Scale Rocks record geological events + changing life forms of the past; however, many pages (especially earlier ones) are missing or incomplete. Geologiests can unravel complexity of the past Earth by studying rocks Geologic events have little meaning until put into perspective. Geologic time scale = major contribution of geology (Earth?s age = huge) B. Numerical and Relative Dates Geologists have learned that Earth is much older than people thought, and it has been changed over and over again by the same geologic principles I. Numerical Dates

Holt Earth Science Chapter 9, Section 9.5

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Earth
Plate tectonics
Geodynamics
Structure of the Earth
Mantle plume
Mantle convection
Subduction
Slab pull
Mantle
Lithosphere
Convection

What Drives Plate Motions? Convection (hot rocks rise and cold rocks sink) is the ultimate driver of plate tectonics A. Forces that Drive Plate Motion The mantle consists of almost entirely solid rock, but is hot and weak enough to act like a viscous, fluid-like convective flow. The simplest type of convection is like heating a pot of water. The base, which has been heated up, becomes less dense and rises in thin sheets/blobs that spread out to the surface. As the surface cools, it densifies and the cooler water sinks back to the bottom, where it reheats, etc. This is like mantle convection. Slab pull happens when cold, dense oceanic lithosphere sinks through the less dense underlying warm asthenosphere (sink down like a rock pulled into mantle by gravity).

Holt Earth Science Chapter 9, Section 9.4

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Geography of California
Earth
Plate tectonics
Transform fault
Fracture zone
Fault
Mid-ocean ridge
Cascadia subduction zone
Oceanic trench
Pacific Plate
Mendocino Fracture Zone

Transform Plate Boundaries In a transform plate boundary (transform fault), plates slide horizontally past one another without producing or destroying lithosphere. They commonly connect 2 spreading centers (divergent), or less commonly 2 trenches (convergent). Mostly found on ocean floor (offset segments of oceanic ridge system, producing a steplike plate margin). Zigzag shape of Mid-Atlantic Ridge reflects shape of original shape of rifting Transform faults are part of linear breaks in seafloor (fracture zones) that include active and inactive (extensions) of the transform faults.

Holt Earth Science Chapter 9, Section 9.3

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Plate tectonics
Earth
Convergent boundary
Subduction
Volcanic arc
Continental crust
Island arc
Oceanic trench
Oceanic crust
Crust
Continental arc

A. Oceanic-Continental Convergence When a plate capped with continental crust converges with a slab of oceanic lithosphere, the buoyant continental block remains ?floating?; denser oceanic crust sinks into the mantle. When oceanic slab goes down about 100km, melting is triggered in the asthenosphere above it. This is because the ?wet? oceanic rock in a high-pressure place melts at a much lower temperature than ?dry? rock of the same material does. Sediments and oceanic crusts have lots of H2O, which is carried down much depth by a subducting plate. As the plate moves down, heat + pressure drive water from voids in the rock. At a depth of 100km, the wedge of rock is hot enough so that H2O from slab, when exposed, causes some melting.

CALC

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Calculus
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Geology
Petrology
Geological history of Earth
Metamorphic rocks
Calc
Spreadsheet software
Calc–silicate rock
.sdc

R1 R3 R5R2 R4 R6 y x 6 4 8 10 2 2.5 1.5 2.5 31 Mark Ryan Founder and owner of The Math Center, author of Calculus For Dummies and Calculus Workbook For Dummies ? Exactly what you need to know to conquer calculus ? The ?must-know? formulas and equations ? Core calculus topics in quick, focused lessons Learn: Calculus Essentials Making Everything Easier!? Open the book and find: ? What calculus is and why it works ? Differentiation rules ? Integration techniques you?ll need to know ? The fundamental theorem of calculus (and why it works) ? Optimization problems ? How to calculate volumes of unusual solids ? How to work with linear approximation ? Real-world examples of calculus Mark Ryan is the owner of The Math

Apes Ch 14 Test

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Structure of the Earth
Plate tectonics
Earth
Crust
Mantle
Oceanic crust
Environment

Chapter 14 GEOLOGY AND NONRENEWABLE MINERALS Multiple Choice Questions Core Case Study A common form of extracting gold from rock used in Australia and North America is power flushing cyanide heap leaching sulfuric acid leaching hydraulic scouring yellow-cake extraction Level: Moderate Answer: B 14-1 What Are the Earth?s Major Geological Processes and Hazards? The middle, partially melted zone of the interior of the earth is called the crust tectonic plate core mantle magma Level: Easy Answer: D Which part of the earth?s crust makes up 71% of the crust? oceanic crust asthenosphere lithosphere continental crust geosphere Level: Moderate Answer: A Large sections of the earth?s crust, called __________, move slowly on the mantle below them.

Chapter 1 Notes

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US History
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Geology
Historical geology
Physical geography
Glaciology
Geology of Minnesota
Supercontinents
Climate history
Ice ages
Canadian Shield
Bering Sea
Americas
Continent
Environment

Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings---33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769. ?I. The Shaping of North America 1. 225 million yrs. ago supercontinent 2. Mountains-- Appalachians pre separation, all others after making them ?American? mountains. 3. Canadian Shield- NE corner of Americas, maybe first above sea level 4. Ice Age- 2 million yrs. ago--2 mile thick ice, Canada, N. America 5. Glacial action eroded Canadian Shield II. Peopling the Americas 1. The Land Bridge-- Sea level dropped because of glaciers exposing a land bridge. ? ? Bering Sea between Siberia and Alaska 2. Nomadic hunters following migratory game herds 3. Ice Age ended, glaciers melted, land bridge under water--10,000 yrs. ago 4. When Europeans arrived in 1492-- 54 million people lived in the Americas.

CIVI 231 Geology for Civil Engineers

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Tectonics
Environment
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Plate Tectonics
mountains
rocks
minerals
Soil
water

9/10/2012 1 1 - 1 Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tsujita, Hicock, Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology 3Ce Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geology and Plate Tectonics 1-2 The Science of Geology ? Geology ?geo? ? earth, ?logos? ? discourse ? Physical geology ? studies Earth materials; seeks to understand processes that operate on and beneath its surface ? Historical geology ? seeks to understand the origin of Earth and its development through time 9/10/2012 2 1-3 The Science of Geology ? Geology, people, and the environment ? Relationships between people and the natural environment include: ? Natural hazards, resources, world population growth, and environmental issues 1-4 The Science of Geology

Hot Zone study guide

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Biology
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Geography of Africa
Geology
Mount Elgon
Volcanology
Western Province
Biological warfare
Ebola
The Hot Zone
Kitum Cave
Claude Monet
M

STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS for ?The Hot Zone? by Richard Preston Please indicate the page number(s) where you find the answers for each question. Reading Section I: pages 1-94 PART I: ?THE SHADOW OF MOUNT ELGON? Something in the Forest Describe the life of Charles Monet. What were his ?hobbies?? Where is Mount Elgon? Describe the surrounding environment. How may Charles Monet have been exposed to a level 4 virus? Describe the symptoms experienced by Charles Monet in the days following his visit to Kitum cave. In what ways could the virus have been passed to other people from the time Monet left his house until he arrived at Nairobi hospital? Who is Dr. Shem Musoke? How did Dr. Musoke become infected?

Plate Tectonics

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Environmental Science
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Geology
Plate tectonics
Earth
Continental drift
Seafloor spreading
Tectonics
Subduction
Lithosphere
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Mid-ocean ridge
Convergent boundary
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Plate Tectonics
Collisions
Earth Science

Plate Tectonics .? Theory of how the continents moved apart ( Continental Drift) driven bySeafloor Spreading? .? Tectonics - important motions of Earth?s Crust .? Plates- Make up the crust Tectonic Plates . Crust made up of 12 or so plates study of movement/ formation of these plates Continental Drift .? Theory that all continents are moving across Earth?s surface Evidence: Fossils Glacial Striations/Grooves Rock deposits Jigsaw puzzle of Modern Continents Creation Of Continental Drift .? Alfred Wegener - 1912 .? Continents were together at one point ---> ? Pangea? -- ?All Earth? .? Over millions of years ---> continents split apart .? Wegener discredited because he was a? meteorologist and he could not explain a force for moving plates

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