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Physical geography

environmental_impacts

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The University of Hong Kong - Faculty of Engineering L4: Environmental Impacts Faculty of Engineering CCST9016 Energy: Its Evolution and Environmental Impacts Dr. Match Wai Lun Ko Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong [email protected] 1 The University of Hong Kong - Faculty of Engineering ? Climate change: The whole world has been threatened under the influence of global warming (CO2 effect). PART A. Global Environment Impact From: http://scienceblogs.com/framing-science/2006/12/melting_metaphors_new_study_on.php 2 The University of Hong Kong - Faculty of Engineering An Early Warning ? The idea that increased levels of carbon dioxide in the air could cause the earth to warm is not new. ? Theory was suggested in 1895 by a Swedish

Holt Earth Science Chapter 17, Section 17.4

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Heating the Atmosphere A. What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? When radiation strikes an object, 3 things happen: some of the energy is absorbed by the object (converted to heat+temperature rises), some substances (water+air) are transparent to certain radiation wavelengths + transmit energy, and some radiation is bounced off the object without absorption/transmission. Reflection + scattering are responsible for redirected solar radiation. Out of the total solar radiation from the sun, 50% is absorbed by the land/sea, 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere/clouds, 5% is reflected from the land/sea surface, 5% is backscattered to space by the atmosphere, 20% is reflected by the clouds (in total, 30% is lost to space by reflection/scattering). B. Reflection and Scattering

Holt Earth Science Chapter 17, Section 17.1

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Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere A. Pressure Changes Atmospheric Pressure: weight of the air above - at sea level, the avg. pressure ~ 1000 millibars (mb), or ~ 1 kg/cm2 Pressure at higher altitudes is less ? of the atmosphere is below 5.6 km (3.5 mi); at 16 km (10 mi), 90% of the atmosphere has been passed, and > 100 km (62 mi), only 0.00003 % of all gases in the atmosphere remain. Rest of atmosphere merges with space vacuum. B. Temperature Changes Near Earth?s surface, air temperature drops with an increase of height. I. Troposphere (air ?turns over?) Lowermost atmosphere layer (we live in here); temperature decreases with an altitude increase. All important weather occurs here.

California Drought Report

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Jared Lawlor 9/30/2014 CBSNews, Wikipedia Californian Drought A drought is an extended period of when a region receives a deficiency in its water supply. It can last for months or several years. Usually it occurs when a region receives below average precipitation levels. It can result in diminished crop growth, dust storms, war, and wildfires to name a few.

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Ch. 56 Conservation

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Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change Biodiversity Conservation biology is a goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth?s variety of life. Extinction is a natural phenomenon that has been occurring since life evolved on earth. The current rate of extinction is what underlies the biodiversity crisis. A high rate of species extinction is being caused by humans. The three levels of biodiversity: genetic diversity species diversity ecosystem diversity The four major threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss Human alteration of habitat is the single greatest threat to biodiversity Introduced species: invasive/nonnative/exotic species Overexploitation: harvest wild plants/animals

Biome Characteristics

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Tropical forest Within 23 N/S Canopy 4% of land space, but 20% photosynthesis of the Earth most diverse species on Earth Tall trees- Tropical dry forests Tropical deciduous forests Tropical rain forests Dim floor Epiphytes cover trees Savannas Tropic/subtropic grass land Rainy/dry seasons Scattered trees Mammals move deserts 23 N/S Low/unpredictable rains Hot and cold CAM photosynthesis plants Water storage adaptation Draught-resistant plants chaparral Along coastlines in midlatitudes Mild/rainy winter Hot/dry summer Dense, spiny evergreen shrubs Maintained by periodic fire Temperate grass land NE USA etc Deep and rich soil in nutrition Low total annual rain Inhospitable for forest Maintained by fire/drought/grazing Temperate deciduous forests

AP Environmental Science Miller 17th Edition Ch.7

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Allie Furlo APES CH. 7 Weather- a set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and other factors in a given area over a period of hours or days. Climate- an area?s general pattern of atmospheric conditions over periods of at least three decades and up to thousands of years. Weather averaged over a long period of time. Three major factors determine how air circulates in the lower atmosphere: Uneven heating of the earth?s surface by the sun. The air is more heated at the equator where the sun?s rays strike more directly than at the poles where it strikes at an angle and spreads over a greater area. Solar radiation in tropical areas greatly increases evaporation, which increases precipitation.

APHG chapter 1 summary intro part 1

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Geography, the word created by Eratosthenes, generally means to write about the Earth. Geography is divided amongst human and physical aspects. Human geography studies where and why human activities occur where they are. Physical geography studies where and why natural occurrences happen where they do. The book concentrates on two main topics- culture and economy. The first key issue in the first chapter is geography?s most important tool-mapping. A map is a two dimensional model of a part of the Earth or the whole Earth. During the first chapter the basic concepts of ?why? questions were introduced. Geographers study to find why each place on earth has their own unique ways.

APHG chapter 1 summary intro part 1

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Geography, the word created by Eratosthenes, generally means to write about the Earth. Geography is divided amongst human and physical aspects. Human geography studies where and why human activities occur where they are. Physical geography studies where and why natural occurrences happen where they do. The book concentrates on two main topics- culture and economy. The first key issue in the first chapter is geography?s most important tool-mapping. A map is a two dimensional model of a part of the Earth or the whole Earth. During the first chapter the basic concepts of ?why? questions were introduced. Geographers study to find why each place on earth has their own unique ways.

Chapter 1- New World Beginnings

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Delphanie Wu Hr.5 11/26/11 New World Beginnings (33,000 B.C.-1769 A.D.) Beginnings Recorded history of Western world began 6,000 YA Mid Easter people developed written culture The Shaping of North America 225 mil YA: Oceans and continents formed from large land mass Mt ranges formed by crust shifting and folding N Am-10 mil YA by Canadian Shield 2 mil YA: Great Ice Age-blankted parts of EU, Asia, and Americas glacier retreated 10,000 YA and left pre-sent day NAm Peopling the Americas Great Ice Age exposed land bridge between Eurasia and Nam evidence suggests nomadic Asian hunter immigrated for 250centuries 10,000 YA: Ice Age ended and nomads now stuck on isolated Americas ice melted and they wandered all the way to the tip of SAm

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